PowerPoint to accompany

Welding
Principles and Practices
Third Edition

Sacks and Bohnart

Shielded
Metal Arc
Welding
Principles
Chapter 11
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.

Objectives
1. List the percentage of usage of
SMAW in the industry.
2. Name the components that make up
the schematic representation of the
shielded metal arc.
3. Know the maximum arc
temperature of an SMAW electrode.
4. List the four constant current
welding machines.
11 - 2

Objectives
5. List the common type and uses of
constant current welding machines.
6. Name the power supply ratings.
7. Name the characteristics of the four
basic types of welding machines.
8. Choose the correct cable size based
on the application.
9. List the welders safety equipment.
11 - 3

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

(SMAW)
Manual arc welding
Heat for welding generated by electric arc
established between flux-covered consumable metal
rod (electrode) and work

Called stick electrode welding

Combustion and decomposition of electrode
creases gaseous shield
Protects electrode tip, weld puddle, arc, and highly
heated work from atmospheric contamination
Additional shielding provided by covering of molten slag
(flux)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 4

SMAW

American Welding Society

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 5

Process Capability
Shielded metal arc welding one of most used
of various electric arc welding processes

11 - 6

SMAW Advantages
Equipment less complex, more portable and
less costly
Can be done indoors or outdoors, in any
location and any position
Electrodes available to match properties and
strength of most base metals
Not used for welding softer metals
Not as efficient in deposition
11 - 7

SMAW Operating Principles

Sets up electric circuit
Includes welding machine, work, electric cables,
electrode holder and electrodes, and a work
clamp

Heat of electric arc brings work to be welded

and consumable electrode to molten state
Heat intense: as high at 9,000F at center

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 8

Welding Process
Electric arc started by striking work with
electrode
Heat of arc melts electrode and surface of base
metal
Tiny globules of molten metal form on tip of
electrode and transferred by arc into molten
pool on work surface
After weld started, arc moved along work
11 - 9

SMAW Operating Principle

American Welding Society

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 10

Welding Power Sources

Each type of power source has fundamental
electrical differences that best suit particular
processes
Welding machine
Must meet changing arc load and environmental
conditions instantly
Must deliver exact amount of electric current
precisely at right time to welding arc

Available in wide variety of types and sizes

11 - 11

Welding Power Sources

Also known as power supplies and welding
machines
Two classifications
Output slope
Whether constant current or constant voltage

Power source type

Transformer
Transformer-rectifier
Inverter
Generator
11 - 12

Type of Output Slope

Two basic types
Constant current
Referred to as variable voltage

Constant voltage
Referred to as constant potential

11 - 13

Output Slope
Relationship between output voltage and
output current (amperage) of machine as
current increased or decreased
Also called volt-ampere characteristic or curve

Largely determines how much welding current

will change for given change in load voltage
Permits welding machine to control welding heat
and maintain stable arc

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11 - 14

Output Slope
Indicates type and amount of electric current
designed to produce
Each arc welding process has characteristic
output slope
SMAW and GTAW require steep output slope from
constant current welding machine
GMAW and FCAW require relatively flat output
slope from constant voltage power source
Submerged arc welding adaptable to either slop
11 - 15

Typical Output Slopes

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11 - 16

Four Types of Power Source

Engine-driven generators
Powered by gas or diesel combustion engine
Can be found with a.c. or d.c. electric motor
No longer being manufactured and rarely found

Transformer-rectifiers
Use basic electrical transformer to step down a.c. line
power voltage to a.c. welding voltage
Welding voltage then passed through rectifier to
convert a.c. output to d.c. welding current
May be either d.c. or a.c.-d.c. machines
11 - 17

Four Types of Power Source

A.C. transformers
Used to step down a.c. line power voltage to a.c.
welding voltage

Inverters
Increases frequency of incoming primary power
Constant current, constant voltage, or both
Produce a.c. or d.c. welding current

11 - 18

Power Sources
Important to select right power source for each
job
Table 11-1 "Common types and uses of arc
welding machines" should be studied
Study of job indicates whether a.c. or d.c.
Shielded metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc
welding must use constant current machine
Gas metal arc prefers constant voltage machine
11 - 19

Constant Current
Welding Machines
Used for shielded metal arc welding and gas
tungsten arc welding
Current remains fairly constant regardless of
changes in arc length
Called drooping voltage, variable voltage, or
droopers
Load voltage decreases as welding current increases

11 - 20

Constant Current Output Slope

Constant current welding machines
Steep output slope
Available in both d.c. and a.c. welding current

Steeper the slope, the smaller current change

Enables welder to control welding current in
specific range by changing length of arc

11 - 21

Constant Current
Output Slope
Some jobs require steep volt-ampere curve
Other jobs use less steep
volt-ampere curve

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 22

Open Circuit Voltage

Voltage generated by welding machine when no
welding being done
Machine running idle

Arc voltage
Voltage generated between electrode and work during
welding

Load voltage
Voltage at output terminals of welding machine when
arc is going
Combination of arc voltage plus voltage drop in
welding circuit
11 - 23

Open Circuit and Arc Voltage

Open circuit voltage runs between 50-100 volts
Drops to arc voltage when arc struck

Arc voltages
Range: 36 volts (long arc) to 18 volts (short arc)
Determined by arc length held by welder and type
of electrode used

Arc lengthened, arc voltage increases and

current decreases
11 - 24

Open Circuit and Arc Voltage

Open circuit voltage on constant current
machines higher than on most constant voltage
machines
Arc voltage depends on physical arc length at
point of welding and controlled by welder
Shielded metal arc welding
Gas Tungsten arc welding

Arc voltage much lower than open circuit

voltage
11 - 25

Motor Generator Welding

Machines
Usually supply only direct current
Can be made to supply a.c.

Most constant current type

Used chiefly for shielded metal arc welding
and gas tungsten arc welding

11 - 26

Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Sturdy steel lifting eye
Large voltmeter
Calibrated dial for easy,
fine adjustment of heat
and relation between
voltage and current
Outer wheel and dial
for selecting desired
welding range
Stop button
Hobart Brothers Co.

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11 - 27

Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Ground cable
connector
Optional steel guard
Pressed steel bearing cap
Heavy-duty ball
bearings
Arc welded copper
squirrel cage rotor
Motor stator
Heavy steel fan
Hobart Brothers Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 28

Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Steel frame
Fourpole "Multi-Range"
generator
Heavy-duty metallic
graphite brushes
Large commutator
Heavy-duty ball
bearings
Pressed steel bearing cap
Hobart Brothers Co.

Arc welded steel frame

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11 - 29

Motor-Generator
Welding Machine
Removable steel covers
Heavy-duty single unit
steel shaft
Welding cable connector
Polarity switch
Large ammeter
Steel turret top with
removable cover

Hobart Brothers Co.

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11 - 30

Motor Generator Welding

Machine for SMAW
Instruction on the
Name-plate

Variable
voltage
control

Polarity switch
Constant
voltage
The Lincoln Co.

Toggle switch

Current control

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11 - 31

External Construction of d.c. Motor

Generator Welding Machine

The Lincoln Electric Co.

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11 - 32

Internal Construction of a D.C.

Motor Generator Welding Machine

The Lincoln Electric Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 33

Motor Generator Desirable

Characteristics
Have forceful penetrating arc
Versatile
Can be used to weld all metals that are weldable by
arc process

Flexible
With proper electrode, can be used in all positions

Durable and have long machine life

11 - 34

Generators
Classified by type of motor that drives
generator
Consists of a.c. motor, d.c. generator, and
exciter built on single shaft
Generators used
in the field
Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

11 - 35

Sizes
Determined on basis of amperage
Range
100-ampere rated for home
1,500 ampere rated for use with automatic
submerged arc welding equipment

Manual welding machine idle sometimes

Automatic power supply units 100% duty cycle
Should not be used at or beyond max over extended
period
11 - 36

Maintenance
Contacts of starter switch and control rheostat
should be inspected, cleaned frequently and
replaced when necessary
Brushes need frequent inspection for wear
Check commutator for wear or burning
Rewound and turned on lathe

Main bearings on shaft inspected and greased

at each 6-month period
Clean old grease out of bearing housings
11 - 37

Start and Stop Buttons

Purpose of starting and stopping the motor

Start button black
Stop button red
Important buttons be engaged firmly

11 - 38

Polarity Switch
Electrode negative and electrode positive used
in d.c. welding
DCEN (d.c. electrode negative)
Electrode connected to negative terminal of power
source and work connected to positive terminal

DCEP (d.c. electrode positive)

Electrode connected to positive terminal of power
source and work connected to negative terminal

Switch changes to either electrode positive or

electrode negative
11 - 39

Volt-Ampere Meters
Sometimes serve dual purpose
Can indicate polarity as well as current
Others, individual meters for volts and amperes
Some, single meter that indicates both volts and
amperes
Button engaged to get individual readings
Would need second person for monitoring

Increased demand for additional devices so

meters have been discontinued by some
manufacturers
11 - 40

Current Controls
Amperage
Quantity of current
Determines amount of heat produced at weld

Voltage
Measure of force of current
Determines ability to strike an arc and maintain its
consistency

Two types of dual control generators

Tapped-step current control
Continuously variable current control
11 - 41

Dual Tapped-Current Control

Coarse adjustment dial selects current range
Called steps or taps
Impossible to secure current value between two
steps by setting dial between them

Fine adjustment dial trims current between steps

Whether set high or low depends on type and
size of electrode, thickness of metal, soft or digging
arc required, arc starting, restricting characteristics,
and Position of welding
11 - 42

Dual Continuous Control

Coarse adjustment dial continuously adjusts
current
Fine dial adjusts both current(amperage) and
open circuit voltage
Operator adjusts output slope for given current
setting by manipulating both coarse and fine
adjustment dials together

Wheel or knob on both amperage and voltage

setting devices gives welder continuous control
of both
11 - 43

Engine Driven Generator

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

Capable of SMAW, GTAW,

SMAW, FCAW and PAC.
Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 44

Remote Control
Welding machines may be installed in remote
part of plant
Welder may adjust current without leaving job
Timesaving on work
Welder does not have to leave fabrication to
readjust current

11 - 45

Air Filters
Wear in arc welding machines costly
Cost of replacement parts and labor
Loss of production due to nonuse of machine

Bearing wear critical

May be reduced through use of air filter fitted on
suction end of motor generator machine

Filter cleaned regularly

High pressure air, commercial solvent or steam
11 - 46

D.C. Transformer-Rectifier
Welding Machines
Have many designs and purposes
Flexibility one reason for wide acceptance
Deliver either DCEN or DCEP

May be used for:

Stick electrode welding

Gas tungsten arc welding
Submerged arc welding
Multi-operator systems
Stud welding

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 47

Transformer-Rectifier Machines
Have two basic parts
Transformer for producing and regulating
alternating current that enters machine
rectifier that converts a.c. to d.c.

Third important part is ventilating fan

Keeps rectifier from overheating

Design improves arc stability and makes it easy

to hold short arc which is soft and steady
No major rotating parts so consume little power
11 - 48

A.C.-D.C. Transformer-Rectifier
Welding Machines
Permit welder to select either a.c. or d.c. and
electrode negative or electrode positive
Switch
Permits welder to use only transformer part of
machine for a.c. welding
Flipping switch then output current directed through
rectifier which converts it to d.c. welding

High frequency arc-starting devices,

water/gas flow controls, balance
controls for a.c. operation, remote
control often built into machine
11 - 49

A.C.-D.C. Transformer-Rectifier
Welding Machines
A 300 amp model
shown in use

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

A 300 amp a.c.-d.c.

GTAW/SMAW
machine.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

Portable SMAW/GTAW
welding machine

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 50

A.C. Transformer Welding

Machines
Most popular a.c. welding machine
Function of transformer
Step down high voltage of input current to high
amperage, low voltage current required for welding

Especially suited
for heavy work

Miller Electric Mfg. Co

The Lincoln Electric Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 51

Advantages of a.c. Power

Sources
Reduces tendency to arc blow
Can use larger electrodes
Resulting in faster speeds on heavy materials

Lower cost
Decreased power consumption
High overall electrical efficiency
Noiseless operation
Reduced maintenance
11 - 52

D.C. and A.C.-D.C. Inverter

Welding Machines
Portable, lightweight, and versatile
May be either constant current, constant
voltage or both
Can perform several different processes

Miller electric Mfg. Co.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 53

Cost Comparisons:
Arc Power Sources
Three main areas
Cost of purchasing equipment (nearly equal)
Operating efficiency
Motor generator machine: 52-65%
Transformer-rectifiers: 64-72%
Inverters: 85%
See Table 11-2
for more comparisons
Maintenance
Motor generator machine: replacing parts, lubrication
Transformer-rectifiers and inverters have no moving parts
11 - 54

Multiple-Operator Systems
Can be installed away from work site and be
connected to control panels close to welding
operator
When using direct current, all welders must
weld with same polarity
Most installations are d.c.
Power: 600-2,500 amperes
Cost less, saves space and
cable, lowers operating cost
Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 55

Power Supply Ratings

Standards set
The National Electrical manufacturers Association
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Provide guidelines for manufacture and

performance of power sources
Rated by
Efficiency of output
Current output
Open circuit voltage Power factor
Duty cycle
11 - 56

Current Output
Rated on basis of current output in amperes
Amperage range
200 amperes or less for light or medium work
Over 2,000 amperes for submerged arc welding

11 - 57

Open Circuit Voltage

Maximum allowable used for manual welding
80 volts for a.c. or a.c.-d.c. machines
100 volts for d.c. machines
Very smooth output (less than 2% ripple)

Automatic machine welding

Some constant current machines rated up to 125
Constant voltage types normally rated from
15 to 50
11 - 58

Duty Cycle
Percentage of any given 10-minute period that
machine can operate at rated current without
overheating or breaking down
Rating of 100% means machine can be used at
rated amperage on continuous basis
Required by continuous, automatic machine welding

Rating of 60% means machine can be used at its

capacity 6 out of every 10 minutes without damage
Satisfactory for heavy SMAW and GTAW
11 - 59

Efficiency
Relationship of secondary power output to
primary power input
Indicated in percent

Determined by losses through machine when

actually welding at rated current and voltage
Average efficiencies
Motor generator welding machines: 50%
Transformer-rectifier: 70%
Inverter: 85%
11 - 60

Power Factor
Measure of how effectively welding machine
makes use of a.c. primary line power
Primary power used divided by amount total drawn
Expressed in percent

Three-phase d.c. transformer-rectifiers: 75%

Single-phase a.c. power units: 55%
Welding machines can be purchased with
power factor correction
11 - 61

Power Cable
Conductors of ample capacity and adequately
insulated for voltage transmit power
Necessary to ground frame of welding machine
Portable cable with extra conductor fastened to
machine frame on one end and solid ground on
other

Important cable adequately insulated with

tough abrasion-resisting insulation
Stand up under rough usage in welding shops
11 - 62

Electrode and Work Cable

Required to complete electric circuit between
welding machine and work
Electrode cable (welding cable) attached to
electrode holder
Work cable attached to work

Rubber-covered multistrand
copper cable generally used
Must have high flexibility
The Lincoln Electric Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 63

Cable Core Construction

Woven of thousands of very fine copper wire

Greater the number of strands the more flexible

Components
A. Wires stranded for extra flexibility
B. Paper wrapping around wires
allows conductor to slip within
robber covering when bent
C. Extra strength from open-braided
reinforcement of extra cotton cords
D. Special composition and curing of
heavy rubber covering
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 64

Work Cable
Not necessary to have flexibility of electrode
cable
See Table 11-3 to help
Usually same cable used

choose the right size of

welding cable
Important considerations
Amperage of welding machine
Distance from work

Larger cable
Greater the amperage and greater the distance
Resistance increases as diameter of cable decreases
11 - 65

Cable Lugs
Required on both electrode cable and work
cable
Soldered or fastened mechanically
Connections MUST be tight and secure

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11 - 66

Work Clamps
Variety of structures to be welded; many types
of clamps may be used
Copper hook, heavy metal weight, C-clamp
Specialized work clamps
Rotary
type

This clamp stops twisting and turning of

welding cable where work rotates. Clamp
welded to part, thus permits work clamp to be
attached in seconds. It is generally used in fabricating
Spring loaded
tanks, pressure vessels, and on weldC-clamp
positioners.
Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 67

Quick Connector
Attached to ends of different lengths of cables
Allow quick and easy attachment to any length
cable

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

This connector has cam-type action that ensures positive stop

and lock and cannot come loose or accidentally fall apart.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 68

Metal Electrode Holders

Device used for holding electrode
mechanically
Conveys electric current
from welding cable to electrode
Insulated handle protects hand from heat
Jaws of holder grip electrode at any angle
Made of metal with high electrical conductivity
and ability to withstand high temperatures

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 69

Metal Electrode Holders

Jaws can be replaced with new ones
Should be light in weight, well-balanced and
have comfortable grip
Size of holder must be in line with size of
welding machine
Fully insulated so stays cool even with high
duty cycles
11 - 70

Spring Type Electrode Holder

Lenco dba NLC. Inc.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 71

Short-stub Electrode Holder

One-ton pressure
contact

High welding current conductance

Special extruded copper-alloy body
Cable connections

Bernard Welding Equipment Co.

Entirely insulated
Holds electrodes burned to very short stub.
Lifeguard insulation Twist-type locking device permits electrodegripping power in excess of 2,000 pounds.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 72

Angle-head Electrode Holder

Shorter and lighter

than other holders
of comparable capacity.
Available in sizes of 400 and 600
amperes
and takes electrodes from 1/16
through
5/16 inch in diameter.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Jackson Products Co.

11 - 73

Other Electric Arc processes

Generates heat for several major welding
processes
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)

Arc cutting utilizes much of same equipment as

arc welding

11 - 74

Carbon Arc Welding

Welding heat comes from arc formed between
base metal and carbon electrode or arc formed
between two carbon electrodes
With or without addition of filler rod

Carbon electrodes available: 1/4, 5/16, 3/8 inch

Alternating current: 30-125 amperes
Metal electrode holders not suitable
Carbon electrode hotter than metal electrode
11 - 75

Twin Carbon Electrode Holder

Two leads are
required because
the arc is created
between the two
electrodes.
Larger than the
metal electrode
holder

Metal shield to protect welder's

hand from intense heat.

The Lincoln Electric Co.

Holder is water cooled

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 76

Atomic-Hydrogen Arc Welding

Process in which electric arc surrounded by
atmosphere of hydrogen
Gas shields molten metal from oxidation and
contamination from the air
Transfers heat from electrode to work
Arc formed between two electrodes

Temperature produced by arc: 7,500F

Current supplied by a.c. welding transformer
Hydrogen supplied in cylinders
11 - 77

Atomic-Hydrogen Electrode
Holder

General Electric Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 78

Atomic-Hydrogen Arc Welding

Metal of same analysis as being welded can be
deposited
Welds may be heat treated
Unusually smooth, ductile, nonporous and free
from impurities
Surface free from scale

May weld hard-to-weld metals

Advantages: increased production, low
operating cost, and low maintenance cost
11 - 79

Hand and Head Shields

Brilliant light caused by electric arc contains
two kinds of invisible rays which injure eyes
and skin
Ultraviolet
Infrared

Rays affect eyes within 50 feet;

and skin any distance within
20 feet
Hand shield so person may hold
Fibre-Metal Products Co.

shield in front of face

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 80

Hand and Head Shields

Also called hood or helmet
Attached to adjustable headband
Allows it to be moved up or down as wearer desires

Dependable protection
Both hands free to grasp electrode holder

Partial protection
Must also wear leather or
nonflammable cap for adequate
protection

Fibre-Metal Products Co.

Fibre-Metal Products Co.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 81

Hand and Head Shields

Constructed of heat-resisting, pressed-fiber
insulating material
Shields fully molded at top and bottom to
protect head and neck
Usually black to reduce reflection with
window frame to hole protective lens

Fibre-Metal Products Co.

Chrome leather helmets ideal for

hard-to-get-into areas.
Flip-front welding helmet permits welder to
inspect and brush weld without lifting the hood.
Wilson Products

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 82

Head Shield Lens

Sizes: 2 x 4.5 or 4.5 x 5.25
Colored to screen out ultraviolet, infrared rays,
and most of visible rays
Variety of shades of color
Density depends on brilliance of arc
Varies with size of electrode and volume of current

Side exposed to weld pool protected by clear

polycarbonate plastic cover lens
Protect costly filter lens from molten metal spatter
and breakage (replaced when pitted and clouded)
11 - 83

Auto-darkening Electronic
Filter Helmet

Jackson Products Co.

Useful when working close

.
quarters,
doing high production
work, or avoiding inadvertent arc
strikes
Single shade or variable shades
Filter can switch from light to
dark in less than 1/10,000 of a
second
Battery powered
May have solar battery booster

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 84

Safety Glasses
Should be worn
Also behind hood to prevent severe arc
flash reaching eyes

Can Absorb more than 99.9%

harmful ultraviolet rays
Worn by others who work with
welders
Light in weight, well ventilated, and
comfortable
Lenses have light tint (Not dark!)
and tented side shields
RobCrandall/The Image Works

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 85

Protective Clothing
Gloves to protect hands
Made of leather or some other type of fire-resistant material

Leather capes, sleeves, shoulder

garments with detachable bibs,
aprons
Split-type apron if sitting down
No place to collect hot particles

High-top shoes
Leggings and spats
Department of Labor

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 86

Protective Clothing
100% cotton or wool
Thick enough to prevent
injurious untraviolet rays
from penetrating to skin
Long sleeves
Shirts buttoned to neck
Shirttails tucked
Cuffless pants long enough
to cover top of leather boots
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Miller Electric Mfg. Co.

11 - 87

Protective Clothing

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 - 88

Further Protection
Ear Protection
Full ear muffs that cover entire ear or ear plugs
Dangers
Noise
Hot weld spatter or slag entering ear canal

Fume Protection
Always use proper ventilation to keep head out of
fume plume
11 - 89