Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

0
0
Ma trn c trng ca thanh ghi: T=
0

1
0
0
0

0
1
0
1

0
0
1

Chu k ca thanh ghi

Nh trnh by trn v qu trnh dch chuyn li tng bc ca thanh ghi:
x0

x2
Nu ta gi x(0)= x3
l vc t ch gi tr ca thanh ghi ti thi im khi to th cc gi

tr ca thanh ghi cc thi im tip theo nh sau:

M
x
m 1
Gi tr ca thanh ghi sau 1 xung ng h l x(1)=T.x(0)
Gi tr ca thanh ghi sau 2 xung ng h l x(2)=T.x(1)=T2.x(0)
Gi tr ca thanh ghi sau 3 xung ng h l x(3)=T.x(2)=T3.x(0)
----------------

Gi tr ca thanh ghi sau n xung ng h l x(n)=T.x(n-1)=Tn.x(0) (bi v s trng thi thng tin khc
nhau c th c l 2m)
Vy chu k ca thanh ghi l s xung nhp ng h thanh ghi lp li trng thi ban u. Ngha l
nu x(0)0 v n>0 sao cho x(n) = x(0) th ta ni n l chu k ca thanh ghi.
Lu :
Cch vit biu din nh phn cho gi tr ca x(i) theo th t t trn xung (theo ct), tng ng vi
vit t tri sang phi (theo dng). V d: biu din nh phn ca x(i) = 3 c m = 3 bit nh sau:
Vit theo dng: x(i) = 011 (vit t tri sang phi)
0

(i)
Vit theo ct: x = 1 (vit t trn xung)
1

V d tm chu k ca thanh ghi

Cho thanh ghi lui tng bc nh hnh sau:
+

F3

F2

F1

F0

T thanh ghi ta c: m=4, a0=1, a1=0, a2=1, a3=0.

0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0

Ma trn c trng ca thanh ghi: T=

0 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

81

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

x0 0

x 0
(0)
c gi tr khi to ca thanh ghi x =1= 1 =
x
0
2
x 1
3
Tm chu k:
0
0
1



0
1

X(1)=T.x(0)= x(2)=T.x(1)= x(3)=T.x(2)=

1
0
1



0
1
0



0
1


1

x(4)=T.x(3)= x(5)=T.x(4)= x(6)=T.x(5)=

0
0


0
0


Tng t:
+ Khi chn x(0) = 3 thi ta cng c chu k n = 6.
+ Khi chn x(0) = 6 th ta c chu k n = 3.
+ Khi chn x(0) = 0 th ta c chu k n = 1.

0

0 (0)
0 = x

1

12

15

0
11

13

10
Chu k n=6
Thanh ghi trn c 4 chu k.

Chu k n=6

14

Chu k n=3

Chu k n=1

Bi tp
1. Tm cc chu k ca thanh ghi lui tng bc nh hnh sau:
+

F2

F2

F1

F0

2. Tm cc chu k ca thanh ghi lui tng bc nh hnh sau:

+

F2

F1

F0

BI 5.8: M XOAY VNG

Mc tiu
Sau khi hon tt bi hc ny bn c th:
Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

82

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

-

Bit cch xc nh ma trn kim tra chn l cho m xoay vng (hay cn gi l m
vng),
Hiu nh ngha m xoay vng,
Vn dng xy dng b m xoay vng,
Vn dng phng php sinh nhanh b m xoay vng sinh b m kim tra chn l.

Ma trn kim tra chn l m xoay vng

nh ngha: ma trn kim tra chn l c thit k t thanh ghi li tng bc l ma trn c dng
sau:
A=[x(0)| T x(0)|T2 x(0) ||Tn-1 x(0)] vi n l chu k ca thanh ghi (n > m)
Trong :
- T l ma trn c trng ca thanh ghi.
- x(0) 0: l gi tr khi to ca thanh ghi.
- n : l chiu di ca t m v cng l chu k ca thanh ghi.
- m: l s bit kim tra hay s bit ca thanh ghi.
V d: xt li v d tm chu k thanh ghi, nu chn gi tr khi to ca thanh ghi l x(0) = 1 th ta
c ma trn kim tra vi chu k n=6 nh sau:
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

A =[ x x x x x x ]=
0 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0

nh ngha m xoay vng

M xoay vng l m kim tra chn l c sinh ra t ma trn kim tra chn l ng vi chu k n
ca thanh ghi li tng bc c dng nh:
A=[x(0)| Tx(0)|T2x(0) ||Tn-1x(0) ]
V d: xt li ma trn kim tra chn l trn
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
(chu k n = 6)
A=
0 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0
Ta c n = 6, m = 3, k = 2 s = 2k = 22 = 4 t m.
p dng Phng php sinh m nhanh b m kim tra chn l ta c b m kim tra chn l gm 4
t m sau : w0 = 000000, w1 = 101010, w2 = 010101, w4 = 111111, y chnh l mt trong cc b
m xoay vng sinh t thanh ghi li tng bc nu trn (Cc bc sinh m nhanh ngh cc
bn t lm)

Phng php sinh nhanh b m xoay vng

Cch sinh nhanh k t m c lp tuyn tnh ca b m vng t a0, a1, a2, , am-1:
Bc 1: sinh m xoay vng u tin
Sinh m xoay vng u tin c dng w1=a0a1a2am-1 100000
k-1 bit 0
Bc 2: sinh k -1 t m c lp tuyn tnh cn li
Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

83

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

w2= 0a0a1a2am-110000 (dch w1 sang phi 1 bit).
k-2 bit 0
.
wk= 00000a0a1a2am-11 (dch t wk-1 sang phi 1 bit).
k-1 bit 0
Bc 3: xc nh cc t m cn li ca b m
Cc t m cn li gm (2k k t m) c xc nh bng cch cng t hp ca 2, 3, , k t m
t k t m c lp tuyn tnh trn.

V d sinh nhanh b m xoay vng

Cho thanh ghi lui tng bc nh hnh sau:
+

F3

F2

F1

F0

T thanh ghi, ta c: m=4, n=6, a0=1, a1=0, a2=1, a3=0.

Bc 1: Sinh m xoay vng u tin
w1=101010
Bc 2: Sinh k -1 t m c lp tuyn tnh cn li
w2=010101
Bc 3: Xc nh cc t m cn li ca b m
w3 =111111 (w1+w2), w0 =000000 (w1+w2 + w3)
B m vng va sinh l W={000000, 101010, 010101, 111111)

Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

84

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

Bi tp
1. Cho thanh ghi li tng bc sau:
F2

F1

F0

- Tm ma trn kim tra chn l c s ct n > 4

- T kt qu cu a, xc nh b m xoay vng tng ng.
- Tm b m xoay vng theo phng php sinh nhanh b m xoay vng
2. Cho thanh ghi li tng bc sau:
+

F3

F2

F1

F0

Tm ma trn kim tra chn l c s ct n > 4

T kt qu cu a, xc nh b m xoay vng tng ng.
Tm b m xoay vng theo phng php sinh nhanh b m xoay vng.

Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

85

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

BI 5.9: A THC C TRNG CA THANH GHI

Mc tiu
Sau khi hon tt bi hc ny bn c th:
- Hiu nh ngha a thc c trng ca thanh ghi,
- Hiu Quan h gia chu k n, a thc c trng v a thc (xn + 1),
- Vn dng sinh thanh ghi li tng bc,
- Lm c s vn dng sinh b m vng.

nh ngha a thc c trng ca thanh ghi

nh ngha: a thc c trng ca thanh ghi c ma trn c trng l T l a thc c dng
gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm.
vi a0, a1, a2,, am-1 l cc cng tc ca thanh ghi v m l s bit ca thanh ghi
V d: xt li thanh ghi nh hnh sau:

F3

F2

F1

F0

a0 = 1, a1= 0, a2 = 1, a3 = 0
a thc c trng ca thanh ghi c dng: gm(x)=1 + x2 + x4.

Quan h gia chu k n, a thc c trng v a thc (xn + 1)

a thc c trng ca thanh ghi gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm lun chia ht a thc (xn
+ 1).
V d: xt li thanh ghi lui tng bc nh hnh sau:
+

F3

F2

F1

F0

T thanh ghi ta c th xc nh cc kt qu sau:

- a0 = 1, a1= 0, a2 = 1, a3 = 0
- a thc c trng ca thanh ghi c dng: g4(x)=1 + x2 + x4.
- Thanh ghi ny c chu k n = 6.
Thc hin php chia a thc (x6 + 1) : (1 + x2 + x4) = (x2 + 1) chia ht.
Ghi ch: php ton trn a thc nh phn vn l php ton Modulo 2.

V d: xt li thanh ghi lui tng bc nh hnh sau:

+

F3

F2

F1

F0

a0 = 1, a1= 0, a2 = 1, a3 = 0
a thc c trng ca thanh ghi c dng: g4(x)=1 + x2 + x4.
thanh ghi ny c chu k n = 6 v (x6 + 1) : 1 + x2 + x4 = x2 + 1.
Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

86

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

Th tc sinh thanh ghi li tng bc

sinh thanh ghi li tng bc vi s bit l m v c chu k n, ta c th thc hin theo cc bc
sau:
Bc 1: xc nh a thc c trng ca thanh ghi
- Tm 2 a thc gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm
v hk(x)=h0 + h1x+ h2x2 + +hk-1xk-1 + xk sao cho (xn + 1) = gm(x)* hk(x).
- Nu (xn + 1) = gm(x)* hk(x) th ta chn gm(x) lm a thc c trng cho thanh ghi (v
s bit kim tra ca b m l m) v thc hin bc 2.
- Ngc li: khng tn ti thanh ghi theo yu cu.
Bc 2: v thanh ghi
T gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm a0, a1, a2,, am-1 thanh ghi c dng:
Fm-1
Fm-2
F1
F0
+
am-1

am-2

a1

a0

V d minh ha
Thit k thanh ghi c m=3 bit v chu k n=7, ta thc hin theo 2 bc sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh a thc c trng ca thanh ghi
Ta c (x7 + 1) : (1 + x2 + x3) = (1 + x2 + x3 + x4)
Do m=3 nn chn g3(x) = (1 + x2 + x3) lm a thc c trng ca thanh ghi.
Bc 2: V thanh ghi
T g3(x) = (1 + x2 + x3) ta c, a0=1, a1=0, a2=1
F2

F1

F0

Bi tp
1. Trong cc thanh ghi sau y, thanh ghi no sinh ra b m vng c di n=15 bit?
(R1):

F3

F2

F1

F0

(R2):

F3

F2

F1

F0

(R3):

F3

F2

F1

F0

2. Nu cc bc cn thit thit k b m xoay vng di 15 bit vi s bit kim tra l 4.

V s thanh ghi dng tng qut.

Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

87

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

Bi 5.10: PHNG PHP SINH M XOAY VNG

Mc tiu
Sau khi hon tt bi hc ny bn c th:
- Hiu cc phng php sinh m vng,
- Bit bng lit k mt s a thc c trng,
- Vn dng sinh m vng theo nhiu cch khch nhau.

t vn
sinh b m kim tra chn l, ta c th da theo nhiu phng php khc nhau nh: sinh m
da theo l thuyt nhm, m Hamming,... Vn t ra y l lm sao sinh b m xoay vng
vi di n bit v m bit kim tra chn l. Phng php sinh m xoay vng da trn l thuyt v
a thc c trng nh phn ca thanh ghi gip ta c ci nhn tng qut v vn sinh b m xoay
vng theo nhiu cch khc nhau.

Phng php sinh bng m xoay vng

sinh m xoay vng di n bit vi m bit kim tra v k bit thng tin, ta c th thc hin theo
cc bc sau:
Bc 1: tm 2 a thc gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm
v hk(x)=h0 + h1x+ h2x2 + +hk-1xk-1 + xk sao cho (xn + 1) = gm(x)* hk(x).
Nu (xn + 1) = gm(x)* hk(x) th chuyn sang bc 2
Ngc li khng th sinh b m vng theo yu cu.
Bc 2: ta c th sinh b m xoay vng theo cc cch nh di y:
Cch 1: Chn a thc gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm
a0, a1, a2,, am-1
thanh ghi ma trn c trng T
chu k n ma trn kim tra chn l A.
B m xoay vng.
Cch 2: chn a thc gm(x)=a0 + a1x+ a2 x2+ +am-1xm-1 + xm
a0, a1, a2,, am-1
Sinh nhanh k t m c lp tuyn tnh vi t m sinh c lp tuyn tnh u tin c
dng: w1=a0a1a2am-1100000 B m xoay vng.
k-1 bit 0
Cch 3: chn hk(x)=h0 + h1x+ h2x2 + +hk-1xk-1 + xk lm a thc sinh ma trn kim tra
chn l cho b m vng c dng:
0 0

0 1
1 h
k 1

hk 1

hk 1

k k 1

h1

h1

h0

h1

h1

h0

h0

h0

0
0

(m-1) bits
Sinh b m xoay vng theo Phng php sinh nhanh b m xoay vng.
Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

88

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

Nhn xt: kt qu theo 3 cch sinh b m xoay vng ni trn la nh nhau (cho cng b m).

V d minh ha 1
Thit k thanh ghi v sinh ma trn kim tra chn l.
Chn a thc gm(x)= 1+x+x4 a0 = 1, a1 = 1, a2 = 0, a3 = 0
F3
F2
F1
F0
+
0
0
Ma trn c trng ca thanh ghi: T=
0

1
Tm chu k ca thanh ghi:
0

0
(0)
Chn gi tr khi to x =1=
0

1

1
0
0
1

0
1
0
0

0
0
1

0
0
1
0
0





(1)
(0) 0
(2)
(1) 1
(3)
(2) 0
(4)
(3) 0
(5)
(4) 1
x =T.x = ; x =Tx = ; x =Tx = ; x =Tx = ; x =Tx =
1
0
0
1
1





0
0
1
1
0





1
1
0
1
0





(6)
(5) 1
(7)
(6) 0
(8)
(7) 1
(9)
(8) 0
(10)
(9) 1
x =Tx = ; x =Tx = ; x =Tx = ; x =Tx = ; x =Tx =
0
1
0
1
1





1
0
1
1
1





1
1
1
1
0





(11)
(12) 1 (12)
(11) 1 (13)
(12) 1 (14)
(13) 0
(15)
(14) 0
x =Tx = ;x =Tx = ;x =Tx = ;x =Tx = ; x =T.x = = x(0)
1
1
0
0
0





1
0
0
0
1





Ma trn kim tra chn l :
0 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0
A=
0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1

0
1
1
0

1
1
0
1

1
0
1
0

0
1
0
1

1
0
1
1

0
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
0

1
1
0
0

0
0

B m xoay vng vin=14, m=4, k=11.

V d minh ha 2
Chn a thc gm(x)= 1+x+x4 a0 = 1, a1 = 1, a2 = 0, a3 = 0.
Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

89

Gio trnh: L thuyt thng tin.

Bc 1: Sinh m xoay vng u tin

w1 =110010000000000
Bc 2: Sinh k -1 t m c lp tuyn tnh cn li
w2 =011001000000000
w3 =001100100000000
w4 =000110010000000
w5 =000011001000000
w6 =000001100100000
w7 =000000110010000
w8 =000000011001000
w9 =000000001100100
w10=000000000110010
w11=000000000011001
Bc 3: Xc nh cc t m cn li ca b m
(215 - 11) t m cn li c xc nh bng cch cng t hp 2, 3, 4,.., k = 11 t
m t k=11 t m c lp tuyn tnh.

V d minh ha 3
Chn hk(x)= 1+ x + x2 + x3 +x5 + x7 + x8 + x11 lm a thc sinh ma trn kim tra chn l cho b m
vng h0 = 1, h1 = 1, h2 = 1, h3 = 1, h4 = 0, h5 = 1, h6 = 0, h7 = 1, h8 =1, h9 = 0, h10 = 0.
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
B m xoay vng
A=
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

Bng lit k mt s a thc c trng

M
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

a thc
1+x+x3
1+x+x4
1+x2+x5
1+x+x6
1+x3+x7
1+x2+x3+x4+x8
1+x4+x9
1+x3+x10
1+x2+x11
1+x+x4+x6+x12
1+x+x3+x4+x13

M
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

a thc
1+x+x6+x10+x14
1+x+x15
1+x+x3+x12+x16
1+x3+x7
1+x7+x18
1+x+x2+x5+x19
1+x3+x20
1+x2+x21
1+x+x22
1+x3+x23
1+x+x2+x7+x24

Bi tp
1. Tm b m vng c di 7 bit.
2. Tm thanh ghi sinh b m vng c di 15 bit.
3. Tm thanh ghi sinh b m vng c di 31 bit.

Bin son: TS. L Quy t Thng, ThS. Phan Tn Ti & Ks. Dng Vn Hiu.

90