ECE2021 Formulae Sheet 2014 PDF

Formulation
Name
Integral
Gausss Law
Microscopic
0
E d S = Qencl (V )
Macroscopic
D d S = Qf,encl (V )
B dS = 0
Gausss Law for Magnetism
same as microscopic.

d
E d l =
dt
Faradays Law
B dS

B d l = 0 I + 0 0
Amperes Law
Differential
E
dS
t

H d l = If +
D
dS
t
0 E =
D = f
B =0
Faradays Law
B
0 E =
t
Amperes Law
E
0 B = 0 J + 0 0
t
D
0 H = J f + 0
t
Gausss Law
Gausss Law for Magnetism
is any surface, and is its boundary curve. The surface is fixed (unchanging in time).
is any volume, and is its boundary surface. The volume is fixed (unchanging in time).
Coulombs Law: F 12 =
Q1 Q2
R12
40 R2 a
Biot-Savarts Law: d H =
Id l
aR
4R2
Lorentz Force Equation: F = Q( E +

u B)
Ohms Law: J = E
Continuity Equation: J +
Electric Current: I =
=0
dQ
dt
Electric Potential: E = V
Capacitance: Q = CV . Energy Stored in a Capacitor:
Inductance: B = LI. Energy Stored in an Inductor:
Professor Malin Premaratne
1
2
2 CV
1
2
2 LI
ECE2021 Formulae Sheet
Cartesian (x, y, z)
z
Cylindrical (, , z)
z
^
z
^
x
0
^
y
(x,y,z)
y
Definition
x2 + y 2 + z 2
p
= arctan ( x2 + y 2 /z)
= arctan (y/x)
Unit Vectors
(r,,)
^
y
p
= x2 + y 2
= arctan (y/x)
z=z
r=
(,,z)
^
z
Spherical (r, , )
r ^
^
r
x = cos
y = sin
z=z
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
p
r = 2 + z 2
= arctan (/z)
=
= r sin
=
z = r cos
= cos
x + sin
y
= sin
x + cos
y
x
= cos sin
y = sin + cos
z = z
z = z
x
= sin cos
r + cos cos
r
sin
y = sin sin
r + cos sin
r
+ cos
z = cos
r sin
r = sin cos
x + sin sin
y
+ cos z
= cos cos
x + cos sin
y
sin z
r = sin + cos z
= cos sin z
= r sin
r + cos
=
z = cos
r sin
d l = d + d
+ dz z
d l = dr
r + r d
+ r sin d
d S = d dz
+ d dz
d S = r2 sin d d
r
= sin
x + cos
y
Differential Length
dl
d l = dx
x + dy y + dz z
Differential Area
dS
d S = dy dz x
+ dx dz y
+ dx dy z
Differential Volume
dV
dV = dx dy dz
+ d d
z
dV = d d dz
+ r sin drd d
+ r dr d
dV = r2 sin dr d d
Vector A
Gradient f
Divergence A
Cartesian (x, y, z)
Cylindrical (, , z)
Spherical (r, , )
Ax x
+ Ay y + Az z
A + A + Az z
A + A + A
f
f
f
x
+
y +
z
x
y
z
f
1 f f
+
z
+
f
1 f
1 f
r +
+
r
r
r sin
1 (A ) 1 A Az
+
+

z
1 r2 Ar
1
+
(sin A )
r2 r
r sin
1 A
+
r sin

1 Az A

z

A Az
+

1 (A ) A
+
z

1
(A sin ) A
r
r sin

1
1 Ar (rA )
+
r sin
r

1 (rA ) Ar
+
r
r
f
f
f
+
+
x y
z

Az Ay
y
z

Ax Az
+
y
z
x

Ay Ax
+
z
x
y

Curl A
Laplacian 2 f
f
f
f
+ 2 + 2
2
x
y
z
1 f
f
1 f
( ) + 2 2 + 2

z
1 2 f
1
f
(r
)
+
(sin
)
r2 r
r
r2 sin
2f
1
+ 2 2
r sin 2
div grad f = (f ) = 2 f
curl grad f = (f ) = 0
div curl A = ( A ) = 0
curl curl A = ( A ) = ( A ) 2 A
General Differentiation Formulas

d
(c) = 0 where c is a constant.
dx
d
d
d
[f (x) + g(x)] =
f (x) +
g(x)
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
[f (x) g(x)] = f (x) g(x) + g(x) f (x)
dx
dx
dx
d
d
g(x) dx
f (x) f (x) dx
g(x)
d f (x)
[
]=
2
dx g(x)
g (x)
d
d
d
[f (g(x)) =
f (g(x))
g(x)
dx
dg(x)
dx
Eulers Formula and Trigonometric Functions

1 x
x+
x
exp(j) + exp(j)
exp(j) exp(j)
;
cos =
sin =
2j
2
d
d
1
(sin x) = cos x;
(arcsin x) =
dx
dx
1 + x2
d
d
1
(cos x) = sin x;
(arccos x) =
dx
dx
x2 1
d
d
1
(tan x) = sec2 x;
(arctan x) =
dx
dx
1 x2

Tangent and Cotangent Identities

sin
cos
,
cot =
cos
sin
Reciprocal Identities
1
1
,
sec =
csc =
sin
cos
Pythagorean Identities
2
sin + cos = 1,
sin = sin = + 2k
tan + 1 = sec ,
cos() = cos
Double Angle Formulas

sin(2) = 2 sin cos
cos(2) = cos2 sin2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin2
2 tan
tan(2) =
1 tan2
Sum and Difference Formulas
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos( ) = cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan( ) =
1 tan tan
Product to Sum Formulas
2 sin sin = cos( ) cos( + )
2 cos cos = cos( ) + cos( + )
2 sin cos = sin( + ) + sin( )
2 cos sin = sin( + ) sin( )
Sum to Product Formulas

+
cos
sin + sin = 2 sin
2
2

+
sin sin = 2 cos

sin
2
2

+
cos
cos + cos = 2 cos
2
2

+
cos cos = 2 sin

sin
2
2
1 + cot = csc
Even/Odd Formulas
sin() = sin(),
lim
1+
Trigonometric Equations
tan =
e exp(1) =
exp(j) = cos + j sin ;
or
= + 2k,
sin = sin = (1)k + k
kZ
cos = cos = + 2k
= 2 + 2k,
or
kZ
kZ
tan = tan = + k k Z
when 1 x +1
= arcsin x
2
2
= arccos x 0 when 1 x +1
= arctan x < <

when < x < +
2
2
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
loga x = y ay = x;
aloga x = x;
eln x = x;
loga xy = loga x + loga y;
ln x = loge x
loga (xr ) = r loga x
x
loga = loga x loga y
y
d
d x
(exp(x)) = exp(x);
(a ) = ax ln a
dx
dx
1
d
1
d
(ln(|x|)) = ;
(loga (|x|)) =
dx
x
dx
x ln a
Hyperbolic Functions

p
exp(x) exp(x)
sinh1 x = ln x + x2 + 1
2

p
exp(x) + exp(x)
cosh x =
cosh1 x = ln x + x2 1
2

1
exp(x) exp(x)
1+x
tanh1 x = ln
tanh x =
exp(x) + exp(x)
2
1x
d
d
1
(sinh x) = cosh x;
(sinh1 x) =
dx
dx
1 x2
d
d
1
(cosh x) = sinh x;
(cosh1 x) =
dx
dx
1 x2
d
1
d
(tanh x) = sech2 x;
(tanh1 x) =
dx
dx
1 + x2
sinh x =
Basic Forms
2
2
x x adx = a(x a)3/2 + (x a)5/2
3
5

Z
2b
2x
ax + bdx =
ax + b
+
3a
3
Z
2
(ax + b)3/2 dx =
(ax + b)5/2
5a
Z
x
2
dx = (x 2a) x a
3
xa
p
Z r
p
x(a x)
x
dx = x(a x) a tan1
ax
xa
Z r
p

x
dx = x(a + x) a ln
x+ x+a
a+x
Z
2
(2b2 + abx + 3a2 x2 ) ax + b
x ax + bdx =
15a2
Z p
p
1 h
x(ax + b)dx =
(2ax + b) ax(ax + b)
4a3/2
i

p

b2 ln a x + a(ax + b)
Z
(20)
Z
(1)
Z
(2)
xn dx =
1
xn+1
n+1
1
dx = ln |x|
x
(22)
(23)
Z
udv = uv
(3)
(21)
vdu
(24)
Z
(4)
1
1
dx = ln |ax + b|
ax + b
a
(25)
Integrals of Rational Functions
(26)
Z
(5)
Z
(6)
1
1
dx =
(x + a)2
x+a
(x + a)n dx =
(x + a)n+1
+ c, n 6= 1
n+1
(27)
q
b
b2
x
2 +
x3 (ax + b)
12a
8a x
3

p
b3

+ 5/2 ln a x + a(ax + b)
8a
Z p

p
1 p
1

x2 a2 dx = x x2 a2 a2 ln x + x2 a2
2
2
Z p
1 p
1
x
a2 x2 dx = x a2 x2 + a2 tan1
2
2
a2 x2
Z p
3/2
1 2
x x2 a2 dx =
x a2
3
Z

p
1

dx = ln x + x2 a2
x2 a2
Z
1
x
dx = sin1
a
a2 x2
Z
p
x
dx = x2 a2
x2 a2
Z
p
x
dx = a2 x2
2
2
a x
Z

p
x2
1 p
1

dx = x x2 a2 a2 ln x + x2 a2
2
2
x2 a2
Z p
b + 2ax p 2
ax2 + bx + cdx =
ax + bx + c
4a

q

4ac b2
2 + bx+ c)
+
ln
2ax
+
b
+
2
a(ax

8a3/2
Z p

p
1
x ax2 + bx + c =
2 a ax2 + bx + c
48a5/2

3b2 + 2abx + 8a(c + ax2 )

p

+3(b3 4abc) ln b + 2ax + 2 a ax2 + bx + x
Z q
Z
(7)
Z
(8)
Z
(9)
x(x + a)n dx =
(28)
1
dx = tan1 x
1 + x2
(29)
1
1
x
dx = tan1
a2 + x2
a
a
(30)
Z
(10)
(x + a)n+1 ((n + 1)x a)

(n + 1)(n + 2)
a2
x
1
dx = ln |a2 + x2 |
+ x2
2
(31)
(32)
Z
(11)
x2
x
dx = x a tan1
a2 + x2
a
Z
(12)
a2
x3
1
1
dx = x2 a2 ln |a2 + x2 |
+ x2
2
2
1
2
2ax + b
dx =
tan1
ax2 + bx + c
4ac b2
4ac b2
1
a+x
1
dx =
ln
, a 6= b
(x + a)(x + b)
ba
b+x
x
a
dx =
+ ln |a + x|
(x + a)2
a+x
(13)
(14)
(15)
Z
(16)
x
1
dx =
ln |ax2 + bx + c|
ax2 + bx + c
2a
b
2ax + b

tan1
a 4ac b2
4ac b2
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
Integrals with Roots
Z
(17)
x adx =
1
dx = 2 x a
xa
1
dx = 2 a x
ax
Z
(18)
Z
(19)
2
(x a)3/2
3
(40)
(41)

q

1
dx = ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx + c)
a
ax2 + bx + c
Z
x
1p 2
dx =
ax + bx + c
2
a
ax + bx + c

q

b
3/2 ln 2ax + b + 2 a(ax2 + bx + c)
2a
Z
dx
x
=
(a2 + x2 )3/2
a2 a2 + x2
Z
(39)
x3 (ax + b)dx =
Integrals with Trigonometric Functions
Integrals with Logarithms

Z
ln axdx = x ln ax x
(42)
Z
Z
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
1
ln ax
dx = (ln ax)2
x
2

Z
b
ln(ax + b)dx = x +
ln(ax + b) x, a 6= 0
a
Z
x
ln(x2 + a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 + a2 ) + 2a tan1 2x
a
Z
x+a
ln(x2 a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 a2 ) + a ln
2x
xa
Z

2ax + b
1p
ln ax2 + bx + c dx =
4ac b2 tan1
a
4ac b2

b
2
+ x ln ax + bx + c
2x +
2a
Z
bx
1
x ln(ax + b)dx =
x2
2a
4

1
b2
2
+
x 2 ln(ax + b)
2
a
Z

1
x ln a2 b2 x2 dx = x2 +
2

1
a2
x2 2 ln a2 b2 x2
2
b
sin axdx =
(63)
sin2 axdx =
sinn axdx =
(64)
(65)
Z
(66)
1
cos ax
a
x
sin 2ax
2
4a

2 F1
sin3 axdx =
Z
(67)
1
cos ax
a
cos axdx =
3 cos ax
cos 3ax
+
4a
12a
1
sin ax
a
cos2 axdx =
cosp axdx =
cos3 axdx =
(68)

1 1n 3
,
, , cos2 ax
2
2
2
x
sin 2ax
+
2
4a
Integrals with Exponentials

Z
eax dx =
(50)
(51)
Z
(52)
1 ax
e
a
1
cos1+p ax
a(1 + p)

1+p 1 3+p
, ,
, cos2 ax
2 F1
2
2
2
(69)

i
xeax dx =
xeax + 3/2 erf i ax ,
a
2a
Z x
2
2
where erf(x) =
et dt
0
(70)
3 sin ax
sin 3ax
+
4a
12a
xex dx = (x 1)ex
Z
Z
(53)
xe
Z
(54)
ax

dx =
1
x
2
a
a
(71)

e

x2 ex dx = x2 2x + 2 ex

2x
2
x2
2 + 3
a
a
a
x2 eax dx =

x3 ex dx = x3 3x2 + 6x 6 ex
(55)
(56)
Z
(57)
Z
(58)
xn eax dx =
xn eax
a
cos ax sin bxdx =
ax
eax
sin[(2a b)x]
4(2a b)
sin bx
sin[(2a + b)x]
+
2b
4(2a + b)
sin2 ax cos bxdx =
sin2 x cos xdx =
cos2 ax sin bxdx =
cos2 ax sin axdx =
sin2 ax cos2 bxdx =
(72)
(73)
Z
xn1 eax dx
(1)n
[1 + n, ax],
an+1
Z
where (a, x) =
ta1 et dt
xn eax dx =

2
i
eax dx = erf ix a
2 a
Z

2
eax dx = erf x a
2 a
Z
2
2
1
xeax dx = eax
2a
r
Z
2
1
x ax2
x2 eax dx =
e
erf(x a)
4 a3
2a
cos[(a + b)x]
cos[(a b)x]
, a 6= b
2(a b)
2(a + b)
1
sin3 x
3
cos[(2a b)x]
cos bx
4(2a b)
2b
cos[(2a + b)x]
4(2a + b)
(74)
(59)
(60)
(61)
(62)
(75)
(76)
1
cos3 ax
3a
x
sin 2ax
sin[2(a b)x]
4
8a
16(a b)
sin 2bx
sin[2(a + b)x]
+
8b
16(a + b)
Z
(77)
sin2 ax cos2 axdx =
Z
tan axdx =
(78)
x
sin 4ax
8
32a
1
(ia)1n [(1)n (n + 1, iax)
2
(n + 1, ixa)]
xn cosaxdx =
(98)
1
ln cos ax
a
Z
Z
tan2 axdx = x +
tann+1 ax
tann axdx =
a(1 + n)

n+1
n+3
2
F
,
1,
,
tan
ax
2 1
2
2
(79)
(80)
Z
(81)
Z
(82)
1
tan ax
a
Z
x sin axdx =
(100)

x2 sin xdx = 2 x2 cos x + 2x sin x
x2 sin axdx =
1
xn sin xdx = (i)n [(n + 1, ix) (1)n (n + 1, ix)]
2
(102)

x
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| = 2 tanh1 tan
2
(103)
Z
(83)
Z
(84)
sec2 axdx =
sec3 x dx =
1
tan ax
a
1
1
sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
2
2
ex sin xdx =
ebx sin axdx =
ex cos xdx =
ebx cos axdx =
xex sin xdx =
1 x
e (cos x x cos x + x sin x)
2
xex cos xdx =
1 x
e (x cos x sin x + x sin x)
2
(104)
sec x tan xdx = sec x
1
sec2 x tan xdx = sec2 x
2
(105)
1
sec x tan xdx = secn x, n 6= 0
n
(106)

x

csc xdx = ln tan = ln | csc x cot x| + C
2
(107)
(86)
(87)
(88)
Z
(89)
Z
(90)
Z
(91)
2x sin ax
2 a2 x2
cos ax +
a3
a2
Products of Trigonometric Functions and Exponentials
Z
(85)
x cos ax
sin ax
+
a
a2
Z
(101)
1
1
ln cos ax +
sec2 ax
a
2a
tan3 axdx =
x sin xdx = x cos x + sin x
(99)
csc2 axdx =
csc3 xdx =
1
cot ax
a
(108)
1
1
cot x csc x + ln | csc x cot x|
2
2
cscn x cot xdx =
(109)
1
cscn x, n 6= 0
n
1 x
e (sin x cos x)
2
1
ebx (b sin ax a cos ax)
a2 + b2
1 x
e (sin x + cos x)
2
1
ebx (a sin ax + b cos ax)
a2 + b2
Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Z
sec x csc xdx = ln | tan x|
(92)
Z
(110)
cosh axdx =
Products of Trigonometric Functions and Monomials

Z
Z
(93)
(94)
Z
(95)
Z
(96)
Z
(97)
eax cosh bxdx =
x cos xdx = cos x + x sin x

Z
1
x
x cos axdx = 2 cos ax + sin ax
a
a

x2 cos xdx = 2x cos x + x2 2 sin x
x2 cos axdx =
(111)
4a
sinh axdx =
[a cosh bx b sinh bx]
a 6= b
x
2
a=b
1
cosh ax
a
eax sinh bxdx =
eax
a2 b2
e2ax
2x cos ax
a2 x2 2
+
sin ax
a2
a3
1
x cosxdx = (i)n+1 [(n + 1, ix)
2
+(1)n (n + 1, ix)]
(112)
1
sinh ax
a
(113)
eax
[b cosh bx + a sinh bx]
a2 b2
2ax
e
x
4a
2
a 6= b
a=b
eax tanh bxdx =
(114)
Z
(115)
tanh ax dx =
Z
(118)
a 6= b
Z
a=b
1
ln cosh ax
a
1
[a sin ax cosh bx
a2 + b2
+b cos ax sinh bx]
1
[b cos ax cosh bx+
a2 + b2
a sin ax sinh bx]
(119)
Z
(120)
sinh ax cosh axdx =
cos ax sinh bxdx =

(117)
1
[b cosh bx sin ax
a2 + b2
a cos ax sinh bx]
sin ax sinh bxdx =
cos ax cosh bxdx =

(116)
1
[a cos ax cosh bx+
a2 + b2
b sin ax sinh bx]
sin ax cosh bxdx =
(a+2b)x
h
i
e
a
a
, 1, 2 +
, e2bx
2 F1 1 +
2b
2b
(a + 2b)
ha
i
1 ax
e
F
,
1,
1E,
e2bx
2 1
a 1 ax 2b
ax
e 2 tan [e ]
a
1
[2ax + sinh 2ax]
4a
1
[b cosh bx sinh ax
b2 a2
a cosh ax sinh bx]
sinh ax cosh bxdx =

(121)

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Formulation

Gausss Law for Magnetism

Gausss Law for Magnetism

Lorentz Force Equation: F = Q( E +

Professor Malin Premaratne