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:

)(Personal Computer

) (pc

.

)(laptop

.
.
.
.

)(palmtop

)(servers


( ) HardwareSoftware
() Hardware

.
:

Input Unite.
output Unite.

CPU.

: Input Unite
.
:
.1 Key Board :
.
. :
o
o
o
o
o

( & ). " A B
.
.
) (Shift
.
(Alt + Shift). ) (Alt + Shift
. (Alt
)+ Shift
.

.2Mouse :
. .
.

.
o
o
o

) (Pointing
.
)(Selection
.
) (Move

(Drag
and Drop).

.3 (Scanner):
.

.

.4:

.

.5 (Digital Camera):
.
.

.6 )(Disk drives
floppy disk CD
ROM DVD .

: output Unite


:
.1 Monitors

.

.2(Speakers):
.
.

.3(Printer):
.
( - -)


.4)(PLOTTERS
.

)(plotter
: CPU
:

Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU).


Control unit (CU) .
Main Memory .

CPU
.1 )(ALU
...

.

.2 )(CU

.



).(RAM
.
.

.3

.
(.)1 0
( ).9

: :
Byte :
() ( ) Bit
().1 0
Kilobyte: KB = 1024.
Megabyte :: ( M = ) MB
1024.
Gigabyte: ( G GB ) = 1024
.

:
Random
Access


Memory(RAM) :

(
) .

.
Read Only Memory (ROM):

.


.
(cache memory):

.

. 512
.
Storage Devices:
Memory

Main


:
( ) CD
.

Hard Disks :
)(CPU

.

Floppy Disks:
3.5
5.25
.

( CD) Compact
Disks :

650 .
.

(DVD Digital Versatile


Disk):
10-2 . )(CD

.
(Flash Memory) :


USB .

() Software

.1

) (Hard Disk (floppy
.
)disk
) (operating system
. (processor)
.
.
. .

:
windows( 95,98,2000,XP) o
LINUX o
UNIX o
DOS o
.2

.
( Microsoft Office).
o

(System Software):
.
.

. .

.
(Commercial Ware):
. ) (Microsoft office
.
.

.
(Shareware):
.
.
. .


(Free Ware):

.

. .
.
(Public Ware) :
.


:


.

.
: .
.
. .
. " " " " .




.

MOUSE
.
.
.
.
. :
:
.
: .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.


:
.1
Single-user o
Multi-User o
.2
single task o
Multi-Task o

-:
:Desktop

.
.
.
.
. .
" "
.

:Task bar
.
.

:
' ' ''.

.
( )
.
Task bar -:
.1 .
.2 "" ( Pin to
. ) Taskbar

.3 .
Task bar -:
.1 .
.2 "" ( unpin this program from
)Taskbar

.3 Task bar
( )Start

"" .
''
. "" -:




Windows

Windows
""[ : ] Windows7
'' .
Windows . .

"" :
.
.
.

.


. Windows
.

"":
"" .
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.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
.
. ""
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. ''

:
.1 .
.2 "" (. ) Pin to Start Menu

.3 .
:
.1 .
.2 "" () unpin from Start Menu
()Remove from Start List

.3 .
:
' ' .
''
(
) .
.

''
'' '' . .
''.
.
Recycle Bin
-
.
.

" ( ) ( )

. .


" "
" " .
.
.1 ' ' .
.2 :
" ." Restore

.

" " Restore all
.
.



' ' . ' '
.
.1 ' ' .
.2 :
'' delete
.

" " .

-: ' ' .

' '
(.)Shift+Delete

:My computer


" "

:All Programs

MY Documents :

.

:Control Panel



. :

.1 .
.2
Windows XP

: Shut Down

TShut
" Down"25T 25
" "TShut Down
-: ( ) Switch user ( ) Log off
" "Restart " " Hibernate " " lock " Sleep "

( -: SwitchUser )

( -: Log Off )
.
( -: Lock )
.
( -: Restart )
( -:Shut Down )
( -: Sleep )

( + + ) 7
7 .. "
" Recycle Bin

7 -:
.1 Start
.2

Show on Desktop .3

:

. " "change date and time setting
.

Windows
:
Double click

Windows
.

:

.

.
.

-1
. " "
".

-2 -:
. " "
" " " "
.

-3

-4

-5 :
.

-6 :
-7 :
-9
.
.

:
.1
.2
.3 .

:


.

:

.

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4
.
.5 .Alt+ F4

:


( )

:
.
:
.
:
.


"Personalize
"


user accounts

Manage another account


.

Create a new account


administrator Create account


- control
panel - User Accounts

Change your password

- Change password

Remove your password -

remove password

change your account picture


browse for more pictures

open


Windows . Windows

.
.
.
.
.
" :" File

:

:

.New

:
:
: 219.
: () .
( ).

"" Folder


()
.
.


( :) copy .
( : ) cut .
( : ) paste
:

-: Organize
.1 ( ) copy
.2 Organize .

.3 .
.4 Organize .

. -: :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4
.

-: :
.1 .
.2 CTRL+C .
.3 .
.4 CTRL+V .

-: :
.1
.
.2 .
.3 CTRL
.

-: :
.1
.

.2 .
.3 ( ).
.4 .

:
.

-: Shortcut

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

:
* ..
* .

.1 .
.2
.

.3 .

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .

:
.
:
.
:
.1 Shortcut

.
.2



.

.

.


.
.

Operating system principles .1


California Institute of TechnologyPer Brinch Hansen
ISBN:0-13-637843-9

.2

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