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12

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M g`_ & g_wnmW~mh` ko` n[aH$a nwZ B{V & dgV{VbH$mdm_ & A M {MVm`m
H$m_Xemond{UVm & VWm XnUo - ofmo `m`H$m`}fw VXoH$mJ M _mZg_ & mg_ZmoaWm{n Mo>mVm
_{V`Vo B{V & Vd Xe H$m_Xem- A{^bmf{Vm_{VJwUH$WZmooJgbmnm & C_mXmo@W
`m{YOS>Vm_{V[a{V Xem H$m_Xem && B{V &
{d^o{V & ***AmWmVa`mgmo@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &

W_mo@>

13

A`VJmo`m O_mVwam qH$

{M{H$gHo$`mo@{n {h gdUrV &&14&&
O`MX- H$m`{ZdmhHw$ebm Xodr `Wmo{XV {dYm`{V & na
Mm`m{mgmXVmdV W__mnmXZr` &
gw_{V{V-_hmamO g{Z{hV Ibw dgVg_` & g{V {h
{d_bObgadmdJmhdU{ZOmondZm{lVmo OZmK &
{dha{V ZdHo${b{^dgVo
g_{h_Vmn{dZpXVmVa &&15&&
VWm M
ZdgyZ_Yw_mbVrbVm
_Zm{g `yZm n[a_moX`pV &
d^md{V$m@{n M {Z~_Oar
gwJpYZ JYdh H$amo{V &&16&&
VVy`Vm dgVmogdmo amOH$`mMoVmo{dH$`nmH$aUm` &
O`MXO`MX-Ed_od & H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-Amkmn`Vw ^Vm &

O`MXO`MX-C`Vm _MZmXVnwam{YH$Vmo `V gdmo dgVo@_XndZo
{dV`Vm dgVmogd g_mZd`mo{^aod gIr{_ & V M djmV[aVm Xodr
H$b`Vw g`mo{JVm`m _ZmoJV{_{V &
{d_bObo { V & ***ZdHo $ {b{^d g Vg_`mZw H y $ bH $ sS> m {^{d h aVr`W & A`
emaagmornZdmV YmZagnmofH$d_ & d^mdmo{$ab>ma & nwpnVmJmdm_ &
ZdgyZ[a{V & ***`Wm dgV^mdoU H${V{V$m@{n {Z~_Oar ndZ _Ywa H$amo{V VWm
g`mo{JVm@{n n[aOZ ZX{``Vr{V ^md & A {df_m@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
dgVmogd B{V & ***dgVVw_{YH$` _mKewbn#m`m {dV`_mZ Cgdmo dgVmogd&
V a{VH$m_`mo nyOZ_w$_ B{V Y_{gYm &

g`mo{JVmd`dao

14

{Vhmar{Vhmar-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

O`MXO`MX-Amdm_{n Vmd_mgZ_wng` amOH$m`m{U n`md &

(B{V {ZH$mVm)

&& g_mmo@` amOgy`monH$__Zm_m W_mo@> &&

W_mo@> B{V & A>bjU XnUo - `jZoVM[aVmo ag^mdg_wdb & ^doXJyT>eXmW
jyMyUH$g`wV && {dpN>mdmVaH$mW qH${Mgb{~XH$ & `w$mo Z ~h{^ H$m`~uOg{V_m M &&
ZmZm{dYmZg ` w $mo Zm{VMw a ndmZ & Amd`H$mZm H$m`m U m_{damo Y m{{Z{_ V && .....
Xodrn[aOZmXrZm__m`d{UOm_{n & `j{MM[aV`w$mo ^mdagmod && AV{ZH$mV{Z{Ibnmmo@>
B{V H$s{VV & B{V & VWm M ZmQ>emo - A> B{V {T>eXmo ^md ag amoh``WmZ & ZmZm{dYmZ`w$mo
`_mm_mdoX> && B{V &
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
amOgy`monH$_Zm_m W_mo@> g_m &

16

g`mo{JVmd`dao
_Zmo@{^am_da d{{d^_-
JVm dZlrZd`mdZd_ &&1&&

VWm M

{Vr`mo@> &
(VV {de{V gh g`m g`mo{JVm)

MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I Vd {dZmoXmW VmVnmXnH$mVmo@nydm} dgV_hmogd&

g`mo{JVmJVm-Ef Vw {VdgV nwZamdVVo & VH$W_nyd B`{^Yr`Vo &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-ApV H${X {deof &
g`mo{JVmJVm-{H$_~m d`_od dgVnyOmW_wno`{V &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-Zd &
g`mo{JVmJVm-H$W` V[h H$mo {deofV &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-gd`mo{^aod gIr{^amam`mo ^JdmZ Hw$gw_m`wY B{V VmVmXoe&
g`mo{JVmJVm-A^r>_od VX_mH$_ & VoZ M ^{d`{V `Wo>Ho${b{ZaV
gIrOZ &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-AW {H$_ & (H$U Xdm) A{` ly`Vo g{_{bVmZm gIrZm
{_W bmn & VXmdm_{n V JN>md &
(B{V n[aH$m_V)

g`mo{JVmJVm-AVrd a_Ur` IbymZXoe &

MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I n`m dgVg_wnmJ_mnm{XVm_wndZgwf_m_ &
Bf\w$Q> H$mo_bndmJa`$amJb{bV Hw$S>_b &
W_m>mVo-gw_{V-VVy`Vm dgVmogd & O`MX-A_XndZo {dV`Vm dgVmogd&
- B{V nm`oZ gy{MV` {Vr`m>` nydm>m{d^mJV BdmdVrUdmX>mdVmamo@mWm}njonH$ & VX$
XnUo-A>mVo gy{MV nmVX>`m{d^mJV & `m>mo@dVa`ofmo@>mdVma B{V _V && B{V &
Ap_>o YmZag`mornZ{d^mdmZm dgVdUObHo${bdZ{dhmagJrV^yfmXrZm dUZ_ & VX$ XnUoV `mVwfQ>H$ Mm{X`m VWmoX`mV_`m & ObHo${bdZ{dhma^mV_YwnmZ`m{_Zr^{V &
AZwbonZ^yfmm dm` ew{M _o`_` && B{V &
Bf{X{V & *** A g_mgmo{$ H$m`{b> Mmb>mam & CnOm{Vdm_ &

Zd{H$gb`amJma{OVmo@` agmbmo
ha{V _XH$bmZm H$mo{H$bmZm _Zm{g &
~Hw$b_{bHw$bmZm Jw{OVoZmHw$b VV
_Xbgwa{^JpY JYdmh H$amo{V &&2&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Ahmo {ZVmV Z`Zgw^Jmo@`_wndZm^moJ &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-Ef Amdm Vrj_mUmo dgVH$sS>mg_wgwH$pV>{V
gIrOZ &
(VV {de{V `Wm{Z{X> gIrOZ)

g`g`-Ahmo {X>`m gmo A_p`g`m &

g`mo{JVmJVm-BXmZt dVVm dmo dgVHo$b` &
g`-(A`mo@`_) E[h E[h&
(B{V IobpV)

MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I a_Ur`mo@`_wnH$_ & `XoVm

dmgVrH${bH$mO H$a`wJo gwpZYdo`m VWm
H$R>mJo Zd_m{bH$mgw_Zgm hma _Zmohm[aU_ &
hVo Vm_ag {earfHw$gw_ Ydm M Vm H$U`mo
Iob`mo Zd`mdZmVw XYVo gmjmgVw{V_ &&3&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Ed_od & gdm{n ^d{V Z`ZJmoMamo dgV`d {dbmg &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-A{` n`m mH$sS>maVmZm gIrZm {d^Mo{>V_ &
Zd{H$gb`o{V & ***A-JY`oXny{Vgwgwa{^` B`ZoZ JYeXW g_mgmV BH$ma&
_m{bZrdm_ &
dmgVr{V & A {ZXeZm@b>ma & emXb{dH$s{S>V M dm_ &

[Vr`mo@>

17

nana dUOb ghob

gwdUma{^foM`` &
gm`VZt gy`_ar{M`moJOm
JVm `wd` eaX^emo^m_ &&4&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-EVmVw dUOb Zm{nVm {e{WbgMmam gdmm &
VXhVdgZn[aYmZm` oa` &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-{`g` rVm@_mOnwr `w_H$sS>mogdoZ & V{a_V&
ZyVZdgZmb>Vm nwZam`mVw dgVnyOm_S>n_ &
g`g`-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

MmVw[aH$maH$m-EVm Hw$x>_aOjonoUm H$sS>pV & A{` n`

`mdM Hw$x>_aOmo{d{ZdmaUm`
gmN>mX``ngVm@@ZZ_ewHo$Z &
Vmdgg^__hmo n[aV IbVr
g`moVmonh{gVm n[aap^Vm M &&5&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Efm H${VJ^m _X{ZH$m Vw XrZm gabm gVV_odmooO`{V&
MmVw[aH$maH$m-{dbmo` nwZa^dVt gm Vm_mmg`{V & g{I n`m
H$XH$H$sS>m_ &
Hw$gw_H$XH$Ho${bnam`Um
Zd`wd`{` gm _XgHw$bm &
gn[ahmg{_hm{bHw$M`
H${R>Zb`_hmo Hw$Vo _wh &&6&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Jw`ZoZm{n Z {g```mbb`_ &
nana{_{V & ***A {ZXeZm@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
`md{X{V & AmZoH$mgw {H$`mgw H$maH$`H$dmrnH$mb>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
Hw$gw_o{V & ***V{dp~V dm_ &

18

g`mo{JVmd`dao
MmVw[aH$maH$m-Ahmo {OV_Z`m N>b`moJoU &
A`m nwZ gOdgH$_UcWm`m
do`m`wV Hw$gw_JwN>_{^Vm gm &
`mdmw H$XH${Y`m@dZVm ZVmr
Jm{V VmdXZ`m {d{OVm gbrb_ &&7&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-_moXm{Ve`moVo EVo nwZ_m_`yarZ` {dS>~`V &
A`mo@`X{jUH$amx{b~Y_od
doJm{Ym` g_wX n[adV_mZo &
dmVmoVmVVabo ZdamJa`o
dm_oZ Vo _whaY Hw$Vmo@Var`o &&8&&
MmVw[aH$maH$m-H$XH$H$sS>mn[almVm gm dnga`bgJ_Zm {ZVp~Zr &
EH$m{H$Zr _OwagmbgHw$b
{ZHw$O_mndamJa{OV_ &
l_mnZmoXmW{_Vm {nH$` gm
_XdaoUmZwH$amo{V Hy${OV_ &&9&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Amdm {dbmo` b{mVod gm {da_{V &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I n`mm{V_w$bVm_S>no Z`H$sS>mna {dbm{gZrJU_&
drUm`m _YwadZaZwJVm hmd_Zmohm[a{^Jm``mo b{bVmjam{>VnXm ^mdmpdVm Jr{VH$m_ &
{V>`mo _whaVam `wdV`VmZXmZmVm
_wYmbrH$aVmbnm{bVb`m Z`pV brbmbg_ &&10&&

A`mnwZ[a{V & ***A ^mpV_Xb>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

A`mo@`o{V & ***A d^mdmo{$ab>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
EH$m{H$Zr{V & *** CnOm{Vdm_ &
drUm`m B{V & drUm`m _Ywam Vo dZmmZwdmXZaynmVaZwJVm ^mdoVmo{dH$ma`w$m b{bVm{Z
M Vm`jam{U M Va{>Vm{Z nXm{Z ``mVm Jr{VH$m _Zmohm[a{^hmd^yZom{X{dH$maJm``mo _whaVam
_`o VmZ` daVma` XmZ Vp_ Vm {ZaVm g`pV>`mo _wYm `dr`` Vm Am` g`Vmgm

[Vr`mo@>

19

g`mo{JVmJVm-g{I ZX`{V IdoVmgm bmd`dVrZm gwb{bV gJrV_&

MmVw[aH$maH$m-VmmdX \${Q>H$mgZ Cn{demd &
(B`wn{d` eUwV)

g`-(gJrV_ma^Vo)
(^ynm{bamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo &)

nm`` Vd a{gH$m agnmZ_ &&

_moX` gX` X{`VmX`_ &
moV` gX` bVm{dVmZ_ &&
nm``0 &&1&&
V{fVo Z`Zo _Zmo{Zb`Zo &
d{` Hw$ brZo {` O{h _mZ_ && nm``0 &&2&&
{`V_hrZm amYm XrZm
Jm`{V gVV Vd _{h_mZ_ &&
nm``0 &&3&&
MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I E{h & Efm dgVnyOm_S>n` nwpnVVbVm_pS>Vm
n[aga^y{_ & V VmdXngamd &
(B{V n[aH$m_V)
g`mo{JVm-(g{Zmg dJV_) Hw$Vmo@`_oH$nXo _o _Zmo@dgmX & (H$me_)

A{` g{V Ibw

Zd{H$gb`lrgH$sUgyZn[aN>Xm
b{bVVadmo ZVo@`n __m{bgwImdhm &
H$amUm Vmb nm{bVmo a{jVmo b`mo `mgm Vm `wdV`mo brb`m@bg `Wm `mmWm Z`pV & emXb{dH$s{S>V
dm_ &
^ynm{bamJoUo{V & VjU_w$ b`gJrVo H$`mUr_o
H$`mUr_obgOmVm ^ynmbr ~wYg_Vm & Amamoho
Mmdamoho@{n _{ZhrZm ^dogXm & JmYma Ho$db dmXr YdVmo@_m` B[aV & gJ{VJn`mo m`V
aq$ g_mdhoV &&&& B{V & Amond{UVoZ {db^oZmomo{YV` _`m`^md`-Hw$Vmo@`_oH$nXo _o
_Zmo@dgmX B`{^`$` Zm{`H$m{db^` hoVwd_ & _moX`o` N>oH$mZwmg &
Hw$Vmo@`{_{V & AmooJm`m n#m_r H$m_Xem & `p_Z`_a` dm Z M hfm` Om`Vo &
B`wo$ &
Zd[H$gb`o{V & ***A {deofmo{${d^mdZm Mmb>mam & h[aUrdm_ & A VmnZm`
g`_ & VXV XnUo-Cnm`mXeZ `mw VmnZ Zm_ VdoV & B{V &

20

g`mo{JVmd`dao

_YwH$aHw$b _X JwOmZmo`{YH$m O
{`g{I __ dodm` `m`{V `mdZ_ &&11&&
MmVw[aH$maH$m-_m _d_ & dgVmogdmam{YVmo ^JdmZ Hw$gw_m`wY nya{``{V
Vo _ZmoaW_ & A{` n`f H$sS>m{Zdm gIrOZ nwnmdM`mW{_VVVmo Ymd{V&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Ahmo CgmhnyUm}@` gIrOZ &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-Vd gm{`_moUm`_od mogm{hV & A{` ApV
qH${MeZr`_ &
~mbdmbHw$gw_mdM`dmm
gdo{>Vm ghMarH$adar`m_ &
_moXoZ nd{Y`m@x{b_mXXmZm
gm d{#mVmonh{gVm M{bVm gbm_ &&12&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-H${Vg_wVm Ibw Zd`mdZm &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I ^md Edf ^JdV Hw$gw_m`wY` &
g`mo{JVmJVm-AW {H$_ &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-A{` {d{Zdmmo@` gIrOZ {de{V nyOm_S>n_ &
Emdm_{n Vmon{V>mdho &
(B{V n[aH$m_V)

g`g`-Cn{ded damgZo@_p`gIr MmVw[aH$m M &

C^o-EVo Amdm_wn{demd &
(B`wn{deV & gdm `WmWmZ_wn{depV &)

g`mo{JVmJVm-AW dVVm _XZmMZ_ &

(g`mo{JVm_wIm gdm _XZ_ nR>pV)

gmHy$VZomV{dbmgO`amJp_Vm`mew _Zm{g `yZm_ &

nana gJW`Z gbrb
O``Zmo ^w{d XodXod &&13&&
(B{V gdm _XZ{V_m_M`pV)
~mbdmbo{V & ***A ^mpV_Xb>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

[Vr`mo@>

21

22

_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-drUmJmZoZ gmX`dW ^JdV Hw$gw_m`wY_ &

g`-(drUmdmoZ Jm`pV)

db{`V{nH$ghH$ma{H$gb`mUX{`Vb`m@b>VH$b`m
{ZOZw{VZpXVdXZ &
U_{V d{ZVm _h{g Vd aVm
eaU_wnJVm U`{dX{bVm
`mdZ_mZ{ZH$XZ &
{dO`Vm_Zmo {dO`Vm_Z &

(dgVamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo &)

{dVa{V Z{V_{` a{Va_U &

`wd{VOZVo a{Va_U &&
Zdgw_gm`H$ dgVZm`H$ &
A{bHw$bJm`H$ a{Va_U &&
{dVa{V0 &&1&&
d{ZVmeaU a{gH${dYaU &
^dgVaU a{Va_U &&
{dVa{V0 &&2&&
gwaJUdpXV {ZOa{VZpXV &
VdZmZpXV a{Va_U && {dVa{V0 &&3&&
dmpN>V_n` _Zm{g Vn` &
dOZ Xn` a{Va_U &&
{dVa{V0 &&4&&
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-A^r>da{gX>`W rU`Vw nwZa{n gJrVoZ ^JdV _Zmo^d
gIrOZ &
g`-(gJrV_ma^Vo)

dgVamJoUo{V & ***A N>oH$mZwmgd`Zwmgm eXmb>mam &

~mhmaamJoUo{V & VjU_w$ b`gJrVo ha{`m`_o
ha{`m`_obm OmVmo amJ gwg_V & AmYw{ZH$mo
~mhmam`MbH${V gXm && g_`moaod gdmX drH$Vmo@ {dMjU & dgVVm} _V JmZ gJ`m
_Y`mo^e_ & AmamohUo [ahrZd {Vbmo_o YbmonZ_ & B{V __{dXm_oV_V ^m{V gwgJV_ &&&& B{V&
nmhr{V & *** A d`Zwmg eXmb>ma &

nm{h0 &&2&&

nm{h0 &&3&&

(B{V VmadaoUmoXKw` {ZH$mV gIrOZ)

MmVw[aH$m-(gp_V_) A{` ^dVw dmpN>VdaXVo ^JdmZ _Zmo^d&

g`mo{JVm-({Z`, ^_a~mYm M {Z$`, gg^__ dJV_) H$mo@` _o
_Z{g {dH$ma & (H$me_) hm ZmW...
(B`Ym}o$ _yN>{V)

MmVw[aH$m-(gg^__) g{I g_m{g{h g_m{g{h &

(B{V Z{bZrXboZ drO`{V)

g`mo{JVm-(gkm {Vn) {H$_od _m drO`{g &

MmVw[aH$maH$m-{`g{I {Zdma`m`h_oZ_ n[adV_mZ _YwH$a_ & na M

(~mhmaamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo)

nm{h _Zmo^d _XZ &

Aa{_h gX`_wno{h g_o{h &&
A{bHw$bgHw$b~Hw$bgwdm{gVdmV{dH$m{gVZdagbm{gV`wdOZ_mZggXZ &
nm{h0 &&1&&

g`mo{JVmd`dao

H$W`
H$_b_wHw$bH$mo_bmH$m{Z
`W`{V ` g{I H$n`O_ &
A{^Zd_H$aXbmobwnmo@`
Vd {X H$mo Zw {Zbr`Vo {_{bX &&14&&
g{I {dY Xo{h _o {VdMZ_ &
g`mo{JVm-(g{Zmg_) A{` {H$_oVoZ kmVoZ & VWm{n H$W`m{_ &
hm ZmWo{V & A _yN>m Xe_r H$m_Xem &
H$_b_wHw$bo{V & *** nwpnVmJmdm_ &

[Vr`mo@>

23

mUw& Agwb^mWZmdU{_X _Z {H$b {Xrao gwVam ~^md_ & VWm {hJV_d{Z^wOm_Yra`

ldUnW {d_b `emo `Xm _o &
{`g{I __ _mZgo VXmZt
gn{X nX H$VdmZgm _amb &&15&&
MmVw[aH$m-(dJV_) gwgm`m@pV ^_a~mYm qH$Vw gdWm Xgm`d
_amb~mYm & (H$me_) A`Zw_Vmo@ gIrOZ &
g`mo{JVmJVm-g{I AZ{^km@{g IdZ{dMo{>V` `_m_od nN>{g&
`V${MUmZm lw{Vaod Ho$dbm,
${Mp_Wmo drjU`moJ Ed &
dZo H$Xm{Mp`XeZ nwZ^d`b __Wd^dm` &&16&&
A{` Zm`dH$memo@ JwOZ`m`Zw_VoVpH$ nwZ gIrOZ` &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-VWm{n mUw __H$m_`WZm_ & A{` VoOpd`{n ndramOo
[anwa` VmVMaUmZm{_{V Zmo{MVVo o_~Y &
g`mo{JVm-(dJV_) Ahmo Zw Ibw VmVMaUmZm_od V {d{d`Vo &
(H$me_) {`g{I g g_mQ> VoOdr ldUgw^J Vo@ dMZ
{ZVmV H$mVo _o@{^Zd_ZwamJ T>`{V &
Agwb^o{V & A {V_wIg`ma^ & VX$ XnUo-\$bYmZmonm`` _wIgpY{Zdo{eZ &
b`mb` BdmooXmo ` {V_wI M VV && B{V & ndramOg`mo{JVmg_mJ_hoVmoaZwamJ~rO`
W_m>mno {j`m MmVw[aH$`m `j amk>`m M N> km`_mZV`m qH${M`` O`MXoZ Mmor`_mZV`m
qH${MXb``mooXmV &
JV{_{V & ***A `eldU`mZwamJhoVwd_ & VX$ XnUo-ldUmeZmm{n {_W
g$T>amJ`mo & Xem{deofmo `mo@mm nydamJ g C`Vo && B{V &
VoOpd`nr{V & A ^oXm` g`_-^oX ghV^oXZ_ B`wo$ &
g g_m{S>{V & *** A JwUH$WZm`m MVwWu H$m_Xem &

24

g`mo{JVmd`dao
namYrZ MoVdg_ea{d Z {h Jwamo
[anw dm {_ dm jU_{n {ddow$ ^d{V &&17&&
MmVw[aH$m-(nwaVmo {dbmo`) dm_dWearam_wnlw`oV EdmonmJN>{V

^{>Zr &
(VV {de{V g`mo{d^mbmn_wnlw` djmV[aVm amkr)

amkramkr-dgo A{n dWm@{g &

g`mo{OVmOVm-Hw$Vmo _o dm`_ &
amkramkr-dgo AWmZ Ed Vdm`_{^{Zdoe & Ed_wnWJm{_`m d`m
d`_odm_m boenX Zr`Vo &
g`mo{JVm-(gl`_) A~ Zmh_Y_m{^{ZdoeoZ {nVHw$b H$b>{`Vw
dmm `oZmonWJm{_Zr `m_ &
aZmH$a {V {ebmo`{dwVmZm
qH$ moVgm Z {d{XV ^w{d ZrMJd_ &
H$n_ Vw n[aVmo d{bZr bVm qH$
Zm_mo_mHw$b gwa^rH$amo{V &&18&&
amkramkr-dgo H$m_`Vo dm_ g_doVmVm`{l`mogVmo amOnwm &
VX_n[anpWZ n[a``m`V_ M drH$` gVmof`mdm_ &
g`mo{JVmJVm-AWmZ Ed Vdm`_Zw~moY & `V
lrd^mo@W Hw$gw_ofwa_moKH$mpVZdm`b `XnhVw{_h dm_ &
O_mVa`{VH$a`{Vf$_oV_mV H$W Zw X` {d{ZdmaUr`_ &&19&&
A~ d`dam {h j{`H$`H$m & Z M Vmgm_Zw$nmZwamJ
H$Xm{MX`Y_m` H$nVo & `V
lrd^o{V & *** dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

[Vr`mo@>

25

n`waZwdVZ Ibw
{ddm{hVm`m lwV namo Y_ &
_Zgmo ` Z dVZ_~ {ddmh H$W g Y_m` &&20&&
amkramkr-VWm`ZwZr`mo Jwamo{ZXoe B`ofm Y__`mXm &
g ` mo { JVmJVm-A~ Z f m VZ`m{df`m & `V nw a m nmd V r
{h_dVmo@{ZN>Vmo@{n _Zr{fV _hoa gJVm & AZw{MVmWZmdU_od _Z
nwZ{Zamo` JwOZoZ &
amkramkr-dgo A_fUVo VmV &
g`mo{JVmJVm-A~ {H$_od _m ^rf`go &
_YwadMZVmo Z dm {damoYm OZ{Z XmUXS>Vmo@`Vmo dm &
Ab{_h {ZOY_V dm
d_{n {ZdV{`Vw _ZmL> _Zmo _o &&21&&
amkr-(dJV_) Ahmo H$>_ & X{{H$`mo@`m Am{Y & `m{d
VdVw& VmdXm`nwm` {ZdoX`m{_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

MmVw[aH$m-(g{Zmg_) {`g{I AV na Z Vo ^ n`m{_ &

g`mo{JVmJVm-A{` {H$_od_w{m{g &
pZYo {ZVmV Hw${nV {nVm _m
{d`moO{```W Or{dVoZ &
n`w[a{V & A _`m` gMm[a^md & Zr{V_mJmZwg`mXoaW{ZYmaU _{V & B`wo$ &
{h_dVmo@{ZN>Vmo@nr{V & AmZmXao f>r f>r MmZmXao B{V & VX$ ^{d`momanwamUoH$n{XZ Vw ^Vma H$[a`o@h Z ge` && EV_o {MpVV H$m` VmVoZ H$V_`Wm & V_moh n[a``o
d[a`o Z Vw Ho$ed_ && B{V &
A_fUo{V & A dOm` g`_-`j{Zw>a dO_ B`w$dmV &
_Ywao{V & A Y`m`mo Zm{`H$mb>ma-_w$m_cmKZm Y` _Zmod{maM#mbm & B{V &

26

g`mo{JVmd`dao

Om {h __VwXmVwam`m
da {dZme {`{d`moJmV &&22&&
MmVw[aH$m-(ggmdg_) Ahmo H$W_ofm _X{ZH$m gg^__mJN>{V &
{H${#mX{Z> e>Vo _o X`_ &
(VV {de{V g^mVm _X{ZH$m)

_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-{`g{I Am{X> _hmamOoZ `X_m{^ad ^mJraWrVQ>mon[a

{Z{_V mgmX {V `mV`{_{V &
g`mo{JVmJVm-A{` gmdeof{_d Vo dM &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-Ed_od & qH$Vw V Z _o dmH$ ga{V &
g`mo{JVmJVm-A{` {H$_od {dbm@{g & {d^oU _m VmVmXoe lmd` &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-{`g{I `mdmrd Vdm_mH$_dpW{V &
g`mo{JVm-(gp_V_) A{` Zfm@nH${Va{n nwZaZwJh & `V
_ma _ma Or{dVoemZw^md
{Z` JmZo VXJwUmZm dmm &
{Z~mY d H$mVbrZmVam
dm`weof `mn{``o {`o@h_ &&23&&
({d`)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-gmmo aWmo m[a {V>{V &

g`mo{JVmJVm-EV JN>m_mo d` {ea{g H$dm _hmamOmXoe_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

&& g_mmo@` dgVmogd

gdZm_m {Vr`mo@> &&
`mdmrd{_{V & A J^g`ma^ & VX$ XnUo-\$bYmZmonm`` mJw{` qH$MZ &
J^m} ` g_woXmo hmgmdofUdm_wh && B{V & g`mo{JVm`m H$mamJho g`_Z_ hmgVVr`m>o M
ndramO {V _X{ZH$m`m gofU_dofU_ &
_ma _ma{_{V & A {dYmZm` g`_-gwIXIH$Vmo `mo@WV{YmZm{_{V _V_ &
B`w$dmV &
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
dgVmogdZm_m {Vr`mo@> g_m &

28

VVr`mo@> &
(VV {deVmo amOnwfm)

_mZqgh_mZqgh-A`o {H${_{V {Mame`go &

g_aqghg_aqgh-A` {Z`w$ H$Xm{MXodmmon{_ &
_mZqgh_mZqgh-g{V $ Vo {Z`moJ &
g_aqghg_aqgh-{ZhVo dmbwH$am`o@_goZmn{VZm H$hoZ ~XrH$VmV`
g{ZH$m & VXW M {Z{_V ZyVZ H$mamJh_ & V _o {Z`moJ &
_mZqgh_mZqgh-AW H$ZmoOm{YnoZ H$mV` amOgy`` qH$ gdm_ &
g_aqghg_aqgh-Ed ^mVwdY Zo g Vw {dpZV & na M g`mo{JVm`m d`damW
nwZ H$ZmoOm{Yn `VV B{V lwV _`m H$Unana`m &
_mZqgh_mZqgh-^ma^m`od lo`m{g & VWm amOgy`VWd d`damo@{n
^{dVm &
g_aqghg_aqgh-^dVw `pH$_{n & Ah Vw da`m{_ {Z`moJn[anmbZm` &
_mZqgh_mZqgh-Ah_{n VmdMmaXeZmW_Vd}_`dpWV _hmamO
n{Vnmb{`Vw {V>o &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

{dH$^H$ &
(VV {de{V `Wmo$`mnma ndramO)
ndramO- (dJV_) Ahmo {dpZVo@{n amOgy`o Ho$` _o _Z{g

gVmnmZwd{m & AWdm

Xe`g B{V & A UoaUm `H$_ Um Mog H$VmZm`mZo B{V gyoUm_ZonX_ &
^mVw[a{V & ^mVwdmbwH$am`` &
{dH$^H$ B{V & VjU_w$ XnUo-dmd{V`_mUmZm H$WmemZm {ZXeH$ & g{jmWVw
{dH$^ AmXmd>` X{eV && B{V &

g`mo{JVmd`dao

Ad`_mg{dn{mnyd
lwV _Zmo@`$Om@{^^yV_ &
VXod ^m{d`{n _bmW}
gmX_m{dHw$Vo dhVwH$_ &&1&&
Ad `mJ{_`pV H$ZmoOZJa o{fVmmam & `Vmo km`m{_
O`MXd{m_ & g{V Ibw
OmV g_oVZanmbgKnm{gVmo@` Zn{V_XmoV &
Cnm`gm`mo `{X Zm`nm`H$V
VWm{n H$m` g _`m demZwJ &&2&&
VmadmmV_{YJ` mH$mb Vnam^d`moJ_pd`m{_ &
({d`)

manmbmanmb-O`Vw O`Vw Xod & Ef H$mo@{n dXo{eH$mo m[a {V>{V &

ndramOdramO-erK_oZ doe` &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

MmaMma-{dO`Vm gmd^m_ &

ndramOdramO-A`o draqgh & A`pV H$m{Mg{deofm d{ma_XamVo&
draqghdraqgh-nyd VmdX{^ZVo gmd^m_mo bmoH$moma{dO`lrg_mJ_oZ &
ndramOdramO-^ {H$_w`Vo &
draqghdraqgh-mUmoVw gmd^m_ & O`MX` d`damhm H$`m gmd^m__od
H$m_`Vo &
ndramO-(g{d_` dJV_) A{M`^mdmo {h ^JdmZ Hw$gw_m`wY&
draqghdraqgh-AZwn_bmd`em{b`m V`m ZXZm`Vo amOmondZ_ & gm
d{^Zd`mdZm
ZXZm`V B{V & ZXZ{_dmMa{V ZXZm`Vo & H$Vw `L> gbmon B{V gyoU `L> &

VVr`mo@>

29

{dH${gVObOmjr _wYnmZZlr_wHw$bHw$M_Zmokm pZYZmbm`{> &

{ZOn[a_bbwYmdma`Vr {_{bXmZ
bg{V b{bVbrbm n{Zr n{Zrd &&3&&
ndramO-(dJV_) Ahmo H$W_od_oH$nXo V`m{_X ~^md _Zmo Y`
_w#m{V & (H$me_) AW d`m {ZnwU_dbmo{H$Vm gm dad{UZr &
draqghdraqgh-gmd^m_ EH$Xm _`m
H$dm {~~mYa_dZVm gmxbrgdVmJ
hg H${VMnbmnm>`m {n~Vr &
~mbm Vdr H$_bdXZm MmHo$er ZVmr
>m amOZ daVZwbVm H$m@{n dmVm`ZWm &&4&&
ndramO-(dJV_) AnojVo dd` Vdaml`_wmZbVm &
draqghdraqgh-A{n M
Cn{MVHw$M`w_oZmoVm hmaH$mpVha{V Z`Z`w_ V_wImbmoH$bmob_ &
AbgJ{VaVm`m ZynwadmZ_m
dZ Bd aeZm`m _yN>``mew H$Um &&5&&
ndramO-(_ZmodoJ {Zay` dJV_) X` g_m{hV ^d & (H$me_)
H$W V Mb{V d`daH$m`_ &
draqghdraqgh-n`wgwH$m`m g`mo{JVm`m ^md~Y_{^kmVw_wnH$mVo
AW Zm{`H$mdUZ {dH${gVo{V & ***n{ZrbjU_w$ a{V_O`m-^d{V H$_bZom
Zm{gH$mjwaYm & A{dabHw$M`w_m MmHo$er H$emr && _Xd MZgwerbm JrVdmmZwa$m & gH$bVZwgdw e
o m
n{Zr nJYm && B{V & Amon_m@b>ma & emo^m` Zm{`H$m@b>ma & _m{bZrdm_ &
Ahmo H$W{_{V & A ^mdm`mo Zm`H$mb>ma & {Z{dH$mam_Ho$ {Mmo ^md W_{d{H$`m&
B`wo$ &
H$do{V & ***~mbm fmoS>edfXoer`m - AmfmoS>emdombm B{V dMZmV & ***A
{dbmgm`mo Zm{`H$m@b>ma & _XmH$mVmdm_ &
Cn{MVo{V & ***Amoojmb>ma & b{bVm` Zm{`H$m@b>ma & _m{bZrdm_ &

30

g`mo{JVmd`dao

dgV_hmogdo@Y`mJVgk`m V`m@@{dH$V gmd^m_mZwamJ &

ndramO-(dJV_) A{` _wYo Vm[aVm@{g Ibw gIrOZoZ & (H$me_)
VVVV &
draqghdraqgh-T>mZwamJnadem gm Vw Xam_Zm O`MXoZ ^mJraWrVrao ZyZ
mgmX-AWdm H$mamJh-{Z_m` V ~XrH$Vm &
ndramOdramO-dra gd nwZa{n H$ZmoOZJa {V>d &
draqghdraqgh-`Wmkmn`{V gmd^m_ &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

ndramO-(dJV_) A{` ~mbo _X{^{Zdoe_moUmZw^y`Vo d`oer

XadWo{V gw`$_od & na d n`mHw$b _o _Z qH$H$V`Vm_yT> gnVo &
V_p{^aZw_VoZ nWm `{V`o & `V
{ZVmV{dofnamo@pV VXJw~mbm pd` _`ZwamJ{dbm &
H$W XamYf_JoH$XamJVm@dZr`m h[aUrd gm _`m &&6&&
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Xod H$mo@{n `dZVmngmo m[a {V>{V &

ndramOdramO-doe`Z_ &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

`dZVmng`dZVmng-{dO`Vm Xod &

ndramOdramO-A{n Hw$eb H${dda` XJHo$Xma` &
`dZVmng`dZVmng-AW {H$_ & na Vw XodoZ nam{O` ~pXJmh Jhrdm
{dg> H$VZmo `dZamO nwZa`mH$_U_wnH$_V B{V g{X> H${ddaoU &
{ZVmVo{V & ***VmnZ Zm_ g`_-Cnm`mXeZ `mw VmnZ Zm_ VdoV & B`wo$ &
CnOm{Vdm_ &

VVr`mo@>

31

ndramO-(dJV_) {H$_gm Xam_m@m{n Z {da_{V & (H$me_)

^ ~y{h H${dda `XZwJhrVmo@p_ nwZa`am{Vd{mn[aM`oZo{V &
`dZVmng`dZVmng-`od Amkmn`{V &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

ndramO-(dJV_) Ahmo ~V Ho$`_ZWnanam & `X

EH$Vmo daVZw n[aa`m
gmo@`VVw `dZmo {d{Zdm` &
H$pXV` ZZw ho__JoU
b_U` J{_Vmo@h_dWm_ &&7&&
B`odmWdm@{daVn[adVZm_H$` ggmaMH$` dm^m{dH$s KQ>Zm &
`V
{dn{nqm nwZaod gnX
gngXdmZwJVm {h `Vo &
njo {gVo MH$bmonMr`Vo
{gVoVao gm n[ahr`Vo H$_mV &&8&&
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Xod nhVm H$m@{n _X{ZHo${V Zm_Yo`m `wdVr H$ZmoOZJam{O_mJ_Z `mn`Vr m[a {V>{V &
ndramOdramO-gda_oZm doe` &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

ndramO-(dJV_) A{n Zm_ `m_o U{``m _XZboI &

({d`)

g`mo{JVmd`dao

32

ndramOdramO-dmJV_^d` &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-A{n _`Vo _hmZw^mdoZ `XmgrX XodmZwJhem{bZr
H$UmQ>H$s{V &
ndramOdramO-Am gm Vw H$ZmoOoamVnwan[aMmaH$JUo {Z`w$m dVV B{V
lwV__m{^ &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-Ed_od & gfm H$UmQ>`_p`g`m g`mo{JVm`m o_nm_&
ndramO- (dJV_) Ahmo Y`m{g H$UmQ>{H$ & `Xam{V{lVm`m
A`wO^Vo Vo@Mbm amO^{$ & (H$me_) A{n Hw$eb Vd {`g`mo &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-kmn{``{V V_hmZw^md_ofm {`OZn{H$m &
(B{V n{H$m_n`{V)

ndramO-(AmXm`momQ> dmM`{V)
Efm _hmZw^md` ^yVnydm n[aMm[aH$m gm>m {Un` {dkmn`{V&
`XYrao ~^mdm _o {`gIr m{nVm@ZwH$nZr`m_dWm _XZhVHo$Z&
g{V Ibw gm
{`OZn[ahmg VO`Vr gamof
n[aOZ_{Z{_m Mm{jnVr {dZrV_&
_XZXhZXYm bmZJmr gIr _o
{g{V ZanVo Vo gJ_mem{Z~m && 9&&
VX^`mo Zohnadem`m __m`oH$_odm {dkm`_ & `V
g_w Vm Or{dVg e ` gIt
gnwno`mh{g Xod a{jVw_ &
dXml`m ``{V Or{dV MoV
V`m `eVo nwZaod dm`Vm && 10&&

_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-{dO`Vm bmoH$ZmW &

EH$V B{V & ***A {ZXeZm@b>ma & dmJVmdm_ &
{dn{X{V & AmWmVa`mgmo@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &

EH$V B{V & ***A {ZXeZm@b>ma & dmJVmdm_ &

{dn{X{V & AmWmVa`mgmo@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
{`OZo{V & ***A `m`m`m H$m_Xem-`m{YVw XrK{ZmgnmSw>VmH$eVmX`B`wo$ &

VVr`mo@>

33

B{V & Am`Zw~ {`g`m dhVoZ {b{IVmo

_XZboI B{V &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-Xod `WmW_od {bI{V H$UmQ>H$s &
ndramO-(_XZboI dmM`{V)
{ZKU_Z{gO{d{eI{dbw `_mZm dXml`m_~bm_ &
mUoa n[anmb`
na_ea` lwVd_mVmZm_ &&11&&
({Z` dJV_) hm {`V_o Zm` _Z{gOmo {ZKU qH$dh_od &
(H$me_) A{n gVV g{Z{hVm dVVo H$UmQ>H$s &
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-Xod V`d g_mm{gVm@_p`gIr H$W_`mem~YoZ H$mb
`mn`{V &
ndramO-(dJV_) Ahmo AZWm`m {h amOd{m & `H$m`~mh`m
_`Vo _aUmh_ & (H$me_) _X{ZHo$ BXmZr_od ^d{V _o _{VJmoMam mJod
MXH${d{Zdo{XVm Vd {`g`m U`d{m &
_XW pb`Vt gwVZw_{n {dkm` gwX
_moZdmhmo Z Ibw H${bV Vp`dM &
_`dd ~mbm H${R>ZX`oZm{d_eVm
Xem_oVm ZrVm Hw$gw_gwHw$_mam U{`Zr &&12&&
_X{ZH$m_X{ZH$m-Zmh{V Xod Ed_m_mZ_wnmbYw_ &
ndramOdramO-A{` _X{ZHo$ ~y{h _MZmV H$UmQ>H$s_ & `dXYrZ_od
_o {`V_m`m Or{dV_ & Vgdm_Zm ajZm_ & Wm`o@d H$ZmoOZJa{_{V&
_XZboI B{V & VX$ XnUo-boIWmnZ pZYdr{jV_X^m{fV & XVrgofUZm`m
^mdm{^`{$[a`Vo && B{V &
{ZKUo{V & ***A H$m`{b_b>ma &
_XW{_{V & ***A nmVmnZm_m ZmQ>mb>ma-_mohmdYr[aVmW` nmVmn g Ed
Vw&-B`wo$ & {eI[aUrdm_ &

34

g`mo{JVmd`dao

n{H$m MVm {UnmVnwaga {`V_m` {ZdoX` &

(n{H$m {bI{V-dJV_)

A`_mJVmo OZVo
U`nade _amo{fV eaU_ &
H$mo Zw `N>monJV
nr`yfag Z godVo X{`Vo &&13&&
_X{ZHo$ JhmUo_m_ &
(B`n`{V)

_X{ZH$m-(Jhrdm)`od Amkmn`{V &

(B{V {ZH$mVm)

ndramO-(dJV_) {Z{V_od _o@ WmZ_ & `mdXm_`o _{hfr_&

H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

ndramOdramO-AVnwa_mJ_mXoe` &
manmbmanmb-BV BVmo Xod &
(C^m n[aH$m_V)

EVXVnwama {deVw Xod & (B{V {ZH$mV)

({d`)

ndramOdramO-A`ZwHy$bm CnMmam & (B`wngn{V)

(VV {de`mgZWm _{hfr)

BpN>ZrHw$_mar_mar-Am`nw _J`m{`` Vo {MameZ_od __monVmnH$maU&

A qH$ H$[a`pV {M{H$gH$m &
ndramOdramO-Xo{d {_`f Amjon& g{V Vw amOH$m``J` _o {Zdmmo
_J`m`mnma &
BpN>ZrHw$_mar_mar-VpH$_od `d{hVg_`oZm_mZ Xe``m`nw &

VVr`mo@>

35

ndramOdramO-Xo{d Xdmmo {h am`^a & `V

{ZJ X>mZwJ gmZmZ
Om d` nmb`Vmo _hr^wO &
A{ZN>Vmo@`pV {Xemo {XJVa
{XZoedL>H$_U Z M pW{V &&14&&
BXmZr_`mn{VV `mUg & VXZwOmZr{h _m H$ZmoOZJa {V
gMmam`&
BpN>ZrHw$_mar_mar-gwIm gVw Vo nWmZ & (Xrn {Zd`) Ahmo db`{n
Xrno H$mo@` H$memnH$f &
H$Vy[aH$m$_X{Z_bVybd{V
gdmpV nyU_{n V\${Q>H$mN>nm_ &
ZohoZ MXZ^doZ VWm{n _X
_X H$W {`V_ db{V Xrn &&15&&
ndramOdramO-{`o mUw V H$maU_ & A Ibw dmo dgVo Vghm``
X{jUm{Zb`oX {dMo{>V_ &
_Xm{ZbgMmamb`Vr_m ZVm{ Xrn{eIm_ &
dmg`nmo{fVm_{n
JwgXZJVm_Z Bd d{ZVm_ &&16&&
BpN>ZrHw$_mar_mar-Ed_oVV & AW H$Xm`nw` nyUMmdXmV _wI
nwZ`m{_ &
ndramOdramO-njmdgmZoZ ^{d`{V _o nwZamJZ_ & VmOH$m`m{U {ZdhVr
n[anmb` VmdXVa_ &
{ZJo{V & ***deWdm_ &
H$Vy[aHo${V & ***AmoJdbZ$nH$m`` H$maUgdo@`Zwn_mZdm{eofmo{$ab>ma &
A Xrn Bd d_{n H$W _XmZwamJ gdm B{V d{Z & dgV{VbH$m M dm_ &
_Xm{Zbo{V & ***Amon_m@b>ma &

36

g`mo{JVmd`dao

BpN>ZrHw$_mar_mar-VWm & AW dmnmHw$bm Zmogho@h_ {Ma_dWmVw_&

VN>m{_ e`ZJh_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

ndramO-(dJV_) JVm Xodr & Ah_{n VmdpH$H$V`Vm{ZU`m`

_Jh_wn{_ &
(Zon`o)

{dXfH$H$-Ahmo H$W_od ^yVmong> Bdm` nmd{VZ_{n _m gVV_wnojVo&

ndramOdramO-(AmH$`) A[n g{Z{hVmo _o {`d`` &
({d`)

{dXfH$-(dJV_) A`o H${V_mn Bd b`Vo & (H$me_) ^mo

d`` dm_od_w{_mZg dr` pN>Vo _o X`__ & A`Zm_` Vo ^ &
ndramO-({Z`) d`` m{WV{df`mZ{YJ_o H$W _o@Zm_`_ &
{dXfH$- ({dh`) A`o _J`m{^aV` Vo {df`mVam{YJ_ nwZ
boem`d &
ndramOdramO-_yT> _JbmoMZmnV _o _Zmo Z Hw$Vmo@{n gmX_{YJN>{V&
{dXfH$-(dJV_) WmZ Edm` _J`m{``m{^{Zdoe & (H$me_)
^mo d`` AW _J`merb` Vdm`gwb^ _JbmoMZ_ &
ndramO- (dJV_) Ahmo H$W_` doXm`mgOS>mo _`mZwZo` &
VmdH$W`m{_ V `WmVW_ & (H$me_ ) {_ ApV
H$ZmoOm{Yn`mZwn_bmd`em{bZr H$`m g`mo{JVm Zm_ &
{dXfH$H$-Am kmV_od VdmonVmnH$maU_ & (g{d_`_) Ahmo ^{dVm
d_ fmoS>eghrg_oVmo@namo dmgwXod &
ndramOdramO-{_ H$W_`oVraZ dd` gnmXZr`_ &
{dXfH$H$-A`ofm `jrH$Vm d`m & A`Wm H$Xm{Mmm~dVrg`{n
`mmo ZdgwXar &
{dXfH$ B{V & VjU_w$ XnUo-Hw$gw_dgVm{^Y H$_dnwd}e^mfm & hm`H$a
H$bha{V{dXfH$ `mdH$_k &&-B{V & BV Ama` {dXfH${ZH$_UmVmo hm`ag YmZagnmofH$&

VVr`mo@>

37

38

ndramOdramO-{_`df Vo {dVH$ & V`m dYarH$Vm A_a{dbm{g`mo

bmd`m{Ve`oZo{V gmjmraqgh H$W`{V &
{dXfH$H$-VdVw Vo H$m`{g{ &
ndramOdramO-{VJhrVm {dm{ef &
{dXfH$H$-na Mm`m gbmo `{X {_ {d_[a`{g VXm Vw Vd gdWm
H$m`hm{Zaodo{V ~dm` g`JdYma` &
ndramO-(gp_V_) A {dYmo ^d &

`wOrV gm Vw {ddem {dahmg{hUw^me_m_{db`m` _Z H$Xm{MV &&17&&

V{`Vm H$mo@{n {`V_mg_mJ_monm` &
h[aqghh[aqgh-gmd^m_ VagdmH$_Ur` Ef {ZKUmam{V &
A `mVw JOdm{OaWm{Y$T>ehmanQw>dra^Q>moH$Q> Vo &
g` _mn[anpWnam^dm`
g_mS> `{XN>{g H$W ^w{d Vamn_ &&18&&
H$hH$h-amOgy`mogdg_oV amOg` g{V g_o{YV `{Wgm_`_ &

({d`)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-CnpWVm _pUmo Xod`mXoe VrjVo &

ndramOdramO-H$m`~mh`mXmHw$bmo@h_m_`o {`d``_ &
{dXfH$H$-gwJwm gVw Vo _m &
ndramOdramO-XS>nmb _Jh_mJ_mXoe` &
{Vhmar{Vhmar-BV BVmo Xod &

g`mo{JVmd`dao

AV

ndramO-(g{Zmg_) H$dra H$W_{n ajUr`m _XZwamJ{dbdm

g`mo{JVm &
ko`m d`` Vagm gwVZmo d{VVmVmY_oZ Hw${nVoZ {ddm{gVm`m &

[anw_hmZ H$moe~bXrmo
OmV {H$bm` ghgm@Y` &
N>bmd g Vw X_XmYmo
d` H$ardmew de `m`mV &&19&&
MXMX-__m`oVXod g_V_ & VX Xgm`o@W} gwgm` `moJ
n[aH$n`m{_& mUmoVw gmd^m_ &
{_od{_od{n dmpdbmgm
H$dram gpV gwIMmam &
Am_moXXmZJhUdmm
gd MVo@{ZbdX dOpV &&20&&
Vgmd^m__wIm gd}@{n gm_Vm {deVw _o n[aMmaH$JU_ & Ed
N>_wng` H$ZmoOmYra_dYm` M V` gm_` `Wmo{MV {dYm`Vo &
AmVVm`rdra-(gmjon_) Y`mo@{g H$dra `dm{_Zmo@{n dm{_d
gnmX{`Vw_wnH$_go &

ko`m d``o{V & ***Amgw`m`mo `{^Mm[a^md B>mZdmoamgw` H$mbjonmg{hUwVm&

B`w$dmV &

A `mpd{V & ***A dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

{_opd{V & *** dmMmo {dbmgmo `oZm_moX` JY` XmZo JhUo M dm B{V cofU
o m{Zbnjo@{n
{deofUm{Z gJN>Vo & A cofmZwm{UV Cn_mb>ma &

(C^m n[aH$m_V)

EV_Jhma {deVw Xod &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

ndramOdramO-dmJV _pdao` &

_pU-(CWm`) {O`Vm gmd^m_ &
(B{V ndramO_Zyn{depV)

VVr`mo@>

39

H$hH$h-Aml`Ur`mo@pV H$dra`moJ & Ed_odm{VhVgMam d`

H$ZmoOm{YnamOYmZt dow> ^{d`m_ &
ndramO-(gp_V_) _`m`waar{H$`Vo H${dda{d^m{dVmo@` ZmQ>`moJ&
H${dda
Zm`m J{V {`V_m{_bZo `{X `mV
{_` Vo@ZwMaVm_wn`m{_ g &
mU{`mhaUXr{jV\$mJwZoZ
{^jwd_wgd{Y`m Z {dS>p~V {H$_ &&21&&
VXd `mUm{^_wIm ^dVw _o {`gm_Vm & g_aqgh hrZ~b`
`dZ`mH$_Umm> a{jVw d_dmd{hVpV> &
gm_Vmgm_Vm-`Wmkmn`{V gmd^m_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

ndramOdramO-{_ E{h & Amdm_{n WmZmo_ Hw$dho &

(B{V {ZH$mVm)

&& g_mmo@` Mmagm{

m{Zm_m VVr`mo@> &&
Caar{H $ `V B{V & A H$nQ>Zm_m ZmQ>mb>ma & VX$ XnUo- H$nQ> _m``m `
$n_`{^m`Vo& B{V &
Zm`o{V & ***dgV{VbH$mdm_ & A `w`m`mo ZmQ>mb>ma `w{$aWmdYmaU_ &
B`wo$&
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
Mmagm{Zm_m VVr`mo@> g_m &

MVwWm}@> &
(VV {de{V amOg^m_`dVu O`MX MXH${d gn[adma)
dr{UH$m-(drUmdmoZ Jm`V)
(Ho$XmaamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo & )

_mYd `_wZmVra{dhmar &&

_XamYm@Ya_Yw_Yw_YwH$aZQ>da {J[adaYmar &&
_mYd0 &&1&&
amYm`mdZdZdZ_mbr &
JmonrOZgwIH$mar &&
_mYd0 &&2&&
gw_{V_{` OZ` Z` Z`embr &
d_w O`nW_{dH$mar &&
_mYd0 &&3&&
MX-(Andm`) A`o ObYa XmmdYmZmo ^d & Jm` ZoMmn`_wg`
d`m@ {ddVH$U}Zd ^m`_ &
ObYaObYa-`Xmkmn`{V ^Vm & (dJV_) Ahmo _m_{YH$`dfm Jr{V
Jr`Vo & Vg{Z{hVdm{^_VmW{g{[a{V VH$`o &
O`MXO`MX-H${dda, AZwJhrVm d`_^dVm gm{`oZ &
MVwWm}@> B{V & A`_`>mdVma nydm>mVo nm gy{MVdmV &
Ho$XmaamJoUo{V & VjU_w$ b`gJrVo-H$`mUr_o
H$`mUr_obHo$ mo$ Ho$Xmamo ~hg_V &
e>am^aUo@``o Ho${MXmh{dn{V && _{_h gmo$ JmUd Vrd_o `{X & Aed ew_o@^r>
`Vd Mm{n Vdao && [aJmoZd amohUo `mnydmo g_V gVm_ & Agm`d_mamoho Mmdamoho Vw
J` VV&& nydmo [aJXm~` `Wmon[a {Z${nV_ && VWd Mmom_mo@{n {ZY`moVgw{Z{V_ &&&&
B{V &
_mYdo { V & ***A `_wZmVra{dhmar{VnXoZ `_wZmVQ>d{V{XrZJam{Yn ndramO
JmonrOZgwIH$mar{VnXoZ ~hd^`m{n V` X{jUZm`H$d M gy`Vo & O`nW Z`o`ZoZ M d O`MX
{d{O` g`mo{JVm Z`o{V gy`Vo & A bmQ>mZwmg eXmb>ma & Jo`nX Zm_ M bm`m_ &
ObYa B{V & A ObYamo ObYaN>Zm pWV ndramO &

MVwWm}@>

41

MXMX-_hmamO, d^m{dH$s Idofm d{m H${dOZ` & `V

^$m naoe d{ZVm nw_mg
bVmV YyVOZmVw bwY_ &
IJm ZrS> g[aV g_w
dOpV VV H$d`mo Zao_ &&1&&
O`MX- (gp_V_) V V m H$d`mo `emo b w Y Z n _w n `Vr{V
Vmn`m}nn{m &
MX-(gp_V_) _hmamO nydm}$m ^$mX`Vw dml` dmW{g
dOpV na M g[aV H${dV{VVw gd_{n dr` _YwaagmK_wnhmarH$Vw_odo{V
__m{^m` &
O`MXO`MX-H${dda, gmo o @ p_ ^dVm dmpdbmgo Z & _pZ
_hmh`dmb>mam{X{^ H$dra gH$` Vmof` &
gw_{V{V-VWm &
(B{V `Wmo$ {dVa{V)

MXMX-dYVm _hmamO {l`m `egm M &

O`MXO`MX-{VJhrV_merdMZ_ & ({d{M`) A{n M H$dra H$mo@`
`w_p_` XamJhmo `Xgm Y_H$m`}d{n _o@Vam`mo ^d{V &
MXMX-_hmamO H$W_og^d{V Y_gWmnZdV` {Xra` &
O`MXO`MX-VH$W_ZoZ ZmZw_V__{_U_ &
MXMX-_hmamO amOnwamo{hVoZ YmZ_pUm M {Zdm[aVoZm@{n ^dVm
H$W_mVmo amOgy`monH$_ &
O`MX-(Andm` gg^__) _pZ Am` H$mo@` __oX &
gw_{V-(Andm`) Xod g_m{hVmo ^d &
O`MX-(_Z g_mYm`) dVm {h ZanV` & H$mo dVmZ dV{`Vw
{Zamo dm ^d{V &
^$m B{V & A _mbmon_m@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &

42

g`mo{JVmd`dao

MXMX-_hmamO Y_ V m Z n mbm B`o d g_Og_ & `V

dN>X{dhm[aUVo d{MaoUd {d`w`Vo am`{l`m &
Eo`_mmo Zhfmo {Z{_
gw`moYZmo@ZWna doZ &
EVo VWm@`o@{n M gmd^m_m
{dhm` Y_pW{V_od Z>m &&2&&
O`MXO`MX-^dVw & na M amOgy` {dVd{a_m{^ {H$_Y_} dm_&
MXMX-gmd^m_`d {d{hVo amOgy`o _hmamO` d{m H$W Y_m` &
O`MX-(gamof_) Am {H$_w`Vo & V{h H$ nwZa{YH$V ndramO&
MXMX-grXVw _hmamO & g{V Vw Zm`m{YH$Vmo {Xramo@{n &
naVw
{dVV^wO~bmoH$Q>Vmn
{WV`em eaUm{WZm ea` &
_I{d{Yna_mo ^dog g_mS>
`{X {dOhm{g YamnVo {damoY_ &&3&&
O`MXO`MX-H${dda H$mo@` _{` {_`mjon & d{_` M Ho$` {_`m
epV & Ahmo H$W_od g_~w`mo {dmgmo@{n {_njnm{VZmo ^dpV &
MXMX-_hmamO Ef Vw bmoH$`` & na M OmZm{V `WmVW
_hm_Zm_Vam_d &
gw_{V-(Andm`) Xod Ad nwZ ndramOmonpWqV e>Vo _o X`_ &
n`
Eo`_m B{V & A {ZXeZm` bjU & VX$ & VX$ XnUo-`mWmZm {gmZm {H$`Vo
n[aH$sVZ_ & nanj`wXmgmW V{XeZ_w`Vo && B{V &
{dVVo{V & ***A gm_m`mW` _IeX` _I{deofn{ddmhhmo_$nmW{VnmXZoZ
eaUm{WZm ea` B`ZoZ M g`mo{JVm`m eaUXdoZ ^m{d{damoYn[ahmamam g`mo{JVmomhayn YmZ\$b
gy`Vo & VnVmH$mWmZ{_X_ & VX$ XnU-o Wm} dMZ{d`mg gw{c> H$m``mo{OV & YmZmWmVamjonr
nVmH$mWmZH$ na_ && B{V & A{Ve`mo{$ab>ma-`Wm}$m M H$nZ_ B`wo$ &

MVwWm}@>

43

VoO`` ZanVo g_wnpWVmo d

ndrn{V d`{_hmZwMamnXoemV &
AmN>m{XVmo ObYaa{n qH$ {dddmZ
Zm{dH$amo{V {ZO_{V_ H$me_ &&4&&
O`MX-(Andm`) g` ObYadofYaoUd ndramOoZ ^{dV`_ &
`V
AmOmZwbp~T>_mgb~mhembr
gVXrZ`Zmo@{n _Zmo@{^am_ &
Ed d{_n[aMmaH$Vm JVmo@{n
dm^m{dH$s Z g nwZ ^wVm Ohm{V &&5&&
gw_{V-(Andm`) AdZ {ZJhrVw_h{V _hmamO &
O`MX-({dMm`mndm` M) _pZ ``Wm {ZnoV VXmZt Vw `m_o
XmUmo OZmndmX &
ndrn{V~bgmhg{dH$_mOgV Ef Zn{VZZw drVY` &
`g^_oU Hw$Vo@ {ddoH$ey`V_pUmo@`ZwMao g Vw amO~w{_ &&6&& B{V &
gw_{V-(Andm`) VXmZr`Vm amOg^m`m H$UmQ>H$s g{XYmW{ZU`m`&
O`MX-(Andm`) Am gmYw _m[aV_ & (H$me_) H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

O`MXO`MX-H$UmQ>H$s w>{_N>m{_ &
VoOdr{V & ***A >mVmb>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
AmOmpd{V & *** A {damoYm^mgmo@b>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
ndrnVr{V & ndrnVo ndramO` ~b `gmhg {dH$_ AmoO V gVmo ^rV Ef
Zn{VduV Z> Y` `` g drVY`m} ZZw {Z`oZ dVV B{V eof & `_mg g^_oU g {ddoH$ey` g
V_pUX`mZwMao amO~w[ Hw$Vo & A dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

44

g`mo{JVmd`dao
{Vhmar{Vhmar-`od Amkmn`{V &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {de{V ndramO >dm _wI_md`
MXH$doVw bYgHo$Vm VXnmddVr H$UmQ>H$s)
O`MX-(dJV_) Ahmo Am`_ &

mJmdV Vw dgZoZ _wI jUoZ

H$UmQ>H$s {H${_{V V{dV H$amo{V &
AWdm
Mmn`_od ghO Hw$b`mo{fVm MoX
`$ VXm {H$_wV dma{dbm{gZrZm_ &&7&&
MX-(dJV_)
`m_moh`Vr b{bVm{d^_dmamZm H$m_H$bm{d{Ykm &
H$mXp~Zr_`JVm \w$aVr
gMm[aUr` Mnbod amOVo &&8&&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-O`Vw Xod &
O`MXO`MX-A{` H$UmQ>{H$ qH$ d`m@Ogm@ngm[aV Vo _wImdaU_ &
H$UmQ>H$s-(gp_V_) Xod Z Ibw _`m VX {`m g_mdV_ & qH$Vw
{_ {dbmo` nwaVmo __ nyd^VwV`mXamgn{X gdV_mZZ _o &
EH$ nw_mZ g n{Wdrn{Vaod `_mX
am{`Wm {XZH$amg_wn{_ bmm_ &&9&&
mJmdm{_{V & ***AmWmn{mab>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
`m_moh`Vr{V & ***Amon_m@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
{_{_{V & ***dgV{VbH$mdm_ & A N>bm` dr`_ & VX$ XnUo-A`o
dmhN>b H${MV H$m`_w{` H$`{MV & CXr`Vo `MZ d#mZmhm`amofH$V & dmo${bhm`g~Ymo
{{`w{$Vmo ^doV && B{V &

MVwWm}@>

45

MX-(dJV_) Ahmo a{jVm d`_`m dma{dbm{g`mmVw`m}H$f}U &

ndramO-(dJV_) A{` Y`m Vo amO^{$ &
O`MX-(dJV_) H$W_`m_{n Z {d{g{V _o _Z & (H$me_)
A{` H$UmQ>{H$ AW H${V_mnm g`mo{JVm &
ndramO-(dJV_) Ahmo __d _ZmoJV_Zw`wL>o$ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-_hmamO {ZJhrVmo@`m doXZmH$f {e{eanMma &
`m{Ye_Zm` dno{jV H${{nwUmo amOd &
ndramO-(g{Zmg dJV_) hm, {`o ZZw __mnamYoZd d`mZw^y`V
Efm XadWm &
O`MXO`MX-_pZ {Z`mo` H$mo@{n agd g`mo{JVm`m{{H$gmW_ &
gw_{V{V-Zm` VrH$mamVa_ &
MX-(dJV_) g{V Zm{VXa dVVo amOH$`m`m{{H$gH$ &
O`MXO`MX-A{` H$UmQ>{H$ d VmdXnMa `WmonVmn g`mo{JVm_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-`od Amkmn`{V &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

O`MXO`MX-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &

({d`)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

O`MXO`MX-mn`Z H${dHw$bZm`H$ d{Zdoe_ &
{Vhmar{Vhmar-BV BV Am` & (B{V O`MX_mer{^a{^ZmoWm` gn[admaX
{Vhmar M n[aH$m_V)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-EVdVmo {ZdoeWmZ_ & {dedm` &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
amOd B{V & dmZm amOm amOm Mmgm do{V dm & Am^yVmhaUm` g`>_-V
`mOml` dm`_^yVmhaU _V_ B`wo$ & Ano{jVmo amOd-B`ZoZ ^m{dndramOg_mJ_`
gy{MVdm{XX nVmH$mWmZ_ &
agd B{V & agoZ nmaXoZ d{{H$gH$ ag emaV` dmo dm &

46

g`mo{JVmd`dao
(gn[adma {d`)

MXMX-oUmVm d` O`MXoZ & na M gmd^m_gm{`_me>V Edm`

X`_ &
H$hH$h-H$dra Ed OmVme> g Cnamo``_{doe_ & VX mJod
VrH$mamo@`dgo` &
MXMX-ApV __m`oVXodm{^oV_ &
H$hH$h-VmO^`wOp^V{dH$_em{bZ
gO`am`m_O`
bS>ram``mVw goZm{Yn`_ &
bS>ram`am`-{ea{g {H$`Vo {nV`MaUmXoe & H$dra Cn`_mZo
Vynbdo@h_od Zo`m{_ g{ZH${Zdh_ &
n`m Ed [anwg`{d_XZmW_oH$mo`h {H$_wV dra^Q>mZwb &
IS>Jhman[abw_Xm {fmo _o
Vm`m{XdmoaJJUm ^`{dVm `w &&10&&
MXMX-`w$_odVjdra` amO^$` &
H$hH$h-VXo{h n`Q>mdmo `wmZwJwUXoeH$nZm` &
bS>ram`am`-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)
(Zon`o {H${>Ur$UZ_)
ndramO-(AmH$` dJV_) Ahmo

lmom{^am_mo {d{nZo@{n H$mo@`

{dbm{gZrZynwa{e{OVdZ &
_`o H$Xm{Mp``m dqm
kmVw __d {hV gIrOZ &&11&&
MX-(AmH$` Xa {dbmo`) Ahmo Am`_ &
n`m B{V & ***dgV{VbH$mdm_ &

MVwWm}@>

47

nwpnVm H$_{bZt H$nZ

g{Zn` gagmo {dMm` {H$_ &
oa``{^ {d{d$H$mZZ
H$m_wH$mo JwHw$bm{XdmZm &&12&&
ndramO-({ZnwU {Zar`) Am` EVm H$UmQ>H$snwagam bbZm BV
Edm{^dVVo &
MXMX-_bgyMH$ {h H$`H$mOZXeZ_ &
ndramOdramO-qH$ Zw Ibw `mXoVmgm_mJ_Z`moOZ_ &
MXMX-H${Va{gH$mZm Zd`wdVrZm H$m`ag{nnmgm_VaoU
{H$_``moOZ g^m`Vo & Ahmo
`moH$nmbm {d{OVognX
d$nbmd`JwUm _Jm` &
dram ^Q>m ^$OZ godVo
Y` {h V_mZYZ H${dd_ &&13&&
ndramO-(dJV_) gdm}@`m_mZ_od ~h _`Vo &
({d`)

manmbmanmb-Am` g^md{`Vw gmmo Zd`wd{VJUmo m[a {V>{V &

MXMX-VmdX{db~oZ doe` &
manmbmanmb-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)
g`g`-O`Vw O`dm` & (B{V nwnm{U {dH$s` \$bm`wnhapV)

MXMX-A{n Hw$eb amO_mVwVH$`H$m`m &

H$UmQ>H$s$s-AW {H$_ & na MH$`m amOmgmXo@nam`mVyndZ^dZo &
nwpnVm{_{V & ***nwpnVm VX` gOmV{_{V VmaH$m{X` BVM B{V gyoUoVM ``&
***Amoojm@b>ma & aWmoVmdm_ & A g`mo{JVm`m JwHw$bmV haU$nYmZmWgyMZoZ
nVmH$mWmZ{_X_ &

48

g`mo{JVmd`dao

MXMX-A`o {H$_w`Vo &

H$UmQ>H$s$s-H$dra {nm {ddm{gVm {Zdg{V g{V amOH$`m
JmVramo n dZmgmXo & A`m g X o e hamo @ ` gIrOZmo dmXo d VmdVma
H${dHw$boa_^dV dmJVoZm{^ZpXVw gm &
MXMX-VoZmVrd IbynH$Vmo@p_ & AW lmd`Vw amOnw`m gXoe
gIrOZ&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-H$dra A`oV_o {`g`m {dkmnZ_ & `V
g_m`mV lwdm H${dda_YreU{`Z
^dV gm>m U_{V _hmamOVZ`m &
_hoeo {_o dm ^d{V Z{V^mOm VZw^Vm
`Vmo _w{$~YmX{^_Vda`m`{YJ_ &&14&&
ndramO-(dJV_) Ahmo _m_odm{YH$`m` nX`moJ & {`o g_wnpWVm
Vo _w{$ &
MXMX-^dVw amOH$`m`m m{WVda{g{[a`mem_ho &
g`g`-AZwJhrVm _mo@^dVm_merdMZoZ &
ndramO-(Andm`) Am` Efm@pV nydn[a{MVm H$UmQ>H$s &
(B{V H$UmQ>H$s_{^_wIrH$` {ZerWmV _XmJ_Z n[anmb`o{V ZogH$o VoZ gyM`{V&)
MX- (Andm`) AW {H$_ & BXmZt Idofm na_{d^_mOZ

H$ZmoOm{Yn` &
g`g`-n[aUVmo {Xdg & VXh{V J_Zm`mZwkm XmVw H$dra &
MXMX-gwIm gVw nWmZ &
(B{V {ZH$mV gIrOZ)
g_m`mV{_{V & ***cofmb>ma & {eI[aUrdm_ & dm UVm`m __ _w{$Xmo ^do{V
d{Z & Amonn`m`mo ZmQ>H$mb>ma-Cnn{m_Vm hoVmon`mgmo@W{g`o & B`w$dmV &
n[aUV B{V & A H$ZmoOm{Yn` n[aUVmo {Xdg B{V g~Y`moOZ`m H$ZmoOm{Yn`
^m{dnam^dgyMZmV nVmH$mWmZ{_X_ &

MVwWm}@>

49

ndramOdramO-{_ kmV_od `{Wgm_`_ & AVmo@H$maUofna` V`

emgZmW H$Q>r^{dVw{_N>m{_ &
MXMX-gmd^m_ gmhg{Vn`m Vw ^{d`` H$m`m}nKmV &
ndramOdramO-A{^ZpXV {_dMZ_ &
(dJV_)

{H${_{V Ymd{V {dbVm JV

U`gy{Z~{_X _Z &
{`V_m{UnmVnwaga
^dVw nyd{_hmew {d_w{$^mH$ &&15&&
(H$me_) VmdX_m ^mJraWrVrao {`m_pd`m{_ & (B{V maXoe
Jdm@_m) dra ^mJraWr_mJ_mXoe` &
draqghdraqgh-BV BVmo Xod &
(C^m n[aH$m_V)

Xod Efm bmoH$`nmdZr nw`Obm ^mJraWr &

ndramOdramO-dra _MZmX`Vm {`d``mo `egmam{VhVJVoZ d`m
gmdYmZoZ ^{dV`{_{V &
draqghdraqgh-`od Amkmn`{V &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

ndramO-(U`) ^Jd{V ^mJra{W {g_od Vo bmoH$moma nmdZd_&

`V
H$mobdr{Ma_Ur`Obdmho
_mpV `o gwH${VZ {H$b _w{$^mO &
(g{Zmg_) VWm{n
~m`mmdd MaUm eaU nm
hm _o H$W {`V_m g_dmn ~Y_ &&16&&
{H${_{V YmdVr{V & ***Amo_m`mo ZmQ>mb>ma-H$m``ma^ C_ B`wo$ &
V{dbp~V dm_ &
{`m_pd`m_r{V & A n[agnm` g`_-B>Z>mZwgaU n[agn H$`Vo B`wo$ &

50

g`mo{JVmd`dao

_mV Zmo{MV VdVmdw>`_ & H$VmJ``n`o pZ`od OZZr & VWm

M ~m`m^{V d`d gnm{XV_`m _mVH$`_ & AV
g`od Vo@N>n`gm n[anmo{fVm`m
V`m JV {d_bVm ag{d^_m &
_mYw`e`{_{V qH$ Z Vw H$m_Mmamo
_mVwJwUm {h VZ`m@ZwJVm ^dpV &&17&&
Ahmo
Ed
{ZgMmam
gm
H${VgwHw$_mam
H$Xm{MXnhVY`m@{Z>_`mMaoV& hm A~
^_rH$Vm `o H${nboZ H$monmV
g_wVmVo gJam_Omd`m &
XYm {`m _o dJwamoa_fmV
H$Vw dmm{g H$W Zw ^_gmV &&18&&
(n[aH$`)
Ahmo
H$W_m{n
Zdmon`m{V {>nW
{`V_mnXm{>VmondZga{U & (XrK {Z`) hm g{V
b{bV{d^d~m`o ~mbm Vw `nbm{bVm
Jw{^aW VZw>`}U d` n[aVm{nVm &
{h_H$ahVm ew`Vr gm dZo Zd_{H$m
X`a_Ur $m@do>`m {`m {MaX{IVm &&19&&
(Xa {dbmo`) {H$_oVrn^m_pS>V amO_pXa{_d nwaVmo `Vo & `mdmd
JN>m{_ &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

&& g_mmo@` N>gMmamaZm_m MVwWm}@> &&

g`odo{V & ~m` Ed g`mo{JVm`m _mVwadgmZmmo VdmN>oZ {Z_boZ n`gm OboZ V`oZ dm
n[anmo{fVm`m V`m *** gd} dXml`m JwUm gpV & VwH$m_Mma [H$ H$W ZmpV & ***dgV{VbH$mdm_&
^_rH$Vm B{V & ***CnOm{Vdm_ &
b{bV{d^d[a{V & ***h[aUrdm_ &
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
N>gMmaZm_m MVwWm}@> g_m &

52

n#m_mo@> &
(VV {de`wn`{bX_m$T>m gIr{Vr`m g`mo{JVm)

H$UmQ>H$s$s-A{` VmdmrdmXZoZ {dZmoX`m_mZ_ &

g`mo{JVmJVm-g{I Xo{h _o {dahghm`m dH$s_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-VWm &
(B{V drUm_n`{V)

g`mo{JVm-(drUm_mXm` Jm`{V)
(JmS>_maamJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo)

$ Zw __ {dha{g _mZghg &&

KZ Bd gVV df{V Z`Z_ &
\w$Q>`{V V{S>{Xd a{V[ah X`_ && $ Zw0 &&1&&
{Va`{V {V{_a Vd nWmZ_ &
A{` Hw$ _V {` Vd `mZ_ && $ Zw0 &&2&&
{dah{dbw{bVm na_mHw${bVm_ &
{`_wI{ZaVm_d Vd X{`Vm_ && $ Zw0 &&3&&
hm ZmW $m{g(B{V _yN>{V)

H$Um Q > H $s$s-g{I g_m{g{h g_m{g{h & A{` n` V mVd

JrVH$fm}dm H$m{bXr{Z^m _oKVV` BV Edm{^dVVo &
n#m_mo@> B{V & A`_`>mdVma &
JmS>_mao{V & VjU b`gJrVo-I
I_mOr_obHo$ `mVmo JmS>_maZm_H$ && gnyUm}@`
_`_m e mo Jr`Vo b`d_ { Z & Amamo h Uo {ZX ~ b mo dfm g w gw I Xm`H$ && J`mo a
n[a`mJmNw>_mag^d& _`_mf^o nmVmo {d{e>m a{$_mdhoV &&&& B{V &
$ pd{V & dfmJ_o amOhgm _mZg_ml`V B{V {g{ & BV Ama` {db^emamo ag&
JrVH$f}{V & _maamJ^mdoUmH$mbo@{n _oKmo dfVr{V bmoH$dmX &

g`mo{JVmd`dao

g`mo{JVm-(gkm bdm) Ahmo H$m{bXreXoZ Ibw d{#mVmh_ & `V

Va^mHw$b_mZgm`m
Z _o {`m OgwVmVam &
H${bXZpX`dJmhZXmo
_Zm`O {dH$b _Zmo _o &&1&&
H$UmQ>H$s-(gp_V_) A{^b{V ^mJraWrVQ>{_XmZt Vw Vd __W&
g`mo{JVm-(g^y^_) {H$_od _m n[ahg{g {_`mbmn &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-A{` Zm` n[ahmg qH$Vw na_mW &
g`mo{JVmJVm-`od V{h H$W` Hw$VVdo`_wnbpY &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-H$dram{^ZXZ{_foU V{doe_wnJVm`m gy{MV _o@YraoU
{ZerWmVo _XnmJ_Z ^{d`Vr{V &
g`mo{JVm-(dJV_) X` g{V Zm{VXa dVVo Vo mWZm{df` &
(H$me_) g{I n`Z {d`_`d{VZ ^JdV Hw$_w{XZrZm`H$_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-Ahmo {ZerWH$nm {h aOZr & VXdmYra`mJ_Z
n[anmb`md &
g`mo{JVm-(dJV_) H$W_m{n Z lYm{V {dahH$mVa _o X`_ &
(H$me_) A{n d`m gwJhrV gHo$V &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-g{I Zm` eH$mdga & `Xgm
AZwManX_`wno` g_mS>
{Zdg{V ^r Vdoh gJ_moH$ &
Vao{V & VamUm _Zg g[aV ^m _mb`mHw$b _mZg ``mV`m _o __ OgwVm`m
Jm`mVam {`m Z gVr`W & H${bX` VXm`` {JaoZpXZr H$`m `_wZm V`m_dJmhoZ ZX{V
g ndramOmo@O gVV _o {dH$b _Zmo _Zm{V & CnOm{Vdm_ &
Vd __W B{V & A Z_m` g`_-n[ahmgdMmo Z_ B`wo$ &
AZwMao{V & ho ^r Vd gJ_moH$ g_mS>ZwMaUnX_`wno`oh {Zdg{V & g M dm V_pdZt
V_moJwUm{^^yVm amt dm {h_H$adV MdV {ZO H$a {H$aU {Mam moV_mZm njo {ZOH$aoU dhVoZ
`md nm{UJhU VoZ {Mam {damO_mZm {ZOH$a{Mam_V Ed gm H$[a`{V & nwpnVmJmdm_ &

n#m_mo@>

53

{ZOH$a{Mam H$[a`{V dm
{h_H$ad V_pdZt gm_ &&2&&
g`mo{JVm-(g{Zmg_) A{` AVrV Ibw gHo$VH$mb &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-g{I An[a{MVXoegH$_Uo Vw ^d`od gHo$V``` &
g`mo{JVm-(gmdoJ_) Amdm Vmd{V>mdho V_dow>_ & `V
{`V__wnb` g{ZH$>
Z {h X` g{I {dXVo YqV _o &
_Jg{bb{ZVmVnr{S>V qH$
d[aV_wn{V g_r` ZmoXnmZ_ &&3&&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-A{` jU VmdXY`md>^ Hw$ & `mdV gH$bge`moN>o{X
^domd {`g{ZYmZ_ &
g`mo{JVmJVm-Ed n[aUVn[aVmnmVw ~hdmo _o `VrVm jUm & VXYwZm
`mhmao Vo X{VH$m`m gy$m
pZYo Vp_mQw>dmXo {`` &
gmo {hdm`m{b {dmg`moJ
{Z>mey` ^m`VrX _Zmo _o &&4&&
A{` n`f {Xramo@{n
gm`mh H$W_{n ah gmd{``o {`o dm{_`od _m dMZ{ZnwU qH$ {Vlw` H$mV &
Zdm`mVmo J_`{V Z dm qH$ dH$s`m d{m_mem~YYVX` hm@db~ Ohm{V &&5&& (B{V _yN>{V)
A{` AVrV B{V & A {d_eg`ma^ & VX$ XnUo-` _w`\$bmonm` C{mo
J^Vmo@{YH$& emnm gmVam` g {d_e B{V _V && B{V &
{`V_{_{V & ***Amgw`m`mo `{^Mm[a^md & nwpnVmJmdm_ &
`mhma B{V & *** em{bZrdm_ &
g m`o { V & ***Amem~Yo Z Y V X`_db~ Ohm{V Y ` _w # mVr`W & A
{dahmoH$pR>VmZm{`H$m & VX$ XnUo-AmJVw H$V{Mmmo@{n Xdmm`m{V `V{` & VXZmJ_XImVm
{dahmoH$pR>Vm Vw gm && B{V & _XmH$mVmdm_ &

54

g`mo{JVmd`dao

H$UmQ>H$s$s-g{I g_m{g{h g_m{g{h &

g`mo{JVm-(gkm bdm) A{`
`oVZm OS>`{V cW``Wm
q> H$amo{V ghgm V_gm@{^^yVm_ &
_Zm{V ` {dah`{WV _Zmo _o
H$mo@` nwZ g_w{XV ~bmo {dH$ma &&6&&
H$UmQ>H$s-(dJV_) Ahmo H$>m Xem m{nVo` _XZhVHo$Z & (H$me_)
{`g{I d VmdjU e`m_m {dZmoX` OmJa{dbd_m_mZ_ &
g`mo{JVmJVm-g{I Z _o C{m`m Hw$gw_e`m{n gVmn e_`{V &
`mdmgmXn>o H$m_wm_m_mZ {dZmoX`m{_ & (B{V g`m ghmamoh{V)
(Am dmVne_{^Zr`) Ahmo X{jUm{Zb d_oH$ Ed gd gwb^gMma&
V_X^m`m`m mUw _o@`WZm_ &
_Xd ~hd^mo@`{daV XamXno` {`m
ZohmX`grW_m_wHw${bVm EH$mV^moJr bVm &
A d Hw$ ~YwH$`{_{V _o mUoa g{XeZ
ZmWo d`{n grX{V U{`Zr VpH$ Vdmmo{MV_ &&7&&
H$UmQ>H$s-(dJV_) {ZVmV_mH$mVo` Hw$gw_gm`Ho$ZmVN>XmZwamoYZo d m
{Vn{m{MVm & (H$me_) A{` gH$m{WVmo@{n OmV Ed Vo gXoehamo@`
X{jUm{Zb &
g`mo{JVmJVm-AV Edmnm{XVmo@` dghm`Vm VgmO`Vw>oZ dgVgIoZ&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-AW {H$_ &
g`mo{JVm-({Z`) A{n VmVmnH$`mXgm {d{Zdmmo ^doV & (D$d
`oVZm{_{V & ***dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
_Xd{_{V & ***Amo _mXm`m g_r H$m_Xem & VX $ Xn U o C_mXmn[aN>Xo oVZmMoVZod{n & Ab`dmH$bmn `moVgmo ^_UmX ^e_ && B{V & emXb
{dH$s{S>V
dm_ &
A{n VmVmnH$`m{X{V & A e>m` g`_ - naH$m`m_Xmofm e>m@ZW` VH$U_&
B{V &

n#m_mo@>

55

{dbmo`) A{` aOZra_U

ao _m H$W `W`{g j{nVm`q>

`moZmVao Hw$_w{XZre Hw$ brZm_ &
mgmXn>_{n ^m`demaVr
mUoaU`nm_Vmo ^do`_ &&8&&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-{`g{I Z `w$ {_`mVH}$Ud_m_mZ_dgmX{`Vw_ & `V
dm_m_Z {`V_m_nhm` g_mS>
XoemVadgZm{^{M H$W `mV &
`$m lwVm {H$_{` dm[aYaoU nyd
{dwVm {ZOagml{`Ur H$Xm{MV &&9&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-Z _m g_mXY{V Vo _Ywamo$` & VN>Uw _o Ma_m_`WZm_&
H$W_{n ~bmXodm` YV hVOr{dV
g{I na_Vmo OmZo Zmh ^{d`{V V` {H$_ &
{dah{dH$b `mdoh Z _w#m{V _mVmo
X`a_U pZYo Vmdm_mZ` _o@pVH$_ &&10&&
(Zon`o@IwagMmad{Z)
(AmH$` gg^__) A{`
nwaVmXIwagMma

Bdmonly`Vo &

`mdXdbmoH$`md&
(B{V _X n[aH$m_V)
(VV {de`mayT> ndramO)
ndramO-(nwaVmo {dbmo` dJV_) Ahmo Ef Vw amOHw$bmdmg`mo`
mgmX & (AmXdVr` n[aH$` M) lwV {h _`m Mma_wIoZ `XHw${MXdm
ao _m H$W{_{V & ***d _m `moZmVao H$m_wXr_`o brZm Hw$ & AVmo ^m`demV
mgmXn> `moZm$noU MaVr mUoa` ndramO` U`nm ^do`_ & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
dm_m_Z B{V & ***Am{n ObYaN>m ndramOmo {dwVm$nm {ZOmo ag o_ VXml{`Uu
dm `dm XoemVa Z {h JN>o{X{V cofoU gy`Vo & A >mVmb>ma & dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
H$W_nr{V & ***h[aUrdm_ &

g`mo{JVmd`dao

56

{V>{V _o mUoar & H$Xm{MXd gmonb`oV & (nwZ n[aH$`) Ahmo g_VV
{n{hVm`od mam{U & JmT>{ZmH$mV b`Vo ajH$JU &
g`mo{JVm-(dm_m{jnXZ gyM{`dm dJV_) Ahmo gdWm n[ayZo@{n
_Z{g H$mo@`_H$mS> Edmogd &
ndramO-(D$d {dbmo`) Ahmo {ZerWo@{n Ho$`_wn[apWVm `Vo &
qH$ `mXofm {h_H$aH$bm M#mbd Hw$Vmo@`m
{dwoIm {d`{V {d_bo Zm@{n g^m`Vo d &
_`o dod _Z{gOOm VJmr {`m _o
mgmXo@p_pdah{dH$bm gMa`od Vdr &&11&&
g`mo{JVm-(AYmo {dbmo` n[ad` M) BV BV {`g{I &
ndramO-(gm`_) Ahmo pd`_oH$nXo
gmX`Vr Z`Zo H$emr
$ {d`wVm bmoMZH$m_wXr _o &
(ghf_)

{X>`m nwZhV g_mJVo`

g{I{Vr`mon[a {d\w$aVr &&12&&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-A{` dnXmZwJm@dm{^dmmp_ & (AYmo {dbmo`) Ef Vw
gmjmX Xod Ed &
g`mo{JVmJVm-hV ^mo Cmr{dVm Vo ghMar &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-g{I {V> & `mdm_Yra_mZ`m{_ &
(B{V gmonmZ_mJ_dVa{V)

ndramOdramO-A`o H$W H$UmQ>H$s & gm pdV Edm{^dVVo &

g`mo{JVm-(dJV_) Ahmo __ nwZ
qH$ `m{X{V & ***A {Z`mb>ma & _XmH$mVmdm_ & BV Ama` g^moJema &
VX$ XnUo-XeZneZmXr{Z {ZfodoVo {dbm{gZm & `mZwa$md`mo@` g^moJmo@`_wXmV & B{V &
gmX`Vr{V & ***CnOm{Vdm_ &

n#m_mo@>

57

gH$p``d_H$mS>XeZ
{Zdmn``m`{`H$s _ZmoawO_ &
_`o {ZVmV ^w{d gd Y`m
dZo@{n ``m Z {h {db^ &&13&&
H$UmQ>H$s-(mgmXn>Vmo@dVr` eZ ma_nmd`) Xod VyUt _m_Zwga &
(B{V gmonmZ_mamoh`{V)

58

g`mo{JVmd`dao
ndramOdramO-H$em{ Ab_m`mgoZ &
o_mHw$bmnm{dbmoH$ZoZ
_Zmok`m H$mo_b`m {Jam M &
{Ma_mmo@`ZwH$n`m nwZ
gwgH$Vmo@` U`r OZVo &&16&&
({d`)

H$UmQ>H$s-(Am) AYra Efm _o {`gIr ^dV_od {Vnmb`Vr

dmgpVH$mdmgpVH$m-`Wmkmn`{V ^VXm[aH$m &

g`mo{JVm-(gg^_bm_) dmJV {Xra` &

(B{V {ddmhg^mamg_` {ZH$m_{V)

g`mo{JVm-(g{d_`_) hbm H$UmQ>{H$ {H${_X_wnZrV_ &

{V>{V &
(B`Ymo_wIr {V>{V)

ndramOdramO-amOnw{ Ab_wnMma &

({ZnwU {Zd`)

V`_mZmd`dm {H$bd_wno{jVm _yT>{Y`m _`m d_ &

Zw>`_oVH$n`m j_d
{dVr` _o o_^a H$Q>mj_ &&14&&
g`mo{JVm- (gbm_) Zmh`od_m_mZ_{Yjow bmoH$ZmW & __d
_X^m`mXrer_dWm_mnmh nwZmr{dVm {`XeZoZ &
H$W_{n {dYV _ZmoZwamJmd{` __ Or{dV_V_`wnoV_ &
Vd dXZ{dbmoH$ZmogdoZ
d`_{n VdVm nwZ `mV_ &&15&&

H$UmQ>H$s$s-g{I A dofd gpH$`m & AbHw$Vm {`g`YraoX

damgZ_ &
(B{V Vmdwndoe`{V hV`momo^`mo{ddmhgy ~Zm{V)
H$Um Q >H$s- ({ddmhH$>U g ` mo { JVm_b > `) g{I An ` Z m
da_mbm_Yram` & (B{V _mbm_n`{V & Zon`o drUmdmXZ_)
g`mo{JVm-(gbmp_V_) ^JdZ Hw$gw_m`wY

mJod ` U`dm
_Z {lV nw`JwUmZw~Y_ &
nwamo bgV X`m{Ydmg
gdm_Zm V g_wnml`o@h_ &&17&&
(B{V daO_mamon`{V)

ndramO-(dJV_) {X>m Idh_ raZ`moJoZmIS>`^mH$

gdm& (H$me_) {`o drH$`o_m_xbr_wm_ZwJhmU Vo dOZ_ &
(B`n`{V)

(Zon`m{^_wI_dbmo`)

A{` dmgpVHo$ g_mZ` gH$mag^mamZ &

V`_mZo{V & A mWZm` g`_ a{Vhfm}gdmZm Vw mWZ mWZm ^doV & B{V &
H$W_nr{V & ***nwpnVmJmdm_ &

g ` mo { JVmJVm-^dVw
gd X m
_w$md{b_`_{UnX_bx>dmUfm {`_wm&

_o

X`g { Z{hVm
(B{V _w$md`m `moO`{V)

n#m_mo@>

59

pZYo A Ibw gZmWm gdmm Vo {`gIr &

H$UmQ>H$s$s-_hmZofmo@ZwJh eaUmo_wImZm ea`` {Xra` & A{`
{V> Vmd_whV_ & `mdXmZ`m`VJhm_YwnyU MfH$_ &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

ndramOdramO-A{` Or{dVo[a A Vw d_od _o ea`m & `V

_Z{gO{d{eImhV {`o _m
nwZa{n Ord`{g d_rjUm`m_ &
{h_H$aH$aVm{nVmVa
gwI`{g MoX_w{I d` H$am`m_ &&18&&
(B{V Mwp~Vw{_N>{V)

g`mo{JVmJVm-ZmW aj {dZ`_ & (B{V dma`{V) Efm `wnmJVm MfH$hVm

_o {`gIr &
({d`)

H$UmQ>H$s$s-A{` {ZdoX` Vo X`mYram`oX l_{dZmoXj_ MfH$_ &

(B{V _YwnyU gwdUMfH$_n`{V)
g`mo{JVm-(AmXm` gbm_) ArH$amodm`nw &
(B{V An`{V)

ndramOdramO-{`o
Am`m{`VVo ZdndmYa{lVoZ nr`yfagoZ H$m{_{Z &
H$W ^do` _YwnmZbmbg
{H$_mH$m_` {h `Vo nhm &&19&&
AWdm
Zd _Jm>{V_m>erVb
{`mxbrneJwUmpdV _Yw &
_Z{gOo{V & ***nwpnVmJmdm_ &
Am`m{`V B{V & ***AmWmVa`mgmo@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
Zd{_{V & ***deWdm_ &

60

g`mo{JVmd`dao

p_VoZ Md U`gm[aV
H$m__mdmX`Vrh Y` &&20&&
VgmZX drH$amo{_ & (B`mXm` nrdm gmdeof MfH$ g`mo{JVm` g_n`{V)
g`mo{JVm-({Znr`) Ahmo _o gm^m`_ & `V
XamXno`m{b _XpVH$ d`
gV` Md _Ywamo{${^ {` &
H$[a`VrW _YwnmZ^m{JZt
dZo@{n Zmgr__ gm Vr{V &&21&&
H$UmQ>H$s- (dJV_) Ahmo nanamZwamJdr^yVmZ KQ>`Vmo@Z`
H$VH$`Vm & (H$me_) g{I EVm Vm~ybdrqQ> Vo d^m` g_n` &
g`mo{JVm-(VWm H$dm) pZYo d_odm{g __ gm^m`XodVm & VX
JhmUZm _w$mdqb _`m oUmonhmarH$Vm_ &
H$UmQ>H$s- (gp_V_mXm`) AYra EVN>`ZJh_ & V{lm`Vw
{MadmgO{ZVl_{dZmoXmW_ & g{I d_{n VmdXmmX` drUmJmZoZmYra_&
g`mo{JVmJVm-BV BV Am`nw & (B{V ndramOoZ gh {ZH$mVm)
H$UmQ>H$s$s-{X>m gn _o nyd^Vw {`g`mm^rpgVV__ & `V
AZ`^mdoZ gIt nm_Yra Vw`JwUmZwamJ_ &
g`mo` Vm g{V VoZ ^m
__mVam_m n[aV{_o{V &&22&&
(D$d {dbmo`) Ahmo AVrVm`m {h aOZr & `mdXh_{n e`Z_mamohm{_&
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

&& g_mmo@` {`g_mJ_

{`g_mJ_Zm_m n#m_mo@> &&
VXJhmUo{V & A _w$mdbrg_nUoZH$mVg_mJ_m{^bmf` X{eVdm_ZmoaWm` bjU_&
_ZmoaWd{^m``mo{$^L>`VaoU `V & B`w$dmV &
AZ`^mdoZo{V & ***CnOm{Vdm_ &
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
{`g_mJ_Zm_m n#m_mo@> g_m &

62

g`mo{JVmd`dao
(VV {de{V `Wm{Z[X>m g`mo{JVm)

f>mo@> &
(VV {deV bd{H$m _m{bZr M)
_m{bZr_m{bZr-Ahmo bd{H$m & (n[aVmo {dbmo`) $ JVm ajnmbm &
bd{H$mbd{H$m-A`o {H$_Z{^kod _m nN>{g &
_m{bZr_m{bZr-mVWm` Jm_mVa pWVm@h {H$_{n Z OmZo &
bd{H$mbd{H$m-A{` OmV_^r> ^VXm[aH$m`m &
_m{bZr_m{bZr-A`{^ZpXVmo@`m _ZmoaWmo _hmamOoZ &
bd{H$mbd{H$m-Ag^m`_odVV & qH$Vw g_mJVmo@ g_mQ> ndrn{V &
_m{bZr-(gg^__) Aao qH$ ~dr{f &
bd{H$mbd{H$m-N> {d> o Z Vo Z g J Vm@_V X m[aH$m & VV
{H$b{H$bmd{Z_wnlw` `mUm{^_wIZo VoZH $m{H$Zm {ZhVm gd}@`damoYH$m[aUmo
ajnmbm &
_m{bZr-(ggmdg_) VH$m J{Va_mH$_ {ZOZo Xoeo &
bd{H$mbd{H$m-_yT>o g_m{g{h & g Edm_mH$ a{jVm &
_m{bZr_m{bZr-g pdV `mV B{V d`d ^{UV_ &
bd{H$mbd{H$m-naVw U`gyJ{WV` V` _hmZw^md` nwZamJ_Z Vr`Vo&
_m{bZr_m{bZr-$ nwZa_VXm[aH$m &
bd{H$m- (Cn[a {Z{X `) A{` n` & Cn` { bXpWV f m
gIr{Vr`m@_VXm[aH$m@{n V_od {Vnmb`{V & `mdmd JN>md &
(B{V {ZH$mVo)

doeH$ &
doeH$ B{V & VjU_w$ XnUo-doeH$mo@ZwXmmmo`m ZrMnm`mo{OV & A>`mV{dko`
eof {dH$^Ho$ `Wm B{V &

g`mo{JVmJVm-H$W_m{n Zmon{V>`m`nw & A{`

dmVo {ZbVm JVo g{dhJ OmV dZ {ZdZ
gmo@` Mm{n {damOVo Hw$_w{XZrH$mVmo {d`_`J &
Zam` g_wn{lVmo {ZOOZ dmnmHw$bmo _Wamo
_w$mhma_{UZ qH$ VX{n _o oe_m{c`{V &&1&&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-{`g{I Z {h dN>X{dhm[aUmo bmoH$ZmWm & VWm M
H$W g g_mS> [anwdm{hZrdVdm{d^domo {Z`_oZ g{Ym &
Z d d` md{f _oKgdV
\w$Q> gXm {V_{M H$meVo &&2&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-pZYo {`g_mJ_gwIagmdmX{dXa Vw _o X`_{VVam
{dahmg{hUw gdm_ & `V
``m _o {`gJ_o jU Bd pZYo {`m_m JVm
gdmh j{nVw jU {da{hUr Zdm`b {dbdm &
amofmm@{dZ`m__m{b gw^Jmo XXdVmo _o@Wdm
Zm`mV {H${_do{V VH${dH$b MoV d` Vm`{V &&3&&
(B{V {Z{g{V)

H$Um Q >H$s- (dJV_ ) Ahmo C_mo d mg ~ bm{nZr` _`m

H$W_mmgZr`m& (H$me_) A{` ^r
dXW_od {Vn gmhg
`{W_`o {dMaZ gwJw &
OmJa qH$ H$eVm_wnoVd`m Z > g{I gmd^m_ &&4&&
H$W g B{V & ***A >mVmb>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
``m _ B{V & ***A {dahmoH$pR>Vm Zm{`H$m & VH$m` `{^Mm[a^md & emXb{dH$s{S>V
dm_ &

f>mo@>

63

g`mo{JVm-(g{Zmg gme>_) qH$ Zw Idof dZ`` `mV & AWdm

_m_m{c` {Ma gdXZ oUm gwYmgy{${^mam`m>JVm {dhm` {H${_{V o`m_Zmod^ &
gfm d g gIrOZ nwZa` Vm{n e`mJh
gd m{Jd gwpWV {`V_doH$mo Z JmoMa &&5&&
H$UmQ>H$s$s-g{I {H$_od ^mVm{g &
AmpN> _o hVJVm p_VXem
Vm~ybdrqQ> gw^Jm` Xdm &
d` {dg> nwZamJ_m` V
pZYo H$W {d_Vd`{g d_ &&6&&
(Zon`o@IwamKmV)
(AmH$`) A{` n`Z_{dVW{Vk_wndZnX {Vn_ &
g`mo{JVm-(Xa {dbmo`) Ahmo _fd _w{fVmp_ {d_{V_mnmX`Vm {dahoU&
(VV {de{V ndramO)

n dramOdramO-{`o
j_d
_o
{db~_
&
A_WmZ`dpW{V`dgm{`Zm _`m {db{V Ibw gHo$VH$mb &
g`mo{JVmJVm-Am`nw VmVmnMmaeL>H$m`mHw$b _o X` Vw Vd g{ZH$f
Ed YqV b^Vo & `V
{Z`V_{^`wVm {Xdm {`oU
{d{dY{dbmgaVm@{n MH$dmH$s &
{Z{e Z {h ghVo dH$pnV gm
H$_bXbmV[aVm Vw V{`moJ_ &&7&&
ndramOdramO-{`o Ed_oVX & `V
AmZX_mm_Zw^y` OVdmo
_m_m{c`o{V & ***emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &
{Z`V{_{V & ***nwpnVmJmdm_ &

64

g`mo{JVmd`dao

OrdpV gmjm{X{V bmoH${g_ &

OZo VXmZXn`mo{YVw`o
H$W {d`wo$ dgdmo dgo`w &&8&&
VWmZdUm ^dVw _o {`V_m &
g`mo{JVmJVm-AZwJhrVm@h_m`nw` __ZmoaWmZw$nm`dgm`oZ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-AYra ^dVw Vdo` dmamZmN>Zm n[aMaVr n[aMm[aH$m@{n
nyddV dXZwJh^mOZ_ &
ndramO-(g{d_`_) Ahmo N>eXoZ Vw OZ`{g _o Hw$Vyhb_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-VmmdN>UmodYra & H$UmQ>amOHw$bgyVm Idh_wnlw`
gJrVmMm`}`dUm{VaoH$ d{` ~mZwamJm gmjmXH$>Hw$b`moJ Xb^ _dmZm
N>$nYam
_YwH$ar _YwH$moe{d{ZJVm
n[anVogw_Zmoa{gH$m `Wm &
A{^ga`{VXa_h VWm
U`^mOZVm {` Vo JVm &&9&&
ndramOdramO-Ahmo Am`_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-VWm M
AmO_Zmo ZmW dnw__oX
T>mZwamJmo_{WV _Z &
dm_m{lVo Vo Vd MmZwd{VZr
nam{^_emdV gwa{jVo &&10&&
ndramOdramO-A{` amOnw{ {H${_X_w`Vo &
VWmZdUo{V & A {ZdhUg`ma^ & VX$ XnUo-~rOdVmo _wImWm {dH$sUm
`Wm`W_ & EH$mW_wnZr`Vo ` {ZdhU {h VV && - B{V &
Ahmo N>eXoZo{V & A ndramO` {d_` Wm{`^mdmo ah`^oX CrnZ H$UmQ>`m
dMZ_mb~Z_od_mVmo ag & VX$ XnUo-Hw$`m{dhUo@V_ - B{V &
_YwH$ar{V & ***V{dbp~V dm_ &

f>mo@>

65

H$Um Q >H$s>H$s-VW d MmYra` {_{_{V _`m Vmo { fV

gJrV`moJ_moUm_m` H$`_mf&
ndramO-(g{Zmg_) Ahmo {YL> _o@{d_`H$m[ad_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-Ho$db XdmYrZo OJmo Zmh`od_m_mZ_{Yjow_Yra &
VV na{_hmJ` Vdd {hV g_mMa`m _`m a{jVo` _o {`gIr-B{V &
ndramOdramO-amOnw{ H$W mJod Zm{dH$V d`oX {ZOm{^OZah`_ &
g`mo{JVmJVm-A{` _mmo@{n Jmonm{`V_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-ZZw g_` Ed ah`^oXmo@Wm` H$nVo & A`Wm dZWm`d&
ndramOdramO-amOnw{ AV na d_od n`go _o@Vnwam{YH$ma_ &
VXd H$draoU gmY `m{h gwJwoZ nWm {XrZJa_ &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-Am_`mYra {`gIt M VWm H$[a`o &
ndramOdramO-{`o `mgm `mUdobm & VXZwkmn` Vo gIrOZ_ &
g`mo{JVmJVm-W_ VmdXm_`o __mondZghm`mZ &
(B{V AVJhWgIrOZmZwJVm gd} gmonmZ_mJ_damohpV)
(mgmXmZ_wno`) A`o

a`m _o dZdmg~YwVadmo ZmZmbVm{b{Vm

pZYo _o ewH$gm[aHo$ M X{`Vmbmno {ZVmV aVo &
drUo _o _YwadamZwaUZmZXmo{__mbmdho
`m`Vt n{V_pXa {ZOgIt gd}@ZwOmZVw _m_ &&11&&
A{` _m{b{Z d{` `mgrH$VodoVofw gdWm@d{hVm ^d &
_m{bZr_m{bZr-`Xmkmn`{V ^VXm[aH$m &
MmVw[aH$maH$m-g{I n` & EVo Ibw
H$`_mf B{V & AoX_ZwgYo`_ - EH$Xm _J`m{dhmamW JVo ndramOo H$m_nade H$`_mf
H$UmQ>`m ^dZ OJm_ & V`m_od aO`m {Z^V {XrZJa_wno` BpN>ZrHw$_m`m _pXa {d>oZ ndramOoZ
H$UmQ>H$s^dZo H$mo@` _hmogd B`Zw`w `m V`m gd dmOmV {Zdo{XV_ & VXmH$`d Hw${nVoZ ndramOoZmgm
~mUoZ {ZhV- B{V &

66

g`mo{JVmd`dao
{dH$s`_mU Hw$gw__hrhm
{`mZwbmn ewH$gm[aHo$ nwZ &
d` M drUm da_yN>Zm{X{^
VdVo Vo _{Xam{j _b_ &&12&&
(VV Amamoh` ndramO)

H$UmQ>H$s$s-A{` VrjVo dm_m$T>mo@Yra &

g`mo{JVmJVm-AZwOmZmVw _m J_Zm` {` gIrOZ &
g`g`-H$m d`_ZwkmVw_ & na Mm`oVX_X`WZr` `X
AVwb$nJwUmpdV{dH$_
n{V_dm` _Zmok_Yra_ &
b{bVZ_aVm@{n {ZO ${MV
_a {d`moJ{dngIrOZ_ &&13&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-A{MaoUd `_wZm{dhma^m{J`mo ^{d`pV _o {`d``m &
(B{V ndramOm>_mamoh{V)

H$UmQ>H$s$s-AYra n`
{`gIr{dah`gZm{XVmo@`{^_VmWg_mJ_ZpXV &
{dYV~mng_mHw$bbmoMZmo@
{n _w{XVmZZ Ef gIrOZ &&14&&
n dramOdramO-A{` amOnw { g_o V w gIrOZmo __ amOYmZt
a`m B{V & ***emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_ &
{dH$s`_mU[a{V & H$_mdamUm gmZm_mamohmdamohU_ & _yN>Zo`w`Vo Jm_Wm EVm
g g M && B{V _yN>ZmbjU_ & Am{XeXoZ VmZmXrZm JhU & deWdm_ &
{`gIr{V & ***A hf{dfmX`mo`wJnXm{d^mdmmdgpY & VX$ XnUo-^md`
emVmdwX`o g{Y{_{lV`mo H$_mV & ^md` empVX` g{Y e~bVm _Vm && B{V & V{dbp~V
dm_ &

f>mo@>

67

{ddmhH$mVHw $mdgao &

(B{V {V>Vo)

H$UmQ>H$s$s-`Wm {Xe`Yra &

g`g`-C^`mo_b_mem_ho & (B{V nwnm{U {d{H$apV)
H$UmQ>H$s$s-n`Vw gIrOZ &
OdVwaJH$pnVmgZmo@`
[anw{hVho{V{H$Um{>Vm>brZm_ &
daVZw_wnJw Vm ZdmoT>m
YV{J[aOm^d{l` XYm{V &&15&&
Ahmo {Z_of_moU {>nW_{VH$mVVwaJ_ & VXoV gmY`m_VmdV &
(B{V {ZH$mVm gdm)

B{V g_mmo@` g`mo{JVmhaU

JVmhaUZm_m f>mo@> &
Odo{V & ***A {ZXeZmb>ma & nwpnVmJmdm_ &
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
g`mo{JVmhaUZm_m f>mo@> g_m &

g_mo@> &
(VV {deV am_Jwnwamo{hVX)

am_Jwnwamo{hVhV-H$dra
WmZo
WmZo@dWm{nVmZ_g{ZH${Zdhm{{^m gm Ef C_m H$ZmoOm{Yn
H$W_{n gmd{`V` &
MXMX-gH$n_mmYrZm {h gVm_{^_VmW{g` & VJdV H$n`m
OmV Edmgm gdWm@ZwHy$b &
am_Jwnwamo{hV-(gm`_) H$W{_d &
MXMX-^JdZ ^yV~bj`oZ V_mn{Zd}X_wnlw`mon`mVmo@h ^mVo
^JdVr_mam` V` {e{~amam__ & V M d`_od gmo@{^Z __mZwZ`m_U
dgwVmomhdUVm_m_Z AmdoX`V &
am_Jwnwamo[hVhV-Ahmo ^d{V gdd dmpd^dmo XodVmZwJhem{bZm
H$dramUm_ & A`pV {d[XV_oVgmd^m_` &
MXMX-^JdZ Efmo@h_wngnm{_ lmd{`Vw{__ _bmoXV gmd^m__ &
am_Jwnwamo{hVhV-`mdXh_`{H$m` {ZdV{`Vw_{eaU_wnml`o &
(B{V {ZH$mVm)

{dH$^H$ &
(VV {de`Vd}_`dpWV ndramOX)

n dramOdramO-{_ n[aVmo {Zdo { eVmeo f H$Ymdma H$Zmo O m{Yn

Cn`m_mZd{V>Vo & VX gmZdmonn {V{dYmZ_ &
MX
MX-gmd^m_ {X>m@`w{XVVo _ZmoaW &
ndramO-(gm`_) Ahmo {H$_w`Vo &
dgwVmomho{V & A {ZU`m` g`_ & {ZU` nwZaZw^yVmWH$WZ_-B`wo$ &
lmd{`Vw{_{V & J{V~w{`dgmZmWeXH$_mH$_H$mUm_{U H$Vm g Um -B{V gyoU
gmd^m_{_` {Vr`m &

g_mo@>

69

MXMX-{Zem_`Vw gmd^m_ & _`m@ZwZrV H$ZmoOoa dgwVm`m

AZwamJm{VaoHo$U drVm_f gdm &
n dramOdramO-Ag ^ m``m`W `mnmX{`Vm ^d{V gd m{n
H${dOZ^md &
MXMX-gmd^m_ `g`_
H$m` dg^m`_{n H$Vw
^Vw ^mdm^dpV ^`m &
am_` XVd_wno` VrUm}
_hmoX{Yd`dbr_wIoZ &&1&&
ndramOdramO-{_ VWm{n dmoJmgdd mZm`mgoZ ^d{V _o H$m`{g{[a{V
Vw `jr{H$`Vo & AW H$m dmVm H$ZmoOm{Yn` &
MXMX-g Vw d`_odmmonmJ` H$`mXmZm`moghVo &
ndramO-(gm`_) Ahmo ^JdVmo {dYo{db{gV_ &
$ gmd^m_monXm{^n{m
$ _o H$ZmoOm{Yn{dH$ma &
$ MmohVmZ`mZwamJO{ ~Vmhmo@pV{dYo{d{YpgV_ &&2&&
({d`)

manmbmanmb-{dO`Vm Xod & gmd^m_ w>H$m_ gw_{Vm[a {V>{V &

ndramOdramO-doe` H$ZmoOm{Yn_pU_ &
manmbmanmb-`Wmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

gw_{V-(g_wX_) dYVm g_mS> {Xramo Zd{ddmh_boZ &

ndramOdramO-dmJV _pd`m` & A`Zm_` H$ZmoOZanVo &
H$m` pd{V & ***AmWmVa`mgmo@b>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &
$ gmd^m_o{V & ***A {df_mb>ma & CnOm{Vdm_ &

70

g`mo{JVmd`dao

gw_{V{V-AW {H$_ & BN>`gm Vw d`_od g_mO g^mO{`Vw

H$`mXmZoZ& VXZwOmZmVw gmd^m_ &
ndramOdramO-_pZ gdWm _m`m Edm_mH$ ewaMaUm & VXbx>d doVo
gn[admam A_g^m_S>n_ &
gw_{V{V-`Wm{Xe{V gmd^m_ &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
(Zon`o)

dVm{bH$m{bH$-{dO`Vm Xodmo@{^Zd{ddmh_boZ &

ZdObYabrbmZXZmommZnjm_wndZbw{bVmt _mZgmdmgbmobm_ &
H$_bXb{ZbrZm amOhgr_dm`
_w{XVdXZd amOgo amOhg &&3&&
ndramO-(AmH$`) g`{_XmZr_od _`m g_wmrU{Vmnmamdma &
MXMX-OmV Ibw g^mdoeg_` & VXmkmn`Vw J_Zm` gmd^m_ &
ndramOdramO-gmY`Vw H${dda & Ah_{n Vmdo`m gmH$ `Wmg_`_wn{V>&o
MXMX-VWm &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

ndramOdramO-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &

({d`)

Xmdm[aH$m[aH$-Amkmn`Vw Xod &

ndramOdramO-AVnwa_mJ_mXoe` &
Xmdm[aH$m[aH$-BV BVmo Xod &
(C^m n[aH$m_V)

EVXVnwama {deVw Xod &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)
ZdObYao{V & ***A $nH$mb>ma & _m{bZrdm_ &

g_mo@>

71

ndramO-(g`mo{JVm {Zd`) Ahmo AZ`VdmgdoXZmpV{_Vm _o

{`V_m _#mmdpWVd {Zm{V &
XrKm`mg\w$[aVX`m g_mZm~Ym
{dY _o d{n{V X{`Vm bmZnmZZo`_ &
{Zd`Zm {XZH$aH$aam{dbm MboIm
{dXoVoX H$W{_d YqV ~mo{YVw _mZg _o &&4&&
VWm{n gH$bgVmne_Z VpnVw gXoe lmd{`Vw Vmdgm`oZmonMmaoU
Vm ~moY`m{_ & Ahmo __monmJ_mnV{Zm gm Vw d`_odmopWVm &
g`mo{JVm-(gg^_ _) Am`nw EVmdVm H$mboZmd _o gwI dmm {Zm&
ndramOdramO-{`o g_m{hVm ^d &
d _{fVm@_fUVmVnmX
gwI dnrV Z {d_`mo _o &
g`y [anmodm@{n _ZmoJV `V
d` \w$a`od {ZOmVam_{Z &&5&&
g`mo{JVm-(gm`_) A`ZwHy$bmVmVMaUm &
n dramOdramO-Z
Ho $ db_Zw H y $ bm
A{n
Vw
d`_odm_{dmhmogdm`moH$pR>Vm&
g`mo{JVm-(gg_moX_) Am`nw g{V nam {Zd{V_{Yamoh{V _o X`_&
ndramOdramO-{`o `mg g^mdoeg_` &
g`mo{JVmJVm-gmm`h_ &
ndramOdramO-H$ H$mo@ ^mo &
({d`)
XrKm`mgo{V & ~moqYVw-~w{Y~m}YZo B`` Vw_wZV $n_ & ***A l_m`mo `{^Mm[a^md
IoXmo a`dJ`mXo mg{Zm{XH$N>_- B`w$dmV & _XmH$mVmdm_ &
gm`oZmonMmaoUo{V & A dm`m`Z - Hw$gw_gY_mUmo {h `mo{fV gwHw$_mamonH$_m &
.....V_mgmZdmonMaoV & B{V &

72

g`mo{JVmd`dao
Xmdm[aH$m[aH$-{dO`Vm Xod & BV BVmo ^Vm ^{>Zr M &
(gd} n[aH$m_pV)

EVg^mJhma {deVw ^Vm ^{>Zr M &

(B{V {ZH$mV)
({d`)

ndramOdramO-dmJV g`dao` &

g`m-(CWm`) {dO`Vm g_mQ> & {dO`Vm g_mkr &
(B{V g_mO_Zw gd} Cn{depV)

dr{UZm-(drUmdmoZ Jm`V)
(AmgmdaramJoU {VmboZ Jr`Vo&)

^maVamOHw$boe H$nmbmo &&

AZwn__{h_JwUmZm_mH$a &
ag_`g[aVm_{` aZmH$a &
H${ddadaXYZoe &&
^maV0&&1&&
gwan{Vg{_{V{dH$m{gV{dH$_ &
d{dbm{gZrbm{gV{d^_ &
A^`daXH$_boe &
^maV0 &&2&&
{ZOOZnXn[anmbZXr{jV &
AeaUeaU{_Vrd gwdr{jV &
Ord {Ma ^wdZoe &
^maV0 &&3&&
am_Jwnwamo{hVhV-nyd VmdX{^ZVo na_moH$fgn`m gmd^m_ & `V
H$`m Xm` _w{XVmo@ H$ZmoOamOmo
{_d_o{V n[a` {ZO {damoY_ &
EH$mVn_dZoaVwb ^wd
Amgmdar{V & VjU_w $ b`g J rVo - ^ a dr_o b g O mVm am{J`mgmdar _Vm &
ZQ>^a{d_obo@{n Jw{U{^ H${Xr[aVm && Amamoho J{ZhrZm `mXdamoho g_JH$m & _Jhm Ym{eH$m
nmVm {Vr`hao {XZo &&&& B{V

g_mo@>

73

g_mQ> {Mam{WV_hmo d_Wm{^n &&6&&

ndramO-(gl`_) ^JdZ, V` amOm {_ ^d{V {fV_n~mYVo
``d {dmZ ~mUmo am>Jmon nwamo{hV - B{V lw{V{goZd ^JdVmo _{hZm
__mH$m_d_ &
H$hH$h-AW g^md`Vw gmd^m_mo@__m` H$ZmoOmYra_ &
ndramOdramO-g`m, A Ibw H$ZmoOmYra` em{VH$s _r_{^bfZ
dmJVoZ JwVm_wn`mV
V Zao_{^Z _wXm@h_ &
`moO`o OZnXo __ _m`
N>Mm_a`wJmV{d^y`m &&7&&
VXn`Vw {nV`MaUm __mXoe{ZXeH$ Vm_n>_ &
H$hH$h-VWm &
(B{V H$ZmoOm{Yn_pUo@n`{V)

gw_{V{V-gmd^m_, A_XYramo@{n
Z``moJ{ZVam_Y`
gwVm{^`moJ` nwZ H$fmV &
d` Vdd deVm_wnoV
AmegVo Vo pWa_ gmX_ &&8&&
H$hH$h-``moJmb~Z_moUmZw^`y V B` _bnanam V_ZwJ mVw gmd^m_mo
_m{YH$ma{Z`moOZoZ &
ndramOdramO-~w{H$fmN>m`m{VaoH$mmh`od _pnX H$dra & VX
Idh
Yrd^d{WVMm`eH$melw{V{goZo{V & EoVao`~mU{Vnm{XVoZo{V &
dmJVoZo{V & JwVm ewanX_wn`mV m_V Ed _m` ***& dmJVmdm_ &
Z``moJ[a{V & ***CnOm{Vdm_ &

74

g`mo{JVmd`dao
_oH$mV^{$na_ H${damO{__ &
oUm@{^Z g_XIgwIm` V_
_m{YH$ma_g_ {dVam{_ Vw> &&9&&
VXh`Vw _pnX_S>Z H$dra_ &
H$hH$h-VWm &
(B{V `Wm{X> Hw$Vo)

MX-(gg_moX_) gmd^m_ _h`p_ZwJho@`pV _o@`WZr`_ &

`__
g_wnMmanana`mHw$b
Z`{Z`pVdmH$ga nwZ &
VX{YJ` Vw _pnX da
^dVw _m {`{_nX`w{V &&10&&
H$hH$h-AbmoH$gm_m`amO^{${d{e> gO`am`` {dlwVde {V>mn`Vw
goZm{Yn`o gmd^m_ &
ndramOdramO-mU``oZm@{n ^Vw{hV gnmX`Vm gO`am`oU bS>ram`oU
M brb`d ggm{YV nw`bmoH$O` & AV
Xoh {ZO g_a`k~qb H$`
`eO H${Q>Vm _{` amO^{$ &
V`md`o ~bdraOZmH$ao@h
gWmn`m`{Ibam>~bm{YH$ma_ &&11&&
V{VaVw amOemgZ bS>ram`m_Oo {nV`MaUm &
H$hH$h-VWm &
(B{V `Wm{X> H$amo{V)

ndramOdramO-AWmh`Vw `Wm{dH$_ {dH$_em{bZ gdmZ{n dra^Q>mZ

Yrd^do{V & ***dgV{VbH$mdm_ &
g_wnMmao{V & ***V{dbp~V dm_ &

g_mo@>

75

H$moem`j &
H$moem`jm`j-`Wmkmn`{V Xod &
(B{V {ZH$mV)

H$hH$h-H$UmQ>amOnw{, g{>`m {Zfo{dV gmd^m_dm

{Z`moO``Vnwam{YH$mao &
H$UmQ>H$s$s-_hmZofmo@ZwJhmo bmoH$ZmW` & A Ibw
AmO_{dl^na` ^Vw
{` {hV Md g_mMa`m &
{X>m nwZ^`OZ gXm{WV
pWa gmX g_wnm{OVmo _`m &&12&&
O`MXO`MX-A`o ^maVH$dra
{_Wmo@ZwamJm`wX`h{fV
d`dam _o VZ`m g_` &
g_mQ> d` {dH$_em{bZo Vo
H$VmWVm_ JVmo@p_ gmd` &&13&&
ndramOdramO-Ahmo ~Vm` _o `wJnXnZVmo _bg_w` &
g_mQ>nX MwaH$moe~boe_r
gm{M`_`{_V^{$Z`Xr_ &
EH$mVamJa{gH${``m M `moJmo
bmoH$mZwaOZ_W dOZ` Vmof &&14&&
g`mo{JVmJVm-{X>m@h_{n
g_mQ>nX{_{V & A ^mfUm` g`_-_mZmm{ ^mfU_-B`wo$ &

76

g`mo{JVmd`dao
VoOpdZo amOHw$boam`
Vw>oZ {nm d`_od Xmm &
H$mV _ZH$mV_dm` ZyZ_oH$mVgm^m`\$bm ^dm{_ &&15&&
({d`)

{Vhmar{Vhmar-Ef VoOmo_S>b_pS>VmZZ H$mo@{n Vnmo{Z{Ym[a {V>{V &

ndramOdramO-doe`Z ^JdV _hmZw^md_ &
{Vhmar{Vhmar-`od Amkmn`{V &
(B{V {ZH$mV)
(VV {de{V {gVmng)

ndramO-(gd ghmoWm`) Ef ndramOmo@{^dm ^JdV _hmZw^md

dmJVoZ nwZa{^ZX{V &
(B{V U_{V)

{gVmng{gVmng-g_Vm gmd^m_mo _ho{l`m &

(drUmdmXZ dVVo)

ndramO-(gl`_) ^JdZ {VJhrVmer &

{gVmng{gVmng-gmd^m_, jmY_mZwd{VZVo gH$b_`^r> _`m
Vn^mdmV gnm{XV_ & AW qH$ Vo ^y` CnH$adm{U &
ndramOdramO-^JdXZwJhoU Z _o {H$_{n ^_d{e`Vo & VWmnrX_Vw
^aVdm`_ &
{_Wmo amJmg$mU`_`brbm{db{gVVoOpdZ B{V & AmZXm` g`_-AmZXmo dmpN>VmJ_-B`wo$ &
^aVdm`{_{V & ^aVdm` ZQ>dm`_ & A e`m` g`-epV ew^egZ_
- B`wo$ &

g_mo@>

77

dd gmm{`V_Zw$nm`wdJUmZ &
pWa H$dm Zoh {Zad{YgwIo ^maV^w{d
{Z`wOmZmo a`m gh Hw$gw_Ydm {dO`Vm_ &&16&&
(B{V {ZH$mVm gd})

&& g_mmo@` {ddmhmogd

gdZm_m g_mo@> &&
&& g_m{_X g`mo{JVmd`da Zm_ ZmQ>H$_ &&
{_W B{V & {_W nana amJoU ZohoZmg$mZ U`_`m ZohMwam Vm brbm Vmgm
{db{gVdd gmmZ dr^yVmZ {Z`V {Z`_oZmZw$nmZ Vw`mZ `wdmZ `wd` Vofm JUmZ ^maV^w{d
Zoho pWa H$dm {Zad{YgwIo {Z`wOmZmo a`m gh Hw$gw_Ydm _XZmo {dO`Vm_ & emXb{dH$s{S>V dm_&
gd}fm ZmQ>H$mmZm {XL>_m{_h X{eV_ &
{deof emVVy H$m`nr`yfbmbg &&
B{V lrg`mo{JVmd`daQ>rH$m`m gdm{dmoV`m
{ddmhmogdZm_m g_mo@> g_m &

ngyMr
AVwb$nJwUmpdV{dH$_ - 6.13
A `mVw JOdm{OaWm{Y$T> - 3.18
AZ`^mdoZ gIt nm - 5.22
AZwManX_`wno` g_mS> - 5.2
A`mo@`X{jUH$amx{b~Y_od - 2.8
A`_mJVmo OZVo - 3.13
Ad`_mg{dn{mnyd - 3.1
A`m nwZ gOdgH$_UcWm`m - 2.7
AmpN> _o hVJVm p_Vem - 6.6
AmO_Zmo ZmW dnw__oX - 6.10
AmO_{dl^na` ^Vw - 7.12
AmOmZwbp~T>_mgb~mhembr - 4.5
AmZX_mm_Zw^y` OVdmo - 6.8
Am`m{`VVo ZdndmYa - 5.19
Bf\w$Q> H$mo_bndmJ - 2.1
Cn{MVHw$M`w_oZmoVm hmaH$mpV - 3.5
EH$Vmo daVZw n[aa`m - 3.7
EH$m{H$Zr _OwagmbgHw$b - 2.9
Eo`_mmo Zhfmo {Z{_ - 4.2
H$W g g_mS> [anwdm{hZrdV - 6.2
H$W_{n ~bmXodm` - 5.10
H$W_{n {dYV _ZmoZwamJm - 5.15
H$`m Xm` _w{XVmo@ H$ZmoOamOmo - 7.6
H$_b_wHw$bH$mo_bmH$m{Z - 2.14
H$mobdr{Ma_Ur`Obdmho - 4.16
H$Vy[aH$m$_X{Z_bVybd{m - 3.15
H$m_H$moYm{VaoH$`gZ{dX{bV - 1.11
H$m` dg^m`_{n H$Vw - 7.1
qH$ `mXofm {h_H$aH$bm - 5.11
{H${_{V Ymd{V {dbVm JV - 4.15
Hw$gw_H$XH$Ho${bnam`Um - 2.6
H$dm {~~mYa_dZVm - 3.4

${MX JwUmZm lw{Vaod Ho$dbm - 2.16

$ gmd^m_monXm{^n{m - 7.2
JV_d{Z^wOm_Yra` - 2.15
OmV g_oVZanmbgK - 3.2
ko`m d`` Vagm gwVZmo d{m - 3.17
Va^L>`mHw$b_mZgm`m - 5.1
VoOpdZo amOHw$boam` - 7.15
VoO`` ZanVo g_wnpWVmo d - 4.4
d _{fVm@_fUVmVnmX - 7.5
dXW_od {Vn gmhg - 6.4
dm_m_Z {`V_m_nhm` g_mS> - 5.9
XrKm`mg\w$[aVX`m - 7.4
XXmVXne_Zj_ Ed g - 1.10
XXdVd_{g _yT>_Vo dm - 1.6
XamXno`m{b _XpVH$ d` - 5.21
Xoh {ZO g_a`k~qb H$` - 7.11
Yrd^d{WVMm`e H$me - 7.9
Z``moJ{ZVam_Y` - 7.8
Zd _Jm>{V_m>erVb - 5.20
Zd{H$gb`amJma{OVmo@` agmbmo - 2.2
Zd{H$gb`lrgH$sUgyZ - 2.11
ZdObYabrbmZXZmommZnjm - 7.3
ZdgyZ_Yw_mbVr bVm - 1.16
ZmZm{XJVg_wnoVZnmom_m - 1.4
Zm`m J{V {`V_m{_bZo `{X `mV - 3.21
{ZJ X>mZZwJ gmZmZ - 3.14
{ZVmV{dofnamo@pV V - 3.6
{Z`V_{^`wVm {Xdm {`oU - 6.7
{ZKU_Z{gO{d{eI - 3.11
n`waZwdVZ Ibw - 2.20
nana dUOb ghob - 2.4
n`m Ed [anwg`{d_XZmW - 4.10

ngyMr
nwpnVm H$_{bZt H$nZ - 4.12
ndrn{V~bgmhg{dH$_mO - 4.6
n>m gVr dX{V gm gw{dMm` dmM - 1.13
OdVwaJH$pnVmgZmo@` - 6.15
V`_mZmd`dm {H$bd - 5.14
{V>Vm _o MVwa{Ur g^m - 1.12
b`Mnb_oKdmdoX - 1.9
gmX`Vr Z`Zo H$emr - 5.12
mJmdV Vw dgZoZ _wI jUoZ - 4.7
mJod ` U`dm - 5.17
{`OZn[ahmg VO`Vr gamof - 3.9
{`V__wnb` g{ZH$> - 5.3
{`gIr{dah`gZm{XVmo - 6.14
o_mHw$bmnm{dbmoH$ZoZ - 5.16
oUm_pV_wgd_w{XV - 1.3
~mbdmbHw$gw_mdM`dmm - 2.12
^$m naoe d{ZVm nw_mg - 4.1
^_rH$Vm `o H${nboZ H$monmV - 4.18
_XW pb`Vt gwVZw_{n - 3.12
_YwH$ar _YwH$moe{d{ZJVm - 6.9
_YwadMZVmo Z dm {damoYm - 2.21
_Z{gO{d{eImhV {`o _m - 5.18
_Xd ~hd^mo@`{daV - 5.7
_Xm{ZbgMma - 3.16
_b`OH$UmZwdm{gV - 1.2
_m_m{c` {Ma gdXZ - 6.5
{_ {dbmo` nwaVmo __ nyd^Vw - 4.9
{_od{_od{n dmpdbmgm - 3.20
{_Wmo@ZwamJm`wX`h{fV - 7.13
{_Wmo amJmg$mZ U`_`brbm - 7.16
_oK`m__wHw$XgwXa_wIo - 1.1
`moH$nmbm {d{OVognX - 4.13
`oVZm OS>`{V cW``Wm - 5.6
``m _o {`gJ_o jU Bd - 6.3
`md Hw$x>_aOmo{d{ZdmaUm` - 2.5

aZmH$a {V {ebmo`{dwVmZm - 2.18

a`m _o dZdmg~YwVadmo - 6.11
[anwXb{d{nZo Xdm{$n - 1.8
[anw_hmZ H$moe~bXrmo - 3.19
ao _m H$W `W`{g j{nVm`q> - 5.8
b{bV{d^d~m`o ~mbm Vw - 4.19
dmVo {ZbVm JVo g{dhJ - 6.1
dmgVrH${bH$mO H$a`wJo - 2.3
{dH${gVObOmjr _wYnmZZlr - 3.3
{dH$s`_mU Hw$gw__hrhm - 6.12
{dVV^wO~bmoH$Q>Vmn - 4.3
{dn{nqm nwZaod ggX - 3.8
{d_bObgadmdJmh - 1.15
{d^nmm` _Zdmo - 1.14
drUm`m _YwadaaZwJVm - 2.10
`m_moh`Vr b{bVm{d^_ - 4.8
`mhmao Vo X{VH$m`m gy$m - 5.4
lrd^mo@W Hw$gw_ofwa_moKH$mpV - 2.19
lmom{^am_mo {d{nZo@{n H$mo@` - 4.11
gm`mh H$W_{n ah - 5.5
gH$bZn_Vd_od g_mS> - 1.7
gH$b^maVamOHw$boamo - 1.5
gH$p``d_H$mS>XeZ - 5.13
g`od Vo@N>n`gm n[anmo{fVm`m - 4.17
g_m`mV lwdm H${dda_YreU{`Z - 4.14
g_wXJVm Or{dVge` gIt - 3.10
g_wnMmanana`mHw$b - 7.10
g_mQ>nX MwaH$moe~boe_r - 7.14
g g_mQ> VoOdr ldUgw^J - 2.17
gmHy$VZomV{dbmgO` - 2.13
pZYo {ZVmV Hw${nV {nVm _m - 2.22
_ma _ma Or{dVoemZw^md - 2.23
dmJVoZ JwVm_wn`mV - 7.7

79

nmZm N>XgyMr
Am`m CnOm{V -

Jr{V V{dbp~V nwpnVmJm _XmH$mVm _m{bZr aWmoVm deW dgV{VbH$m -

emXb{dH$s{S>V_ em{bZr {eI[aUr Yam dmJVm h[aUr -

1/2
1/14, 1/16, 2/1, 2/4, 2/9, 2/13, 2/16,
2/22, 3/1, 3/2, 3/6, 3/8, 3/10, 3/14, 3/19,
3/20, 4/1, 4/2, 4/8, 4/11, 4/13, 4/18, 5/1,
5/12, 5/13, 5/14, 5/16, 5/17, 5/19, 5/20,
5/21, 5/22, 6/2, 6/4, 6/6, 6/8, 6/10, 6/12,
7/1, 7/2, 7/5, 7/8, 7/12, 7/13, 7/15
2/20, 3/11, 3/13, 3/16
1/5, 2/6, 4/15, 6/9, 6/13, 6/14, 7/10
1/7, 1/8, 1/9, 1/15, 2/14, 2/15, 2/21, 4/3,
5/2, 5/3, 5/15, 5/18, 6/7, 6/15
3/4, 5/5, 5/11, 7/4
2/2, 3/3, 3/5, 3/9, 7/3
4/12
1/12
1/4, 1/6, 1/10, 1/13, 2/5, 2/7, 2/8, 2/12,
2/18, 2/19, 3/15, 3/17, 3/18, 3/21, 4/4,
4/5, 4/6, 4/7, 4/9, 4/10, 4/16, 4/17, 5/6,
5/8, 5/9, 7/6, 7/9, 7/11, 7/14
1/1, 1/3, 2/3, 2/10, 5/7, 6/1, 6/3, 6/5,
6/11
2/23, 5/4
2/17, 3/12, 4/14, 7/16
1/11
3/7, 7/7
2/11, 4/19, 5/10

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