CHAPTER 1

INFINITE SERIES
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INFINITE SERIES
Week 1 (a)
Todays Objective :
Determine and contrast the Taylor and Maclaurin
polynomials of functions

INFINITE SERIES
Example:An
Bouncing
Ballseries is an expression of the form
infinite

You drop a ball from aameter

above a flat surface.aEach time the ball hits
1 a2 a3 ...
k
the surface after falling a distance h, it rebounds
a
k 1 distance rh, where r is
positive but less than 1. Find the total distance the ball travels up and down

and the nth partial sum of the series is

n

Sn a1 a2 a3 ... an ak
k 1

If the sequence of partial sums converges to a limit L,

n

S n a1 a2 a3 ... an ak L
k 1

INFINITE SERIES
Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Taylor series at x=c follows the Maclaurin series for each function.
Exponential Series

e x ec ec x c

ec x c
2!

ec x c
3!

cos x cos c x c

x c

sin c

sin x sin c x c

Sine Series

x c

cos c

Logarithmic Series

x c x c
1n x 1n c

Geometric Series

1
1 u u 2 u 3 u 4 ... u k ...
1 u

Cosine Series

2c

x c

sin c

3c

...

sin c ...

cos c ...

3!

x c

k!

3!

2!

...

ec x c

x c

cos c

2!

1 x c

...
k 1

kc

...

And lots more

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Taylor and Maclaurin

Polynomials

Maclaurin Polynomials for f(x) = sin(x).

(Also known as Taylor polynomials at x=0)

f x sin x

x3
P x 0 x
3!

x3 x5 x 7 x9
P x 0 x
3! 5! 7! 9!

P x 0

x3 x5
P x 0 x
3! 5!

x 3 x 5 x 7 x9 x11
P x 0 x
3! 5! 7! 9! 11!

P x 0 x

x3 x5 x 7
P x 0 x
3! 5! 7!

x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x11 x13
P x 0 x

3! 5! 7! 9! 11! 13!

Maclaurin Polynomials for f(x) = cos(x).

(Also known as Taylor polynomials at x=0)

P x 1

x2
P x 1
2!

x2 x4
P x 1
2! 4!

x 2 x 4 x6
P x 1
2! 4! 6!

x 2 x 4 x 6 x8
P x 1
2! 4! 6! 8!

x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 x10
P x 1
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!

x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 x10 x12
P x 1

2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12!

x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 x10 x12 x14

P x 1

2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!

f x cos x

Maclaurin Polynomials for f(x) = e(x).

(Also known as Taylor polynomials at x=0)

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f x ex

P x 1

P x 1

x x

1! 2!

x x x x x

1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

P x 1

P x 1

P x 1

P x 1

x x x

1! 2! 3!

x x x x x x

1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!

x
1!

P x 1

P x 1

x x x x

1! 2! 3! 4!

x x x x x x x

1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!

Taylor and Maclaurin Polynomials.

http://mathdemos.gcsu.edu/mathdemos/TaylorPolynomials/index.html
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INFINITE SERIES
Week 1 (b)
Objective :
Derive the Taylor and Maclaurin series for functions, and its
radius of convergence.

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Suppose there is an open interval I containing c throughout which
the function f and all its derivatives exist. Then the power series

f c
f c
f c
2
3
f c
x c
x c
x c ...
1!
2!
3!
is called the Taylor series of f at c.
The special case where c = 0 is called the
Maclaurin series of f :

f 0
f 0 2 f 0 3
f 0
x
x
x ...
1!
2!
3!
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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Taylor series at x=c. (Remember that for Maclaurin series x=0)
Exponential Series

e x ec ec x c

ec x c
2!

ec x c
3!

cos x cos c x c

x c

sin c

sin x sin c x c

Sine Series

x c

cos c

Logarithmic Series

x c x c
1n x 1n c

Geometric Series

1
1 u u 2 u 3 u 4 ... u k ...
1 u

Cosine Series

2c

x c

sin c

3c

...

sin c ...

cos c ...

3!

x c

k!

3!

2!

...

ec x c

x c

cos c

2!

1 x c

...
k 1

kc

...

And lots more

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Find the Maclaurin series for f x cos x

Solution :
1. Set c=0 (since it is Maclaurin series)
2. Note that f is infinitely differentiable at x=0
f x cos x
f 0 1
f x sin x
f 0 0
f x cos x
f 0 1
f x sin x
f 0 0
4
4
f x cos x
f 0 1
M

f 0
f 0 2 f 0 3
cos x f 0
x
x
x ...
1!
2!
3!

1 x 2 k

x 2 x4 x6
cos x 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
2k !
k 0
k

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

f c
f c
f c
2
3
f c
x

...
1!
2!
3!

Find the Taylor series for :

1. f x e x at c 2
2. f x e x at c 0 (Mac1aurin Series)

3. f x sin x at c 0 (Mac1aurin Series)

4. f x sin x centered at

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

How to define its

Radius of Convergence ?

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

The Ratio Test

We used ratio test because involved k!, kp, or ck

an 1
(i) If lim
L 1, then the series
n a
n

a
n 1

is abso1ute1y convergent

(and therefore convergent).

an 1
an 1
(ii) If lim
L 1 or lim
, then the series
n a
n a
n
n

(iii) If lim

a
n 1

is divergent.

an 1
1, the Ratio Test is inconc1usive; that is, no conc1usion
an

can be drawn about the convergence or divergence of

a .
n

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Radius of Convergence

(i) The series converges on1y when x a.

The radius of convergence is R 0 .

(ii) The series converges for all x.

The radius of convergence is R .

(iii) There is a positive number R such that the series converges
if x a R and diverges if x a R.

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Radius of Convergence

Examp1e 1: n ! x n , 1et an n ! x n . Then

n 0

n 1 ! x n 1
an 1

n 1 x as n x 0 .
n
an
n! x
By the Ratio Test, the series diverges when x 0.
Thus, the given series converges on1y when x 0.
Then, radius of convergence, R 0.

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Radius of Convergence

Examp1e 2:
n 0

x 3
n

x 3

, 1et an

x 3
an 1

an
n 1

n 1

x 3

. Then
x 3

n 1

x 3 x 3 as n
1
1 n
By the Ratio Test, the series is convergent,
when x 3 1 and divergent when x 3 1
Then, radius of convergence, R 1.
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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Radius of Convergence

Examp1e 3:
n 0

1 x
n

2n

n !

2n

1
x

n

2n

, 1et an

2n

n !

. Then

1 x
2 n !
1 x 2
an 1

2 n 1

2
2
n 2n
2

an
2 n 1
2
n 1 ! 1 x
n 1

x2
4 n 1

2 n 1

2n

0 as n

By the Ratio Test, the series converges for a11 x.

Then, radius of convergence, R .
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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Find the Radius of Convergence for :
(Note that, you must determine the Taylor series for below functions first)

1. f x e x at c 2
2. f x e x at c 0 (Mac1aurin Series)

3. f x sin x at c 0 (Mac1aurin Series)

4. f x sin x centered at

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INFINITE SERIES
Week 1 (c)
Todays Objective :
Solve operations with Taylor and Maclaurin series.

25

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Questions :
Proved that :

1
1 x x 2 x 3 ... x k ...
1. The Maclaurin series for 1 x
2. The Taylor series at x = c for

x c
1 x c

x c x c
1n x 1n c

...
...
2
3
k
c
2c
3c
kc
2

k 1

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Now, we look on the

Operations with

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

1
Find the Mac1aurin series for
1 x2
So1ution:
Note that, the Mac1aurin for

1
1 x x 2 ... x k
1 x
k 0

Then, by substitution x x 2 , we have

1
1
k 2k
2
4
6

1 x x x ... 1 x
2
2
1 x 1 x
k 0
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Taylor and Maclaurin Series

5 2x
1. f x
3 2x

Hint: Use long division and

modifying a geometric series

1 x

2. 1n

3. cos x 2
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THE END
DO YOUR TUTORIAL !!
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