The9thIsraeliSymposiumon

JetEnginesandGasTurbines(Oct7,2010)

All/MoreElectricAircraft
Engine&AirframeSystems
Implementation
Presentedby:
IlanBerlowitz
BEDEKAviationGroup,Aircraft&ProgramsDivisions
IsraelAerospaceIndustries
Unclassified

Objectives
Assessthebenefitsandimplicationsofadoptingthe
AllElectricandMoreElectricAircraft(AEA/MEA)
conceptsrelativetoconventionalsecondarypower
systemsonBoeing(B767)andAirbus(A330)baseline
aircraft,
B787andA380moreelectricaircraftdesignapproach,
Quantifyfuelandmasschangesonaircraftlevel,
IAIimplicationsofMEAconcept.
Unclassified

EvolutionoftheAll/MoreElectric
AircraftConcepts
FirstproposedbyWoodford,GCA.ElectricsforAircraft
JournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,Volume49,PP518
565,September1945,
June1981NASAWorkshoponElectricFlightSystems,
January1985NASAcontractorreportIntegrated
Digital/ElectricAircraft(IDEA),studiestheefficiencyofa250
300seater replacementbyBoeing(derivative767)and
Lockheed(advanced1011Tristar),
19881989CranfieldCollegeofAeronauticsstudybasedon
hypotheticalRB211524D4poweredA300600andAllison501
M80F3propfanpoweredBAe146300.
3
Unclassified

Conventional Philosophy
Secondarypowersystems(SPS)arethepowerdistributed
aroundtheengineandairframesystemsandnotusedfor
propulsion(thisbeingtheprimarypower).Onmostaircraft
SPSaredistributedinthreeforms:
Electric(avionics,lights,instruments,entertainment,etc.),
Hydraulic(primary&secondaryflightcontrols,landinggears,
brakes,steering,doors,otheractuationfunctions),
Bleedairorpneumatic(environmentalcontrolsystemECS,cabin
pressurization,enginecowlandwingiceprotection,enginestarting).

Unclassified

Conventional Philosophy(Cont.)
Pastandcurrentturbofanandturbojetenginesare
capableofsupplyingSPSintwoforms:
Shaftpowerisextractedfromtheengineshighpressureshaftto
driveagearboxonwhichSPScomponentsaremountedin
additiontotheenginesfuelandoilpumps,
Hot,pressurizedairisextractedfromtheenginescompressors.

Unclassified

Conventional Philosophy(Cont.)
Extractionanddistributionofsecondarypowersystems
affectthedesignandperformanceoftheengine:
Increasebothcomplexityandweight,
Increasemaintenanceandoperationalcosts,
Increaseaircraftdrag(profileandinduced),
Increaseturbineentrytemperature(TET),
Increasesfc,
Reducethrust.

Unclassified

Conventional Philosophy(Cont.)
Alternativesecondarypowersourceswhileongroundand/or
emergenciesmayincludeanauxiliarypowerunit(APU),
groundconnectionsandtheuseoframairturbine(RAT).
Bleedingairfromtheengineislargelyinefficientandalarge
amountofpoweriswastedfornousefulpurpose.Hydraulic
systemsareoftensizedforloadsthataresmallinduration
thusincreasingthemassandpowerrequirementsofthe
systems.
Conventionalsecondarypowersystemsweredeveloped
duringtheyearsthatfuelwasrelativelyinexpensiveandflight
envelopehavenotbeenoptimizedformaximumefficiency.
Unclassified

AircraftFuelBurnReduction

Unclassified

EffectsofTakeoffonAircraft
OperationalCharacteristics

Areawherelargeamountof
hydraulicsloadsandbleedingairare
requiredforsmallduration(landing
gear,flaps,cabinandelectronic
equipmentcooling)

Unclassified

EffectsofTakeoffonTurbineEntry
Temperature(TET)

TETincreasesinproportionto
thepercentageoftakeoffpower
relativetothetotalpower
withinthecoreoftheengine

Unclassified

10

EffectsofBleedAirandShaftPower
onCompressorCharacteristics
Takingbleedairfromthe
compressorrequiresanincreasein
fuelflowandhencetemperature.
Whenshaftpowerisextractedthe
turbinehastodeliverextraworkat
agivenspeedandthiscanoccurby
increasingTET.

Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy
Allelectricaircraft(AEA) Integrationofallsecondarypower
systems(SPS)intoasingleelectricsource.Presenthydraulic
andpneumaticactuationfunctionswouldbeeliminated
togetherwiththeextractionofbleedairforthesupplyofthe
environmentalcontrolandiceprotectionsystems.
Moreelectricaircraft(MEA) MajorityofSPSwouldbe
electricallypowered.However,presentformsofhydraulic,
mechanicalorpneumaticpowerwouldberetained.
Dedicatedorlocalizedhydraulicsystemsmaybeincorporated
togetherwiththeextractionofbleedair.
Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Allelectricengine(AEE) Enginebleedairwouldbe
eliminated.Largegeneratorswouldbemountedonthecore
oftheenginetosupplypowertobothengineandairframe
accessories.Hydraulicsystemscouldberetained,thoughthe
pumpswouldbeelectricallydrivenasopposedtothe
presentsystemthatutilizesmechanicallydrivenpumps.The
enginesoilsystemandaccessorygearbox(AGB)wouldbe
eliminatedandelectromagneticbearingswouldreplace
conventionalbearings.Electricfuelpumpandmetering
systemprovideonlytherequiredfuelflow.Electricactuators
wouldbeusedforrangeofapplications.
Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Moreelectricengine(MEE) Largegeneratorssupplypower
tothemajorityofengineandairframeaccessories.
Accessoriesgearbox(AGB)couldberetainedormodifiedto
acceptthegeneratorsand/orsomemechanicallydriven
accessories.Theoilsystemscouldbereservedalongwith
theconventionalbearings.

Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Theall/moreelectricaircraftairframesystemsconsistof:
Electricwingiceprotection,
Electricenvironmentalcontrolsystem(ECS),
Electricenginestartingsystem,
Electricpowerdistributionandmanagementsystems(power
ondemand),
Electromechanicalactuators(EMAs),electrohydrostatic
actuators(EHA)/electricalbackuphydraulicactuators
(EBHAs)
Electricnitrogengenerationsystemcompressorusedfor
fueltankinerting,
Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Theall/moreelectricaircraftairframesystemsconsistof
(cont.):
Electricbraking,
Electromechanicalthrustreversingactuation,
Electromechanicalvariablestatorvanes(VSVs)
actuation,
Electricfuelpump,meteringandcontrolsystem,
Electricoilpumpandscavengesystem,
DistributedenginecontrolusingdeterministicCAN
buses,
Advanceddiagnosticsandprognostics.
Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Adoptionofasingleformofsecondarypowersystemsand
implementationofallormoreelectrictechnologiesoffers
numberofdistinctadvantagesoverconventionalsecondary
powersystems.
Improvedairframesystemsutilizationandimplementationof
moreefficientpowerunits.
Reducedenginecoresizeandanincreaseinenginebypass
ratio,overallpressureratioandtheturbineinlet
temperature,thusimprovingengineperformancewhichlead
tomoreefficientaircraft.

Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Eliminationofconventionalhydraulicandbleedairsystems
leadstomassreduction.However,themassandsizeofthe
electricalequipmentwouldalsoincreaseandthesechanges
mustbeaccountedfor.
Studiesevaluatethatadoptionofmore electrictechnologies
wouldintroduceasmallmasspenalty.However,iftheall
electricconceptisadopted,bleedairsystemsareeliminated
andtheconventionalhydraulicsystemsarereplacedbylocal
electrohydrostatic/electromechanicalactuators,thenthe
operatingemptyweight(OEW)fortwinenginewidebody
aircraft(A330,B767)couldbereducedbyatleast0.5%and
totalfuelsavingcanreach4.5%.
Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Improvedreliabilityandlifecyclecosts,
Reducedmaintenance,
Adoptionofallormoreelectrictechnologieswillenablethe
designers:

tomeetmoreseveretakeoffrequirements,
toenhancepassengercomfort.

Unclassified

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EnvironmentalControlSystemMass
ChangesforElectricallyDriven
Compressors
ElectricallyDrivenSystem/
Components

TwinEngineWideBodyAircraft
(A330,B767)

GroundHotDay/PR5:1

2x250KW

AddedGenerators

+150Kg

Motors

+150Kg

Controllers

+340Kg

Compressors

+60Kg

Removed(ducted,precooler,air
starting,etc.)

603Kg

Total

+97Kg
Unclassified

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ElectricAircraft Philosophy(Cont.)
Airframe electrical systems can be switched on and off as
needed, resulting with consequential effects, thus
conserving power. Adoption technologies of generation and
distribution of variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF)
wouldincreasemasssavings.
TheVVVFsystempoweroutput varies with engine/generator
rotational speed. The generators are designed to supply
constant voltage to frequency ratio, thus improving the
performance of electric motors and eliminating the need to
usecontrollers.

Unclassified

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SecondaryPowerSystems(SPS)
Distribution

Conventional
Unclassified

22

SecondaryPowerSystems(SPS)
Distribution(Cont.)

All/MoreElectric
Unclassified

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ConventionalVs.Bleedless Engine

ConventionalEngine
(BleedAirforAirframeSystems)

MoreElectricEngine
(BleedDuctingRemoved)

APUpneumaticportionsare
eliminatedinthebleedless architecture

Unclassified

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ConventionalSecondaryPower
SystemsDistribution

(4.25%)
Unclassified

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All/MoreElectricAircraft
Architecture

(2.5%)
Unclassified

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TypicalPowerLevelof
ElectricalLoads
PowerUser

Comments

TypicalPowerLevel

AirConditioning

ECS

4x70kW+

FlightControls

Primary&Secondary

3kWto40kW
shortdurationathighloads

FuelPumps

About10kW

WingIceProtection

Thermalmatsorsimilar

250kW+

LandingGear

Retraction,steeringand
braking

25kWto70kW
shortduration

EngineStarting

Maybeusedforadditional
applications

200kW+
Shortduration

Unclassified

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ACPowerGeneration&
RegenerativeEnergyManagement
ConventionalMechanicalConstantFrequencyGenerator

EnergyDissipationeg.
Resistorwithbreak
chopper

LocalEnergyDissipation
Unclassified

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ACPowerGeneration&Regenerative
EnergyManagement(Cont.)
Voltagestransientsarekeptwithinthe
envelopesaccordingtoMILSTD704F

NewAircraftVariableVoltageVariableFrequencyGeneration

130kW/200kVA
StarterGenerator
ReturnEnergytoSource
Unclassified

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MassChangedforVariableVoltage
VariableFrequency(VVVF)Systemvs.
onesofConstantSpeedSystem

MassChangesforaConstantSpeedSystem
Unclassified

MassChangesforaVVVFSystem
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B787Bleedless SystemArchitecture
The787sbleedless systemsarchitecturereplacesthetraditionalpneumatic
systemandthebleedmanifoldwithahighpowerelectricalsystemthat,in
additiontothetraditionalelectricalsystemfunctions,supportsamajorityofthe
airplanefunctionsthatweretraditionallyperformedviableedair.

Airframesystems
architectureaccounts
forfuelsavingsof3%

Unclassified

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B787HybridElectricalPower
DistributionSystem
Conventional(B767)

B787

Centralizeddistribution:
circuitbreakers,relays
andcontactors

Remotedistribution:
solidstatepowercontrollers
andcontactors
Unclassified

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B787HybridElectricalPower
DistributionSystem(Cont.)
Thelevelofpowerofthe
B787ramairturbine(RAT)
hasincreaseddramatically
ComparedwithB767
single90to120kVA
perengine
Centerhydraulicsystemispowered
bytwolarge30GPM/5000PSI
electricmotordrivenhydraulic
pumps(230VAC),comparedwith
B767two7GPM/3000PSIelectric
motordrivenpumps+37GPM/3000
PSIsingleairdrivenpump(ADP)
Unclassified

Expandedelectricalsystem
generatingtwiceasmuch
electricitythanconventional
aircraft
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B787AirSystemsDesign

B787EECS

ConventionalECS

Unclassified

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ConventionalVs.ElectricECS
ConventionalECS

ElectricECS

Enginebleedairdeliveredat30PSI/400F.

Electricalcompressorsdeliveredat15PSI/
200Fdeterminedbyminimum
temperatureofozoneconverter.

Aircooledbyairconditioningpack[pri&sec
HEx+AirCycleMachine(ACM)].

Aircooledbyairconditioningpack[pri&
secHEx+AirCycleMachine(ACM)],
requiresgreaterramairmassflow.

Cooledairenterscabinat11.8PSI/60F.
Cooledairenterscabinat11.8PSI/60F.
Muchenergywastedasbleedairisdelivered Systemonlydeliversthenecessaryair
temperaturelimitedbyozoneconverter
atexcessivepressureandtemperature.
characteristics.
Note:ozoneconvertersusedonlyat
Altitudes>xx,000feet.
Physicalinterfacewithengineandpotential
fordistributingairflow.

Reducedinterfacewithengine.

Unclassified

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ConventionalVs.ElectricECS(Cont.)

Typicalmissionprofileconsists
ofrangeanddiversion
(cruisebetween31Kftto41Kft)

PowerRequiredfortheOperationoftheECS
forTwinEngineWideBodyAircraft(A330,B767)
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ActuationSystem

ThefourengineA380adoptedthe2H+2E
conceptusingEHAsandEBHAs.Thetwin
engineB787adoptedthethreechannel
hydraulicsystemapproachwhichismore
conservative.Bothaircraftutilize5000PSI
hydraulicsystems.
A380ElectroHydrostaticActuator(EHA)
Unclassified

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ReliabilityBlockDiagramforElectro
HydrostaticPrimaryFlightControl
ActuationSystem

Theadditionalcomponentsaretheelectricsystempowersupply,theelectric
motorsandthecontrollers.Twinengineaircraftprimaryflightcontrolactuation
systemreliabilityrequirementsof1.00E9/flighthour,canbemetbytwo
separateelectricalpowersystemsoutofthree.
Unclassified

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ImpactofAircraftandEngineDesign
ontheAEAConceptImplication
Theimpactoftheallormoreelectrictechnologiesdependson
theaircraftconfiguration,i.e.:
Numberofengines,
Bypassratio,
Enginepressureratio(PR),
Turbineentrytemperature(TET),
Numberofpassengers,
Aircraftrange,
Sizeoftheaircraft.
Unclassified

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ImpactofAircraftandEngineDesign
ontheAEAConceptImplication(Cont.)
Intheory,fuelsavingincreaseswithnumberofpassengers,
aircraftrange,enginebypassratioandreducednumberof
engines.Significantdecreaseinspecificfuelconsumption
isobservedforlongrangehighcapacityaircraft.
Twinengineaircraftenginesareoversizedinorderto
correspondtothetakeoffconditionswithoneengine
inoperative.Atcruiseconditions,theenginesoperateat
significantlylowerpowersettingandasaresultthepower
extractedintheformofshaftpowerandbleedair,
constitutesalargerpercentageofpowerwaste.

Unclassified

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ImpactofAircraftandEngineDesign
ontheAEAConceptImplication(Cont.)
Theeliminationofshaftpowerandbleedairreducesthe
overallspecificfuelconsumption.
Forfourengineallelectricaircraft,theenginecanbesized
accordinglytominimizetheeffectoftakeoff,suchan
actionbecomesmoredifficultinthecaseoftwinengine
aircraft.
Forflightsafety,thedesignpointoftheelectricalsystem
wouldbetheoneengineinoperativeconditionand
meeting1309regulations,whichmayleadtorelativemore
generatorsandhighermasspenaltiesintwinengine
aircraftthaninfourengineaircraft.
Unclassified

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ImpactoftheAEAConcept
ImplicationonAircraftAerodynamic
Efficiency
Adoptionofallelectrictechnologiescouldreducethe
operatingemptyweightoftheaircraftandcouldleadto
reductioninfuelload,thrustrequired,maximumtakeoff
weight,etc.
Reductionsinmaximumaircrafttakeoffweightcould
reducethewingarea,whichinturncouldallowfor
reducedwingspanandincreasedaspectratio,thus
improvingtheaerodynamicefficiencyoftheaircraft.

Unclassified

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ImpactoftheAEAConcept
ImplicationonAircraftAerodynamic
Efficiency(Cont.)
Reductionsinthrustrequirementsandturbineentry
temperaturecouldreducejetvelocityandnoiseaswell
asNOx emissions.
Reducedsfc,aircraftmassandimprovedaerodynamic
efficiencywouldleadtoreducedfuelconsumptionthus
CO2 emissions.

Unclassified

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MoreElectricEngine(MEE)
InadditiontotheMoreElectricandAllElectricAircraft
(MEA/AEA)concept,thereisanotherresearchdirection
towardssatisfactionoftheincreasingdemandforelectrical
powerintheaircraft MoreElectricEngine(MEE).
AMoreElectricEnginetakestheenginecontrolelements
oftheengine,suchasfuelpumping,oilpumpingand
engineactuationthatareconventionallypoweredthrough
mechanicaland/orfueldraulic meansandconvertsthemto
electricallypoweredoperation.
InspiteofobviousbenefitsoftheMEEitisstillunder
investigationsinceMEEimplementationmeetsalotof
problems.
Unclassified

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MoreElectricEngine(MEE)Challenges
Embeddedgenerator

Theembeddedelectricalmachineandassociatedcontrolprovideelectrical
generationcapabilitiesandtheenginestartfunctionviaelectricalmeans.
However,theembeddedmachineinstallationincreasestheenginelengthand
consequentialincreaseindragduetonacellelengthincrease,aswellas
increaseinengineweightduetoadditionalbearingrequirements and
thereforewouldbedetrimentaltotheoverallefficiency.
Unclassified

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MoreElectricEngine(MEE)Challenges
Openrotorengineorpropfan
(Cont.)

Thepropfanisamodifiedturbofanenginewiththefanplacedoutsidethe
enginenacelleonthesameaxisasthecompressorblades.Thedesignis
intendedtoofferthespeedandperformanceofaturbofan,withthefuel
economyofaturboprop.Twomainalternativesforstartingandgenerating
configurations.

Nosemounted lackof
spacewithinthenose
coneforelectricalmachine
Installation.

Radialshaftdriven complexclutching
mechanismtoallowconnectiontoboth
Lowpower(LP)shaft(start)andfree
power(FP)shaft(generation).
46

Unclassified

IAIMoreElectricAircraft
B737,B747,B767
IAIBedeks FreighterConversions
Replacemain&lowercargocompartmentsmokedetectionsystem
ducted type(pneumatic)byelectricalmulticriteriaopenair ambient
smokedetectorswithCANbuscommunicationtechnologies.
Preandpostconversionflighttestproceduresandresultsapprovedthat
aircraftaerodynamicsperformanceremainsunchanged.

B767200ER
IAIBedeks MultiMissionTankerTransport(MMTT)
Flybywire(FBW)refuelingboomruddervator*
Electricrefuelingboomhoistandtelescope*
*Underdevelopment
Unclassified

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IAIMoreElectricAircraft (Cont.)
NewSuperMidSizeBusinessJetG250
Digitalflybywirespoilersandrudderwithelectro
hydrostaticactuation.
Digitalautobrakebywiresystem.
Superiorcockpitavionicsandinstrumentation[Rockwell
CollinsProLineFusionArchitecture(PlaneView250)].
Improvedcabinaltitudepressurizationsystem7000ftat
FL450.
ConventionalHoneywellHTF7250turbofanengineprovides
therequiredplatformforthemoreelectricairframesystems.
Unclassified

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