Dakhin Asia Je Bolyun Aen Lapyun Je Directory

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2010

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Catalogue Reference
Bukhari, Hakim Ali Shah & Memon, Muhammad Usman
Directory of Languages and Scripts of South Asia
Sindhi Language
Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad
ISBN 978-969-9098-35-2
Directory of Languages and scripts of South Asia

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Hakim Ali Shah Bukhari & Muhammad Usman Memon

Dr. Fahmida Hussain
First 2010
1000
Rs:300/Hussain Memon & Ahsan Laghari
Asadullah Bhutto
Taj Joyo, Secretary, Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad, National
Highway, Hyderabad, Sindh, 71000, Pakistan.
022-9240050-53
022-9240051
sindhila@yahoo.com
www.sindhila.org
Pakeeza Printers, Hyderabad
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Sivapithcus Dryopithecus
Mid Miocene
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Ramapithecus
Late Miocene & Early Piliocene
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Australopithecus & Paranthropus

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Homo Habilis & Homo Ergaster

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Homo erectus and Pithecanthropus

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(1 45000 -30000 CSb
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Homo- Sapiens
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.I% u$9I%! E F(G (10) u$[1
. !" ,,/ ,;(W , (Speech) g( 9 -X(B(J < (/ ! :Australopithecus Paranthropus
K -=>1 H(G FK1 E F(G =G ! .(& f( %=>1 u$96%tG ( p( %LIG !
.,& =[1 \L ,H(/ ` E ! .(& ==>1 K$!(1
FI7 "@d.W$/ (9 X$; 81 < ! Homo erectus, Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus
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.,& =\L V/ )B E K,n ;
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10
K ;` :!IN 7 ,%B,M Ì! 7 m,T;(E . !" ptB E (9 f ,%tB S% (2)
::* !" (%W _! .!" :? ,
Origin of languages is traced into involuntary animal- like sounds, promoted by interesting sight and
feelings and to attempt to imitate sounds.
s B,M (9 g I!(/ ( (9I? .,& ,L p%o 1 %\1 ,1 E s B,M 7K(/
Ding dong (9 Pooh Pooh, Bow Bow, Yo He Yo ]/

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Throughout a million or more years population have been constantly dropping items from or adding
their linguistic heritage. All such languages have changed so profoundly, and at such a pace that no known
languages offer the slightest clue as to the kind of language spoken in early Pleistocene. (Before 1000000
years) General Anthropology by Melville Jacobs and B. Stern.
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If culture is, as many scholars think, a communicable intelligence, and writing is, one of the most
important means of communication, the only one indeed which can defy time and space- it is not an
exaggeration to any that writing is the main currency of mans civilization. Where ever there has been
civilization there have been writing and reading in the remote past as in the present day. Written langaue has
become the vehicle of civilization, and so of learning and education; writing is thus one of the main aspects of
culture which clearly distinguish mankind from the animal world.
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12
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Egyptology, Sinology, Hittilogy, Graphology, Anthropology, Nethology, 6 dtB >9$ 7 (oI?
ptB :1,B(? K, a (1 B,o I% Assyriology, Alphabetology, Philology, Glottology
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14
We are also unable to decide whether the cuneiform system was invented in Mesopotamia or elsewhere, which
seems more probable. The question of the origin of the early linear script of the Elamites of the Hierglyphic
writing ..... and the Indus valley script which have probably some connection with the origins of cuneiforem
writing makes the whole problem stillmore intricate.
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39
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40
41
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41
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42
42
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43
44
44
45
45
45
46
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
49
49
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49
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28
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49
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50
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50
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51
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51
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51 Andoman Creole Hindi D */2 R%
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55
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56
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57
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57
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58
(Oriya, Desia) 2 2K /2
58
59
60
60
60
61
61
61
63
63
65
65
66
29
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66
66
67
67
68
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68
68
71
72
72
73
74
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74
74
75
75
75
76
76

(Bushkurk) 57
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77
77
78
78
79
79
81
82
82
82
83
83
83
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84
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30
84
84
85
85
85
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86
86
86
87
87
87
88
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88
88
89
89
91
91
93
95
96
96
96
97
97
97
97
98
98
98
99
99
100
31
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100
101
102
102
103
103
104
105
107
107
107
108
109
109
109

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(Tharu, Chitwania) %/I
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110
110
110
110
111
111
112
112
112
112
114
115
115
115
116
116
117
(Perbhati Eastern) A7 :}

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117
(Panjabi Mirpur) / TD

32
118
118
118
119
119
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119
120
120
120
121
121
121
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121
122
122
122
123
123
123
124
124
124
124
125
125
33
(Jandavra) D+
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125
126
126
126
126
127
127
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128
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128
128
129
129
129
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130
130
130
130
131
131
131
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132
132
132
133
133
133
134
137
138
138
139
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134
134
135
135
135
135
136
136
137

(Chin Khumi) /
34
35
139
139
140
140
143
143
143
143
144
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144
144
145
145
145
145
146
146
147
147
147
148
148
149
149
150
150
151
151
151
153
153
153
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153
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154
154
154
155
155
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155
156
156
156
157
157
157
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157
158
158
159
160
161
162
165
165
166
167
167
168
168
168
170
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Coreoli Malay
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Santali Alphabet *ID
171
171
172
Santali *D
Sindhi OD
Sindhi Bhil N} OD
165

Sirlankan
36
172
174
175
177
178
180
180
181
181
182
182
182
183
183
183
183
184
184
185
186
186
186
187
187
187
188
190
190
190
37
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191
191
191
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192
Kaikadi

192
192
193
193
193
Kalami &
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193
194
194
195
195
196
196
Kupia
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196
197
197
197
198
199
199
204
204
205
205
(Kashmiri Script) *7

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205
(Kadiyo) 2K/ /2/
200
201
201
201
202
203
203
204
204

38
205
206
206
206
207
(Koraku) //
(Korku) //
(Korwa) /
(Kurux) /
(Kurumba, Beta) /
207
208
208
208
209
209
209
(Kurumba Jennu) /D+ /

(Kurumbha) {/
(Kurunga, Alu) /*
%/
(Korichiya) 2/
(Korega Kora) / 2/
(Korega Mudu) /
2/
(Kok Borok) /
(Kolami, North wetren) : &/
(Kolami South esten) A7 9 &/

(Kulung) %/*/
209
210
210
210
211
211
212
39
212
213
213
213
214
214
214
215
215
215
216
216
217
(Koli Parkari) * /

(Koli, Kachi) */ */
(Koli Wadiyara) 29* /
(Kom) /
(Kumauni) %//
%/
(Konkani) %5%/
(Konkani Goanese) a%/ D5%/
(Kuvi) /
(Kohistani Sindhu/ Indus) OD %I/
(Kui) /
(Koireng) %/
(Koya) 2/
(Kalasha) (
(Camling) D
(Khamti) I
(Khitan) I
218
(Khirwar)

219
219
220
220
220
(Khandesi) 2D
(Khowar) /
(Khetarani) %I
(Kharia) 2
(Kharia Thar) - 2
220
221
221
223
223
225
225
(Gata) :
(Garo)
(Gupta) I
(Gujarati) */4 :T
(Gujrati) *:T
(Gadaba Pottang Ollar) * D:/ R
(Gadaba Mundili) 2OD R
(Gurgula) (
(Gurmukhi Script) *
(Grantha Script) *%
225
226
228
230
230
230
230
234
235
235
236
(Groma)
(Gurun)
(Garasia Adiwasi) 72
(Garasia Rajput) /+ 72
(Gadaba Bodo) / E
(Gaddi) R E
(Gandhari) OD
(Gangte) ID
(Gawar Bati) I /
(Godari) +/ /+/
(Godwari) /
(Gowro) /
Gori //
(Goaria) 2/ /2/
(Goondi Northern) 2: %/
(Gondi, Southern) j9 %/
(Gowlan) &/ &/
236
(Gowli) * / */
231
231
231
232
232
233
233
234
234

40
236
237
237
237
238
238
239
239
240
241
241
242
243
243
244
244
246
247
247
247
248
248
248
249
249
249
250
250
250
251
251
251
252
41
(Gahri)
(Gamit) r
(Ghera)
(Ladakhi) @*
(Lisu) /*
(Lambdi) *
(Lamkong) %5*
(Landa Script) RD*
(Lodhi) Z/*
(Loarki) /*
(Lontara and Makasar Script) M I%/*
(Lohar Gadi) E /*
(Lohar Lahul) N*
/*
(Landa/ Lahnda) D*
(Lepcha) *
(Lepcha) * *
(Marwari) K
(Maria)
2
(Maria Dandami) %
2
(Magar Eastren) A7
(Mala Pandaram) D&
(Malavadan) 2&
(Mal Paharia) K
(Maldevian) 2* //2*
(Malan Kurawan) /
*
(Manna Dora) !%
(Mannan) %
(Hmoong Njua) 2/T% %
(Malvi) /*
(Maiyan)
(Miju- Mishmi) 7 /T
(Majhwar) K/T
(Mahali) * /

252
252
253
253
253
(Mirgan)
(Mru)
(Mizo) a
(Magahi)
(Malaryan) 2(
254
254
256
256
257
257
257
(Malayam/ Malayalum) *2( /2(

(Malayalum) * *2(
(Mina) D / D
(Munji) TD
(Manda) D
(Mundari) D
(Mundari Script) *D
(Mandeali) *2RD
(Manangba) DD
(Mani Puri) / D
258
259
259
261
261
262
263
263
263
264
264
265
265

(Mawachi) / / /

(Muthuwan) /-/
(Modi Script) */
(Muria Farwestern) 9 2/
(Muria, Eastern) A7 2/

(Muria, Westren) 2/
(Musasa) /
(Mugom) /
(Moinba) D/
(Meiti) I
(Maithili)
(Marathi) q / q
(Marathi Script) *q / q
266
267
267
268
269
269
270
(Memoni) j
(Mewati) :/
(Mewari) /
(Meohang Eastern) A7 %/
270
(Meohang, Westren) %/

42
270
271
271
271
272
(Na) %
(Naaba) %
(Nachering) %%
(Pnar) %
(Narphu) /%
272
272
272
273
273
273
274
(Naga, Ao) / %
(Naga, Northern Rengma) D2 2: %
(Naga Inpui) /% %
(Naga, Angami) % %
(Naga Tutsa) I: %
(Naga Tarao) /:%
(Naga, Thangal) D- %
(Naga, Thang Khul) N D- %
(Naga Pidgin) R %
(Naga, Purum) / %
274
275
275
275
276
276
276
280
280
280
281
(Naga, Puimi) / %

(Naga chang) D %
(Naga, chokri) / %
(Naga, Southeren Rengma) D2 j9 %
(Naga, Rongmei) % %
(Naga, Zeme) 2 %
(Naga, Mzeme) 2 %
(Naga Sangtam) ID %
(Naga, Sumi) / %
(Naga, Phom) / %
(Naga Cothe) -/ %
(Naga Kharam) %
(Naga, Khoibu) // %
(Naga, Kezha) a %
(Naga, Khiam niungan) /% %
(Naga, lotha) -/* %
(Naga, Laing mai) D* %
281
(Naga, Maran) %
277
277
277
278
278
278
279
279
279
43

281
(Naga, Marang) % %
281
(Naga, Mao) / %
282
(Naga, Mon Sang) D / %
282
(Maga, Moyon) /2/ %
283
(Naga, nocte) /% %
283
283
(Naga, Wancho) /% %
(Naga, Yimchungru) D2 %
284
(Nubri) %
284
(Nisi) %
285
(Nafamese) a%
285
(Nicobarese, Car) /5%
285
(Nicobarese, Central) D /5%
285
(Nagar chal) N%
286
(Nimadi) %
286
(Newar) /%
287
(Nahari) %
287
(Nahali) *%
288
(Nepali) *%
288
(Wakhi) @
289
(Waddar) 9
289
(War)
290
(Varli) *
290
(Warang Ksiti) %
291
(Vasavi)
291
(Wagdi) E
292
292
(Vaagri Boli) */4

(Vaghri)
292
293
(Waling) D*
(Vaiphei)
44
293
293
293
294
294
(Waigali)
(Vatteluthu, Script) /-a: //:/:
(Varhadi- Nagpuri) /%
(Vishavan) /
(Walungge) %/*
294
295
295
295
296
296
296
(Wambule) /
(Waneci) D2
(Haruati) I
(Hajong) %/T
(Hruso) /
(Haryanvi) /%2
(Hazaragi) a / a
(Halbi)
(Hmar)
(Hindko) /D
297
297
297
298
298
299
299
299
300
300
300
302
305
310
311
(Hindi) D
(Ho) /
(Holiya) */
(Helombu Sherpa) /
(Yakha) 2
(Yudgha) 2
(Yarukula) &/2
(Yamphe) 2
`* -/d
-/d
-/d
/
45

Aariya
: A
:!6J wS%b 1 -( 4 -(d1 -,9K -(G -:%* K,GId r9IG :9/ (d1$!
. & f X(B(J < X]Y
.C%K F
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Asamese -K
: A
.(%/(1" ?(1"
.;(9(/ I
:? < r9( ?[]b,^ m,1 (E (1" r9IG CL (;K( d1$! B,M s !
< (%; K -X(B(J 15,33000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J
.(\! ,,/
/(1" . !" (/ $;(W ;(?@ /(1" B([? ;I9 -$! X(%GK,9 -$!
K,n C9K1 I7IG [(`/ ,;(?@ X(9K B([? ([7
.!" (/ (4 $;I^ r;IhG
s qB (dqN (S% "! ,,/ < K,n s qB /(1" qB s B,M !
! .( qB IN(; ,1) !" c.d3/ :=7 (E sIN(; !" K,n C9K1
. !" $9 tB I l(1 (E M(E
H < J(/ K(; 1 .(& ./ ( ;(dtB /(1" ( E K HIG
! . !" qB ;,>; B([? ! . !" C%tB B,M ! * %B(& /(b
< 1813 C%7 ,>I* , (/I4 K(>*" C%X(? $/ (d7 ,9IG < @?(
.,! < s qB /(1" ,S% ,%q
< s qB ! @?(.!" %n In
37 p.Y Io
$Y 22 < s qB !
c.d3/ =9 10 :? m,1 (E "! 18 $V* , (conjunct -= )`9 C98N

.I%( E -E -p7 :\% .!" C96 mg @"
Vowels and vowel diacritics p.Y Io
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(

:$;(W
:$;(W
: qB
:9K(* s qB
:_u,
46
Consonants =9 /%n Io
Some conjunct consonants =9 k7I/ / `7
Amri -
: A
. ?I7 I/"
( & f X(B(J < ?[(:B( S%) !" u$./ (1 s B,M ?IY 6S%1 90 B,M !
. !" u$./ (1 %B,M ;(& L B 9K 6S%1 75
K -E s$; Idq>!I? m,1 (E V. I7 (1" (d1$! B,M s !
K(? _.? ?]XK (N I!,B ?$L 8N (1 K(7
?K,? (dT? ? $G
! . & f X(B(J < V. a.! 1(7 (9g :[%/ 1,E !(7 Id%E K,G(;,1
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 125000 k,/ *(6G 2003 ( s B,M
. !" (/ ; %B,M _9I%/ /I? - d* d* - %L
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
Ao
: A
.%T[;,/ -2 .[L -1 .!" (;,>; :M ( s B,M !

eN 1(G $B ,X" %T[;,/ .(& %X(B(J ,H(/ ( .% ,X" 6S%1 60 .[L
.%X(B(J (=B \M ,H(/ (eN . !" XK
.,X]Y ,.?( K p?IG (N(; , (d1$!
. !" (/ 6%7 %B,M X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L B,M s !
:(=B
47
: IN(
:$;(W

,X" .[L < W /K K]7 ,%.? Ki9 IDT/ < 1880 3B w1K , s B,M !
s B,M ! < 1964 .,! $7 %.* k!/ X(T%Y ko(n ! .,! ,9u, mg s B,M
. !" ,%q $/ C%X(? <
.!" (consonants) =9 /%n Io 20 (vowels) p.Y IY 6 < s B,M %T[;,/ ,X"
. f tB < 3B w1K /K
: qB
:_u,
:ptB
Aiton
: A
(%;,D9
! (1 s B,M (Shin) 4 (/I? m,1 (E !" ,=9 E =B B,M S
.,& ./ ,=B ,
,! ? %? ;K,? m,1 (E ?,n (Kerbi) ?I7 (1" !I (d1$!
,,/ u$%X(B(J ( ! < ,J ([%* g,!K(? g,! SL H(%.7 IG .? K,/
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 5000 ( s B,M ! k,/ *(6G 2000 (1 .!"
. !" (/ ; %B,M X(* X(* (7 (9i;(7 X(*
.(& ./ < (1" (;,>; :=7 ( ptB ! . & f tB < (D%X" wT qB (4 !
:,B(; ,%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
Athpariya \
: A
;(T%7 (Arthare) K(&K (Athpre) Iq& (Athpariya Rai) mK (9K(G (Athpare) K(q&
.(Khesan Jamindar Rai) mK K$%>
(=B \M IG !" B,M u$./ (1 (Drankuta) (*,S;` (Belhar) K(.%? B,M (9K(q&
u$./ :? (1 s B,M ,>B :=7 .=>1 (& N E =B \M _! u$%X(B(J
.=>1 (& N :? ,>B IG !"
1995 . & f X(B(J < K,>%* I*@ @ ,7 < V. ,X,S;` (q%;
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 560744 ( ! k,/ K,GK
. !" (/ (4 K I^ %B,M d;I7(/ X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < W IN(;,9
$! ! . !" ,.% K(q& . !" B,M u(G s ! .(& L=( B 21 < (4 K d;I7(/
.7 :? ,GK(! 7 (& 9u, (/(1 ,%M (! (/ .E K,;( I7 ,eN !" M
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
Atong _
: A
.& u$./ ,=B (1 %B,M (^K L,7

. & f X(B(J < o 7 ?,n (1" (d1$! B,M s !
%B,M ,7 K(N K,? _9(;,7 , - /I? - d* d* - %L B,M s !
. !" (/ $;(W
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
Apatani P7
: A

48
(G"
,B(N E ! 1I\9IN IDT/ . !" ,=B u$./ (1 B,M (Sanni) 1 , s B,M !
. !" ,%tB I7 ,=B , s B,M
d1 B I9@ B,q%! < V. I%1 1 r9IG CL (;K (1" (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 23000 ( ! k,/ *(6G 1997 . & f X(B(J < ,J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(* /I? - d* d* - %L
< *K,Y 6S%1 6 w%.V* < I/ .%X(B(J :? ,%B,M /((; /(1" -$! ,H(/
.!" :dT?( 1 K(S4 pYK@ . !" ,.% ,.?( B(; *(G ! . !" 6S%1 _!
.!" X(T%Y $! K, !/
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
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:$;(W
:(%? _9`
A-Puckiwar *
: A
D%M (/i; %M *K,G K, (W . & f X(B(J < D%M (d1$! B,M s !

s ! .(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 24 In ( ! k,/ *(6G 2000 .K(7 ,eE ,
. !" :;(7 ,,/ qB (9 ptB ! . !" (/ %B,M u$;I/
: IN(
Achang
: A
. TS%B ([%B ,X(L ;g ([%/ (N ,/ 1 (N !" L ;(L,N

:=>1 E K -X(B(J =B \M ,=B :?,7 (/ (& f( 9M (=B b ( s B,M !
K `)B u,E (E s B,M X s B,M ! . !" c.d3/ ,=B ,X(L ;g < ;6/ . L ,; <
B,M s ! mg !" )B XId%7 ( s B,M %L < =B TS%B [%B .!" (*K
(*,9@ 4g K(/ - (/I? ,=B , s B,M ! . !" =9( 7 E s B,M %L
(eN K -X(B(J =B ! IG !" wX( ,=B ,X(L ;g . !" u$./ (1 =B %B,M
* V,/ (W 7 B,M ;(L( Han) ! (eN .!" (%!K I7 I=! ; %L ,H(/
. !" M k!/ $1 !" K(!,B K(! ,H(/ u(G ! .(& EK I ,L (& %X(B(J
X 9 < %L . & f X(B(J < TSB *(,G ;g X]Y $oI1 (/I?
. & f X(B(J B,M ! < V. 4,X(? ,q[
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M /I? /I? -,B,B /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < W /K B,M !
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
Achchami -g
: A
.(%*(ÎG /( B(q%; a%B(q%; K,7 (W .NIN .EK,N u(G I/

B(q%; B(q%; .%. .%* [=? u(d%? :!" (=B ;I%* C7 ( s B,M !
B(q%; ,7 B(7 B(q%; .% K B(q%; B,LK B(q%; ;(b,^ B(q%; BK,=?
.IE,G B(q%; I^ -I* B(q%; i>DE
:g(; (%M
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49

. & f X(B(J < (q%; %L (d1$! B,M s !
: IN(
Idu- mishmi '--
: A
.(%B $%G / (*(7 B,G

E ! . !" C9I (E s B,M I%N,? IG !" ,=9 E s B,M >/ K(N B,M s !
(1 s B,M ,=%/ 6S%1 7 < =B B,M s ! .,& =[1 \L ,=B , s B,M ,%/
. & EK X6=9( 1 s B,M K(N 6S%1 25
:? < %L m,1 (E ?[(:B( 1" .9 9 r9IG CL (;K( d1$!
. & f X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M /I? - d* d* - %L s !
. & f tB < s qB d* s ! < %L
pYK@ K(S4 ! .!" :;,7 ( IN ;(* ! !" ,.% , (d1$! /
.H :? 6q7 :* 9K(/ :? / .%E,G _e7 (b(DG I7 ,eN .!" ,B :dT?( 1
X(T%Y 7 !" $! M K, !/ %X(B(J (1 K" B(q%; $! /(1" !
.!" (%& :?
:g(; (%M
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:$;(W
:(%? _9`
:K(>9K
Adi
: A
.,& f ,981 :? (1 B(; (?(B K,? K,^ E !

K(S>7 ,7I7 K,? I7,? * m,1 (E !" ,=B K(%V/ , ! $G
< 1993 .!" (=B ( ! > *[(4 ,/K 1(G [G ,%.%G ;(9 / ./
.[1 [* [? I7,? ./ *(G < p1I K= B %B,M ;(* %1 IDT/
B,M s ! .!" ( s B,M =( B ! < Cn IG !" (%7 K g(; ( (-E) (9"
. & EK pT; Io (7 :? (1 s B,M (?,B ^ B,M s ! . !" u$. u$./ (1 ,B(N
X(B(J :? < %L m,1 (E V. %? ;(%1 r9IG CL (;K (1" (d1$!
< (%; K,G 110000 < (d1$! ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f
.(\! K -X(B(J 111088 p%>1 (d1$!
. !" (/ %B,M $;(W ;(* /(1" I* /I? - d* d* - %L B,M s !
, IN ;(* $;I^ ,S% !" ,.% B(; .,.?( !" V/ )B
(/ %B,M d* )B (eN .(& %& uj; (vowels) p.Y Io ( s B,M . X(B(J ,%B,M
K, !/ d( .!" :? K(S4 7 . !" :dT?( 1 pYK@ ,.% ! .!" C*K
\%>[;@,B,9 o K p* -E B,M s ! < %L .!" $! X(T%Y !
f X(B(J (1 K(7 (Luoyu Sea) i>1 ,9,B K(7 s$; (Zuluzangtiaing)
:?(7 M S% !" 6! 400 (/ !" u$%X(B(J 1088 < %L ( s B,M ! . &
.!" ,H(/ ,.?( %L ! .7 (& :; B,M
. !" X" :; < ptB B,M !
:g(; (%M
:,=B

: IN(
:$;(W
:9K(*
:ptB
50
Adi, Galo
: A
.(%=B K(7 B(N K,? B(N

C%/ (1 =B %M .;]%N / I%/ IS/,7 I%1 $G $G
. !" B K, d( IG X(E
;(L I&(/ ? ;(%1 I^ ;(%1 :B r9IG CL (;K( d1$! B,M s !
! k,/ K,GK 2004 . & f X(B(J < (I* )B ;(L (I^ ! )B
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 150000 ( s B,M
. !" (/ ; %B,M ;(* (1" I* /I? - d* d* - %L B,M s !
6S%1 40 ( (d! !" /K ptB ! .(& %& INIG ( ,9i9K < s B,M !
.!" C%!6G ,H(/
< K j; suIM B,M s ! . !" ,.% _! , (d1$! ,B(N
K(%V/ E K ,B(N IG !" $G ,=B K(%V/ , s B,M :* \% !"
s B,M ! .%X(B(J :? /(1" 7 :* $! 7 .%/ E =B ,B(N ! .%/ :;,7
.%X(B(J a9I[; $! S% !" :? < , u$%X(B(J (eN (
:g(; (%M
:(=B
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:$;(W
:ptB
:9K(*
Arakanese oP*
: A
(/ (Mogh) :N,/ (Yakhaing) %E(9 (Yakan) 7(9 (Morma) (/K,/ (Maghi) N(/
.(Rakhine) %EK (Mash)
81 ,B(; :[%/ :N,/ N(/ (/K(/ < r9 ?[].,L :? /I? K(%V/I% E !
.!" XK (=B K r9( ?[]%J(1 :? < (d1$! I s6! . .! ,eN ,=B %EK (/K(/
< %L :* !" S>/ . & f X(B(J < I^ -E ?,n (Arakan) (7K( /I?
730000 $V* , K -X(B(J s B,M ! < (/I? !(; _G IG =! K -X(B(J 7
24000 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! < (d1$! B :M < r9 ?[]:* !8
!" ,X]Y u(G B(; (/K(/ < X]Y u(G ;([DL r9 ?[]. !" Ka!
:B( Mombusu) ,1,/,/ Ka/ K,G Ib (1" (d1$! . & =X(B(J :? *
. & f X(B(J < ?[(
. !" (/ (4 eE %B,M /I? -,B,B /I? - d* d* - %L
( qB /I? ,1) & =tB < s qB /I? < (/I?
d! .!" ( "?(E nIY (7 ,B /I? < r9 ?[](& %X(B(J >(.T/ < (/I?
X(B(J B,M s ! ,.% (Magh) :[%/ < (d1$! .(& %X(B(J X(T%Y `,M >(.T/
w%.V* d! IG & f ; w%.V* I>XIG d !" ,S1 :=7 < Ka/ .,&
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.!" :? X(T%Y 7 !"
:g(; (%M
51
:(=B
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Urali
: A
.(Uraly) BK( Oorazhi) !@K

B,M s ! K, HI7(9 . & EK X6=S! (1 %B,M 67 gK C/(* B,M s !
. & EK X6=S! (1 s B,M C/(* 6S%1 54 (1 wB(9]/ 6S%1 60
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. !" (/ $;(W %B,M 67 C/(* eE -uK
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:,=B
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Aranadan
: A
.%;$9K( d9K
;(K
1981 . & f X(B(J < _b(;I7 (; C/(* [. :BI%7 ?,n (d1$!
. !" B,M u$%& wdW s ! .(\! (%? u$%X(B(J 236 In ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
. !" (/ ; %B,M wB(9]/ C/(* -,N,7 C/(* -(; C/(* -uK %eE
wB(9]/ ,H(/ ! . & 81 B,M (9,G B(; !" ,.% , (d1$! ;(K
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,%4 (/ K .E K,;( S% !" ,H(/ ( Ka/ I7 ,eN !
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(Urdu)
: A
.K( Undri) K$; - /]1

: E !" (9 & C/(4 )B (eN ( s 1K( ?IY < ! IG & EK p?(/ (1 s$!
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< $oI1 (dTL,.? 1 =(G mg . !" ? @?(K /, (dT7(G !
:? >(.T/ ( s .!>( .T/ ( I%>7 ,>l (d1$! . & f>= 1 !6G
X Id%7 (%; . & f X(B(J :? < ID4K(/ m,1 (E E"?( K$%o (! .%X(B(J
I9 (dT;( i%.[; (S9I/" < & f>= 1 B,M s ! < S./
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52
,%=>1 ,! I7 X6=S! (1 s ;(d1$! (9 s$! ! < (dT7(G (d1$!

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: A
(7g (%M .,& !K C/(4 K, _9(h1 " < !" qB wT $G Io s !

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< !" 6 @?($! K .!" (7 I!( .%1 $/ $4 I?@ I9@
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! < `. !" ,;,>; X , W 1K( CS.? !" 35 $V* , =9 < %?()B!
;I9 -$! Cn s ! :* (& =>1 wB(Y 7 * (%? !" $Y 15 @( "e7`
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. !" B,M u$EK K C%B$? , s$! !
Urdu abjad $=? K
Urdu numerals ; K
53

Sample text in Urdu ,;,>; , ptB K
Irula t
: A
,T%L,7 I=%BK (=%BK gK !@,/ IBK BK K g(7K .9K

.K,7
6S%1 73 ,=B K(7 p9 .K(7 p9 gK 9I* (gK eE )gK$; I.GgK
C/(* 6S%1 50 (E 6S%1 47 ,=B K(7 p9 ,J(1 . !" u$./ (1 s B,M ;(.%/
. !" u$./ :? (1 s B,M
X]Y r9IG K;" gI%7 _b(;I7 K,? w7 I%N C%; (; C/(* (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2000 k,/ K,GK 1998 ( s B,M ! . & f X(B(J <
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M uK s !
:g(; (%M
:(=B
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Are Bahshe #u
: A
.!" $%X(B(J ,H(/ ( u,N B,M s ! . !" ,=B , B,M 67 ! :u,N
:!6J IT7 m,1 (E 67 (-E) (7 V. g /([? :%B,1 ( (d1$!
1997 . & f X(B(J < .V* K,7 V. _b(;I7 gI%7 V.
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 3000 ( s B,M ! k,/ *(6G
:,=B
: IN(
Stod Bhoti _u

K
: A
.67(D1( Lahal Bhoti) b,^ C!g (Tod-kod) 67(b (Tod) (b

.K(%/ ( *,^ K(T7,E) K(T7,E (D1
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.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2500 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1996 . & f
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K7 d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < s qB d* IN(;,9 B,M s !
. \& >(Vd1 * H !/ (9 IN b,^ (D1 .7 >(Vd1 $! < K(G ,H(/ !
. ./ w%.V* < s B,M K(/ =G %E :* !" r!,W !
:g(; (%M
:(=B
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s ! K,
HI7(9 . !" ,=9

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(Spiti Bhoti) 7u K
: A
(Piti Bhoti) *,^ d%G

*,^ (D1 c.d3/ (E s B,M W$B B,M s !
:,B(; ,%M
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54
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b,^ (D1 6S%1 57 (1 W$B 6S%1 57 (1 d* (1(B 6S%1 41 B,M

. !" u$./
K,GK 2000 . & f X(B(J < V. d%q1 ,!g r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! :! ( ! k,/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K7 d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
: IN(
(Asuri) K
: A
.K,1( D%./ (Asura) K,1 (Ashree) I4

. d;K,7 =;(/ :%I?
K,G :\ :!6J %d :!6J mK (N I!,B iE K( ]>N K,qN(; (b, (d1$!
k,/ *(6G 2001 . & f X(B(J < ?[(:B K,G Ch;(1 (T9u ID4K(/
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 16596 ( s B,M !
. !" (/ ; %B,M u$/ uIE $/ I* $/ X(%9 ID1"

,H(/ ! . & 81 B,M (9,G B(; !" ]% ( (d1$! \M K,1 I?
!/ ! . N :? (E 6S%1 _! w%.V* .%X(B(J :? ,%B,M K$/ B([?
.!" $! K,
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(Ushojo) #
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(Ushoji) ,4
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23 (1 K(d%? 6S%1 27 (1 K,. K,\? 6S%1 31 (1 BK,* 6S%1 35 (1
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M (Kalkoti) b,SB(7 6S%1 22 (1 /g(7 6S%1
K,GK 1992 . & f X(B(J < sI&(/ IN ? ,1 B,M s ! < (dT7(G
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2000 ( ! k,/
K %B,M (4 %B,M K %!g I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
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:? BK,* & .! K ^( eN < B,S1 . & \& >(Vd1 ,eN K, s B,M M
\! X" :;(7 < I; I!(/ (%;(TB %X(* 1989 B,M s ! . & \& >(Vd1
. !" B,M W ;(dT!,7 1 ! . !" ,%& :;,7 :? w7 , %* * ! mg
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55
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(Aka- Bea) -*
: A
.(Bojingi) [,?
(Baida) i%? (Bea) ? (Beada) i%?
>(9i; K(7 i;,/(1 i%B K ((d1$!)
. f X(B(J & :;(7 H(! (S%
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(Aka-jeru) *
: A
.(Jeru) I% (Yerawa) I9

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. !" :;,7 ,,/
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(Aka- Cari) *-*
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* D%M j; j; %M B (1 >( 9i;( d1$!
. f & :;(7 X(B(J :? 7 H(! B,M
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(Aka- kol) *-*
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s ! . \! $9
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56
s B,M ! :?
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: A
. ;(9 %X" (Chako) ,7(E (Ahka) (S! (E (Ko) ,7 (Ekwa),7 (Kaw) ,7

.(Asong) ;(1 ,7
:B -E %L m,1 (E 1(G $;I^ %D1( 4 * %7 B,M s ! < (/I?
f X(B(J < (D9( < 9K([L i%.%X(& < ?,n B(1 ,Xg < ;(,9
. !" B,M H(/ 450000 C7 < (%; .!" ,,/ K -X(B(J B :M ( ! < (/I? . &
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M /I? -,B,B /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < (/I? < W /I?
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: A
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< X]Y K,G@I/ I/ IN" (r9IG I* )K,G (T.? ]%/ r9IG :9/ B,M s !
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 55757 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1981 . & f X(B(J
.%X(B(J :? $! u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !
. !" (/ ; %B,M uI%E X$/ I* $/ X(%9 -ID1" B,M s !
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:(%? _9`
(Ullatan) 7t
: A
.(Ulladan) g( Kattulan) g(*(7 (Katan) (*(7

K,GK 1991 . & f X(B(J < I% K,G I* i7g(G gI%7 (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 14850 ( ! k,/
.C%K F uK
< !6G %X(B(J B,M wB(9]/ I7 ,eN ,B ! . !" :;(7 < ptB B,M s !
(Kochu) ,L,7 g,9 .%X(B(J *(g < IN . !" 6S%1 67 I4 w%.V* $1
:* !" (%W , / 7 . !" B,M K(/ s ! !" ]% ( (d1$!
%!( (/(1 , =(1 K,;( ,B ! . !" B,M K(/ ! wB(9]/
.!" $! K, !/ s ! .7 Ka/ 7 I7,;
:g(; (%M
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57
H(! \! $9
X(B(J
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Allar)
: A
.(Alar) Kg( Alan mar) K(/ B (Alan) B
:g(; (%M

K,GK
1994 . & f X(B(J < V. K,Gg(/ I7g(G :BI%7 (d1$!

. !" B,M ,,/ ! .(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 350 ( s B,M ! k,/
.C%K F uK
: IN(
Andh O
: A
;
;(ÎG I9$; (;,.? "?(K$%o ; "?(K g,7 ID4K(/ (d1$! B,M s !
K -X(B(J Ka! 80000 ( ! k,/ *(6G 1991 . & f X(B(J < r9IG :9/
.(\! ,,/
. !" ,%& :; w7 V ,7 (f p?(? $;(W !
:? ; B,M =G (& %X(B(J I%/ I7 ,eN ! . !" ,.% _! , (d1$! ;
$! K, !/ .!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ I7 ,eN & 6S%1 _! w%.V* .%X(B(J
:,B(; ,%M
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:(%? _9`
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:ptB
Andoman Creole Hindi &PN * -}
: A
$! /i;
:,B(; ,%M
.& ,=B u$. u$./ (1 =B %B,M wB(9]/ B([? K(; d1$!
I\%.? K$? I\%.? K, (W . & f X(B(J * D%M K(?,S; >(9i;( d1$!
2002 (1 .!" u,E K -X(B(J s B,M ! < ,J E %B(L K -E K$?
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 31000 ( ! k,/ sK(>/ "
:,=B
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:$;(W
(Indo- Portuguese) o -}
: A
.& I* ,n 6 s B,M C/(* . !" (/ $;(W %B,M BI%7 s !

2000 (1 < (S.9I1 . & f X(B(J < K,>%* I^( d1$! (S.9I1 s !
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 700 < (d1$! 3406 ( ! k,/ K,GK
. !" B,M (%? a%N,LK,G - BI%7
%* eN * ! . !" X" m,G ,! :;,7 d! , , s B,M ! ( E 1656
.!" $%X(B(J C/(* I7 ,eN :* :; (& %X(B(J < IN ,H(/ B,M s ! . !" C?IN
:,=B
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. & f X(B(J < s I9
(English) o
: A
/I? (East Angilia) K(%.%.[; I^ (Geordi) K,N (Scouse) ,1 (Cockney) 7,7
:(=B

58
(Cumber i%BI>7 (Cornwal) K(7 (Belfast) 1( C%? I;i9 a.9 ,&,X(1

,9 $;I^ (Devon shire) I9(4 ,9 (Central Cumber Land) i%BI>7 a7I/ land)
(Bolton I9(4 _%B DB,? (Durham) w!K (Dorset) %1K (Eastren devon) I9(4
CT%7,%; (Norfolk) ,K(; i%BI%/I&(; (Radellef) I9(4 _%B c%Bi9K Lancashire)
27 (1 9I 6S%1 60 (1 s B,M /I B,M s ! .!" (=B 9,1 (%M i%BI? w&K(;
. & EK p?(/ 6S%1 24 (1 s 1K 6S%1
_./ (eN ( W IG ;(7 B,M (%9 -E K, (%? s ! _%H,d%
X & XK * &( !( 9 p%>! E s B,M I7 -!K p*(/ :%;(I?
rbI? C%Xa%? (%.9ID1" (?K .X,.[; K$; (S9I/" IG :%;(I? Cn . !"
a%X" %/ 7 (\7 I>%7 (9,>7 X(;I? i%Ba%X" K rbI? (9i;
X(B(J In :; a9I[;_ < ./ 9,1 (%M (q (dT7(G (d1$! %L
(S9I/" (%;(I? < S./ Id%7 . !" a9I[; :? ,V9K , w%.V* IG & f
(^ eN < (%; . !" C/(4 K, s B,M /, K(7I1 B,M s ! :? m,1 (E
,K , s B,M TX(1 E ! mg .,& \& < s B,M ! w7 TX(1 w.Y ,1
. !" Cn(o
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M a9I[; :B X(%/I X(%GK,9 $!
( qB /K ,1) . & f tB < W /K
,H(/ 309352280 k,/ K,GK 1999 < (%; IG !" IN , :%;(I? _%H,d%
13000 < ?(I? ,H(/ 15682000 < (%.9ID1" .(& !6G tB K, s B,M M B,M s !
< (9i; rbI? ( !" B,M K(7I1 s ! :? d!) 58800 < ,/I? 55998 < C%Xa%?
!K m( s B,M %;I < (9,>7 B,M /, < s X(;I? B,M K(7I1
54000 k,/ K,GK 1993 < %L B,M K(7I1 8N (1 9I < (%%7 !"
< = . B,M K(7I1 (E 1986 < (%G,9 < ;(7 ;(! K, (W K -X(B(J
(;(N B,M K(7I1 H(/ Ka! _! (%>N B,M K(7I1 (4929) (1976)
B,M K(7I1 < (d1$! B,M /, < (;,N B,M K(7I1 1000000 < (1977)
(Anglit) .[; < C%XI1 , s B,M ! .K -X(B(J 2600000 B,M /, < i%BIX"
(%%7 K -X(B(J 100000 < 1993 !" C%& w%.T* B,M K(7I1 ,& =X(B(J ,=B
3300 In =X(B(J :;(7 < K( ?(@9 IN B,M s ! < (B B,M K(7I1 <
K(7I1 < (DB(/ K -X(B(J 18000 B,M K(7I1 < ,B(/ K -X(B(J (2004)
< (9I=%X(; K -X(B(J 3000 In B,M K(7I1 < r9K(/ K -X(B(J 2400 B,M
Id%7 :? %M m,1 (E K -X(B(J 3213000 B,M K(7I1 < i%.9@,%; B :!
.,& =tB ,eN ! < *>(. & f X(B(J < S./ X
English alphabet ,;,>; , qB a9I[;
59
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`

Pronunciation K(L

60

Sample text in English ,;,>; , ptB

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights. They are endowed with reason and
conscience and should act towards one another in a
spirit of brotherhood.
Angika
.K(? ;IhG K,G]AG SL (SL K(S%[; [;" ([;

e>!I? ,=B 6S%1 79 , s B,M ! .K,G K` I;(N,9 I%[/ E 9
. !" u$./ -G (1 .%%/
%4 K,G / K( ,9K(1 tB (t? I[/ K,q.J(G K(? eE( d1$!
K,G :9/ (1K(n K(1,[%? ,9I%N(E ,%;K,G ,%d7 K(? I* V. K,G
(S/ N u,N N ko(n iEK( .V. ,X(q1 N 7 ,9uK"
IN,9
I%( %%X]/ (D9 (9,q>7 (q%; ?[(:B .V. :9 I%N I7(G
c.N 4IG (S9I/" $V* ,L , K -X(B(J (S%[; . & f X(B(J -G <
I? dS.7 .! \>/ m,1 (E X]Y %/ < (d1$! . !" "?(:? < (%;(I?
61
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, u$%X(B(J s B,M ! :? < K(7,? K,G $%> (;(9B :!6J $L K,1
-X(B(J 740000 < (%; 725000 < (d1$! ,JK k,/ K,GK 1997 .,& !K $V*
.(\! ,,/ K
; %B,M K(? W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! B,M s ! :$;(W , s B,M
. !" (/
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s ! . !" ,%!K I1 ,L < s B,M !
:ptB / qB
( qB IN(;,9 ,1)
I1,9IG , !" & a%BK ,^ B( 9K(N B(; w. < s B,M ! *(@
:
! K(>1 . !" :[1 ,d%; XI%! !" :[1 (7 I%! IDS9IX
! (S% !" ./ < K,n C%tB IY(4 !" IY(4 ,9IG , s B,M
:? (4I7 (!( d7 K,/ , ! . !" C%tB ,T%Y 800 (1 IE !
.!" C%tB (d7 30 C7 ( ! .,%& ,>I* < ;(?@ %M m,G , !" C%tB < (S%[;
i;(G $;(/IG ID7 K,1 /,1 m,1 (E . !" ,B(; :? , sIY(4 $! K(>1
wB(Y ( s B,M ! (7IG K$L ID7 (d%/ $7 K,SL ID7 K$9I/
* IN (d7 (d1$! (d7 C%tB < s B,M (S%[; < $V* Ka! .!"
. !" $9 tB :? < s qB .%%/ B,M s ! .!" ,,/ C%tB < s qB IN(;,9
(Anal)
: A
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. !" u$./ ,=B , ! (1 ( !" u$./ (1 IN(; 7,7 (S%) (4 (/ a%B
m,1 (E a9 k1 ,G,[%* V. L ,V. L K,G / -E (d1$!
B,M ! m,1 (E (d1$! . & f X(B(J (1 K(7 M $; SqL
(1 .!" ,,/ u$%X(B(J :=7 ( ! :? < (/I? & f X(B(J :? < r9?[]
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 13853 ( s B,M ! k,/ *(6G 2000
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
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K, !/ .!" :dT?( 1 K(S4 ,G .(& !K < [ .%X81 (p?IG ([;(;) ([;(;
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. & EK p?(/ (1 B,M C; ! .!" ,,/ K
:$;(W

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62
Awadhi
.K(* T9IG K,G@I/ B(1,7 B(,7 K %? ?(`,/ `

ù$9 X(B(J < (q%; . T9IG K(* K %? K,G @I/ K,G([N
.!" (%J(1 (%? IG !" c.d3/ (7 (E s B,M K( d1$!
K,G (.1 ,tB K,G(d%1 I%E r9IG I* r9IG :9/ iE K( (d1$!
, u$%X(B(J ! < (d1$! k,/ K,GK 1999 . & =X(B(J < "?(:B
. !" B,M K(%V/ I>; ,%M m,G (E s$! (d1$! s ! .,! $V* (uI7 :M) 20000000
CdS; (/ (4(^ I? `.,& f ,%,7 ,=B _! , s B,M $! E ! :.Sl
G , s$! B,M $E !8S% . !" (9(>; :? I , s B,M !(N(/ * s `. !"
H(/ W d( ? K s,tB Cn $! :*, ( "! / $1 `:* !"
d( ,=G *( %!K f 1(G 1 .! 8B (d! S% !" B,M
. !" KI7 , s B,M < `s I* s$! $9$ .,X `6
. !" (/ ; %B,M I7IG !(4 K,4 X(9K" X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < s qB %7 IN(;,9 B,M s !
: A
:g(; (%M
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:9K(*
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: qB
Od /*
: A
uK(/ )B (7 s B,M 7 . & EK p?(/ (1 s *I=N D!I/ B,M s !

K, In ,; . !" I ,eN , s1 * ! .!" (*K :? (E ;(?@ ?(=G
. & ./ (1 s 7 K,G K,GK(S4 ^ B 6S%1 88 B,M s !
. & EK X6=S! (1 s B,M 6N(? Sb uK(/ 6S%1 78 (E 70
(d1$! . & f X(B(J :? < =(G :=7 < I4 u,* 9uIM 1
! k,/ K,GK 1998 . !" $9 X(B(J B,M s ! :? < X]Y K( dTK
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! 50000 ( s B,M
!" (%W , >B(Y 7 . !" (/ $;(W C*(l F X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
.=! ( CT; uK ,& [1 & .!" 1,!K (HIG ( 1 ! :*
. & f tB < sIN(;,9( 9 1
w%.V* ! H(! .(& !K < $V* (7 S% !" @(1 K(>Y $/I! < 1
:* (& ,L . !" k9 1 K,/ 1,!K , H(7ug C\% . !" (7 :?
!" X(9K B,M Cn $1 . !" 9 K < Cn ,W K( d1$! (T9u
.(& %X(B(J K 6S%1 10 1 6S%1 80 ! .!" uK Cn ! :* !" %X
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
(Or muri) F-
. 7K(? (Bargista) (dTNK(? (Ormui) X,/K (ormur) K,/K

63
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:,o_ 9`
: A
:g(; (%M

s B,M ,dG 6S%1 27 (1
B,M T9 B,M s ! .(Logar) IN,B ;(/IN ;(7

. & EK X6=S! 6S%1 33 (E 6S%1 25 (1
X(B(J < K(? 7K(? (dT;(( d1I9@ (W C%Y(>1 I9( < dT7(G
K -X(B(J 100 ( ! (< 2000) < (dT;( 1000 ( ! < (dT7(G . & f
. !" B,M ,,/ s ! .(\! ,,/
. !" (/ (4 %B,M LI? X(9K" -$! GK,9 -$!
* :* ,! ,%7 ,U !8 * (d1I9@ K . !" I , %B,M K * s B,M !
.,! "?(,.% 6/K
(Oriya) F /
(Orisa) (T9u (Oliya) (%B (Odrum) K (Odri) u (Utkali) .S* (Uriya) (9u
.(Yudhiya) (99 (Vadiya) (9
(9K 9I* (9K eE . !" ,=B K(%V/ , (9K ! .(Mughal bandi) $? C/
(9K K,G(;$/ (9K( Balasoore) K,1]? I* .,L :? K,G C>1 E (9K $B
.!" (=B j; j; K E =B I! .(Halbi) .!
K(dT? K,G mK :!6J mK :!6J %d < V. ;K iE K( (T9u( d1$!
< r9 ?[]m,1 (E r9IG K;" (1" < V. K,G 9$/ ?[(:B < V.
, K -X(B(J C7 :* !8 K -X(B(J 31666000 ( ! < (d1$! . & f X(B(J
.$%& E 317000000 $V*
. !" (/ W(4 W I/ %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
( qB X(9K ,1) . & f tB < s qB (9K
.(& ,L E r9 K (T9u :* !" (%W _! . !" B,M < Cn B,M s !
:(=B
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$9 X(B(J :? < 1 B,M s ! :* ,& =[1 \L k1 s N,,/ < 1

. !" I ,eN , s1 * IG !"
(Oriaya, Adivasi) K F /
: A
.(9K :%*,7 (Kotia) :%*,7 (9K X]%

80 . !" X6=S! < =B K(%V/ =B 9IG K;" 6S%1 42 (E 6S%1 38
. !" u$.! < (T9u :? ,=B ,! & ./ (1 (%T? 6S%1 85 (E 6S%1
K,GK 1991 . & f X(B(J < sI&(/ (Araku) ,7K r9IG K;" (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 150000 ( s B,M ! k,/
$;(W %B,M (9u / X(9K W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/
( qB ,[.%* ,1) . & f tB < s qB ,[.%* B,M s !
:g(; (%M
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:ptB
64
(9 $! ! .,& I7 K(G C98N ,.% , (d1$! ! .!" (?81 (Kotia) (%b,7 ,B !
.!" X(T%Y
:(%? _9`
(Oriya, Desia) F /
: A
.(9K GK,7 (%9 (%T9

"6S%1 85 B,M s ! . & =tB < W \M IG !" I[;( 9K 1! "
. !" $9 X(B(J < r9IG K;" (S% & ./ (1 (9K 1
K,GK 2003 . & f X(B(J < V. G(>B GK,7 (T9u( d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 50000 ( ! k,/
(/ $;(W ;(?@ X(9K W $;I^ . X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !"
. & f tB < W X(9K B,M s !
.!" ,H(/ ( wT K(G I7 ,eN K -X(B(J ( s B,M !
:g(; (%M
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:7K(>9K
(Oriya Script) F /
: A
,7g / p.Y Io _9(h1 E =9 < !" ptB ;,>; Io $G s !

/p.Y Io .!" $9( %7 I!( X ,?IY c.d3/ (7g (%M !" $;,! C98N
7 :* !" ,tB 8N E =9 7 !8 %& < K,n IE B( vowels) (7g
9IG !" CdS; (/ W >!I? < Cn qB s ! .!" (? (Conjunct) `
I*( %9 -E B,M B([? . !" dS; :? qB X(9K( / !" B([? K,n
s ! .!" ( ;,>; (W (Characters) IE ( ptB ! . !" (/ 1 %B,M 9K
(!u,1 ,N IE I7 \! X tB * G F s =E p ,eN ptB
,eN (S% :ptB >!I? -1 .,& =[1 X(!K < o b E s qB ! .!" (9&
:.Sl ,;,>; , ptB ! : ;I7 -2 . \! $9 tB * G C9K(; s =E I7
; Xg,N _9` IE; ( ,>; ptB ! : 1K$/ (9 /(=N -3 . !" %! K
. !" I(d/ ,eN (E s qB ,[.%* ,;,>; ! .!" CX(/
$n 12 ( ;(ptB ! . & f tB < r9 K( 9 (T9u 9 uK qB s !
!" 46 $V* , =9 < s qB ! . & f tB %X(* &( ./ (E s,T%Y
. !" ! ,;,>; , s qB .!" $Y 10 (Vowels) (7g /p.Y Io :* !8
Oriya alphabet qB X(9K
Vowels and vowel diacritics with k p.Y Io / I1 ( qB X(9K
:,;,>;
65
: IN(
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Consonants =9 / %n Io ( qB (9K
Numerals ;
Sample ,;,>; , ptB
(Usui) K
: A
. X,4( Unsuiy) X,T; (Unshoi) X,;

. !" ,=9 E s B,M (Tippera) I%qb B,G s !
. & f X(B(J < X]Y u(G ;([DL B,M s ! :r9?[]
. & EK ,1( 1 $;(W %B,M C*(l F X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
.!" ,H(/ ( k!/ $! !" K(! K :%G !
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`

66
(Oko- Juwoi) *
: A
. X,;, X,
. \! $9 X(B(J < D%M >(9i;( d1$!
.!" :;,7 ,,/ K -X(B(J ! :? 7 . !" ,,/ H(! B,M s !
:g(; (%M
: IN(
(Ahom script) N
: A
! .,& !K C/(4 " p.Y Io / ,7g _9(h1 < !" qB Io $G s !

; F(! (S% \! B,M X(& ,! .,& =1 CdS; (/ s qB >!I? 3B w1K
,9$n :M \& wdW E s B,M ! . \& :;,7 K(L , (W) ( Y) ! < . =X(B(J
p/,So %X(* s,T%Y $n 18 (E s,T%Y $n 13 * (1" .% ,! .!" ,%&
p ! .I^ s qB /(1" < (YI4 s$n 19 m( s qB ,! . \7
IE 41 C7 < s qB ! . =7 I\% I%M E s qB :* !" ,%!K .! ,4,7
.!" =9 23 (Vowels) p.Y Io /(7g 18 (/ !"
:,;,>;
Vowel diacritics ,?IY( 7g /p.Y Io
(Ahirani) N
: A
I%!
.,& X(E C%/ (1 s B,M T9$E ,=B , s B,M ! . B ,X(N C%/ ,X(N %B(L
.V* ,.7 ,X(N C%/ _ )?[]1(; `K(?K$; ,X(N C (d1$!
7779000 ( s B,M ! k,/ *(6G 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < ID4K(/ V.
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J
. !" C*(H $;(W , !
u$%X(B(J I%/ K(%V/ B,M ;I%! .,& f tB < sIN(;,9 B,M s !
,eN (& !K < 9uIM u$%X(B(J (eN ( s B,M ! . !" !K X(f p%>!= G
(E eN ( ;` 7K(;,1 < s B,M ! mg .!" :dT?( 1 ;` 7K(;,1 I7
IG !" C*K( / *I=N I%/ $! )B /IE( eN < s B,M < ! .!" @K (eN
:,B(; ,%M
:(=B
: IN(
67
:$;(W
:ptB

! B(; :%b(^ :? . !" ,,/ I%W :? , )B s B,M ;I%! 2B(W =G
.,& =t%B IY(4 , s B,M
(Aer)
.%^
u,[%/ 6S%1 78 , s B,M ! .I9 > "?( I9 ,J ,9IS

7
: A
:(=B
s B,M B,7 6S%1 77 (1 su(MK 6S%1 77 (E 75 :* !8 ,& ./ (1 s B,M

. !" u$. u$./ (1
! . & f X(B(J < > "?(% "?(K$%o W K ug (dT7(G ?,n 1
: IN(
!6G tB 1 R1 I7 ,eN .!" (9 8B ; 7 ^ u$%X(B(J (eN ( s B,M

. !" 6S%1 15 pT; w%.V* .(& %X(B(J :? *I=N K ?(=G m,1 (E I9 .(&
, _! , K -X(B(J ! . !"
1 IN (1 %B,M
;(dTK , s B,M !
s B,M ! K, !/ .%X(B(J :;,7 I9 H(! ! IG ,! ,9 8B I :!(?,;

-X(B(J 200 ( s B,M ! < 2001 (1 . !" (1 k!/ $! ,1 , K -X(B(J
. !" (/ %B,M u$%& wdW s ! .(\! (%? K
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M *I=N X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! B,M s !
,,/
qB
H,J
! . &
=tB < 3B w1K
?IY -1 ,,/
B,M s !
:$;(W
:ptB
. !" :;(7
Allar
.dL K(/ B B
wdW :? ! .(\! (%./ < V. K,Gg(/ :BI%7 (d1$! u$%X(B(J 350 X6/ ( !
: A
:g(; (%M
: IN(
. !" (/ %B,M u$%&

.uK
:$;(W
(Elmite Script) '
: A
< . 600 IG !" B,M (Extinct) ,,/ . =X(B(J & :;,7 :? 7 p ! d>.9
I9! 8 wYK$S1 . \!
B,M K(7I1
(p.1
;I9 )IX(q/ %4IG s !
I^ :;(7 < K _! (7 s ! . \! ,,/ < pB(o L B,M s ! :* \7 X(!6L *

\ ,%B,M ,S%
& wdW
G
!" I)1 , 9$n .$;,!
E pB(o
& wdW < (1 _! ,7 :; $;,!
=G I7 I)1 , 9$n ,%& L
dJ I7
:(& f( 9M wT b ( ! .,%& f

< I9 ,S% !" ,;,>; , ptB
HIG *>(
! (Proto- Elmite) : d%>.9
HIG .1
Id%7 ,%Sb ! !" C%tB * (Tablets) %Sb 9uj; s D/ ,S% ,! XK

68
( "!Symbols) ,%;(; / (E 1000 , ! .!" ,%./ *(J(/ w9$ ;I9 X

. !" K,n C9K1 (Cuniform) W 3%/ ! .!" ,%[1 :; =!6G S%
s ! . !" ./ *(I/ 7 I9 ptB s ! :(Linear Elmite) d%>.9 %X(S%B .2
. !" ./ :; d?( SG (7 IG & f\ L CdS; (/ d%>.9
%! >(Vd1 %X(* . 331 (E . 2500 ptB s ! :(Cuniform) d%>.9 3%/ .3
N (Symbols) ,%;(; < ! . !" C*K *( W (7 ptB s ! . !"
(1 %B,M I%>1
X(%GK,9 1 /(1 , s B,M
!K
d%>.9 .!" C%& >(Vd1
s ! :* !" F,L , 7 . \! $9 < W I%>1 :? tB s ! , ,!

1 IN
(d1$! uK , !" ( ;(s B,M ]9 9uK Cn "! B,M uK
F(G :* (\! (9" 8B I7 dB(o V ; 1(G s ; %T/ C Ka! K(L (/
K 8B (E (d1$! -E ,S% ,! ,.% ] 9 .,X$;,! $;" :? B,M (1
. !" ! ,;,>; , W ! . !" & %* * .,! ,9 %X(*
69

Aimole '
: A
B,M s ! (:? ,=B , s B,M ,>9 "! :? B,M B( 1 B(; !) ;K ;g

. & AB :? (1 %B,M K,G I%L !" =9 E s B,M 9K,7
,7 _q>* ,1 I%/,7 ,*(1 CG(; ,V. $L K,G / (1" (d1$!
(1 . & =X(B(J < X]Y K ,>9(E (V. G 1 ;(? ,1 (V. b(
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 779000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997
. !" (/ ; %B,M 9I*( N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L B,M s !
:,=B
Batak Script 7
p.Y Io ! . !" qB ;,>; Io $G s ! .,L :? qB K,1 E !

p.Y Io (9 (7g (%M !" $;,! C/(4 " ,7g _9(h1 (1 (aksara IT7)
(%! qB s ! .!" $9( %7 I!( X ,?IY( E 1(G (9 (/ (%%! (vowels)
,.% , I*(/,1 (%%;i; _*(? . !" $9 tB ; s b,L / (E I*
< I1! / $1 ,d9K ,>1K p31 $1 IG !" >(.T/ ,S%
(%! , & ,=G @$; , -tB .!" ,B E %./ 6 ^ B ! .!" (7K
.$B %! K $eE b,L f $tB IE( / IE :* $7 I4 -tB (E
! . qB _*(? (/ ,%dS; ,%qB / qB ,7 qB ]G (/ s qB >!I?
,%B,M _*(? .9i/ g,S[; K,>%* _*(? I9 _*(? (?,* _*(?K,7 < s qB
.!" ,9$9 ,%tB
! . & f X(B(J < (%%;i; 9I* a7I/ (S% !" B,M X(%.9ID1" s !
: !" s ! ptB

: IN(
:$;(W
: A
:_*(?K,7
70
Batak alphabet
Karo Batak syllabic alphabet K,7 _*(?
Consonant =9
_*(?
Vowel diacritics (1 (7 (7g /,?IY
j; (?,b < X]Y %XI*( %%;i; ! .,L :? (Batta) (b(? _*(? I\9 E !
B,M ,.9ID1" s ! . !" < %M I*(/,1 j; (! !" B,M H(/ %./ M B
:& ! ,;,>; , ptB . !"
:_*(? (?,&
Toba Batak syllabic alphabet %?()B K $G _*(? (?,*
Vowel diacritics with ka (1 (7 ,?IY( 7g
(%%;i;( S% !" B,M ,.9ID1" :? ! ,L :? (Simalungun) N B(>1 E !

. !" ! ,;,>; , -tB . !" B,M 7,B 800000 X]Y %XI*
Simalungun/Timur syllabic alphabet %?()B K $G _*(? K,>%*
:_*(? K,>%*
Vowel diacritics with ka (1 (7 ,?IY /(7g
71

<
X]Y %XI*
I*(/,1 (%%;i;( S% !" B,M ; ,.9ID1" :? s ! :_*(? .9i;(/

. !" B 400000 $V* , K -!6G -tB ! . & f X(B(J
Mandaling Batak syllabic alphabet _*(? .9i;(/
Consonant =9
Vowel diacritics with ka (1 (7 p.Y Io
Vowel diacritics with ka p.Y Io ,?IY , (7
(Bazigar)
: A
k,/ K,GK 1981 .(& !K u$%X(B(J < (dT7(G u,* (d1$! ( s B,M !
:;(9I! (d1$! B,M s ! .,! 58236 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! < (d1$!
(dT7(G . & f X(B(J < =(G r9IG CL(>! I=N .! :!6J $L
sI[9@(? I7 ,eN S% .!" ,,/ K -X(B(J ! :? < o K I%>7
.(& 7 ;` ,
. !" (/ %B,M :7" uK s !
.%X(B(J $! ?(=G ! .7 w7 , sI[9@(? I7 ,eN ! . !" I[9@(?
.!" N (E 6S%1 _! < w%.V*
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Bagri
: A
.6[? (9K,? (96N(? 6N(?

66 (1 s B,M ,;(9I! 6S%1 65 (1 s B,M $! 6S%1 62 , s B,M 6N(?
s B,M *(3%4 6S%1 76 (1 s B,M 1 6S%1 75 (1 s B,M uK(/ 6S%1
*,%/ 6S%1 60 (1 s B,M KiN 6S%1 47 (1 s B,M K,;` 6S%1 65 (1
X6=S! ! .,& EK X6=S! (1 s B,M KIE 6S%1 70 (1 s B,M
. !" HI7(9=(* B )B k,/ X]Y
:;(9I! I[; ([N I4 :!6J (/,! (dTK V. K,G@I% =(G (d1$!
< o K I& ?,n 1 (dT7(G m,1 (E r9IG :9/ K(T! (1I1
/ , ;(?@ /(/ *(I7 . !" B,M .% g s ! . & f X(B(J
:g(; (%M
:,=B

: IN(
72
1 a9I[; 7 7 .(& EK k!/ $! I7 ,eN ]% ! .,& !K I ,eN

.!" C%G(Jg (1 k!/ $! ,! K, d( IG !" (%& :? X(T%Y m,G (E s o(n <
! < (d1$! k,/ IE ;[ sK(>/ "2000 . !" pYK@ ,%G $1
.,! 1899000 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(dTK X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! B,M s !
< s qB ( *(1 (To X]Y Id/ Id !/ . !" ./ :;(7 qB :?(7 B
.,& \& >(Vd1 , s qB IN(;,9 I7 ,eN (& f( %tB
:$;(W
:ptB
(Balti)
: A
.(Bhotia) (%b,^ ;(dTd.? (Sbalti) d.1

85 (1 B,M K,%G B,M ! . !" ,=B K(%V/ , s B,M ! .(Chorbat) p?K,L
. & EK p?(/ 6S%1
i;K I7I1 < V. (dT.? < s K(d.N (X]Y K $;I^ I* -(dT7(G
. & f X(B(J < I%>7 ,>l (d1$! m,1 (E ;(/IE ,B(qE (Shigar) K([4
. !" (k,/ 1997) 67000 < (d1$! 270000 $V* , K -X(B(J ! < (dT7(G
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M $B K7 d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < s qB 1K( ?IY
:? K * ! 7 .(& %X(B(J K, s B,M M B,M (%4 (& !K < (dTd.? ,B !
I7 !" (9" < (dTd.? ,H(/ ( .% K,%G u,E :* \% & f X(B(J
.!" >(.T/ S% !" ,.% dB(? . !" ,%G I , * s B,M
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Bidori)
: A
.(%=^ (%I?
1961 . & f X(B(J < (T9u r9 :9/ ?[(:B iEK( (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2391 ( s B,M ! k,/ sK(>/"
. !" (/ ; %B,M K,%E X$/ 9I* $/ X(%9 .9ID1"
B,M $! mg -tB -!6G . !" 6S%1 10 w%.V* ! . !" ,.% =9I! K,=?
X(T%Y $! ! . !" (1 pYK@ ,1 , ! .81 :? :9K(=? ! .7 >(Vd1
.!" ( k!/
. ;(7 ptB B s B,M !
:g(; (%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Bujyal)
: A
98
73
B,M s ! K,
(Ghatri) I*(N
.(Westren Chepang) ;(qL $B( Bujhal) C=?
In *,n . !" (/ 6%7 %B,M X(%B(>! $;I^ s !
. !" u$. u$./ (1 s B,M ;(q%L 6S%1
:ptB
:g(; (%M
:,=B

V. (Darchula) g,LK ,W ! . & f X(B(J < (Gandki) @

.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! G ( ! k,/ sK(>/"
. f
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K,1 ;(q%L I[;(/ I>E /I? . !" C%/ K(7I1 (q%; . !" I[;( Garti)
7iN (q%;
1998 . !" <
tB < W B(q%;
d* d* - %L
*K(N B,M s !
: IN(
:ptB
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Bukhari)
: A
. 7K(3? K(3? K(3?

. !" ,=9 :? E s 1K( ,9,? . !" u$./ (1 s 1K( S(* ,=B , s B,M !
1995 . & f X(B(J < (dTS?@( dTS(* C%XI1 (b,^ B,M s !
Ka! 10000 < (b,^ Ka! 40000 < (dTS?@ Ka! 50000 < C%XI1 k,/ K,GK
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
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. & f tB < s qB ;IY B,M s !
. !" K(3? a7I/ , s B,M ! .!" ,9 I7 ,eN K -X(B(J !
:g(; (%M
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(Badaga) &
: A
.,N ,N$? $?
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2000 . & f X(B(J (Y B,M s ! < ,J E ,\1 :M 9u(G i;,7 . &
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 245374 ( ! k,/ *(6G
( qB C/(* ,1) . & f tB < 3B w1K ./(* B,M s !
IN C%; X]Y (; C/(* (d1$! -E S% !" B,M .% (N$? s !
:g(; (%M
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! .!" < "?(,J 37 S% "! ^ B B j9 $V* , ! .(& !K < .
C%; !" ,.% IG :; ,! < Cn .(& f( %7 K(>4 < H(/ K %* C%G dX,G
!/ !" (/ ; .% uK ! . !" (d/ L $1 < . IN
IW" , uK ,S% I[; (K ( 1 ,\1 17 16 S% !" $! ,4 K,
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d( $1 , u,* !" uK < Cn ! . !" I[; s B,M 67 ,=B ,
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74
(Braamu) -
: A
.(Baram) I? (Brahmu) ,>!I?

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.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 7383 k,/ sK(>/ "1998 ( s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(%B(>! K7 - /I? /I? - d* d* - %L
Cn ,,; .(& !6G tB < .(& %X(B(J B,M B(q%; s(=? s B,M ! u$%X(B(J (eN
.(& EK ,1( 1 GK(! S% !" ,H(/ u(G ! .%X(B(J :;,7
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: A
.(4(^ ? I? -$%? Id; (W(? I?

s B,M , E (T7,^ [; W(? , K K(S1 (T7,^ I? Id;
. !" $9 ,%7 K(>4 < =B
K(? V. ,X(N 6N :;(9I! K,G I^ (dTK =9K IN" r9IG I*( d1$!
44000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J < s .! r9IG :9/
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(Burmese Script) o-
: IN(
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C/(4 p.Y Io /,7g _9(h1 " < "! 3B w1K , wT Io $G !

(%M :* !8 . !"
1(G (9 (/ (%! ,?IY .(& f( %7 I!( V9K ?IY I1
$n % ,S% !" CdS; (/ s qB (/ < Cn W ! .,%& L < -9 (E
! .!" (%./ < s,T%Y $n 11 (;,>; ( W ! IG ,! ,9 ,%7 K( < s,T%Y
\G ,%tB * K(b s =E W ,! ,nIY , !" ,N I7 ,eN IE ( W
! .!" $;,L qB ,N V9 Ca-lonh E W ! < s B,M /I? X mg !" ,9
%L S% ,& L kd7 -tB %B,M h1 u$9 < IN ,B,B (/I? W
(%; K -!6G -tB ,H(/ %./ 21 p ( ! :!IN ! .!" ,%B,M , :!IN d*
< W ! :? ,%B,M , :!IN Mon (/ (Karen) I\7 m,1 (E .!" ,,/ <
E B :M < i%.%X(& (/I? ,S% !" :!IN X(%9 -ID1 IN (/ .,%& =tB
! . !" 33 $V* , %n Io /=9 < W ! . !" :!IN , %B,M H(/
:? I1 ! .!" (9 ;( ,L ,%/ ,%%! I1 b / < !" B,M dXI1
. !" 10 $V* , 7g 18 $V* , ?IY 96! .(& f( %7 I!( V9K ?IY
: !" ! ,;,>; , ptB
75

Vowels and vowel diacritics ,?IY( 7g / p.Y Io

76
Regular Rhymes @* ",n w!
Numerals ;
Sample Texts in Burmese ,;,>; , ptB
.N 4 < =9 .!" =9 32 (7g (Vowels) 10 (/ !" IE 42 C7 < W !

(Palatal) K(* p31 $Y 5 .(nga) (/([; .4 (Ka) (7 .3 (Ga) (N .2 (Kha) (E .1 .@ "K
(& (ta) (* (cerebral) .5 (nya) (f /(%; (Jha) ( (Ja) ( (Cha) (L (Ca) (7 @ "K K(*
(& (ta) (* @ "$; 5 .!" C*K K *( `s B,M B(G ! .(na) (; (dha) ( `da) ( tha)
!8 (ma) (/ (ba) (? (pha) ( (pa) (G < @( "qL (na) (; (dha) `(da) (tha)
K$%ST1 ( wa) I1` .!" =9( ( la) g (Ra) K (ya) (9 < @ "6DG 4 :*
- - - (N (b, < I1 .!" na =9 I1( sa) (1 =9
%& I1 (
.!" :! .> S%
77

(Burushasky) #
: A
.wD.? S1(7I? 7(7I? K,SLK (;,N(E ,=7

:g(; (%M
. ST4I? ,SLK ST4I? IN(; ST4I? a!
:(=B
.uK %7(7 I%>1 :,%B,M K$%1
. & f X(B(J < X]Y K p[.N %1(9 IN(; a! I%>7 :(dT7(G
: IN(
I7 ,eN S% ,! 87000 $V* , u$%X(B(J k,/ K(>/ "1997
.!" >(.T/ ( I .%Y(>1
(/ (%9 7,B 4I? :* !" F,L , w9K K K( s D1K,%;,9 i%B
:9K(*
K `)B (E %B,M KIN (4 s B,M ! . . X" < , B,M s ! k1 F]G 8B
.!" (*K )B (E ! :? %B,M ; ,W "!,%B,M K S% !" (*K
.!" p.Y Io
5 %n Io 32 C7 < s B,M !
:FI7(9
IG !" C%tB < s qB ! IY(4 IY(4 B(; :!(4 ,*K(* . !" ?IY qB !
: qB
. !" $9\ 7 >(Vd1 :? qB ;,>; D%B
! . !" X" :; < ptB ,eN B,M s ! .,%!" (%!K X ,;,>; , s qB D%B ?IY
:,;,>;
.!" (*K )B :? (E s1 K :=7
Vowels p.Y Io
Consonant %n Io
X(9K" * ,%& 8N < F(G d K( , . II :%B(>! r7$!

ST4I? < 9 %1(9 a! :* !" mK I!(/ .!" "?(,/, X(9K" I%
r7$! (9K" 7 (E I9 ::* ,& tB 1I\9IN .!" X(9K" I% ]% u$%X(B(J
< (d1K! < IN K `K ÌG :; < :!IN _! I -E %! I7 K(G E .
$!K ( ?( u$%X(B(J ST4I? B,M X(9K" I% d! < ;(/@ .(9" 8B
C !\(g ,\11 , K .% u(G (%7(7 < Cn ! .(\!
( E IX(/ (%9 ( E F]G8B < 7(! \M ;(/@ K %T/
:; B,M s ! . \! \7 (YI4 pYK@ < W a7I/ 9I* %X(* (d1$!
, ! .& ,1( 1 $;(W %B,M ;I9 K :; _*( :; !" X(9K" -$!

:(%? _9`
78
< 9 a! %1(9 (S% !" (1 s B,M

mg . !" X" N < ptB :* \% !" B,M
wT ,[/ (G :* !" (%W , I!(/
I? s ! .!" (9!= K < ST4I? K("
(Warski) S1K ,1 ,e* ,eN

E ST4I? . !" $9 %X(B(J
. !" ,9!= K ,)/ K$n
:=7 ( (\! $%X(B(J B,M
. !" B,M .% (Brush)
(Broks kat) * *
: A
.(Kyango) ,[;(%7 (7 7 (G I? ? (Dah-Hinu) ,! (G I?

I%>7 I* < V. CNK(7 $B (1 K(7 M s$;1 I%>7 ,>l
,! %\J :!K _B(*(? ININ (L B,L _LK K`,L ,J EK,N
. & f X(B(J < X]Y
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. & f tB < s qB dB(? B,M s !
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( (d! .(%G !K d! (E B(1 ! . !" B,M $1 (7 7I? !" (Manaro)
.>(.T/ 7 :* !" M 7 K, !/ .!" ,7(!K (7,.n
:g(; (%M
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(Brahui) N
:$;(W
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: A
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: IN(
. & f X(B(J < (dT;(>7I* I9

. !" (/ $;(W uK %XI*
tB < s qB ?IY %X(* p !" X\ 7 K,/ qB /K mg s B,M ! *(@
:$;(W
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. \! $9
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:(%? _9`
I! I7 ,eN .!" (G(Jg CdT/ (1 91 ( %!I? . !" $;j7 ,B(1K < s S!I?
.(& f( %=>1 I7 (4 9I* 9uK! I? .!" >(.T/ K(G $;,B(/ K(!
%* (1 B,o k9* 1 * s B,M ! .(& =>1 K k9* 1 %E 7
Cn= G (E B(1 (!Ka! (S% !" (4
I -E ,W(4
uK
!I? . !" KI
7 , uK .( 1 Ka! K(L :* !8 !" C%!K
* J(/
(/ 1 (d! :? ] ( TB :%.Y w%!I? IUo :* (& ,L .,%! ,9 I7 I=!

7 B,M >%!I? < I9 .(\! (9 K < IW" I9 X J(1 I7 I=!
.!" K(N(9 ( ;] %
79

(Brahmi Script) ' N
: A
B,M s ! :* (& ,L . !" :;(7 %! K H(! (S% !" qB .( 1 5000 !

! . !" K,n C9K1 s B,M K K( G6! u %!,/ K k9* 1
C/(* B(1 X(9K wB(9]/ I>E 67 t/IN *I=N IN(;,9 B([? (/
19 < s qB ! . !" $9 tB M(E (E l(1 s ! .!" ,96 ,%qB d* ,[.%*
:* _! :!" (9I; :M p?(? s >!I? .!" (consonants) =9 33 (vowels) (7g /p.Y Io
::* !" F,L , /(& K,9 . !" C*K K `qB (! :* ,%M !" /(/ qB (!
qB s ! ::* !" F,L , >B(Y %M (7 . !" =(9 uK qB >!I?
. !" K,n :d(9 I* ptB I9,* (S% !" C9u, >B(Y (d1$!
ptB J(1 qB >!I? :* !" ,9I^( /,; m,G (E -./ ptB K k9* 1
K,n _! s qB ;(;,9 E s qB ! wB(Y 7 . & [1 & K,n C9K1
(1 W %;, K 7 (& 981 CdS; (/ s qB /(1 E ! 7 &(981
qB s ! :* !" ,! ,9I; wX( ( "!SL & K L %! ? (9I; ! IG (& %X]/
. !" K,n C9K1 %qB /(/
(/ !" ,%./ ,dtB < s >!I? (/ !([*(Y `,M s,T%Y $n 9IG
!" C9I7 * %B(& /(b S% !" w! ,dtB C%./ (/ K,9 ;(1
, %qB 64 < K(d1( d%.B (d7 M .(& %XM p/$ s qB (/ (7 !
B(; h;(^ (S% !" ptB w9$ s ! . !" C%!K %* (f * ,& ./ I7
B(G (d7 ( M !" qB w! K M ! . & f(* 1 81 :? (1
X(9,q>7 /I? a%;(? ;( (/ ptB ! .(\! $9( %tB X < s >!I? s B,M
! .(!" (% 3B w1K (%M ;(q $9$ (/ ) !" CdS; W Id1 *(N ,Xg
.,& EK ,K , K" < (q ,;,>; K I[%.%7 ,
,;,>; , ptB
Consonants %n Io

80
Vowels and vowel diacritics (7g /p.Y Io
(Birhor) N

: A
. 7i/ K(? K,?

Io (1 s B,M I9$/
B(1 %X(* 6S%1 72 (E 6S%1 55
. & EK X6=S!
(%1u :!6J mK :!6J %d ;K w? :[1 ?(Ka! iEK( (d1$!
X(B(J < ID4K(/ ?[(:B :=? K,%/ (keonjhar) I=%7 :!]7 :!6J K$1
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 10000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1998 . & f
(1K ,H(/ ! . & 81 B,M (9,G B(; !" ,.% =9I! B(; K,!I?
K$/ ,! B(1 K$1 m,1 (E K,!I? .7 K(S4 8N 9K(/ ,%/ %b
w%.V* < ! .7 :? X(9K :* L - -9 (/ < si/ !8 K .%X(B(J B,M
. !" 6S%1 0.02 N *>(
:g(; (%M
:,=B
B,M ,! B,M
: IN(
:(%? _9`
(Bushkurk)
: A
. !" I ,eN , d? K,N BK,* (4 * s B,M !

H(G * I9 . !" B,M HIG (dT!,7 I9 p1(9K I9 H,J s ! :(dT7(G
w < s B,M K(N /K,N (dT!,7 ,1 K u(G B,M s ! m,G (E U
:(=B
: IN(
. X&
. !" (/ (4 %B,M K X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! X(%GK,9 -$!
I\%? K(\% ,7 I? ,S4K B,M s ! . !" (4 s B,M K s !
. & f X(B(J < 9 9I* ,1 C& ,/g ,S.7
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Bishnu Puria) P
: A
.K,q%/ (9K,G ,G (9K,G (1

B([? < ! IG "! u$./ -G (1 =B B([? /(1" ! .N 6lK N(9(/
. !" (9(>; _9` ,=B
( ! . & f X(B(J < S./ X Id%7 %M K(./ r9 ?[](d1$! I*
.!" ,,/ K -X(B(J 450000 < (%; 75000 < (d1$!
:g(; (%M
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81
: IN(

:7" ;(?@ /(1" B([? W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! X(%GK,9 -$!
. !" (/
K,G / H(! IG \! $9 tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s ! < 9 *(YI4
( qB K,G / ,1) . & f tB < s qB
.!" 34 (Consonant) %n Io 10 p.Y Io C7 < !
! .,! , , s B,M ! ( E s,T%Y $n 19 k,/ -tB 1I\9IN IDT/
:? (1 B(; ,? B B,M s ! . !" ,%tB K,G / /K,G ,? E ! ko(n
%B,M X(9K" -$! F(G I[/ !" I , %B,M /I? - d* * ! u,* . & 81
CdS; (/ IST1 B,M s ! :* $;,G ,dG m,G (E VB(/ IN *>(. !" (/ ;
s B,M [(`/ XId%7 IG ,& L I; I( 9(>; In :; , s B,M [(`/ < ! . !"
.!" C/(4 < ! )B (
(Buksa)
%B,M K(& $B 6S%1 79 (E 58 (1 s B,M K(& (;K 6S%1 95 B,M s !

Io (1 s$! 6S%1 83 (1 s B,M K(& (%;,dL 6S%1 58 (1 T /;,>;
. & EK X6=S!
130 K,G r%7 I[; K V. *(%; %eE r9IG I*( d1$!
K,=? ,H(/ K,& 7 m,1 (E < "! .V* K,G 4(7 (7 S% < ,J
43000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1999 .(& %X(B(J s B,M s ! :? < V. IN
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka!
. !" (/ %B,M W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
(Bugan) /
.(\E IE IE
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M (Suling) .1 ,=B , s B,M !
(1 K(7 M $; (GK ,V. %>7 :B r9IG CL (;K( d1$!
! k,/ K,GK 1991 . & f X(B(J B,M s ! < ,J 8 -7 X]Y ,.?(
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 1095 ( s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(* /(1" -I* /I? - d* d* - %L
:? $! (q;,/ (Hruso) ,1I! %7I4 I%/(%; ,%B,M ,%M u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !
.%X(B(J c.d3/ B,M IG !" (G(Jg d( (1 .% ,1I! ( K .% ! .%X(B(J
.!" $! :%G pYK@ I7 ,eN .!K < (? b6E; * $%/ . !
:$;(W
:ptB
:_u,
:(%? _9`
: A
:(=B
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:,=B
: IN(
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:(%? _9`
Bageli
: A
. &,7 ,7 i/ X([N XK (/ $! _.[%?
:g(; (%M

82
K(G (%? u,G (

.K(G ,1 ;6N K(!I* K,N
$ $/ K,G C 1 i4 ,9K (d1 ( r9IG :9/ < I^ -I*( d1$!
u$%X(B(J ( s B,M ! :? < (q%; m,1 (E V. $? ID4K(/ (V. K
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 396000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997 .!" ,,/
. !" (/ ; %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! B,M s !
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9
K `,T%Y $n 16 . & =tB < sIN(;,9 s ! .,L :? B,M E !
:? < (q%; B,M s ! .,%& ./ < !" wT , sIN(;,9( S% ptB
* .(& ./ (=B K( d1$! (%J(1 (%M K(9(? K $G :? * . & =X(B(J
K(7I1 (q%; .!" < $V* 136953 S% !" (eN K -X(B(J =B *I%E K
.!" C%/ K, K(7I1 ,=B X([N , !
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Bilas Pari)
: A
.u(G K,.7 K,.7 >G u(G K,G ?]

K,G ]G 6S%1 90 !" u$./ (1 K([7 6S%1 94 (1 B(9i/ 6S%1 95
X6=S! Io (1 s .%>L 6S%1 84 (1 B(9i/ 6S%1 86 (1 K([7
. & EK
:g(; (%M
:(=B
( s B,M ! . &
:(=B
: IN(
X(B(J < V. K,G ?]r9IG CL(>! (d1$!

.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 295387 k,/ sK(>/ "1991
W 9I* %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/ :7" %B,M
: IN(
I7 ,eN !K < / . ! . !" u,.7 ,B(; !(4 ,%J , s B,M !
-tB u,* -!6G < ,S1 .%E,G \ (S/ K,;(L !" ,B :dT?( 1 pYK@
2 w%.V* ! .%X(B(J :? K=(? G m,1 (E . w7 (E @?($! mg
.EK k!/ $! ! . !" 6S%1
. ;(7 ptB B s B,M !
:(%? _9`
(Balochi, Eastern) &u
: A
. !" ,=B u(G I/ !

-E =(G :B -I* , 1 K I^ -I* , (dTL,.? ?,n (dT7(G
1998 . & f X(B(J :? < (d1$! B,M s ! m,1 (E .,& X(B(J B,M s ! :B
(d1$! 1800000 $V* , u$%X(B(J < (dT7(G s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
.,! 1805000 $V* , u$%X(B(J < (%; C7 5000 $V* < I=N r9IG I*
. !" !K 6S%1 15 (E 6S%1 5 p7I4 $1 < w%.V*
:,=B
: IN(
9K 9u(G $B
83
:$;(W
:ptB

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;I9 X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < 3B w1K K
INIG (eN < s B,M ! *(ID%1 b (D%X,7 . !" (/ %B,M 9( dT7(G
\h1 u$%X(B(J ( s B,M ! . !" I (7 < s L,.? ?I/ I/ .(& %& I;
.!" >(.T/
:$;(W
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:(%? _9`
(Balochi, Western) (-) &P(
: A
. L,.? 7,.?
. !" :; 1K( IG !" I ,eN , s 1K( * s B,M ! . ;I1 7K
m,1 (E . & f X(B(J < o %!g -I*? ,n (dTL,.? (dT7(G
-X(B(J s B,M ! < @$; = :? < (dT;(>7I* (dTS(* (dT;( I9
< (dT;( 1116000 $V* k,/ K,GK 1998 < (dT7(G , (& ./ K
u$%X(B(J L,.? < (dT7(G .,! 28000 < (dT7I* 451000 < I9 200000 $V*
. !" X 6S%1 15 (E 6S%1 5 p7I4 < w%.V*
b ,9i9K < s B,M ! . & f tB < s qB ?IY < (dT;( 1K( < (dT7(G
.(& %& INIG
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;I9 -$! X(9K" -$!
!" >(.T/ u$%X(B(J ( s B,M ! . & EK ,K , s B,M X(?,n s ! < (dT7(G
.(& EK ,1( 1 .% ,Xg S%
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:ptB
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:(%? _9`
(Balochi, Southern) G
: A
;IS/
. L,.? K K(7 i;,/(1
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6S%1 56 E s B,M (9K 1,9 B,M s ! . !" 6S%1 68 X6=S! Io <
. !" =9
ID4K(/ .V* K,G C V. IdT? :!6J %d r9IG K;" (d1$!
2000 1 . & f X(B(J < .V* iG ,7 V. GK,7 K(b,^ (T9u
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 28251 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
. !" (/ $;(W X(9K %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! B,M s !
.(& %X(B(J :? B,M (%4 ,dG K -X(B(J s B,M ! < (dT7(G
:g(; (%M
:(=B
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Bhatiyalli) u
: A
. B(%D^ u(G .%D^

.? 6S%1 88 (1 I[;(7 K,G w.G 6S%1 85 (1 .%>L s B,M !
. !" X6=S! Io 6S%1 76 (1 s B,M K,G
. & f X(B(J < (d1 (%D^ .V* (q>L V. r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 102252 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1991 1
$;(W %B,M X]Y ,.?( $B -I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/
:g(; (%M
:,=B
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u
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1K(? ?K,G I/ 1K$/ K(&
:(=B
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: IN(
< 9K(/ . !" uI7 X $V* , u$%X(B(J ! < (d1$! . & f

B,M ! ,H(/ B ;I%* (1 < (q%; :* !8 B b (1 $V* , u$%X(B(J
. !" I :=7 < =B ;(d1$! B(q%; .(& %X(B(J
. !" (/ ; %B,M K(? X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 %7 B,M s !
:$;(W
:ptB
K(? ,W
B,M s ! .K,G K,N uIE
_! , sK(? E s B,M ! .,& \& >(Vd1 mg K,ql,^ I7 ,eN )B K(?

s ! .!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ S% !" 6S%1 50 w%.V* ! .(& ,L ,=B
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!" 74184 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! < (q%; 981 $! E ! < 9K(/
. !" 6S%1 75 (E 50 w%.V* $1 d! .!6G B(q%; < (q%; IG

94
1981 .
(/ $;(W
,H(/ ! .
k!/ $!
(Bhunjia) u
: A
(%=/,^
. !" u$. u$./ (1 s B,M .!
& f X(B(J < ID4K(/ K,G Ch;(1 (T9u r9IG :9/ (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 18600 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
%B,M X(9K W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !"
!" 6S%1 8.5 w%.V* .!" :%G pYK@ S% !" ,.% =9I! (%=;,^
! .!" $%X(B(J :? B,M $! !6J %d m,1 (E s B,M =G
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:,=B
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(Bhili) u
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
.(b,[B (9K,N(^ u,.%^ B,M C%^ K C%^

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:(=B
C%^ HK ;(K (%.%DG B(=G 6S%; (< W H][?) I!(; B,M 7 I[/
p J(1 . !" u$./ (1 s B,M 6N(? ,=B , .%^ u$!K < r9IG :9/ .I[B(%1
;(dTK . & EK X6=S! Io u,* *(=B (1 %B,M ;(dTK *I=N
I /(/ ( s B,M ! . !" ,=9 *>( %E ,=B u,.%ÎG & X(E C%/ (1 %B,M
.(& !K (D/ (=B %!
. *I=N p/,N :,%B,M K$%1
K(? =(G _b(;I7 r9IG K;" r9IG CL(>! I=N r9IG :9/ (d1$!
: IN(
. & =X(B(J < X]Y K I%>7 1 (dT7(G < ID4K(/ K,G Ib
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J B 13 ( ! < $! (G k,/ IE ;[ 1991
:7" %B,M K(? W $;I^ %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:$;(W
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u
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(B 1) %./ 6 < (d1$! ( ! . !" 6%/ , %B,M X(9K" -$! $B ,%B,M .%^
I7 ,eN ! .(& !K < (d1$! I/ :B S% !" ,,/ u$%X(B(J
!K < r9IG :9/ .T.1 I*,G p1 (dTK (1 .T.1 ,.?( BK eE
u,* d( ,%B,M ! . !" u$!K :? < X]Y K I& (dT7(G $V* :=7 .(&
,%B,M ,%%! < IN ! .!" C9jJ (1 %B,M ;(dTK *I=N K, 39K(*
:,%& f L
(%4IN (1 .1
B,M .9I%? .2
95

B,M .%.%^
B,M .%^
B,M Ku,L
B,M (9u`
B,M .?
B,M I[;
B,M p/(N
B,M LI/
B,M `K(G
B,M (%9IN ,qK
B,M ,&K
B,M 6N
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
(Bhilali) u
: A
; .%.%^ %M %X . !" X6=S! Io 6S%1 76 s B,M ! (1 .%.%^ (9K(G

. & I7 IE Io (1 %B,M
I! -E ,?( -E (K,G K) ;K(? ([(%?) ,NIE r9IG :9/ (d1$!
( s B,M ! :? < (dTK _b(;I7 I=N :=7 V. ÌD4K(/ V.
. !" 1300000 k,/ K,GK 2000 $V* , (& !K K -X(B(J
. !" (/ :7" %B,M C%^ W \%L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
(Tajik) 7
: A
.(.N 4IG S(* (Tadzkik) *(@

. !" ,=B _! , s 1K( B,M S(*
.,?,n I%D;I :B I*( dT;( $I>1 (dTS?@ (%9 (dT7(G I9
< (dTS(* .!" I(/ ;( I7 ,eN ! (& !K ,H(/ E B G < (dT7(G
. & f X(B(J < a! IdL
< s qB /K S(* .( qB S(* ,1) . & f tB < s qB S(* 1K(G s !
. & =tB :?
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! - GK,9 -$!
=X(B(J < @,S% ,=B ,L ,& =X(B(J < (dTS(* ,S% ,=B ,9I*
(Y (=B K(L ! ,=B $;I^ --E ,& =X(B(J < (W$? ,S% ,=B ,eE ,&
=(%X(?K" I9 (dT7(G K -X(B(J !" B,M , _(* s ! .!"
,%B,M !( < dT7(G . !" B,M IN (.N ! .!" < (dT;(( dTS(*
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(

:ptB
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
96
(1 s B,M
;I9
I/
! .,%& f ,9(B(J I I* IdL (d1I(7

.,& %! 3B w1K .,%& EK p?(/
PersoPerso-Arabic script for Tajik ,;,>; , 1K( ?IY S(*
Latin alphabet for Tajik
,;,>; , ptB %g
Cyrillic alphabet for Tajik ( )
Tajik sample text in the Arabic script ,;,>; , ptB S(*

" # % .
97

( *
. -
(Tamil) -7
: A
B,M s ! K, X(%IN( :* , !" *IG ,eN (E \M _! (=B ( s B,M C/(*

(Thanjavar) K,=* .,& \& I , s B,M /(/ I7 !" C96tG < s I9 n(W
( ! .(& f( 9(B(J < (S.9I1 (=B :=7 K,G(&(/K (Tirunelveli) .9,.%;I*
(Aiyar) K(%X" (Adidravida) $9 K( / !" (9( %7 K(7K (=B 22 C7
(kungar) K([;,7 (Kasuva) ,T7 (Bargandi) $NI? (Arava) K (Aiyangar) I[;(%X"
(Pattu pu) (4(^ ,G,dG (Parikala) g(S9IG 1K$/ (kurchi) LI7 (Korava) K,7
%S1 =9I! ,[%.* C/(* S9I" -E C/(* /I? C/(* X]/ C/(* (SB I1
C/(* 1K$/ .!" w!=( B (Madurai) XK(/ C/(* w.T/ (Hebbar) I! (Sankethi)
.!" (9 & C/(4 :? )B ( sa9I[; :=7 < s B,M u$9 X(B(J < (;
(E "! B,M K(7I1 (; C/(* ?,n (d1$! s ! :(S.9I1 (d1$!
ID4K(/ r9IG K;" :BI%7 _b(;I7 < D%M (/i; K(?,S; (d1$! m,1
(S9I" ,X(1 I^ (%.9ID1" (\7 < ?,n K I^ I*( S.9I1 <
. & f X(B(J < I%
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,NK,7 C/(* 67 C/(* -E -uK
C/(* ,1) . !" CdS; (/ s qB >!I? (S% & f tB < s qB C/(* B,M s !
( qB
9K(* w%Y B(1 3000 E & f\ 7 K(>4 < %B,M w9$ (%; C/(*
(/ IST1 B,M s ! :* F,L ,! . !" (/ (4 eE s B,M uK C/(* . !"
(Y mg 9K") ( E -L 9K" B,M uK , !" . ,! !" CdS;
. \! ,,/ d! (,I)/
:(=B
(Tamil Script) -7
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
: A
f tB < _%B 1 l(1 (E M(E (S% !" qB ;,>; Io $G s !

, s qB (;IN ,;(/@ ,! . !" dS; (/ s >!I? K `s,T%Y $n 500 CSb . &
,*,B,d9 < K C/(* .,! ,%7 I4 -tB < C/(* 8 E (;IN e>!I? . !"
C7 ! . !" B,M w! CT; %B,M uK C/(* . \! $9 tB < s qB
I[.7 ,[.%* C/(* (/ !" , uK( < d1$! -E ,%B,M ;K(M
. !" 9K(* uK E s B,M C/(* .!" K,/ I% ,NK,7 ,B,* wB(9]/
.!" 6E ,N IE ! ( mg . \! $9 tB * G s =E 9IG qB s !
tB < (%.9ID1" (S9I/" (\7 K,G([1 (S.9I1 (%%X]/ (; C/(* qB s !

98
G (9,G . !" 27 $V* , p.Y Io /7g 31 $V* , =9 ! < . & f

(;IN :* !8 !" C*K( E (;IN qB C/(* .!" C*K K( È IST1 =9
. !" C*K( E s >!I? ,W
Tamil alphabet qB C/(*
Consonants %n Io
Vowels and vowel diacritics p.Y Io / (7g
Numerals ;
99

The numerals rarely appear in modern Tamil texts. Instead, 'Arabic' numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) are used.
Other symbols ,%;(; ,%M
Sample text in Tamil ,;,>; , ptB C/(*
(Tibatianu Script) 7
: A
Syllabic style ,;,>; $G

.I/IN IST1 $=? IN(;,9
< p* X(%B,[/ .(q%; $B wS1 (b,^ (d1$! ;(,9 ,TN X([4 %L
, K` M V9K s qB ! :* , !" Cn(o,K , s B,M CS%1]7 E !
. & f X(!6G %X(* p ! mg .!" ,%[1 !6G ,dtB
,%.7,/ (d1$! E wB(Y B(; (*,h>1 >;,& :!(4 ?(,q>N K `s,T%Y $n %d1
< s B,M IST1 ,dtB ,9Id%7 ko(n ! .I7 ! ,d%o p?(? M ,! :*
! .,%7 K(%* :? I/IN , qB d* B ! mg -!6G E ,%7 ,%7
K `1949 %L .(%7 ,>I* K(S!(4 ( K` M u, :? I7 d* -IST1
:,;,>;
:p%.n
: IN(

:,o
100
.;(,9 .3 wW .2 (Amdo) $/ .1 :(9( %!( (?,n b (/ p* .(% (?,n ,; :* ,%& "@

! . !" $9 tB < s qB ! -G B,M ;(b,^ . & f tB X(B(J * B,M d*
.981 :? qB L,L E s qB
$Y 30 %n Io
$Y 05 %n Io `
$Y 90 =9( DM /`
$Y 04 p.Y Io
:,& %! ,;,>; , s qB m,1 (E ;,>; ptB
Tibetan
qB d*
Consonants %n Io
Extra consonants for writing Sanskrit loan words IE K `C*K( E IST1 `
Conjunct consonants `
101

Vowels diacritics ,?IY
Numerals ;
Sample text ,;,>; , ptB
(Tibatian, Cetral) 7
: A
.(U) ,9 (Dbus) ? (Phoke) , (Zaing) 9@ (Bhotai) X(*,^ (weizang) ;a9 (Wei)
:g(; (%M

102

?
(Ldasa) (TB (Tsang) ;( @9 ;(1 (Bod skad) $S1 6? (? d^ :(=B ;(d1$!
.(Ngari) K([; (Dbus)
(d1$! (b,^ m,1 (E ( %
&) p* (Sichang) ;(%1 (Qinghai) X([4
B,M (! . ?[(:B wS1 .! (1" r9IG I* r9IG CL(>! $oI1 d*
( s B,M ! < (d1$! .(& !K < p* < $V* ( E 1900 B([? u$%X(B(J
(q%; ]Y (E .=X(B(J (& :;,7 < p* S% (& f( 9(B(J (=B (eN :? (%M
. & f X(B(J < I4 i>DE
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K7 d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < W d* B,M s !
4673 < (b,^ 1066200 ( s B,M ! < %L . =X(B(J & eN < %L s ! < Cn
, ! < (q%; .!" K -X(B(J ,H(/ (1973) 60000 < (q%; 124280 < (d1$!
,=B (%b,^ ,7(!K d* .n "! V/ (%b,^ . !" XK :? (Utsang) ;(1 ,=B
.!" `,M Cn ! . !" K(%V/
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Tukpa) 7
: A
(Nesang) T%;
. !" I[; K7 B,SDL K7 b,^ B,M s !
< ,J (Kunnu) ,;,7 ;,L T%; V. K,7 r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! (%./ K -X(B(J 423 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1998 . & f X(B(J
.uK
:,B(; ,%M
:(=B
: IN(
(Tamang Estern) - P'7
: A
>* I/ %L? *> I/ eE >* I/ -%L >* I/ 9I!(M

72 (=B ( s I/ >* \h1 .,& f ,%=>1 ,9(B(J ,eN < eN ,=B ,
6S%1 81 (E 6S%1 69 (1 >* B,1 I* $B -I* 6S%1 80 (E 6S%1
B,M >* ;? Ì/ I* 6S%1 80 (E 6S%1 72 (1 (Rasuwa) ,1K ?I/
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M >* (EK,N I/ 6S%1 77 (E 63 (1
$;I^ ,L CG1 @K,G _ >* $;I^ 9I!(M DE :(q%;
.%K ?[(:B( d1$! I* B,M s ! < V. (tB L /K < o
. & f X(B(J :? < (/I? (b,^ m,1 (E r9IG CL (;K I&(/ p%[;K wS1
. !" 14000 < (d1$! 729257 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! < (q%;
%B,M X(; ;(/(* %B,M K7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/ (4
. & f tB < %qB d* IN(;,9 B,M s !
R1 < %B,M u$=X(B(J < (q%; ;(>* !" %! s d1IGI1 K(7I1 (q%; ;(>*
K K1 B,M ;(>* $Y((? mg K ! `. & =[1 \L B,M ( E
:(=B
103
:$;(W
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`

, s B,M ! < H !/ K, ?K < T%" < IN . !" C96 CT;,X(7

! :? * s b ,9i9K . !" ,%!K & $%G :? ( 7 < ! . !" >(Vd1 ,eN
w%.V* I4 6S%1 50 !" :? ,V9K , w%.V* .(& .! INIG (E (q%; < s B,M
(q%; ,H(/ ! $9(4 < (d1$! .!" $%X(B(J 1 :? B(q%; ,B ! . !" X
:K, (/ : !" C%& :? w7 (7 * s B,M ! .!" (9" 8B (E
1- Trail, Ronald. Editor 1973, Patterns in clause, sentence and discourse in selected languages of India and Nepal.
Valume I-II-III-IV
2- Bryan. K. 1996 Study of Eastren Tamang Dialects (in Nepal)
(Tangchangya) P7
: A
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M (>SL ,=B , s B,M !

. & f X(B(J < X]Y u(G ;([DL r9?[]
; ;(?@ /(1" - B([? W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/
. & f tB < s qB B([? B,M s !
1981 .(& 7 ,GK(! S% !" M $! I7 ,eN K ( s B,M !
.(\! K -X(B(J Ka! !uK ( s B,M ! k,/ sK(>/"
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Tiwa) 7
: A
.(Lalung) ;,.B (Dowyan) (9

g([%/ V. K,G w%Eg IN(1 k1 ;g 9? I7 ;(N ,X(; (1" (d1$!
Ka! 23000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J < 9ISb n(W
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,? _9(;,7 -,q[ /I? - d* d* - %L
:g(; (%M
: IN(
(Toto) 77
: A
. & ./ ,eN K,& (1 Deimal (/ B,M B(q%; B,M s !

< X]Y ,Jg (1 $oI1 (b,^ K(G ;` K(G(h1 ?[(:B( d1$!
K -X(B(J Ka! 20000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1994 . & f X(B(J
.(\! ,,/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
:,=B
: IN(
(Toda) F7 / 7
: A
.(Tuda) u,* (Todi) ,*

2000 . & f X(B(J < a.! i;,7 ,9ISb IN C%; (; C/(* (T9u( d1$!
:g(; (%M
: IN(

:$;(W
:$;(W
104
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 600 ( s B,M ! k,/ K(>/ "

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,NK,7 C/(* -67 C/(* - eE uK
:$;(W
(Toorwali) 7
: A
u$./ (1 s /g(7 (Kalkoti) b,SB(7 6S%1 44 B,M ! .(Chail) C%L 9I?

.!" (=9 6S%1 89 (1 \M _! (=B C%L 9I? . !"
< o %\/ (dT!,7 ,1 < W K K,* B,M s ! < (dT7(G
u C!( BI%L < s I9 .%/ 1 (E :;(9K" B,M ! . !" $9 X(B(J
K,GK 1987 . !" C96tG < s I9 K I^ Ih/ :=7 (E BI% %X(*
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 60000 ( ! k,/
. X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < s qB ?IY B,M s !
K DG (dT!,7 -1 B,M ! . !" B,M .% K,* B,M s !
%\/ (dT!,7 ,1 I9 s B,M ! . !" $9 X(B(J :? < X]Y
K(7 M s$; ,1 ( E s dT? (Madain) X$/ < 9 9K X]Y
. !" C96tG %X(* (Isret nala) B(; p9I1 %X(* dT? (%S/ I I* *
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Turi) 7
: A
:!6J mK :!6J %d K,qN(; (b, (N I!,B ]>N ;K iEK( (d1$!

6054 ( ! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < I% "?( $4I/ (T9u
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M B(1 KI%E $/ I* $/ X(%9 -ID1"
: IN(

(Tulu) 7
: A
.(4(^ ,B,* ,B(* ,B(& -*(

_b(;I7 ID4K(/ (; C/(* < V. (NIT7 :BI%7 r9IG K;" (d1$!
( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J < G . .,9 67 --E
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 1949000
uK
. !" ,?81 ,B,* E !" 3B w1K ,=G E s B,M !
K(/ H(/ %./ 2.5 !" _! (/ %B,M uK= G (d1$! -E s !
K (Y -3 ,=B % -2 ,=B e>!I? -1 .!" (=B K(L C7 ( ! . !" @?(
,=B % .!" (eN )B ( IST1 < =B e>!I? .,=B =9I! -4 ,=B
:g(; (%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
K ,& X(B(J B,M (S% ,H(/ (Y . !" ,=B , K K` % (;,B,*

105

! .,&
=\L ,=B =9I!
E s B,M u$9 < -=X(B(J (I %%! B,M

. !" CdS; (/ (;IN 3B w1K , s B,M
(Tulu) 7
: A
:BI%7 I* B,M ,B,* . !" _! (/ %B,M uK= G (d1$! -E ,B,*

s B,M K(/ H(/ %./ 2.5 s ! . & f X(B(J < X]Y .o(1 _b(;I7
* G H ! , !" ,9 & 9( K$ eN ,dtB , s B,M ! . !"
w1K s B,M ! .,%& ./ (E s,T%Y $n 15 ,dtB , s qB ! .,%! C%tB
! B,J ,dtB 7 I/ /I _! *(@. !" ,9 ,; :; (9` ,J, ; 3B
67 (G( ( 9IG , < "!s qB 67 ,dtB ,%eN , s B,M ! .!" ,%7
(%./ C%tB Id/ < s qB ,B,* < IN e>!I? X Id%7 :? m,G .(\! C% < s B,M
CdS; (/ s qB (;IN qB s ! .!" (%!K X (9` ; s qB ! ,,; H(! .!"
.!" (%./ (/ X]Y (; ,B,* C%tB < s qB ,B,* Id/ ( IST1 XId%7 . !"
:,& %! ,;,>; , s qB ,B,*
Tulu Script qB ,B,*

106
(Terahi) N7
: A
. & EK X6=S! (1 s ;(dT!,7 s X(G B,M s !

! < W Nigrahar)I!I[; I^ s M :!(9K C?(7 :(dT7(G
. !"
. !" tB < W ?IY s !
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: A
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(Telgu) 7
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.(Tolangon) [(B,* (Terangi) [;I* (Tengu) ,[%*
(Kamathi) &(/(7 (Golari) Kg,N (Domara) K(/ (Dasari) K(1 (Berad) I?

(Telangana) (;([.* (Salewari) K C%1 (Kondar-Reddi) i9K -i;,7 (Kamtao) ,X(D>7
K,N I^ (Vishakha Patnam) (dG(E(4 (Srikakula) g,7(7 I1 (Vagada) K(N
.(Vanadi) ( ;(Vadari) K (Guntore) K,dN (Nellore) K,.%; (Royal seema) (>%1 C9K
9K,/ (%%X]/ = 9I? m,1 (E d1(9K ,Jg r9IG K;" (d1$!
. & f X(B(J < I% K(/ IY K,G([1
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(Teligi)
(Telugu Script) 7
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. !" 6 s qB 67 CdS; (/ s qB >!I? s ! . !" qB ;,>; Io $G s !

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s B,M ! . & L w7 ptB ,[.%* B,M uK( d1$! -E ! .(& ./
K,G([1 r9K(/ (%%X]/ = 9I? r9IG K;" ,B %./ 75 K -X(B(J
C/(4 ,7g /p.Y Io _9(h1 < =9 ! .(& !K < K(/ IY C98N
M .(& f( %7 I!( X ,?IY c.d3/ I% - - - (7g (%M ,& !K
.(& %& >(Vd1 ` mg FjJ E =9
. !" 147 $V* , 7g /p.Y Io 34 $V* , =9 /%n Io < ,[.%*
. !" ! ,;,>; , s qB
Telugu alphabet qB ,[.%*
Vowels and vowel diacritics ,?IY( 7g
Consonants =9

108
Numerals ;
(Tharu, Chitwania) \
(Chituwan Tharu) K(& ,dL

V. 1K(G ,; ( @Lumbini) %>B < V. ,dL @XK(; :(q%;
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< s B,M =G .(& %X(B(J :? ,%B,M K,ql,^ $! B(q%; u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !
109
: A
:,B(; ,%M
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k!/ $! ! .& 6S%1 28 I4 w%.V* < s B,M M .& :;,7 K , w%.V*
.(& !K < X]Y ;$%/ ,H(/ (
(Tharu, Danguara) P
\
: A
.(Dangha) ([; (Danguli) B,[; K,[9 K(& K,[9 K(& K`,L

(Banke) S%? (Dang) 9 IE (9 (Deokhuri) K,E,9 K,./ (Kailali) B]%7
.K,G 7 (Surkhet) p%EI1
I%^ < (Tarai) mK(* < V. K,E,9 9 @dGK (q%; :(d1$! (q%;
B(7(/ < V. B]%7 ( @Seti) d%1 < V. S%? (9K(? @
I%E < r9IG I*( d1$! m,1 (E V. p%EI1 K,G -7 @
< .V* K,G T.* V. (Gonda) i;,N < .V* (Nighasan) 1([; V.
< (q%; 31000 $V* , K -X(B(J B,M ! < (d1$! . & f X(B(J
. !" 500000
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M !
. !" (/ $;(W C%K F W %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
(Khathoriya) (9K,E 6S%1 79 B,M s ! K, HI7(9 . !" B,M IN $! s !
67 (1 (Rana Thakur) I7( (;K 6S%1 72 (1 (Sunha) (;,1 6S%1 74 (1
< IN I7 ,eN s ! . & ./ (1 s$! 6S%1 65 (1 (%;,dL 6S%1
$! .(& %X(B(J B,M B(q%; I7 ,eN ,H(/ C%!6G C%tB . & \& >(Vd1
6S%1 28 w%.V* < s B,M M . \& w%.V* < s B,M ! .%X(B(J :? ,%B,M B(%%/
< (d1$! . & ./ (1 I4
B,M M $1 < (d1$! . !" B,M .% K(&
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(Tharu, Rana) \
. & 81 B(; (;K K(& < (d1$! B(; I7( (;K < (q%;
. !" ,=9 s B,M d* B,M s ! < (d1$! . !" I < =B B(q%; ;(d1$!
73 (1 (9K,7 6S%1 79 (1 (ST? 6S%1 79 B,M s ! K, HI7(9( < q%;
68 (1 (%;,dG 6S%1 60 (1 K,[; 6S%1 71 (1 (Sunha) (1 6S%1
. & . ./ (1 s$! 6S%1 72 (E 6S%1
@%1 < V. K,G 7 @.7(/ (q%; :(d1$! (q%;
(>%DE CL I* $oI1 u$./ (1 (q%; r9IG I*( d1$! < V. B]%7
.!" < V. *(%; S% < .V* ;iB(! (Kichha) (7
[;K(d%1 (Khatima)
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 303853 ( ! k,/ K,GK 2000
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110
. !" (/
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B,M M ,B ! . !" B,M C%/ IG N (E 6S%1 _! I4 >%.V* < s B,M
.%X(B(J $! I7 ,eN
(Tharu, Khathoriya) *\
:ptB
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.(9K(7
s ! :* ,& [1 & . !" B B ,=B , s B,M u$9 X(B(J < (q%; (d1$!
6S%1 79 B,M ! K, HI7(9 . =! (/ %B,M 9K IN $! I/ B,M
(1 s B,M (Buksa) (TS? 6S%1 69 (1 s B,M $! 6S%1 66 (1 (;K (9K,[;`
. & EK X6=S! (1 s B,M (%;,dL 6S%1 63
1981 . & f X(B(J < (d1$! m,1 (E V. B]%7 @d%1 (q%;
(d1$! B,M s ! .,! 60000 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! < (q%; k,/ K,GK
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,9(B(J ,=B B B < V. I! .(Dhanusa) (1,;` ,* (Sarlahi) !gI1 (Mahottari)
.,& f
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< (d1$! .!" (=9( 7 E \
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(Thaana Script) \
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; ! ( IG !" $9 ,%tB M(E (E l(1 ,S% !" W , wT Io $G !

>(Vd1 :? ; /K H(! IG (\! (tB ;? IY < .!" (tB M(E (E l(1
_9(h1 < IE .(& f( %7
I1 c.d3/ (%M :* !8 ,& !K C/(4 (vowel) I1
B,M ! .!" C*K K( È s qB ?IY IE XId%7 .(& =7 I!( X ,?IY
K `1703 ptB s ! * 1 K(7I1 IG !" :;,7 ,dG ,7 p?(? $,/ ptB
:* !8 .,& L w7 -tB (Dhivehi) 9,9` B,M X(9K" -$! W ! . & L I;
9$B(/ s ! . \! $9 tB < W B(; (Divehi Akru) I7 9,9` < B,M (!
,%E W ! m,G :* ,%7 :; ; ,>; L E ptB @?(W s ; IG !" B,M
B b W ! .(9( %E (/ s ?IY :=7 (/ I7 9,9` HIG IE :=7 .,9
.(& 7 >(Vd1 ,H(/
: !" ! ,;,>; , ptB
Thaana script qB (;(&
Thaana consonants %n Io
Thaana vowel diacritics p.Y Io ,?IY , s qB (;(&

112
Letters used for transliterating Arabic

Arabic words (thiki jehi thaana)
,;,>; , ptB
(Thai Alphabet) \
: A
< 1283 wB(Y B(; %! (t/ :* (& ,L (S% !" qB ;,>; Io $G !
(1 =9 I! . !" CdS; (/ 3B w1K (Khamer) I>E s ! \;,! . \7 =(9
.!" C*K( / IST1 B(G S% ,& ./ < =9 ; ,7g /I1 _9(h1
. !" 28 K(>4 , ?IY I9,* I% I9,* .44 $V* , =9 < s qB !
IE 8 < ! .!" $9( %7 Cn(o (7g /I1 (%M X E =9 ,%;(; , ?IY
; :? Cn ! , (& L w7 -tB IST1 B(G In S% !" 6!
& < IE .!" (;,>; 5 ( !" B,M *,n / ! "@.!" ( %B,M
. \& :;(7
113

Thai alphabet (

( )) qB X(&
Consonant %n Io
Vowel diacritics (
)) ,?IY p.Y Io

114
Numerals (
( )) ;
P' \
: A
.,! I4 a7I/ , p1(9K I9 H,J ,S% !" B,M C& s !

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. & =tB < W ?IY s !
,981 (4 s B,M ]7 E s B I9 I!(/ 7 IG !" $;,L :? BI9 E !
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.(Dolakha) (Eg (Thami) /(&

.(Sindhu Palkat) (7 CG 1 /(& ?I/ /(& I/
7 .!" < V. (Eg @K,G _ u$%X(B(J (eN ( s B,M ! :(q%;
. !" $9 X(B(J :? < %L B,M s ! . & f X(B(J :? < ,J @d>N(?
< (q%; :* !8 !" ,,/ K -X(B(J E 300 ( ! < X]Y K p* %L
s B,M ! .!" :? C96tG C96b :=7 .(\! ,H(/ 18991 k,/ K,GK 2001 1
.$%& E Ka! 23000 $V* C7 , u$%X(B(J
(4 %B,M X(%B(>! $B K7 - d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
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< (q%; IG (& %X(B(J ,H(/ :=7 < %L :* !8 !" ,,/ B,M s ! < (d1$!
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, .% ! .!" $! K, !/ .%X(B(J :? B(q%; ,H(/ ! . !" %! >(Vd1<
. !" :? ,B(;
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115
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.,%B,M ,9K 1(G $B C :%B(>!
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:,;,>;
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(/ s qB >!I? -G (S% & f\ L CdS; (/ s qB (Sarada) I1 qB ISb

\! $9 tB < I%>7 1(G %!g C :%B(>! B,M s ! . \! X u,
qB IN(;,9( E s,T%Y $n 19 , !" X & $V/ ptB s ! H(! I[/
(/ \% !" C% * B,n p31 :? qB s ! . !" *K m( s qB ?IY
.,%7 >(Vd1 9K(G %%! *(E ! .!" C% IN(;,9( 9 I1
! H(! .=[1 (; K(L %n :? p.Y Io !" :;,7 C%& C>S/ IE $1
.,& 81 I7 u(G E s B,M
Takri Script qB ISb
:,o
(Parsi) K
: A
1K(
1 . 500 !8 K . X" (d1$! (E I9( < 1 E Ka! B,M s !
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. !" B
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2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < I%( S9I/" %L (dT;( I9 (S9I" ;(7
, u$%X(B(J C7 :* !8 (\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 15334 ( ! k,/ K,GK
. !" 326341 $V*
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B

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116
. !" (4 %B,M ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!

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( 1 1 13 k,/ F,L 7 :* (1 Ka! k,/ F,L / 7 B,M s !
%;I9 ,o , 1 , \! CdG :? (E B,M s ! IG dG d!
=!u(G IG !" W ,=G E s 1K(G . !" ,%!K %T/ @ C (1 500 < U
. & :;(7
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;(TB IG !" c.d3/ (E s 1K( u$9 X(B(J < (dT7(G (d1$! K - 1K(G
s B,M K u$9 X(B(J < (dT;( s ! . & EK p?(/ (1 s 1K( s ; K,
. !" B,M u$EK p?(/ (1
K -X(B(J 350000 ( ! < I9 . & f X(B(J :? < (dT;( m,1 (E I9 s !
. !" 700000 $V* < (%; , K -X(B(J s B,M ! :* !8 !" ,,/
$;(W %B,M ;I9 B,L I/ I* I/ ;I9 ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
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(Pali)
: A
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(dT7(G (d1$! . & L w7 < H (9 Id/ Id !/ In f & :;(7
,1 , K` M . & ./ C9I7 B,M s ! < K(! HIG Id%7 (S.9I1
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:$;(W
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:(%? _9`
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. !" B,M ,,/ ! . !" C%tB < s B,M ! :? 9K(* (S.9I1
L < FM
117
(H Pon)
: A
.(Samong) ;,/(1 (Megyaw) (%[%/ (Phon) (

.(G -E (G I*
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. & f X(B(J < W (Bhamo) ,/(^ (/,9 B,M s !
B,M s ! ! *(u,G 7 !" (%!K & ,,/ (=B \M ( s B,M !
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(Panch Pergania) P
: A
.(Tanti) d;(* (Tamara) K(/(* (Tair) I%* (Tamaria) :9K(/(*

. !" I[; s B,M (Kudmali) B(/67 ,=9 E s B,M (sadri) K$n B,M s !
1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < (1" ?[(:B ;K iEK( (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 274000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
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. !" (/
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(Paniya)
: A
.:!(%G (Nil) C%; (Paniyan) (%G

. !" u$./ 6S%1 66 (1 s B,M ,N$7 B,M s !
k,/ K,GK 1981 . & f X(B(J < (; C/(* :BI%7 _b(;I7 (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 63800 ( !
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M g(9]/ -C/(* ,N,7 -C/(* 67 -C/(* eE -uK
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(Pao)
: A
(Pabra) IG
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M /I? - d* s ! :* ,& AB
f X(B(J < X]Y K 1 ,9K (;(G K,GId (d1 r9IG :9/ (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 7223 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1981 . &
.C%K F /I? - d* d* - %L
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
(Pattani)
: A
.(Chamba Lulhi) B,B(>L (Chamba) (>L (Pani) G (Manchad) $/ (Manchati) *(/
?I/ ;(dG %L ;(dG I/ .,L ;(dG $B E ! ,H(/ ( C! ,B(q>L
6S%1 26 !" u$./ (1 ;(%* K, s HI7(9 6S%1 63 (E 6S%1 55 . ;(dG
T* 35 (1 (Shamcho) ,>4 6S%1 37 (1 (Bunan) ;(,? 6S%1 39 (E
B,M *,^ 67 6S%1 30 (1 B,SL 6S%1 31 (1 ;(,1 6S%1 33 (1
. & f X(B(J < p* (S% (1
1997 . & f X(B(J < C!,B (>L -dG I&(/ C!,B r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! 11000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
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.(& %X(B(J B,M $! K, q!( Y . \& >(Vd1<
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:,=B

:$;(W
:$;(W
:$;(W
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118
(Perbhati Eastern) - 7u
: A
.(Nisie kham) wE \T; (Nisie) \T; (Nisi) T;

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. !" u$. u$./ 6S%1 44 (1 s B,M (Sheshi) %4 6S%1 55 (1 s .%>N
,J ! < ,J b T; < V. [B @I%N ,X` (q%; :(q%;
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(Diza) @ (Kuku) ,7,7
f ,9(B(J < K,1,/ (Masbang) T/ (Kang) 7
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!" N :? (E 6S%1 _! I4 w%.V* , !" C%!6G F ^( eN ,B !
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(Parbhati, Westren) - 7u
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wE T; wE B(7(b .(Thabanggi) [?(& (Wale) (Lukumel) C%/,7,B B(7(b
(Mahatali) B(*(/ . !" X X6=S! eN < *>(
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I* .(%& w7(o ;(;,9 < $V? * \! $;(W a%>7K" B,M (! . \! 1K(G

XK ?IY u,b D! _! s 1K(G < s,T%Y $n % -%d1 ;(>.T/
$9j;(1 < %1 E s B,M s J(1 ,! .K(1 :; B,M =G K sK IG \7
k1 p . !" B,M K X (! & f X(B(J 1K( (S% < (dT;( .(9"
1951 ,dtB , s B,M ! . !" ,9 & C/(4 :? I%W , )B s ?IY < !
I* C?(7 Cb,7 I1 .!" ,%./ < (Surkh Kotal) Cb,7 I1 K s X(b,E <
.(& ,L 1K( E s B,M w%Y I9 . !" (/ w9$ _! * ID%/,.7 200 <
. !" I/IN B( E s 1K( E "! 1K( 2B(W K :* !8
(Dari)
: A
f tB B,M K( dT;( < !" 3B w1K , wT Io $G !

%./ 5 CSb( < dT;( . !" _! (/ %B,M K(7I1 M (dT;( ! . &
/I1 _9(h1 < ! . !" 3B w1K ?IY - 1K( ! .(& tB < s qB ! ,H(/
(? .,& !K C/(4 7g
.!" (7 I!( X ,%;(; c.d3/ I1
:,;,>; , ptB
145

DARI ALPHABET qB K
Dari alphabet and pronunciation W K(L ( s B,M K
Dari
Dari sample text ,;,>; , qB
(Deccan)
: A
. E T9
. !" B( E =B K E K,G(=%? KK` ,.7 ,=B , s B,M !
I=N r9IG :9/ (N C%? X]Y K E ID4K(/ ( d1$! B,M s !
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 10709800 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1990 . & f X(B(J <
. !" (/ ; %B,M X]Y eE X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
.(& %X(B(J >(.T/ (V%4 1 I7 ,eN !
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Dimasa) K-
: A
. LI7 (1(/
.(>B I%! (1(/
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B

146
(d1$! . &
f X(B(J < ?IG (N(; ?I7 ,9ISb 6L(L 6L(L I* (1"

.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 106000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1977
%B,M ,? .K(N ,? _9(;,7 ,? _9(;,7 , - /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/ ;
. & =tB < %qB /(1" IS/ B([?
%X(B(J :? B([? ! m,1 (E !" B,M K(/ :* K( I! K(7 ->!I? K(7
. !" p%X(T%Y K` $! k!/ $1 .!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ ! .(&
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Dameli) -
: A
W d? K,N I :B I* < o %/ (E su K,B B,M s ! :(dT7(G

K(7 < .V* K < o eE IdL %%! I I* s K
I^ s$; IdL C%/ . !" $9 X(B(J < s C%/ 1(G M s$;
. !" (1 K K V. ;(W I%/ _ B$;K * .n( .%/ ! (E K I
. !" (/ (4 K( d1I(7 %B,M K X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < W ?IY B,M s !
.% iN ,dG I/ ,E / k,/ mK _! .(& 981 (Gid) iN E ! F(G ( (dT;(
IT9u(G .%/ d? K,N g,.G K,E .(\! (9" p! (E W IN ,1 ,H(/ (
.!" B $;(W ( ; IG ,%& K `)B (E \M _! I7 "!,%B,M
: IN(
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:(%? _9`
(Dungmali) '
: A
.;(T%E I&K" (Arthre) I&K" (D%? B(>N ,G B(>[;

.,& f ,%L ,=B _! (/ =B 21 %B,M d;I7 E (Khesang) ;(T%E
K X]Y K j; ;(* 1 I^ -I* < I^ V. K,ql,^ ID%1 :(q%;
.!" K -X(B(J 4600 ( ! . & f X(B(J (1 K(7 u,/ s$;
. !" (/ (4 $;I^ %B,M d;I7 d;I7 (/ - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
! IG !" I%;( ,* X,[;,G ;$E ? ! ;(E w g(; (%M ( !
.,& f ,981 (1 B(; ; K, /(/ E s B,M !(; (=B
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
147
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Dura)
: A
. \! $9 X(B(J < V. lumging =>B @7iN (q%;

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,? :B /I? - d* d* - %L
.(& %X(B(J B,M B(q%; H(! ,H(/ ! . !" ,,/ B,M s !
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Dolpo)
: A
._%X(qB d* (Phoke Dolpa) (qB ,
:g(; (%M

,B B,M ! .?K(? (Phoke Sumdo Lake) _%B $>1 , (Dhu Tarap) I*`
=>1 p9K s L K= B %M \h1 ,=B I* `. !" u$./ (1 s B,M (Lowa)
78 B,M s ! K, *,n ,; . !" u$./ (1 s B,M (Techrang) ;I%* B,M ! .(&
(1 d* (4g 6S%1 68 (1 s B,M /,B 6S%1 69 (1 s B,M ,B 6S%1
66 (1 X(*,^ ;(d7 6S%1 67 (1 %B,M (Walungoe) [;,B; I%7
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M I 6S%1 62 (1 s B,M (Helumbo) ,>.%! 6S%1
,B K(? =? CL(* g,7 Id/,N < V. qB %XI* @ B(;I7 (q%;
(1 .T.1 u(G s$; (%; B(7 < ,J (%? I*(? K(G CL (Laun)
f X(B(J < .%/ K,L 500 B,M s ! < ,J 24 (1 K(7 s$; B(;I7
.!" $;,L N ;(E X]Y . &
%B,M 9K p* %L K7 - d* X(%B(>! - /I? /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/ (4
.,& f ,9(B(J ,eN I* `,=B , ! . !" $/ %X(* IN I7 ,eN s !
B(q%; (1 %B(q%; . !" ? @?(K * d* :*, "!$%X(B(J d* (1 o(%1
K,& S% K(M .H(l :;,7 B(q%; ,*K,Y .!" $%X(B(J B(q%; 9 $;I^
sK(>/ "2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < ,J 16 ?[(:B( d1$!
B,M s ! . !" B,M u$%& wN *(s *K` B,M s ! .(\! (%? ,H(/ 450 In k,/
:(=B
: IN(
. & =X(B(J :? < (q%;

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M d* K7 %L - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
(d7 B(; (4(^ C>9 %^ %B IDT/ . & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s !
. !" ,%tB < 1991
:$;(W
:ptB
< IN (q%; (d1$! s ! .(\! (%? ,H(/ 405 (? < (q%; ( s B,M !
7,B ! . !" :; k1(/ ,9K , u$%X(B(J ; s B,M . !" B,M u$9 X(B(J
. !" B,M X]Y ;$%/ s ! . !" 6S%1 39 , w%.V* < @?(K(/I%
. !" (1 pYK@ ,1 , u$%X(B(J
:(%? _9`

: A
(%9 -E ,1
,;,>; $N,?
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148
-E :;(*,qK I=N .,%& f ,%tB ,%B,M ,%eN , (d1$! < s qB ! :,%B,M K$%1
1 I%/ $! IST1 .,%& =tB < s qB ! I7 ,eN ,%B,M , E
W ! :? B(q%; K(& 6 ,%B,M B(q%; K,G ,^ 7,7 uK(/ K(?
.!" ,%tB <
K,/ (d1$! (S% !" C9jJ (1 IST1 ,1 , s qB ! K, 39K(*
:9K(*
m,G IG ,! IY ( E .>o * (d1$! s,;a ,>/ , ptB ! . \! B,M
! :* & ,B(L 1K(G pIV/ s,;a ,>/ < su(G s$n %!K(M
< -tB %B,M 9Id%7 (d1$! qB s ! :? p ! .,%DN >(Vd1 p%>!
.!" ,%qB 1 (dqN >!I? K,n ,,/ ! . & \& >(Vd1
.,& !K u$%X(D/ K,n =G ,S% &\ p.Y Io ,=G E %n Io I!
:_u,
$9( %tB 8N )B < IST1 \% !" $9 tB I l(1 (E M(E qB s !
%\; IG !" $9 ,%7 < sIN(;,9 %X !" $9 I; C98N ,o ,%/ !"
=9 34 (p.Y Io) K,1 12 < ! .!" C98 ,%b, < IE < 9I
:,& %! ,;,>; , ptB .!" (%n Io)
Devanagari Alphabet qB IN(; ,9
qB IN(;,9 mg IST1
p.Y Io (%?
p.Y Io ,;(
149

Consonants %n Io
Variant letters IE c.d3/
Numerals
Numerals ;

150
(Dehwari) (
: A
X(B(J < V. ;,dT/ ( ]dTL,.? ?,n (dT7(G

.(\! K -X(B(J 50000 ( ! < 1998
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < W 1K( s !
(4 ?I/ --E (4 ;I9 s ! . !" I ,eN *>(, s,!I? * s B,M !
.!" ]% ,Xg I7 "! ,H(/ K(/ u$%X(B(J ( s B,M ! . !" (/ %B,M 9K
: IN(
(1 . &
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Darlong) t
: A
;g
1998 (1 . & f X(B(J < K,G C>7 I4 ]%7 K,G I* I*( d1$!
s B,M r9 ?[]Cn ! .(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 6000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
. !" Ka! 9000 $V* , K -X(B(J ! d !"
%B,M W B,L L 7,7 (N(; L - 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/ ;
. & f tB < W /K B,M s !
:,B(; ,%M
: IN(
(Dhanki)
: A
. ;(dTK ,L(7(7 C%^ 6* 6* C%^ [; I[; [;

X(B(J < X]Y (dTK _b(;I7 ,X(N C ID4K(/ I=N (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 138000 ( ! < (d1$! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & f
. !" (/ ; %B,M T9$E X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:* !K < (dTK S% (S;` .!" (/ .% =9I! !" C%^ < Cn 6* (S;`
C%^ 6* :* !8 %X(B(J *I=N * :* !K < ID4K(/ S% %X(B(J $! *
*I=N mg .7 :? K(G 7 :* !" :dT?( 1 pYK@ 7 .%X(B(J B,M .%^
.:? >(.T/ :* !" :? $! ! .& ,q! ,eN (1 s B,M
:g(; (%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Dhanwar)
: A
K,;`
K,qN(; *K,/ g,7 ID4K(/ :!6J mK K,G .? :!6J %d X]Y (d1$!
K -X(B(J 104195 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1981 (1 . & f X(B(J < K,GK$L
.(\! ,,/
. !" (/ ; %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
< ID4K(/ 7 !6J %d < :!6J %d . !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! K,;`
,1 :?,7 , s B,M ! (1 !" B,M B K,;` K( q%; 7 I%/
:,B(; ,%M
: IN(
151
:$;(W
:ptB
:$;(W
:(%? _9`

m,1 (E K(G( / .!" K(G .%!( ,9K (! .9K(L (/ ,H(/ ! . !" :;,7
.!" .X,G ( k!/ $! .7 :? K(G , E ;
(Dhodia)
: A
.(9u u u ` M`
:9/ K,1 .9,o I[; m,1 (E . & f X(B(J < I=N X]Y (d1$!
K,GK 1997 (1 . !" X(B(J -G < (dTK _b(;I7 ID4K(/ r9IG
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 139000 ( ! k,/
. !" (/ ; %B,M .%^ X]Y %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
S% 81 (9ù `$9(4 < s1 .%X(B(J *I=N ,e* ,eN u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !
B(; ! . !" B( E ! K B,M (dT7(G .7 B ,1 I7 (n E s D/
.!" X(T%Y K, !/ .9K(/ :? / :* 7 :? ,GK(! ,B ! . !" ,.% =9I! ,
:g(; (%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Dhundari) &
: A
.K,q\ uK(/ K$;`

6S%1 67 (1 s *I! 6S%1 64 (1 uK(/ 6S%1 62 ,=B , s B,M !
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M *(3%4 6S%1 60 (1 s B,M *,%/
2002 . & f X(B(J < s BI7 _b K,q\ (dTK X]Y (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 9000000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
%B,M uK(/ ;(dTK X]Y %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/ ;
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
(Dhivehi) (
: A
. & f(* 1 (1 B(; C/ < (d1$!

. !" u$./ (1 s B,M B(1 ,=B , s B,M !
X(B(J * %M (Maliku) ,S%B(/ (S% !" B,M H(/ 300000 9$B(/ s !
C/(* ?IY < K `s B,M ! . & L < -X(B(J < (d1$! B,M s ! . & f
. !" ! , ;(?@ a9I[; a%N,LK,G 1K( 9I $! wB(9]/ B(1
. !" (/ ; %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
m,G ( E ]1 . !" $9 tB < W I7 9,9 B,M s ! (E p HIG
M(E W ! .,%!K %! >(Vd1 d! %X(* B(1 Ka! :M W 9,9 %X(* 1700
! . & f tB < W (;(* (9 (;(& B,M s ! H(! I[/ !" ,tB I l(1 (E
. !" W C%& =(9 ! *(@ . !" ,tB I M(E (E l(1 W
, @?(S./ ! . !" 6S%1 98 p7I4 < w%.V* K s B,M ! 9$B(/
. & f ; V9K s B,M ! w%.V* . & EK ,K
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(

:$;(W
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
152
(Durimiya) -
: A
.(Shauka) (7,\1 (Sauka) (7,\1

X(B(J < ,J 16 .9( /K V. (Darchula) g,LK @ B(7(/ (q%;
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 1197 ( s B,M ! k,/ sK(>/ "2001 (1 . & f
. & f X(B(J < :!6JK,G CL I*( d1$!
X(%B(>! ?I/ %B,M K,>B K7 - d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/ (4 %B,M
$! ;,X(>7 ,B ! . ;(7 < p!6G ptB . & \& >(Vd1 < IN B,M s !
,H(/ ( .% (Rangla) ][;K < (d1$! .(& %X(B(J :? B(q%; 7 .!" $%X(B(J :? B,M
.!" K(! u$7 w7 ,7K,7 ! .(& %X(B(J B,M s !
:g(; (%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Digro-Mashmi) '-
: A
. / X(* ,X(* I[.%X

u$./ (1 s / =/ 6S%1 10 (1 s / ,=B 6S%1 25 , s B,M !
. !" u$.
. & f X(B(J < (1" .9? []L D!,B r9IG CL (;K( d1$!
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 8622 ( ! k,/ sK(>/ "2001 (1
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(* /(1" -I* /I? - d* d* - %L
$V* ,eN .(& !K < X]Y ,.?( ! (& %X(B(J 1 a9I[; s /(1" ,H(/ !
.!" K(! ! (E (B %G . !" , K p/ M
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Dungra Bhil) u

: A
. & ./ 6S%1 89 < =B (1 s B,M K,.%^ u$9 X(B(J < ID4K(/ B,M s !
. & ./ 6S%1 53 (1 s B,M (4IN I s6!
2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < ID4K(/ r9IG :9/ 6? I=N (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 100000 ( ! ?(/ K,GK
. !" (/ %B,M W .%^ %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
.,& !K < I=N ,S% "! ,B(; , .% C%^ I[; . !" B,M IN .%^ !
IG ,qK 7 :* %X81 :? 1IN I[; 7 .C !" V/ )B I[;
.!" ,B :dT?( 1 pYK@
:,=B
: IN(
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:(%? _9`
(Dogri)
: A
-K([; u(G -IN I[;(7 -IN ,>l -IN I[; -IN B(9IN
.K(7,* -IN $!
.IN I* B(9i7 IN I/ IN .%*(^
:g(; (%M
153
:,=B

$L .,X]Y K , (L K .,X]Y K I%>7 , (dT7(G (d1$!

-X(B(J 2105000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J < ?[(:B :!6J
.(\! ,,/ K
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M u(G :B X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < W %.VdT; ?IY B,M s !
p%%o B= G E H(! IG ,! $9 ,%=>1 ,=B , s ?(=G E ! <
! \;,! .%X(B(J 1 ,JK S% (& 81 :? I[; IN < 1 IN . !"
%X(B(J B,M .%>L ! < CL(>! . !" ,.% , =(G r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
(/ s qB I1 (S% \! tB < W ISb B,M s ! < .IN < ,>l
. & =tB < W ?IY I7 (; :; K(L K,G ( s B,M s qB IG !" CdS;
- 1K( H(! IG ;(d1$! W IN(;,9 !\( $7 >(Vd1 I%>7 W ISb
< . 325 ,S% !" ,%7 :? s /,.G I7 , .% ! . & =tB < W ?IY
C _B,%4
,H(/ K ! ?(:* ,& ,L ,! .,! ,9" < W ! 8N (1 K$S1
(9 ;(dTK Cn IN . !" ,%7 I7 , , ! :? ITW I%/ .(& !K < K(

.!" ,7(!K ( C ! .C !" V/ !" CdS; (/ I[; )B 1
.,! (1 .% ! :? ,1 , ItG :S./ e%X(J S%1]7 K,/
: IN(
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:(%? _9`
(Domari) -
: A
.,& f ,*(1 :? (1 B(; (Dimsa Kachari) K(7 (T/ E !

. & EK p?(/ (1 =B s ?(=G I/ ;(dTK ;(/K B,M s !
=(G r9IG I* ?[(:B (1" < V. Iq>L I1 K(? (d1$! s !
C%XI1 IY I9 I/ (dT;( m,1 (E (T9u I%>7 ,>l r9IG :9/
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
1338271 < I9 ! ( . &
X(B(J :? < K s 7I* (9I1 ,1 (%B

.!" ,,/ K -X(B(J 207771 < (d1$!
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( s 1K( ?IY < ! .!" (%!K f < T9 i/ H]G 8B (/ p[.N S%
.!" (9 & w )B u,E
(Domaaki) *-
: A
.(Doma) (/ (Dumaki) 7(/

. !" u$./ (1 =B (Gilgit Shina) (4 d[.N 6S%1 40 K, ,; *,n B,M s !
:g(; (%M
:,=B

154
< ,J "?(%V/ < I&(/ a! * K, (W (X]Y (9I* < V. p[.N :(dT7(G
s ! < ,J (Bokar) I7,? (q%; ,H(/ :=7 < Cq/ C,N .!" IN :=7
.!" $%X(B(J B,M
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. !" ./ :;(7 ptB s B,M !
)B ; IG !" (*K K `)B (7 (E S4I? (4 s B,M !
. !" B,M .% s ! .L < ;( H(1 , !" X I Id9 K,n
< X]Y K( dT!,7
.!" $;,L E K -X(l -X(J [B I3T/
eN ! .(\! (%? u$%X(B(J B,M 500 ( ! < 1989 (1 ((;g .Y ]ID7)
.!" >(.T/ (^
(Dumi) -
.(Satmali) B(>d1 (Lsi Rai) mK 1 (Dumi Bro) I? / (Dumi Bou) ,? /

(1 s B,M .E B,M s ! .(Makpa) (qS/ (Khar Baris) K(?IE (Brasmi) >1I?
. & EK p?(/
s$; (Tap) %b < s g,E (Eg < V. ;(b,E %XI*( @ b(/ IN(1
(E Ka! _! ( ! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < X]Y %!(/
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! :M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M d;I7 $B d;I7 (/ X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
.!" (%!K I7 K(%dW B,M B(q%; u$%X(B(J ( ! , !" !K & ,,/ B,M s !
(Degaru)

K,GK
.K(N K(S9
2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < ?[(:B K(? X]Y (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 10089 ( ! k,/
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: IN(
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:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
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: IN(
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: A
:g(; (%M
: IN(
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(Deori)

: A
.KK K (%b,L
. ./ ,; (1 s B,M :? 7 M !" u$./ (1 s B,M K(N,? IG B ,=B , !
; %B,M ,? K(N ,? _9(;,7 _X(;,7 -Iq> /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/
. & =tB < W /K /(1"
< s B,M K(/ ! .,& \& * H !/ (9 IN >(Vd1 ,eN , s B,M !
:? IY(4 k9 < s B,M ! . !" 6S%1 71 w%.V* < %B,M %M (? ;(7 w%.V*
:g(; (%M
:,=B
:$;(W
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: A
.& -B (7 :? ( s B,M *I=N . !" u$./ (1 %B,M ;(7,7 B,M s !

. & f X(B(J < ?,n ID4K(/ (d1$!
. !" (/ %B,M ;(7,7 W eE X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
(Sansi) K
: A
.(Bhilki) S.%^ B,M T;(1

s ! . !" $AB uK(/ !87 !87 . !" * s B,M ;(d1$! ?(=G
! . !" u$./ (1 s B,M L,1 6S%1 83 (1 sK 6S%1 71 K, In B,M
.!" (*K K `)B (7 (E s *I=N ?(=G $! s B,M
=(G (d1$! .(& !K L,1 < 1 1 IG LI7 ,?,n 1 I*( < dT7(G
X(B(J < r9IG I*_ b(;I7 r9IG :9/ I%>7 ,>l .! :;(9I! (dTK
16200 < (dT7(G K -X(B(J Ka! 60000 < (d1$! ( ! < 2002 . & f
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (; @?(d1$! $! ?I/ W %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & =tB < W IN(;,9( < d1$! . & =tB < W ?IY s ! < 1
. !" ,=9 *>( E s ?(=G 1 ;(dTK (S% !" B,M .%^ B,M s !
,=G ! &( ! K .& B ! .(& 81 Tq B mg .!" ]% ,Xg !
< s B,M M < 1 .!" (%[1 :; & C/(4 < K `/, (f ! . !" >( ;(1 B
.!6G :;,7 < (d1$! :* !8 !" 6S%1 5 I4 w%.V*
:g(; (%M
:,=B
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:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Savi) K
: A
.(Sau) ,X(1 (Sauji) ,X(1 (Sawi) (1

. !" u$./ (1 s B,M (Phalura) K,. 6S%1 58 B,M s !
( S% :* ,& [1 & (1 K(7 s$; K(7 < ,J ,X(1 (dT;(
f X(B(J :? < (dT7(G B,M s ! .=! $%X(B(J :? ! !" (9" < (dT7(G I(/
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! 3000 ( s B,M ! < 1983 . &
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:g(; (%M
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(Sadri oraon) & K
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X(L (Nurpur sadri) K$1 K,GK,; (Borial sadri) K$1 C9K,?
:(=B
(Uchai Sadri) K$1

165
:$;(W

C9K,? \% !" ((^ !(4 K= ( B _!I! .(Mokkan Tila sadri) K$1 ]* 7,/
.!" ((^ 7 ( sK$1
?,! K ?(@,B,/ a9 ;(N L =9K !(4 K ,1 < r9?[]
(Kushtia) (%d7 < V. (Jhenaidah) :!$% < a9 (tB <V. (Hobigani)
. & f X(B(J < V. (Magura) K,[/ V.
. !" (/ (4 %B,M K(? W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
.tB !6G < I% B([? B,M M ,H(/ . !" :;,7 ptB :?(7 E B,M !
I7 ! .,! ,9" 8B d! ( 1 1 ,.% (9K . !" B,M .% (9K s !
(& 7 B,M I7 ,H(/ 7 %X(* (f !" B,M uK I7 (! .(\! (9" (/ Kuruk
.!" K(! K :%G $!
: IN(
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:ptB
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:* -OK
w%.V* 6! F(G ,S% XI7 K(Vd/ < (q wB(Y B(; X(7,7 < 806 s qB !
.(& ,L (Bonji) =;,? E qB ! < (q .,! ,9" ( / %L
(Siddham Script) OK
: A
.C>S/ !" V/ 1 )B . !" CdS; (/ s qB >!I? < Cn 3B w1K !

C%tB < IST1 < s qB ! ,! , & L < dtB E M [4 < (q qB s !
& \& C; (slope) !g K,?,W _! E IE s qB ! .(& tB I% Id/
(Monumental) K(* .1 :!" (%./ (;,>; :M ( ! . !" I M(E (E l(1 (S%
588-9 (9I* ptB s ! . !" ,%./ < K,n ptB < K$/ HIG (9(N M ,S%
!" , s,T%Y $n % ,S% !" ,;,>; K d1(1IG ,;,>; ,%M . !"
! . !" ,%./ (/ K$/ K i/ B ,;,>; ,! . !" ,%./ C%tB * G %=E
! < s,T%Y $n %d1 :? m,G IG & ./ F(l K,& *>(p?(? K `
E . !" C; u,/ ,S.! < K s ; E IE .,%& ./ ,d/]Y , K`
g(%D7 ,;,>; , ptB ,\1 1 _! < (d1$! I* .(& 981 ,;,>; %1 IG
:? (7Id/ 1 E ! . !" , ;,>; ptB IN(; ,;,>; ,! IG ,& ./ , @I
I
l(1 (E
M(E ptB
Io s ! .!" 1 I[;
7,7 IE ! ( , (& ,L
. !" tB
< =9 K, _9(h1 ,7g /I1 , . !" 14 $V* , 7g /I1 < s qB !
$V* , =9 /%n Io .!" (7 I!( :? V9K ?IY( 7g (%M .,& !K C/(4
. !" 35

166
Siddham script qB 1
Vowels I1 / p.Y Io
Vowel diacritics with ka ,?IY , (7
Consonants
Consonants =9
Sample text in Sanskrit in the Siddham alphabet ,;,>; *IST1 , ptB
(Sarada Script) K
: A
10 8 . !" tB I l(1 (E M(E (S% !" qB ;,>; $=? $G s !

! . & \& >(Vd1 < I%>7 I7 ,eN I1 . dS; (/ s qB (dqN K `s$n
=(G 1 (S% !" _! :? iB (/ !" ,W(4 X ,9Id%7 K , s qB
(;,>; :M ( ptB ! < s,T%Y $n 14 . & I!( K , s t/IN < $V? I^<
IG !" (eN < I%>7 >(.T/ I%>7 .(%& I!( :? W I%>7 W ISb
s qB I1 ! .!" C%!6G IG !" N $! tB < s qB ?IY ! .& N w%.V*
C%tB < s qB IN(;,9 IST1 ,o , I%>7 \;,! .!" $tB <
(.& Io . !" C%D/ ,eN ,;,>; IG !" C%E *(sIN(;,9 IE ( s qB I1 . !"
:,;,>;
167

,W = "= :\% . !" C; ,B(; B B E Io I! .!" (9( %7 >(Vd1 6E

. !" 41 $V* , =9 < s qB ! . & L N < -tB H(! IG I%
Sarada alphabet qB I1
Consonants =9
Vowel diacritics ,?IY p.Y Io
Numerals ;
(Seraiki) K
: A
. B,;(%/ B I9 SL ?(=G eE ;(d./ K,qB ?( d1(9K

Sd (Jangli) .[ d1(9K (9 K,qB( ?(Khatki) SdE (9 ;(d./ B I9
(1 s B,M 1 < -E :* (1 s B,M ?(=G < I^=( B (9 K(/ \h1 .I%
E ! 7 IG !" ,=B , @?(1 ! :k,/ F,L 1I\9IN .!" C%G(Jg
s ! K, ,; . !" u$./ (1 IN B,M s ! . !" ,%,7 ,=B , =(? @?(G
55 (1 s 7 6S%1 60 (1 s Sb 6S%1 68 (1 1 6S%1 85 B,M
.,L :? (4 s B,M $B E ! . & EK p?(/ (1 %B,M T;(1 6S%1
m,1 (E X]Y S%XI1 < =(G -E B,M s ! < (dT7(G :(d1$! (dT7(G
< s B,;(%/ (d./ K,qB ?((W (@I9 (W C%Y(>1 I9 (dTL,.? 1
(dTK r9IG I* r9IG K;" ID4K(/ =(G (d1$! . & f X(B(J
:g(; (%M
:(=B

: IN(
168
< (d1$! (K(>/ "2000) 13843106 ( ! < (dT7(G . & f X(B(J < s .!
B , S%XI1 < (dT7(G < s B,M ! .!" ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! :9! (
. !" K( (1 B(; !KC%L - b
. !" $9 tB < W 1K( - ?IY B,M s !
:ptB
(Siraiki Script) K
: A
I9@ c.d3/ (7g /I1 (? . \& C/(4 ,7g _9(h1 < !" qB wT $G Io !
14 ( =(G 1 E !" B,M w9$ s ! .(& =7 I!( X ,%;(; I?@
K -X(B(J ( ! . !" (/ ; %B,M X(9K" -$! ! .(& %X(B(J ,H(/ %./
$B ;(d./ < !" (=B c.d3/ ( ! .!" :? < (%;(I? (S9I/" IY K,>1
, =9 ! < .(& =>1 ,=B , s1 7 :* ?(=G E ! 7 .(& f L
$9I ]:,W . !" ,%!K =tB 9Id? (E nIY (7 < ! . !" 56 $V*
_! ! IG !" ,981 (4 $B E ! 1I\9IN . !" IY(4 9Id? , s S%XI1
.!" (=B ( ! :? B,;(%/ B I? d1(9K . !" B,M K`
Siraiki alphabet qB S%XI1
169

Sample text in Siraiki ,;,>; , ptB S%XI1
(Syriae) K
: A
_! (/ dtB w9$ :? s ! .!" < @?(/K" \% !" IE 22 C7 < s qB !

%T. ptB s ! .,%! ,9$9 ,%tB < s qB ! ,dtB , %X(T%Y . !" ptB
/K * < s,T%Y $n 5 !8 X\ 7 >(Vd1 eN (I %X(T%Y
:M S% (Nestorius) K,DT%; ,%M ?,V9 _! :!" (;,>; :M ( ptB ! .,! K
=G _!I! (/ M ; . .! F(dS K `489 < (\! (I X(T%Y
.(%7 K(%dW;( ,>; B B :? ( -tB ! < \7 r4,7 -X(>l I; :;
%eN ! .,! 3B w1K IdV/ , %X(T%Y %T. IY (B ptB s !
C $n %d1 (S% @?(/K" < !K ,.%1 , ptB ;(?@ /(1 X
%X(dT% ,%!K I p1I?@ , ! @?(.! %X(* s,T%Y $n %d1 (E %T/
%X(T%Y /K" . \! @?(I/ s ! :* ,%& :; Cn(o IY E s ?IY
./ C%tB < @?(s ; R1 :d4,; $/ < K , \! @?($/ 9,9
:? %X(* (f . \! C%. %X(* s1 ;(,9 IY (9I&(1 (%4IG B,M s ! .(&
(S% B,M ;(9I1 .,! ;(9I1 3B w1K , . !" B,M $/ %X(T%Y
W ! :?(1 !" B,M %&K(G /K & =eJ ,=B I/ , @?(/K"
K %X(* s,T%Y $n 12 (E s,T%Y $n 9IG B,M (! . \! $9 tB <
$9! 6G tB :? < IN (IN K :BI%7 (d1$! B,M s ! . !K %!
(Neo /K" ,%; m,G (E . & ./ < K,n C9I7 * 6M X(IN ; . \!
s 7I* (%K, (%/K" I9 IY :? (f ,S% ,%.! K , @?(Aramic)
ptB ! . \! $9 tB :? < s ;IY %g @?(/K" . !" K( %X(T%Y

170
; @?(IY CS.? ? -cB .(& %& >(Vd1 K, =9 IE X 22 !" IE 22 <

/I1 `w` g < ;(?@ /K" h1 .!" c.d3/ ,%e!6G , IE IG & 6
( .(& %& >(Vd1 K, 7g
_! :!" (;,>; :M ( ! .(& ./ < W ?,V9 I1
, W ,.[9 IDT9 .(Nestorian) IDT%; ,%M (Estranglo) ,.[9 IDT9( 9 ?,V9
, ptB !" ,;,>; , ptB ,N ,S% ,& ./ (1 ;,>; W ;(;,9 ,;,>;
.1 :(& ./ (;,>; :M K ! ( ,%.! %X(* ` %L I%T1 9IG ,;,>; ,!
%=G %&,L ! .,& ./ (Y < dtB %HIG ,;,>; ! :(Majuscula) :%B,ST=%/
.!" C%tB (d7 XId%7 * s B,M W !) .!" :d4,; C%tB ( s,T%Y $n
,& ./ < -E (d1$! ,;,>; , ptB IDT%; ( !" K(V* In $/ , (1
,;,>; ,! .,%7 XK ./ X(T%Y ,;,>; , ptB ! ( !" XK :? (f ,;,>; ,!)
:? %X(* %L ,%!K XK .% ,[/ 7I* (d1$! -E (E (d1I7
( ptB ?,V9 .!" ,%./ < ptB IDT%; %L ,dtB 781 * , & G
.(& ./ %X(* s,T%Y $n ` 9IG F(!
(E l(1 (S% !" p!6G (Horizental) :? qB s ! I[; %qB /(1 %M
:!" ! (;,>; ( qB ! . !" tB M(E
Syriac script qB ;(9I1
Estrangelo ,.[9 IDT9
171

Western, Jacobite
Jacobite or Serto script qB ,.[9? I/
,;,>; , %?()B ,V9 ?I/

172
p.Y Io
(Sarikoli) K
u CI? ,WK(9 KN =( N ,%B,M b ,9K :!IN

K=( / (W$? K$; $oI1 (dT;( IdL *g(? 1(G K IdL
. & f X(B(J < X]Y _(* %L m,1 (E K :!K
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M I%/(G eE I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
f tB < s qB (Uyghur) K,N X (9 < %L _(* W ?IY - 1K( < (dT7(G
. &
< s qB ! .!" I%> 4(S4 X(=/ ($? ; ,%B,M ,%M , :!IN !
. & EK X6=S! (1 %B,M ;I9 $;I^ ! .!" =9 29 < K,N X(9K
: A
;I9 -$!
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
Sirlankan Coreoli Malay - *P K
: A
. *( ( (4(^ \./ \./ SB I1

,9,G ! . !" I IN , C/(* :? * ! , !" c.d3/ :? (E \./ K(%V/ s !
. !" u$./ (1 (Malaccon Creoli Malay) \./ .9K,7 7]/
X(B(J < I4 %M (Badhula) g? i%%7 ,>B,7 I4 (SB I1 :(S.9I1
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J Ka! 50000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1986 (1 . & f
. !" (/ %B,M $;(W \./ .9K,7
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
(Sikkimese) 'K
: A
(Denjong pa) (q[;,=9 (Dhand zongkha) (t[;@i; (Siffim Bhotia) (%*,^ wS1
.(q[;,B /(S1 (S;,=9
$9 X(B(J < (b,^ (S% ,& ./ (1 s B,M (t[; @,o :=7 , s B,M !
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M d* 6S%1 42 (1 s B,M (t[; @6S%1 68 B,M ! . !"
:g(; (%M
173
:,=B

1996 (1 . =! $9 X(B(J < p* ,& [1 & ?[(:B wS1 (d1$!
: IN(
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 28600 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
H(l d* 7 IG !6G tB < s B,M
B(q%; ,H(/ ! . !" :;(7 < ptB B,M s !
:$;(W
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.!" (%& :?
(Syloti Nagri) _ K
: A
M(E (E l(1 ,S% !" 3B w1K , ptB Io $G !
:* !8 . !" C; ( Inherent vowel) ,7g /I1 _9(h1 E =9 h1 . !" ,tB
:,;,>;
< _%B 1 I
(Hasanta) (d;(T! E (& f( %7 I!( X ,?IY ,%;(; c.d3/ (7g /I1 (%M
Io !8 .(& =7 I!( X ,%;(; , ?IY( 9 Io ( "@7g /I1 .,& 81
Io In (d;(T! .!" (7 >(Vd1= 9( DM (9 `:* !" $9( %tB 8N %n
.!" $%& >(Vd1 < IW"
1549 (1 ,dtB , s qB ! . !" CdS; (/ s qB (Kaithi) %7 K(? qB !
:9K(*
360 $1 ]:!(4 < ,T%Y $n 14 qB s ! .,%& ./ , %X(* 1774 (E

=(9 * (\! $%X(B(J ?IY I7 ,eN 1 (\! ,%G !/ R1 S% %&(1
b]1 ! ,%! u$.! < 1(G 1 ,%qB S% ,%M < ;(/@ :*, !" C%7
;lK .! K ÌW" $n 17 .,%! :; C! -tB ;,>; L E s B,M
B,M b]1 IG \! $9 tB < W 1K( - ?IY (S% & 1K( B,M K(7I1
(%? , 9IG w9ISB$Y ,B,/ K `1860 . \! $9 tB < s qB .n= G
! . !" !K .! < s qB IN(; b]1 (! %X(* .(9u, IE ( s B,M b]1 `
< Cn
b]1 .,%& f ,%tB ,%B,M :=7 , (d1$! r9 < ?[]s qB
29 $V* , =9 10 $V* , 7g < s qB ! . !" ,=9 *>( E B,M B([?
. !"
:,& %! ,;,>; , s qB
Syloti Nagri alphabet qB IN(; b]1
Vowels and vowel diacritics
diacritics ,?IY p.Y Io

174
Consonants %n Io
(Sylhati) (K
: A
.(Siloti) b,.1 b]1 B([? D.1

EK p?(/ (1 %B,M /(1" B([? B,M s !
. & EK X6=S! 6S%1
:g(; (%M
:(=B
K ?(@,B,/ ;(N ! N w;,1 .1 V. r9 ?[]-(d1$! r9?[]

(%.9ID1" B,M s ! m,1 (E . !" * .n( .%/ 100 (E (7 .1 <
. & f X(B(J < (/I? (%%X]/ .b (d1$! (\7
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M /(1" B([? I/ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
: IN(
. !" tB :? < s qB /K B([? . & f tB < D.1 IN(;

.! i%B(N(; K,G I* i7]! 6L(L I&(/ (Surma) (/I1 (1" -E (d1$!
< (%; K -X(B(J B 1 ! ( . & f X(B(J < \>? "?(K$%o dS.7
.(& %X(B(J B,M ! ,H(/ B 20 < (d1$! B 70 < ( ?[(/ !" ,,/
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Simte) 'K
: A
70 K,
*,n (1 s B([? . &
, >B(Y 7 . &
B,M s !
:(=B
. !" ,=B , s B,M b(\%G (Paite) ! :* !" F,L

2001 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. K,G $L K,L K,G / :B -E (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 7150 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
: IN(
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
:$;(W
175
EK
X6=S! (1 %B,M (Zome) ( @Thado) (&
:$;(W

(Sampang) 'K
: A
.I% N ;(q>1 (E ;(q>1 mK ;(q>1

(%[* (Bhalu) ,B(^ (Samarung) ;K(/(1 (Halum bung) ? w.! (Tana) (;(*
.;(*,E (Khartananchi) *IE (Phali) B( (Tangechha)
(Patcka) (SG ;(q1(? (;(>*IE < V. ;(*,E (&( @/IN(1 (q%;
I^ -E sI&(/ g,E K < V. K,ql,^ @4,7 < ,J $%
i>DE w.9 K `B,M s ! < X]Y %%! s$; K (1 K(7 K
. !" C96tG :? < s XI%*
. !" (/ (4 I/ %B,M d;I7 d;I7 (/ X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
!" ; s B(q%; ug , ;,,; . !" B,M u$9 X(B(J < ,J IN !
! .(& %X(B(J B,M s ! K I>Y IG !" u$%X(B(J B(q%; Cn -l :* $AB
80 :? I4 w%.V* . < s B,M B(q%; :? w%.V* ,,; .(& =>1 N B(q%;
!" $! K, !/ .!" ,7(!K ( .%M / . ,B ! & 6S%1
.(& 7 :? ,GK(!
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:(%? _9`
(Sumcho) 'K
: A
.K7 ID%1 wS1 K(?,%& K(%& (Shumcu) ,S>4 (Sumtsu) a>1

6S%1 45 (1 s B,M (1 6S%1 67 (1 s B,M 4 6S%1 70 B,M s !
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M B,SDL 6S%1 43 (1 s B,M K7 IX,B
< ,J B(b ,.%q1 ;K iB ;(,7 < V. IX,7 r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
$V* , u$%X(B(J B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1985 .!" < .V* :!,G S%
.,! 2174
$;(W %B,M X(%B(>! $B K7 d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/
K, !/ ! .& * GK(! I)1 KN I7 ,eN .!K * %b,L u(G ,B !
.!" $! M X(/g
:g(; (%M
:,=B
(Sumerian) 'K
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
. & X ,dG , ,o(/ K,G I9,* _! < !" ,;,>; , W I9,* !
wX( < ( 1 Ka! G (E ( S% \! "?(I4 :?((? 9IG (%; I%>1
K i7 (9 3%/ W ! :* ,! ,!( To( * < %; , , I%>1 . &
.%* I1 3*K,n (! .,%7 =(9 (& ,L (Cuni form) K( ;,7 E W
E w. < , " k1 X,! . \! $9 tB * !I C% s D/ (1 w. C96N
,H(/ (9IG ( (%; I%>1 .,%! ,9$%& $%G i7 (1 FI7 I%1(G (9 / %!
9$n 9Id%7 ,S% ,%7 =(9 W (Logophonetic) * m( W I9,* !"

176
K,4 .?(? 3*K,n (! .,%!K XK /, h1 < S./ I^ %X(*

GK,9 -$! (:%B,(; )I%X(/ (%9 . \! ,/ /, K,/(; V7 ;$.7
(Mitani) ;(D/ (Kushite) *(7 < 9K" .,%7 K(%dW E W :? (Khati) DE ,
(1 5000 .,*K $X( (/ s 3*K,n s ; :? $;(W (Achaemanias) \/(7 / r/(3!
,%!I K()%;,7 Ka! :9( d (& ./ < (>%b,G,T%/ ( ;(s 3*K,n !
T ,%!I ,9j; ,9j; ! !" (%./ ( ;(7K(G 7 * !" ,9 ,9B
>1( /(1 u$9( 9 u$9!_ I! ! %X(9IG .,%& %XM ( ;(eJ B(;
m( _! \% .(9( %!( (;,>; K ; ( `mg (d7 (To m,G IG ,%! ,%tB *
! :? a9(d1( ( G ? K,4 .!" C; ,S%B ,91 G * ; :* =! w1 G *
< K,n C9I7 < W ! :? ,;( ?K,>o .!" (9 B (/ KiE ,%; < ptB
. !K %! K %X(* s,T%Y $n 100 & I4 (E . 3300 B,M ! .(& ./
.!" C9K(t9 (*K IE c.d3/ ( . 3200-1000 (*K 3B w1K I%>1)
E !\( $%eJ %X(* 60 (E _! ,! .,! ,d4I1 K$;(4 :? , -eJ 9I%>1
C%7 =(9 , 9I%>1 %X(* .,! ,,/ :? ,d4I1 X(! b .(\! $7 I
,9 ,9K1 K,& H(! E (\! 9 355 < . !" %! >(Vd1 Ki%.7
IG L & :;(7 w7 < -tB B,M :? 7 (%9 -E qB ! , u,* . !"
E s qB ! d! mg .!" (%!K (*(; (b(N (1 K ( 1 K, (W ( (%9 -E
.,%!" (%!K I7 C/(4
Sumerian W 3%/ I%>1
177

Santali Alphabet PK
:
. \7 =(9 ,/,/ (;,NK iG K `1920 (1 ? cB ! .,L :? OL E !

B([? :* (9 \! $9 :; (7 tB :* (9 @?(B(d1 ( E -%& =(9 ? -cB!
6S%1 5.8 < (d1$! ( K -X(B(J B,M B(d1 . \! $9 tB < %qB X(9K
! . & f X(B(J :? < (q%; (b,^ r9 ?[]B,M ! m,1 (E .(& !K ,H(/
Î/ ,S% !" X * (! K, (W mg =B eE @?( B(d1 %?()B
%g IN(;,9 B([? X(9K B,M B(d1 .,& f ,9(B(J < V. (Mayrbhanj)
.!" IE 36 C7 < s qB ! . & f tB :? < W /K (9
Santali or Santhali
qB B(d1
Numerals ;

178
Santali PK
:
(Sangtal) *(1 (Sandal) $1 B(d1 (satar) K(d1 (har) I! (hor) I! (hor) K,!
.(Sonthal) ;(,1 (Samtali) B(d>1
:g(; (%M
(9 (Mahali) B(/ (Manjhi) =/ B(1 I!,B B(1 B(/I7 Karmali B(/I7
! .(& f( 9(B(J (=B I! K,! < (q%; .(& f( 9(B(J < (d1$! (=B ! . ./
. !" =9 E B,M ,! Mandri K$/ B,M
:(=B
(q%; < r9 :.[? Ka/ ?[(:B K,G I* (T9u K(? (1" (d1$!
X(B(J < (Mechi zone) @%/ V. (Jhapa) (q V. ;K(/ @4,7
< (q%; 157,000 < r9 ?[]5,959,000 ( B,M ! < 1997 < (d1$! . & f
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 40,260 < 2001
: IN(
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M KIE $/ I* $/ X(%9 -ID1"

tB < W /K B,M s ! < (q%; r9 ?[]s qB X(9K B,M s ! < (d1$!
1% I4 w%.V* < (q%; 50% < r9 :.[? 30% I4 >%.V* < (d1$! . & f
. !" N :? (E
$9(4 IG !" :? qB B(d1 .!" 9K(* =G E ! . !" ,.% w9$ , (d1$! !
E ! < (q%; .(& IS; :? g(1K :=7 < r9 ?[]. L & :; (7 < -tB H(!
. !" C%./ ,K , s B,M K(7I1
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
Sindhi OPK
: A
,.T7 (Macharia) (9IL(/ B,L( 9 ,B,L .9K(& 1g I* ug 7

_! , s1 C%^ ( X]Y K -E :=7 ;(>.T/ 1 1 $! (Dukslinu)
u(%(7 ^ B B _! .(& ,L .%^ 1 E (& %X(B(J ,=B
,=9 E s1 77% ,B ! .(& 7 1 u(%(7 S% !" (9" (E u(%(7
.(& ./ (=B (Kayasthi) TX(7 (=9u( :%b(^ < (d1$! .!"
I=N (d1$! m,T;(E =(G :=7 (dTL,.? :=7 1 K,>1 < (dT7(G
I* (; C/(* (T9u r9IG :9/ .! K(? r9IG K;" (dTK ID4K(/
$V* , u$%X(B(J 1 < 2001 (1 < (dT7(G . & f X(B(J < r9IG
.,! (1997 (1) 2,812,000 < (d1$! 18,500,000 ?(/ IE ;[ K(7I1
, u$%X(B(J B,M ! :? < (S9I/" :%;(I? %X(q. K,G([1 >(Y m,T;(E
\L $V* , u$%X(B(J 1 < (%; K,>1 < K ,,/ f ,%L .,& !K $V*
. !" ^ B uI7
(/ $;(W W -E I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! k,/ 9I; _!
B,M b(J" 7,.n( d! K 7 :* (& =>1 :? uK E 7 . !"
.(& =>1
:(=B
179
: IN(
:$;(W

. &
=tB < s qB ?IY H(! I[/ \! $9 tB < sIN(;,9 t/IN <
. & f tB < sIN(;,9 8N (1 ?IY < (d1$! p ! .( qB 1 ,1)
1 :* !" (%W , 7 . !" @?(K(7I1 8N (1 sK? ,n 1 !
(/ 1 ;(?@ /(1 s ! :* !" (%W , 7 !" B,M CdS; (/ IST1
;(?@ ( ?IY) /(1 :; !" dS; (/ IST1 :; ! !" F,L , >B(Y 7 . !"
w k9* K u %!,/ (E !8 !" ,,/ (E p ! IG !" X(l
$9 X(B(J ( @?(7 :? * .!" ,%./ ,dtB , \! B,M _! :? * .,*K
(dT7(G . !" 9K(* B= G E s B,M ! mg . !" @?(X (! s ! $;,!
K(3? (d1( E c%B :!(4 .,& \& %.3* < s B,M ! _9`( E %B,M h1
X ,9Id%7 . !" $V* ,%eJ F :? , T9,; I; %X .(%& $%G IY(4 \%7 %X(*
!" (%!K I7 w7 C%L b c.d3/ ( ! p ! .(& IS; g(1K K(W
@ " b FI/ ,! . b . G r7 b 1 9 b 7 b G :<
.!" C/(4 b *K` b
Sindhi Bhil u OPK
. !" ,=9 ,eN *>(s B,M 1 .,=B , 9$? u,[%/ 1 9$? ,HI/
1 .%^ 1 :* !8 !" 82% X6 _! HI7(9 HI/ 1
. !" 89% < u,[%/
1 . & f X(B(J < K(M u,N - D .*(/ 9$? ?,n 1 (dT7(G
! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 .!" C96tG %X(* K(%Bib (E .*(/ 9$? u,[%/
.,! 56500 $V* , K -X(B(J s B,M
(/ (4 %B,M 1 W $B I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !"
Id? ,9K , H(/ ! ; s B,M . !" c.d3/ (E s Sb 1 ,=B ,HI/
< W T; 1 S% !" (9( %I1 p%N 7 .(& I? < ,B ! . !"
s ! IG =>1 Sb E s B,M ! < 1 .%X(B(J :? Sb ! .!" (9( %tB
. !" B( E s Sb
:ptB
:(%? _9`
: A
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
OPK
: A
b(J" (E ; !( IG !" X>= 1 (/ ; %B,M X(9K" -$! B,M 1

(d1$! :* !8 !" B,M H(/ ?,n $;I^ -E (dT7(G . !" B,M
. !" tB M(E (E l(1 qB ;,>; $G s ! .!" ,,/ u$%X(B(J ( ! :? <
$n 15 (E ,T%Y $n 8 . X" < ( E s,T%Y $n 8 < ptB B,M 1
(1 I1 eN *>(IY(4 K,?,W < ,%& %.3* ( 7 %X(* ,T%Y
:p%.n

180
-cB s1 $9$ . \! $9 tB < s t/IN (9 IN(;,9 < s qB iB I7 ,eN
tB (1 $/ IE 1K( ?IY < ( S% !" M * 3B w1K ?IY ?
!/ < \! !( -cB I! < s$n %!Id1 s1 TB,? X\ G
< 1854 a9I[; * K, $Y((? IG \! $9 tB IY(4 IV4 (d7 >%.V*
W IN(;,9 :? (f( < d1$! 1 . \! ; . & f tB <
.I% S,W X(D e>%/ ( "?(W \% !" (;,>; u,E ( ptB /(/ .,&
Sindhi 1
Arabic script for Sindhi ptB < W ?IY 1
181

Numerals ;
Sample text in Sindhi ,;,>; , ptB 1
,! mg aY o !" ,%& $\G ( "@T; I!

p( CY I%> E ! . !" K$o , I?I?
? K(%X(^ mg %M E ! !" ./
. IN FI7 w7 (1
Devanagari alphabet for Sindhi ptB 1 < s
qB IN(;,9
Sanskrit PK
: A
. !" B,M S%1]7 S./ Id%7 :? %M IG (d1$! ,JK :; IST1

I>; 23 (d1$! s ! .!" C%tB $4 (G ( %% t1 $! 9`,M <
. !" Cn(o ,K K(7I1 E s B,M ! :? < (q%; :* !8 !" B,M K(7I1
EK 9K(* =G ,9K p%>! ,%B,M %g ;(;,9 < K,9 \%
p%%o (>1 u,* !/ E IST1 < (%9 -E -E %X CS.? ,%&

182
K, (W .(9( %tB $9 < ,%& < . 1700 K, , s B,M ! . !" Cn(o
IST1 ,! ,9 ,%tB K(7 s$; 1 ,S% $9,NK < IST1 CS%1]7
k!/ $! (! . !" c.d3/ B,M $9 C%tB m,G !" K(S!(4 , @?(
*>(
E B,M ! .(& =!6G =tB Id/ p%N 7 < !" B,M I*,G
IST1 )B .,9u, < . 500 I/IN , B,M ! ,%./ wB(Y 6 e%H(G
V9 I7IG E !" K,n C9K1 s B,M (! C9K1 !" V/
B(q%; $! \% !" (/ :? %B,M %M I7IG X (! I / 7,.n
, %B,M uK * IST1 .I% B([? K S;,7 D!I/ /(1"
(2) IST1 7$9( 1) .(& %X(!K < o M E s B,M ! wB(Y . !" I ,b(N
K(L )B m,1 !" :; ,7 I (W ,7 < M :S;g(o .IST1 S%1]7
* K(7 s1 \! HIG IST1 7$9 :* , s(D1 eN K,&
$V? IG \! IY(4 (! .(\! (9i; K(9=( G < B,M H(/ 1 9
K K(G , (dT7(G) KN e%H(G .(9 & C/(4 )B (%M (7 < IST1
E IST1 e%H(G :* (& ,L .,9u, I/IN < ?(? 8 IST1 9( < ,o
K(^ (/ -X(/K < IST1 S%1]7 .,%7K (E -G * 1 /,Y
< IST1 :d4,; K I4 ( `,M .!" (d1 39K(* w%; ! (9( %tB (d7
s,H(/ (Y B,M I*,G (G IST1 , (9( %tB < s B,M B(G ! < $V? IG !"
$4 , IST1 In $! N :? ,S% X" -=t%B B,M C%7 / mg
:; , C?( mg 9`,M :B(J (! .,! $9 ,9(D.G ,%4 < 7 :* ,! $ M
C>Y s ; . !" B,M ;(>1" !" :; mg $1 (S% tB < s B,M 6! ,! :* \!
.,; ( ;(7 E IST1
(9 I1 IE 13 %& >(Vd1 K, =9 35 (/ !" @ "48 C7 < s B,M !
To $>o ID7 < (dT7(G (< IN(;,9 qB IST1 ,1) .!" (Vowels) (7g
K,G p ! .H(l B,M (! p!IG ( k!/ $! (%M .,! ,H(l , IST1 ;
B,M s ! :* !8 !" ,,/ ,EK(G 49 736 ( s B,M ! p%>1 (d1$! < (%;
. & f tB < qB IN(;,9
Sanskrit PK
: A
K` M K` $! < s qB ! . & \& K(>4 < %B,M CS%1]7 (d1$! !

s B,M ;(>1" E ! .(& ./ C%tB :d4,; /a9(d1 .n ( K` 1 K` %
,1) .K S1]7 ,%M K 7$9 6S! .!" K :M ( ! . !" C%./ ,K ,
$9 9 * K(7 $; 1 . 1700 >B(Y (d! .( B,M IST1
^ B < ! . !" C%./ p%%o w! K, IST1 HIG E $9,NK < (%tB
7$9( E (B s B,M $9 ( m,G (E .!" C%LK (Hymns) p%N Ka! _!
(d; I1 < IT%1 %\M IST1 7$9 !( .[1 (; %/I? (1 B,M
183

Id/ (9 K,* !/ m,1 !" N >(Vd1 , IST1 :.Sl . dG *

.I% -!6G Id
(/ s >!I? -G (S% X tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s ! (E (YI4 $n 19
>!I? < !\ $9 tB < %qB c.d3/ B,M s ! ( E IG !" CdS;
< IW" $n 18 .!" C/(4 W B([? W 1 W I1 W d4IE W
IST1 < s qB ! . \! $9 tB :? < W %g B,M IST1 p :=7
(=G E IST1 :* !8 (& %& (Vowels) (7g (9 I1 18 mg -tB
!" 13 I1
, ptB .!" ( I1 =9 :=7 < IN(;,9 :* !8 . !" 35 $V* , =9
. !" ! ,;,>;
Devanagari alphabet for Sanskrit ,;,>; , ptB IN(;,9 IST1
Vowels and vowel diacritics ,?IY , ; p.Y Io
Consonants %n Io

184
Numerals ;
Sample text in Sanskrit ,;,>; , ptB IST1
Sunwar PK
: A
(Kwoicolo) ,B,S%X( Mukhiya) (%t/ ,;,1 K ,;,1 K,1 (Sunbar) K(? 1

.I%
B,M s ! \;,! .!" ,=9 ,eN *>(E ! ,%B,M (Hayu) ,9(! (Sorel) C9K,1
. !" u$./ (1 %B,M ;,B(& (Behing) %?
:g(; (%M
185
:,=B

(/(NI1 < 9u(G 9K 1(G $;I^ < V. /K @K,G _ :(q%;
2001 (1 . & f X(B(J I V. ([; `CE < :B I*(@ b
.,! 26,611 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
: IN(
. & f tB < qB IN(;,9 B,M s !
:ptB
f ; :? w%.V* < B,M ! . !" Cn(o d1IGI1 K(7I1 E %B,M I1 K,1

DE ,H(/ 20% .(& %X(B(J :? B(q%; ,H(/ 7 . !" 90% I4 w%.V* . &
* ,9i9K .!" :? IY(4 7 < s B,M ! .(& %X(B(J B(q%; (& !K [;(1 K(G
. !" $.! :? INIG
:K(>9K
Sinhali (PK
: A
I1 !" CdS; (/ s qB >!I? < Cn( S% !" qB ;,>; Io $G !

(n :=7 ( ptB ! . & f tB < (SB
:? (S% (& ./ :? (1 qB (/i7
< W B(1 B(G B(1 IST1 (9IG B,M B(1 . !" ptB uK Cn
(SB I1 E H(! .,! I/ 9$;I1 ? IY )B ,.%1 . \! $9 tB
b (^ _! , ,& f ,%L E H(/ /(/ *(g(1 .,& f ,%L
7 IG (& =>1 uK E s B,M ! wB(Y 7 .,& X(B(J B,M C/(* ,o
; s B,M uK s ! :? Cn .(& 981 B,M X(9K" -$! E ! (1 N$%=1
9K" , , ,.%1 .!" C*K K `)B u,E ( s B,M C/(* < !" (/
( X(T9u ),B ! Cn .,& ,G ( \! & < . 500 (S%) (/ F]G 8B 9IG
. !" CT; ,.3/ ! , 7,.n .(\! (9 8B (/ (d1$! I^ S% (\!
,%dG *>( %.V* , M .,%G I ,eN *>(, K` M < ,T%Y $n -3
IN , ,%& =\L , s B,M IST1 < ptB B(G I7 ,eN S%
S% ,dtB , s B,M B(G .,%G :? * s B,M p( 9K(* H(/ ! I
[1 & .,%& ./ , K `,T%Y $n %b < ,.%1 * ,%! < qB >!I?
& :; (7 :? _G (7 6! IG =! $;" 9K" 9IG ,;,>; ,! , ptB B,M :* ,&
:? (7 ( E -L K` M Cn . IN FI7 K E X,Y 96! mg . ./
< K b E ptB B(1 . ;(7 X ./ (1 , SG SG < ,.%1 ptB
$n %( E ,T%Y $n =G -%&,L (S% B(1 ,bIG :,& =[1 X(!K
,%& ./ ,dtB , ,T%Y %! %X(; < ! :K B(1 ,L & .! %X(*
! (o(* ,& \& ,B(L (E $n %!I%* ,S% K B(1 $9$ !" ,%b
,9 ,%tB Sidat-Sangarava I/IN B(1 X < K ! . & f tB ptB ;,>;
I4 $n 19 . !" :?(/ (1 I/IN IST1 C%tB e%H(G ,S%
. & L I; .9$* I* (7 < dtB 9K
:,;,>;

186
=9 30 :* !8 .!" (7g (9 I1 18 < !" (Letters) Io 54 C7 < ptB !

.=9 21 (7g (9 I1 12 (/ (\! Io 33 In < s B(1 HIG IG (& =t%B
s B(1 Io 21 (E IN(;,9 I7 \! tB < sIN(;,9 B(1 HIG
u, qB s B(1 B I7 I* < $V? ,9I ,S% ,! $9 ,%7 r%G E
:,& %! ,;,>; , s qB . X
Sinhala alphabet qB B(1
Vowels and vowel diacritics with ka ,?IY p.Y Io
Consonants %n Io
Sample text in Sinhali ,;,>; , ptB B(1
187

Sora K
: A
.(Saura) K,\1 (Sabar) In (Shabari) K(4 (Soanras) K ,1 (Saora) K,\1

< V. GK,7 ;(? C < V. =(N K, (W (T9u -E (d1$!
(1" ?[(:B (; C/(* K(? r9IG :9/ g,7(7 I1 r9IG K;"
K -X(B(J 288,000 k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < X]Y ;$%/
.(\! ,,/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M $/ X(%9 -ID1"
. & f tB < s qB ISb s !
X]Y K(G IN ,=B K(G IN :* !8 < X]Y K,9IN &K` ,=B , s B,M !
.,& f ,9(B(J <
:g(; (%M
: IN(
Sourashtara Scripts #K
: A
IG !" C/(4 ,7g (9 I1 _9(h1 < =9 !" qB Io $G s !

< s qB IN(;,9 ,[.%* B,M ID4K,1 .(& f( %7 I!( X ,?IY( 7g /I1 (%M
. \! X u, (/ s qB C/(* qB ID4K,1 K `$n 19 . !" $9 tB :?
K %B,M X(9K" -$! s ! .(\! $9( %tB < K,n IE B( Vowels) (7g /I1
r9IG K;" _b(;I7 (; C/(* ?,n (d1$! -E (S% !" B,M $;(W
< s B,M ! .!" I4 ( mK(/ K,=* a7I/ , s B,M ! . & f X(B(J <
. !" 16 $V* , 7g (9 I1 35 $V* , =9
Sourashtra Script qB ID4 K,1
vowels and vowel diacritics with 'ka'
ka' ,?IY p.Y Io
:$;(W
:ptB
:,=B
consonants %n Io

188
numerals ;
Sorang sompeng P'K K
I1 (%M . !" C/(4 ,7g (9 I1 _9(h1 < !" B,M wT $G Io s !

K,1 ( E -%& =(9 s qB ! .!" (7 I!( V9K %;(; c.d3/ (7g (9
H(/ X(9K ,[.%* . \! $9 tB < s qB X(9K ,[.%* %g B,M (Sora)
:* ,%7 ,.% ! m,G .[1 tB ,! \% :* ,%; ,%qB ,=G E K K,1
B(; ,[;(/,N [%/ < 1936 , 18 m,G I* .$%!( qB B mg pW(4 =G ,!
! .,! I!(/ , %B,M a9I[;( 9K ,[.%* ko(n ,! . \7 =(9 qB s ! wB(Y
^ B ( K,1 .!" (%!K =q (d7 ?(; I% u,* ?(; < 3B w1K
(T9u] /
(& !K < d1(9K c.d3/ S% !" < (d1$! u$%X(B(J B b (H,G
-!6G -tB * I%( 1" ?[(:B (; C/(* K(? r9IG :9/ r9IG K;"
IE 24 < ! . & =tB :? < X(9K ,[.%* %g B,M K,1 . & L w7
.!" C/(4 (7g /I1 6 ( %n Io
: A
Sorang Sompeng script

qB %q/,1 ;K,1
script
Consonants and vowels %n Io p.Y Io
Numerals ;
Suraj Puri K
: A
.(G,\L K,1
. =! ,=B , s B,M .%%/ B,M s ! :* ,& [1 &
! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < X]Y K K(? (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 273000 (
. !" (/ %B,M K(? W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
189
:$;(W

(Sulung) PK
: A
(Purok) K,G
X(%9 -ID1" IG :; d* - %L B,M s ! :* !" (%W , >B(Y 7 :(Bugan) N,%?
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M N,%? B,M s ! . !" (/ $;(W %B,M
(Par River) $;K(G V. I1 1 %>7 I^ r9IG CL(;K( d1$!
K -X(B(J 5443 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1991 (1 . & f X(B(J (1 K(7
.(\! ,,/
. !" (/ $;(W ( %B,M K7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
Sunam K
: A
$4 K(%& (Thebor skadd) $S1 K,%& (Thebor) K,%& (Sungnam) [(1 (Sungum) w[1
.K7 ID%1
(Jangshung) 4 65% (1 s B,M (Sumcho) ,>1 67% K, HI7(9 B,M s !
B,M K7 B,SDL 6S%1 38% (1 B,M K7 IX,B 6S%1 38 (1 s B,M
. !" u$./ (1
X(B(J < (Puh) :!,G ,J B(; ;(,1 < V. IX,7 r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 558 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1998 . & f
(/ (4 %B,M X(%B(>! ?I/ K7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. !"
7 KN * GK(! S% (& %X(B(J ,H(/ u(G ! . L :; (7 < -tB B,M s !
.!" X(T%Y (9 `,M K, !/ (&
:g(; (%M
69%
B,M s ! K,
u$./ (1
:$;(W
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Sonha (K
: A
(Sonahaa) (! (;,1
:,B(; ,%M
HI7 (9 . !" u$./ 80% (1 s B,M K(& K,[;`
B,M s !
:(=B
B,M K(& K,[;` 72% (1 s B,M K(& (9K,7 73% (1 s B,M K(& (;K
. !" u$.
L (W (1 K(7 s$; B(;I7 < V. (Kailali) B]%7 @d%1 :(q%;
: IN(
B,M ! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < I[; K$%/ .V* K,G
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 14700 (
. !" (/ %B,M (4 C%K F X]Y %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:$;(W
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9
:ptB
,GK(! 7 IG !" K(;,1 ! . !" B,M :!IN j; _! K .% K(& s !
:(%? _9`
.(& !K (1 K(7 s$; B(7 (/ ,B ! .!" $! K, !/ .7 :?

190
Siak Chak K
: A
_1
,9$? I%? C 7K K -X(B(J B,M s ! . !" B,M (/I? r9 ?[]s !
(1 . & f X(B(J (1
C 7K J(1 :? < (/I? B,M s ! .(& !K < (d1
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2000 < (/I? 5500 ( < r9 ?[]k,/ K,GK 2002
. ;(7 C9" < p1(!K !" ,%G :; ,dG , $;(W s B,M !
. f & :; (7 tB H(! I[/ ,! W ,=G < ;(/@ 7 E s B,M _L :* (& ,L
,=B , s B,M %7K_ L 7 u$!K < r9 ?[] !" B,M B( E (>SL s !
.!" $! :dT?( 1 pYK@ ! .(& %X(B(J :? (/K(/
:,B(; ,%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
SiyinK
: A
.(Sizang) ;a1 (Siyang) ;(%1

. & EK p?(/ (1 s B,M L d%G B,M s !
-X(B(J 10,000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1984 . & f X(B(J < 9ISb L (/I?
.(\! ,,/ K
. & f tB < W /I? s !
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* s !
.!" .X,G ( K` M I7 ,eN S% (& %X(B(J ,H(/ u(G !
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:ptB
:$;(W
:F(l _9`
Seke K
: A
s B,M ;K,N B,M s ! .(Chuksong) ;(TSL (Tetang) ;(D%b (Thangbe) [&

IG & ,96 _! :=7 :? (1 %B,M ([/ (Thakali) .7(& . !" u$./ (1
=>1 N ,=B 1(SL u$%X(B(J ,=B ([& !" c.d3/ (E s B,M (Lowa) ,B
u$7 B,M S%1 .(& [1 =>1 K,G K,G ,=B (=[& K= B 1(SL IG
.=>1 N S%1 u$%X(B(J ;K,N IG !" $[1 =>1 ;K,N
X(N ;(D%b (Tsale) .%1 ;(1(SL V. dT/ @IN g,X `:(q%;
500 In ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 2001 (1 . & f X(B(J < ,J K(7
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ (4 X(;(/(* %B,M K7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
B,M ;K,N ! . !" C%G(Jg (1 K` M .,& !K < FK ,S% !" ,.% _! !
.H(l :? B,M ,B K,& 7 IG (& %X(B(J
:,=B
191
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Sentinel PPK
: A
.a.%%D%1
. !" I[; s B,M (onge) [; B,M s !
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B

C%%D%1 < & f X(B(J < D%M ;(>9i; K $;I^ -E (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 201 In k,/ K,GK 2001 (1 . !" C/(4 :? %M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(>9i;
K(S4 C98N ,H(/ u(G ! . !" ,.% , (d1$! ! . !" :; (7 < -tB B,M s !
. !" K(S4 , s / K, (W < 7
: IN(
Shah Mukhi - N#
: A
Sherpa #
: A
.(Serwa) I1 (Xaibra) I9@ (Sharpa bhoti) *,^ (GK(4 (Sharpa) (GI4
B,M s ! .(Rumechap) $B %L /K (Khumbu) ,hE (Solu) ,B,1

E \M _! (=B ! . & ./ (1 ,q>E ,B,1 92% (E (B *,n
,B 62% (1 s B,M (GI4 ,>.%! 65% (1 s B,M I 67% B,M s !
sI?,; 55% (1 s B,M ;I%7 57% (1 s B,M /,B 58% (1
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M d* (1(B 35% (E 30% (1 s B,M
:g(; (%M
:,=B
! .,& !K C/(4 ,7g /I1 _9(h1 < !" qB wT $G Io s !

!8 . !" $9 tB < W ! B,M ?(=G (dT7(G !" C*K *( W ?IY
%.VdT; , ?IY 1K( ! .!" $tB < s t/IN K -tB ?(=G (d1$! :*
< s qB .!" 37 $V* , =9 ! < . !" tB M(E (E l(1 s ! . !" W
.!" C%tB IE K$/ t/IN < 1 M (%!
Shahmukhi script
HI7(9
. !" (=9
%B,M ,qB
s [;,B

:$;(W
:K(>9K
t/ :!(4
192
I* ,B,1 < V. ,h>E ,B,1 (@b (/IN(1 (q%; :%L (d1$! (q%;
: IN(
L ,J (Pdalpo) ,q. (Junbesi) T% (Sate) d%1 $>N < !" ,W K
$V* , K -X(B(J s B,M ! < (q%; . & f X(B(J < ,J ; (& f
< I% r9IG CL (;K wS1 .%K ?[(:B( d1$! . !" 129,771
. !" 20,000 $V* , K -X(B(J B,M ! d! . & f X(B(J
(/ (4 eE %B,M d* -K7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
:$;(W
. !"
. & f tB < s qB d* < (d1$! IN(;,9( < q%;
:ptB
!" ,.% ! .:? tB !6G :? %X(B(J d* a9I[; B(q%; ,H(/ !
:(%? _9`
( s B,M ! :? < (9K,7 ,X(1 (S9I/" (b,^ . !" ,9 ,%EK ,B(; , s B,M (9,G
!" :? i%X(N (1 ! .!" .X,G ( K` M ! K, !/ .(& !K K -X(B(J :=7
-X(B(J ,%1 ,%B,M 9I /I a9I[; %E , (& %X(>N E o(%1 S%
. !" ,.% ! :? < (d1$! .u$!K ( I^( 9 I/ !" V/ (GI4 .,%& L
:(d7 (%%! K, (W .,& =1 C%& w7 ,n(W ,L * B,M !
1.
Glider, Warren W.1977 cognate counts via swadish lists in same Tibeto- Barman languages of Nepal.
2.
Gordon, Kent and Burkhard. 1970 sherpa segmental synopsis.
3.
Gordon, kent. 1970 sherpa tone and higher level.
Tshangla P#
: A
.(Monba) (;,/ (Menba) (%/ (Sachopkha) (S;,1 (Sarchapkkha) (tqL I1 (sangla) ][1
48% (t[& w? 6S%1 50 (E 40 B,M s ! . !" ,=B K(%V/ , ! ;(N *
. & ./ :? (1 B,M 41% B,M ! . !" u$./ (1 (t[;@
, s B,M ! I7 (W . & f X(B(J < W K I^ -E (b,^ ! :(b,^
. !" ,eN < X]Y K( T[; ;([4 I
$; ;(%1 p* B,M s ! < %L . & f X(B(J :? < (d1$! %L s B,M s !
CL (;K :B a7I/ , s B,M ! < (d1$! . & f X(B(J < W K I^
< I%(; %1 :B( Bishing) ? K`,L (Drring) ;K ,V. %>7 r9IG
:g(; (%M
:,=B
138,000 k,/ K,GK 1993 (1 ( ! < (b,^ . & f X(B(J *"!

.!" (9( %7 K(7K K -X(B(J 17000 < (d1$! 5,000 < %L K -X(B(J
. & f tB < (d1$! (1 qB d* < (b,^ (1 qB %L ,9
(Memba) (>%/ S% !" B,M (Chouduary) ][1 .% =9I! (d1$! s !
,.[4 =B B,M /(1" ! .!" M K, !/ !" c.d3/ (E .% (h>E
: IN(
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(1" I*( S% !" B,M .% (Moinba) (X,/ ! < %L . !" c.d3/ (E
,S% !" ,9 , I ,DL < =B IG "! I[;( Mompa) (q;,/ (d1$!
193

I* S% !" B,M .% (X,/ s ! < (b,^ .$;,! X k1 dB(o X(%IN(

.!" M K, !/ ,H(/ ! . !" u(N d* ,=B , ! < (b,^ .(& !K < (b,^
Sham peng Pu #
: A
.%G ,4 ;(?,4
. !" c.d3/ (E %B,M K(? ,S; %M B,M s !
! k,/ K,GK 1981 . & f X(B(J < D%M K(?,S; (d1$! B,M s !
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 223 (
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K(?,S; I>E ,/ - X(%9 -ID1"
.!" $! K, !/ . !" * FK(/ / KN , ! !" ,.% , (d1$! !
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Shekhawati 7#
: A
.uK(/ *(3%4
p?(/ (1 s B,M uK(/ 70% B,M s ! .IS1 (Jhanjhunu-charno) ,;IL -,;,=
6S%1 73 (E 66 (1 s B,M (Marwari) u,%/ 80% (E 58% B,M s ! . & EK
_! (1 s B,M 6N(? 76% (1 s B,M *,%/ 70% (1 s B,M (Dundhari) K;`
. & EK X6
< V. (Churu) K,L ,= (sikar) K(S1 (dTK (d1$! :(d1$!
. & f X(B(J
%B,M ;(dTK 9K W %L %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/ $;(W
(/ $;(W %B,M ;(dTK s ! .(& H(l 1 B,M $! u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !
. !" C%q I/IN , B,M ! . !"
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Shina P# /P#
: A
.K,d1(; dT!,7 d[.N

(%4 . & f X(B(J < I9( d1K,.? m,1 (E (d1K :(dT7(G
,t9I* (Mulikho) ,t%./ 9 s$; K(9 < I^ -I* IdL Xg(? =9K p[.N
< %1(9 /,S4( Puhnyal) (%;,G < IdL %%! m,1 (E ,dT/
s I%[;(* < s C9K (dT!,7 ,1 (dT!,7 1 < 9 I[; a!
:!(9K s1 1 ( E i;K < K,d1 < I%>7 I%/ (9 ! < (dT!,7 1 ( E I% K -E
. & f X(B(J < ,S. (Palas) ]G
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(dT!,7 X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! X(9K" -$!
. & f tB < s qB 1K( - ?IY H(! I[/ \! tB < s qB I1 < B,M s !
:(=B
: IN(

:$;(W
:ptB
194
,S9 (2) (Shin) %4 (1) :,[1 X(!K < .% :%t/ \L E K s B,M (%4
f ,%=>1 ,!(* ,.% %4 < \L ; . (4) (kamin) %>7 (3) (yashkuna)
< I*( dT(9 I -E %! (E ]L ( E ,S.? IN , ( @?(%4 .,&
:? (shinki) S%4 E X]Y ! . !" $9 ,%=>1 E K(7 M :!(9K 1
s B,M (Palula) g,.G s B,M ! I? !" V/ < @?(I%>7 %4 .!" $;,L
:? < sI&(/ K I%>7 I*( d1$! B,M s ! & EK X6 _! (7 (1
.!" K -X(B(J 2100 < (d1$! B b < (dT7(G ( ! . & =X(B(J
:(%? _9`
Shina kohistani N* P#
: A
.,dT!,7 ;(dT!,7 ;(dT!,7 1]G

:=7 (E (%4 ,=B , (%4 ;(dT!,7 .(kolai) Xg,7 b,S. (Palasi) 1]G
. !" u$./ (1 ]%L c.d3/
]G ,S. < ?,n $oI1 < V. (dT!,7 (1 K(7 $;I^ s$;1
K -X(B(J Ka! :M ( ! k,/ I1 1981 (1 . & f X(B(J < (%b,.7
.(\! ,,/
(/ $;(W %B,M K W $B I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !"
. & f tB < W 1K( - ?IY
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
Shendu &P#
: A
.(Shandu) $4 (Kheng) %E (Khyen) %E

. & EK p?(/ (1 %B,M LK(/ (thayemto) ,D>%X(& %E (Osho) ,4 B,M s !
K Ka/ (d1$! < u(G ;([DL < r9 ?[]:(d1$! r9?[]
Ka! _! ( ! < r9 ?[]k,/ K,GK 1980 (1 . & f X(B(J < X]Y
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (Sho) ,4 (N(; L - 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
Arabic Script
: A
:$;(W
:? \ % IE( 9K `:=7 .!" IE 28 < ! . !" qB wT Io $G s !

tB < D1 M(E (E l(1 s ! .!" :; ,7 < s ?IY Cn S% !" (9( %E
(N .!" KI/ $Y( :=7 mg .!" (tB :? 8N IE . !"
B - -" (Vowels) I1
S% !" ,.T.1 %1 , ?IY < s B,M ! .!" (7 I!( (1 %;(; ;,>;
-\! B,M ]1 k!/ s ! .!" ,9$9 ,%7 I!( \9 (/ (%%! IE
I7 -=! B,M ;"I * K, (W . & f>= 1 $/ < (%; /]1 I7
.!" (7g (9 I1 12 =9 28 C7 < ! . !" $9( 1 :!([; aY
195

1 I9 7I* (dT7(G (d1$! (>%b,G,T%/ ,7K,/ IXa=B I/ ?IY

. !" ! ,;,>; , qB ! . !" XK < (%; w.T/
Arabic Alphabet qB ?IY
Numerals ;
Persian/Farsi K)
: A
. !" tB I M(E (E l(1 (S% !" qB $=? $G s !

:,;,>;
(Cuni 3%/ < \! tB < s qB ;,>; X Id%7 1K( : IN( 9K(*
642 S% m,G (E d /]1 .,%! C/(4 ,%qB ;(d1,9 ,.G /K" form)
XK B,M ?IY ,%./ ,K s B,M K(7I1 E s qB ?IY ,%& < K(; 1(1 <
$n 9 I , s qB 1K( $9$ . X tB < s qB ?IY 1K( I7 &
1K( :? H(! .(9" < s qB ! IE ( s ?IY K, C>S/ k,/ ,%& < s,T%Y
.K W /K ,;,>; ,%M K s qB ?IY ,;,>; 6S! . & =tB (1 ;,>; M
S(* M & =X(B(J < (dT7(G (dT;(( S% B,M (Dari) K < s qB ! :,%B,M K$%1
(dTS?@ %XI7,9 (dT;(>7I* K (dT@(7 (dTS(* (S% B,M
.,%& =tB < s qB ! :? ,%B,M \M ! . !" XK < H(/ %./ 4.4
!6G tB < I%nI? (%9 7I* .6tG eN 1K( < K B,[/
. !" 32 $V* , =9 ! < .,! ,K s B,M K(7I1 \! $9

196
Persian (Farsi/ 1K()

1K() qB 1K(
Persian alphabet ? -cB 1K(
Numerals ;
Sample text in Persian ,;,>; , ptB 1K(
197

Sample text in Persian,;,>;

Persian,;,>; , ptB 1K(
(Farsi Easern) -/K)
: A
. 1K( %4IG K
,9i9K (dT;( .,%1 K(G ;(1IW .?(7 S(* *I! (K )1K( ;(
:g(; (%M
:,=B
X < s ; . !" ,=B K(%V/ , s 1K( ,S% !" $%& I; ,%1K(G *(

E s 1K( ;I* (! . !" 1K( K ptB X (! . !" ,q ( < dT;(
< s 1K( ;( 1K( ;I9 . & ./ :? (1 B,M S(* :=7 . !" =9
.!" (=9 E s 1K( ;I9=( B ( s 1K( ;( XId%7 . !" I *,n
\% :*
!" ,=B CSB , K(;,1
*(,=B
! (Moguli B,N ,/) :INK@

.%& :; I!( @K (7K(;,1
I%/(G (.N C?(7 (dT;( I%4 G (dTW$? .? < ?,n (1IW I9
. &
. & f ; %I* E W %.VT; & f
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M %4IG ?I/ -E
. !" B,M
: IN(
f X(B(J < (dT7(G

tB < 3B w1K ?IY
;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
/, (dT;( s !
:ptB
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Phudagi
: A
(Vadval)
. !" u$./ (1 %B,M ;(7,7 s !
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. ;(& ID4K(/ (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 1000 ( !
. !" (/ (4 %B,M ;(7,7 @-E X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
: IN(
Phake
: A
.(Faake) 7( (Phakey) 7( (Phakial) C%7(

(4 u$9 X(B(J < (/I? B,M s ! -G !" u$./ (1 s B,M (Aiton) (DX" B,M !
. !" 6 s B,M (Shan)
1990 . & f X(B(J < I%_ % _ ;(% K(? :!6NI? (1" (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 15000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(* ? X(* -(7 X$7 - X(&
:g(; (%M
:,=B

:$;(W
: IN(
:$;(W
198
(Kunauji) P
: A
. , I? I? (W(^
, (4(^ I? E ! 1I\9IN . !" u$./ (1 @?(7 ,=B K(%V/ , s ,
, X]Y ; & f X(B(J < , "?(I B,M s ! . !" ,981 wT _!
6S%1 70 (1 s .9$? 6S%1 72 B,M s ! .,& f ,%=>1 ,=B K(%V/ X ,=B
. !" u$./ (1 s$! 6S%1 83 (1 (4(^ I? 6S%1 78 (E
(9K p^ .%G K,G (!=(4 "?(I K,q;(7 r9IG I*( d1$!
-X(B(J 6000000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1977 . & f X(B(J < X]Y
.(\! ,,/ K
$;(W %B,M $! ?I/ X]Y %\L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
Kati 7*
: A
. ;(d1K,; I9( 7 B([?

(7 I9 ,/ I9 ,/ I9( 7 ?I/ ( *(3%4) I9( 7 I/
.(& 9 KI ,=B E ; wB(Y IG ,%& =/ ,%B,M B I9
K,N C?(N ,S1 C[/

I&(/ I%G I9( 7 g,7 [(/K (dT;(
X(B(J :? < (d1$! (dT7(G B,M s ! .!" < sI&(/ ?[(S% ,J (
5100 < (d1$! 15000 ( ! < (dT;( k,/ K,GK 1994 (1 . & f
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(d1K,; -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
,.?( ! . !" c.d3/ *(3%4 u$9 X(B(J < (dT7(G IG ,L :? *(3%4 E !
s ! .!" $;,L :? K B([? E ! . !" ( @?(4 I(7 s ! .!" >(.T/ ,B
X]Y K( d1I(7 (dT7(G V9 I M $; K(7 B,M
:!(%1 K, (Y B,M s ! . & f X(B(J < W K( d1K,; (dT;(
.!" $%X(B(J (I(7) ]%7 ,G
*(7 S% ,H(/ ( W K( dT;( .!" $9IG 6q7 K(7 ,B !
I/K X]Y K IdL L 8B m,G (E U /]1 1 !" $%X(B(J
.!" (9 ?
:g(; (%M
:,=B
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Kadar *
: A
.(7 K(7
wB(9]/ :=7 !" ,;,>; B , C/(* ! . !" ,=9 E C/(* wB(9]/ B,M s !
.& :? ]/
(; C/(* r9IG K;" V. K,G I* K(7 ]G wB,7 (;K -:BI%7 (d1$!
:g(; (%M
:(=B
199
: IN(
: IN(

! k,/ K,GK
1981 (1 . &
X(B(J < V. K,=;(& B(G K(K,*

.!" K -X(B(J 2265 ( s B,M
N :? (E 6S%1 _! w%.V* ! .!" $7 C/(* (9 wB(9]/ (1 9I!(M ,B !
!" K(S4 < Cn .!" $!K < u(G .%M S% !" ,.% =9I! K(7 . !"
.!" ( k!/ $! ! .!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ H(! IG
:(%? _9`
Kaikadi **&
: A
.(9(S%7 b(S%7 (7,7

. & f X(B(J < _b(;I7 V. ,X(N C ID4K(/ (d1$!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M wB(9]/ C/(* -67 C/(* eE uK
(& !K < / 9u(G ! .!" (9( H "H(! S% ,B $? :;(W !
.!" X(T%Y K, !/ !" K(S4
:g(; (%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Kalami -t*
: A
.I9 IS? (dT!,7 /]7 K(N (Garwa) IN -K(N

. b,SlK (Lamuti) b,>B C& (Ushu) ,4 - /]7
. & f X(B(J < s g(7 V9 o K( dT!,7 ,1 B,M s !
W K ,/(1 >( G I M(E s$; ,1 8N (1 ,dG B,M s !
.(\! K -X(B(J 40,000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1987 (1 . !" $9 X(B(J <
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(dT!,7 K ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < s qB ?IY s !
-,1 g(7 . !" @?(B K,N IG ,L :? (Gawari) K,N (9 KN E !
< K(%1 ,B ! . !" ,B(; , .% (Dashwa) ,4

!" ,W I (dT!,7
,dG ,B ! .!" $1 ; X]Y 7 =(G (9 K(G K,[/ I/
,W(4 ,%M , .% ! .(& %X(B(J :? ,%B,M ;(dT!,7 ,%M K,E I,N
.!" C9(!K! < IN j; j; K ! S% !" K,.( K,.%; C%; K :!"
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
Kalkoti _*
: A
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M /g(7 70% B,M s !

X(B(J B,M s ! < ,J ,SB(7 ?,n $oI1 < I9( dT!,7 (dT7(G
,J ,SB(7 K -X(B(J 4000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1990 (1 . & f
. !" C>d/ * H(/ Ka! 8 ^ B "?(,J ,SB(7 .(\! <
. !" (/ $;(W K %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
$1 IG !" $%X(B(J /g(7 b,SB(7 =>1 N b,SB(7 u$%X(B(J /g(7
. !" ; s B,M ,dG ug ,eN
:,=B
: IN(

:$;(W
:ptB
:K(>9K
:$;(W
:K(>9K
200
Kamar '* /-*
: A
< X]Y ID4K(/ K,G mK :!6J %d r9IG :9/ (d1$! B,M s !

.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 23450 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1981 . & f X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W uK s !
(1 IB I>7 ?[(, s B,M ! . !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! !

.!" ,B ( k!/ $! ! . ;,7 ,1 :? ,7
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Kangri *
: A
.I[;(7 u(G u(G IN I[;(7

u$./ (1 s B,M K,G ?]90% , sI[;(7 K,G g(G .K,G g(G K,G I%>!
80% (1 s B(%D^ 83% (1 s B,M B(9i/ 83% (1 s .%>L 89% :* !8 !"
. & EK X6=S! (1 s(N N ,.S%/
( ! . & f X(B(J < V. (; K,GI%>! I[;(7 r9IG CL(>! (d1$!

.!" ,,/ K -X(B(J1,700,000
(/ $;(W %B,M 9K u(G ?I/ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$! s !
. !"
.!" $.! -G INIG * ,9i9K . & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s !
s B,M , u$%X(B(J \& I[; sIN ?(=G B,M s ! . !" ,.% I[;(7
7 ,G :;(L ! .:? K :* %X(B(J :? $! ,B ! . !" ,9K Id? ;
.!" .X,G ( k!/ $!
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
Kani kiran * *
: A
. 4(G g(/ (7 ;(7 K(S%;(7

(; C/(* V. Ki; Ib w%B,7 g,7 (;K ,S9@,E :BI%7 (d1$!
K,GK 1983 (1 . & f X(B(J < I% V. .9 ,9Ib K(>7 (%7
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 25000 ( ! k,/
uK
. & f tB < s qB wB(9]/ C/(*
(9Kg(/ $9(4 . !" ,B(; , .% ! .(& %X(B(J :? ,%B,M wB(9]/ 20% C/(* ,H(/ 10%
.EK k!/ $! .7 :? pYK@ .!" ,B K(S4 ! .(& ,L E .% ! :?
:g(; (%M
: IN(
Kupia *
: A
. S%>B
X(B(J < V. K $;,N r9IG K;" (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 4,000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
:,B(; ,%M
: IN(
1983 (1 . &
201
:$;(W
:ptB
:K(>9K

. !" (/ 1 %B,M X(9K W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
! . !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! (%q7 . !" ? (? f < IN H(! B,M s !
Kupiatea (d7 , ?$;(>9K >1I7 .%X(B(J :? B,M ,[.%* < 9K(7 >7 ,B
. !" K,/ C%tB * s B,M !
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Kachari *
: A
K(1
$1>( %!,7 i%B([;(; X]Y I7(b V. IL(7 9I* (1" (d1$!
59000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J < ,J /(d; 16 V.
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,? /I? - d* d* - %L
. ,S% !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! K(L(7 .7 /(1" K(7 (eN
.,& !K (1
:,B(; ,%M
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Kachhi *
: A
. !" ,=9 *>( E s1 ,=9u( u(%(7

(d1$! V. (WK,GI%/ D "?(K$%o LI7 (dT7(G B,M s !
ID4K(/ (; C/(* :BI%7 (1" r9IG I* r9IG :9/ r9IG K;" 7 I=N
f X(B(J :? < I% K(/ IY :%;a* ,B(/ (%7 m,1 (E (T9u _b(;I7
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 866,000 < (%; ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . &
. !" (/ ; ;(?@ 1 ?I/ I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < sIN(;,9 B,M s !
B,M s ! < IN .% 1 I7 < 7 I* . !" ,=B ug , s1 7
$9 N < -tB B,M s ! .(& f L( %b(^ (H(!,B (=9u( < & f X(B(J
7 (W . !" C9(!K= % . !" ,%tB s X(,; ko(;(W -G IV4 (9 (d9,7
s ! =>1 ,S; %X(B(J :; ,7 *I=N 7 (eN . !" ,%7 ,>I* < @?(7
I $1 :? (f !\( w7(o I?@ ( 7 1 (=9u( . !" B,M 1 =9u(
?I%; .(& !K 7 Ka! :! < (%%7 .!" K(G I7 ,eN ,B ! H(! . !"
( -XK(; /,1 ,! .H(l :? B,M .o,1 * .& ,%,7 K(G ,9 :? < (1(>/
(& !K 7 E B _! < (dT7(G .!" (V%4 I7 ,eN >(.T/ .!" .X,G
.:? %X(B(J :* :? =>1 1 .!" 7 (=9u( S%
:,=B
: IN(

:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
202
Kudmali -&*
: A
.(XK( `9I%? I& B(/I7 B(/ u,7 B(/I7

B,M (% K(G G s ! :* !" S>/ . & ./ (1 s B,M K,1 < =B B,M s !
. & 81 (1 B(; ! (S% =!
!K, (N g,N K,G p;,1 ;K (1" (T9u ?[(:B K(? :(d1$!
K -X(B(J 37000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J V.
.(\! ,,/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K(? W $;I^ GK,9 -$! X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$!
K(? S% %X(B(J K .% /$7 B(/$7 .,L :? B,M (Mahato) ,*(/ E !
(9$? \% ]% =9I! 7 .7 E,G :;(L \% :* (\! (9 $;" (1" (E
.(& %X(B(J B,M s ! .!" ( ?[(:B S% (XK`
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Kadamba script -}*
: A
IG !" dS; (/ s qB >!I? :* Cn( S% !" ptB ;,>; $G ` I9,* `

dS; (/ s >!I? !$7 :* !" ,9 & CS/ -H(1 , ,9 & 6! ,;,>; $1
r9IG K;" %X(* ,T%Y $n 10 (& ./ (E s,T%Y $n 5 K(" ( ! . !"
s qB ! , %qB 67 ,.[%* m,G (E s$n 10 . \! ptB %B,M _b(;I7
(E M(E ptB s ! (%9 -E . & $? -L>( < Vd1 ptB s ! :* ,%& I( /
,;,>; ptB .!" $;,L :? 67 HIG E ! .!" IE 35 C7 < ! . \! tB l(1
. !" !
Kadamba Script qB (/i7
:,;,>;
203

(Karbi) *
: A
.I%S%/ (*,G ; wB %BK ?(K(7 ?I7 *(/
:g(; (%M
.;gI1 ;(& L ;(%7 ;K
:(=B
K (7 ,o ,.?( K[>( 9K IS%/ V. ;g ;? I7 (1" ( (d1$!
: IN(
I^( %B([%/ C7I1 (

. &
X(B(J <
B(? V. K(q>G(G r9IG CL (;K V. ;(N ,X(;
X]Y K
(7
K,G(>9K i%B([;(; ,V. u(G (W
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 478000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1
! .,H(/ (
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M IS%/ /I? - d* d* - %L
:$;(W
. & f tB < s qB /K B,M s !
:ptB
.% (1(/ I7 (W .!6G K, s B,M 9IG
:dT?( 1 pYK@ ,S% !" ,.% I%S%/ .%X(B(J
E s B,M
/(1" K, s B,M
?I7
:(%? _9`
M ,H(/
.,& EK k!/ $!

(Kurmukar) *-*
: A
.K(7(h>7 K(/(7 K(7(/I7
:g(; (%M
:B K,G I* (V. I? `K(G ,N (D%GK(? (1" ( (d1$! :(q%; (d1$!
: IN(
K,GK 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J :? < (q%; m,1 (E r9IG :9/ K(? ?[(
.(\! ,,/ < (d1$! K -X(B(J 3000 ( ! k,/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M B([? X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:$;(W
. & f tB < s qB B([?
:ptB
! . !" ,.% K(7,/K,7
:(%? _9`
$! (%tB (%!6G (& %X(B(J
/(1" I7 ,eN ,B
. !" c.d3/ eN (E =B K(%V/ s B([? B,M s ! .%X(B(J :? a9I[;
( ! < 1997 . &
(Kurmba, Alu) -*
: A
.(/I7 ( !(/I7 (G 67 K(%V/I% (/K,7 ,B
:g(; (%M
X(B(J < o u(G I%N C%; (; C/(*
(d1$!
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.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2500

. !" X X6=S! 6S%1 80 < =B (/I7 (G ,B < B(; C9(H(l
:,=B
. !" (/ %B,M $;(W uK s !
:$;(W
! . !" N :? (E 6S%1 _! w%.V* <
B,M 9IG . !" ,.% , (d1$!
:(%? _9`
K, !/ %E,G (7 :;(L I7 ,eN .!" :dT? :? (1 pYK@ IG !" K(S4

.!" $!

204
(Kushtian wali) *
X(B(J < . (Baaten) *(? I :B < (dT!,7 ,1
B,M s ! :(dT7(G
: A
: IN(
. !" $9
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(dT!,7 X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:$;(W
. & f tB < s qB ?IY s !
:ptB
C *(? .(& !K < X]Y ;(dT!,7 1 S% !" B,M .% (%7 s !
:(%? _9`
I^
(dT!,7 (9;(E ,%& 7 K( È s B,M (9;(E
E s B,M ! $o ,
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(Kashmiri) *'
: A
.I%>S7 K,>7
:g(; (%M
BIN,G T7I/ K( %7 K p7 I%>7 K(%V/ B ?=( B(S?
:(=B
p7 B,M I9@ g,X@ I%>7 I1 ? K,/ :!(4 TXK ;(/K

. !" I , @?(IN * =B %M .,& =t%B K(%V/ ,=B K
X(B(J < :%;(I?
.! r9IG I*\ ( M) =(G ,>l I%>7 (d1$! (dT7(G
: IN(
. & f
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K $B I* X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:$;(W
. & f tB < 3B w1K 1K(
:ptB
(E w%.V* I>XIG < (d1$! . & EK ,K , s B,M K(7I1 < (d1$! B,M s !
:(%? _9`
.! INIG ( s b ,9i9K ,>. < ! . !" ,V9K , FI7 Cn(o w%.V* /
! . !" B,M X]Y ,.?( s ! .(& ./ < 1400 1 K(" ( ptB s B,M ! .(&
:? t1 $! IG !" >(.T/ I7 ,eN .!" K(! $/I! u$%X(B(J ( s B,M
. !" K(>/ "L
(Kashmiri Script) *'
%;(; (7g (%M .,&
!K C/(4 ,7g (9 I1 _9(h1 < !"
qB
wT
:
Io $G s !
I%>7 < .!" $;,L :? W (Koshur) K,4,7 E ! .!" $9( %7 I!( V9K
=tB < W
?IY - 1K( s ! m,G (E -L] 1 IG \!
tB < W I1 @?(
=9 cB .!" $Y 17 (7g (9 I1 :* !8 !" 34 $V* , =9 C7 < ! . &

. \& :;,7 >(Vd1 K,
205

Consonants =9
Kashmiri vowels p.Y Io
Numerals ;
Sample text in Kashmiri ,;,>; , ptB I%>7
(Kukna) P*
. 7,7 (S7 S7 K(7 (Kanara) K(7

;(& _1(; ÌD4K(/ V. (valsad) (TB( Dangs) [; I=N :(d1$!
. & f X(B(J < (dTK 67 (B _b(;I7 .9,o I[; K V. (Thane)
.(\! K -X(B(J 570419 ( ! < 1981

: A
:g(; (%M
: IN(
206
(/ 1
%B,M
S;,7
eE
X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!

. !"
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9* I=N B,M s !
,& AB . & f X(B(J mg ?K %M < u K(G( S% !" B,M ?K s !
.!" $! :%G pYK@ ! .!" X ( .% S;` ,H(/ ! :*
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Kulung) P*
: A
.B(W ;K ,B,7 mK [.7

;,B w; / C%G (9,Sq (Pidisoi) X,1 $%G ;(L (/(* B,7(/ ;(*,1
FK(L) B 7 ,JK !" ,%=9 6S%1 100 E \M _! .7 (*,1 ,>E
. !" =9 E s B,M 9IL(; ;(G 1 B,M s ! . !" I ,
.7 (/ .9 $! .T.1 u(G $;I^ (*(/,N(1 V. ,7 ,B,1 :(q%;
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
,hE ,B,1 < I4 IG w&(!,* (1 ,t1 ( V. wB K 4,7 =9K

?[(:B wS1 (d1$! m,1 (E < I% ,qE ,>.G >^ ,J
. & f X(B(J < I9 r9IG CL I*
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M d;I%7 X(%B(>! - /I? /I? - d* d* - %L
:$;(W
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s !

< 9I&(/ ! .I7 :;,7 (4 (/ .% X =G ,S% !" ,.% _! !
,eN .(& 7 8N ,%b,M 7 !" :? I%L 7 .!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ ,B u$!K
.!" M (9 $! I7
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Kalanga) P*
: A
,HIG ([.7 Cn . \! $9 tB B,M X(9K %X(9IG (1 !" 3B w1K uK ,HIG !
< I* s$;(/ (1 K(7 i;,/(1 $;I^( d1$! -E ,S% !" ,W
w7(o K,/ >1 7 .,& Kg I9 n(W L < -E s$; u,N
(7,4 .,! ,%7 d < %T/ C 262 ,W ,! ,4 .,! $7 p/,So * ,4
, ! .,! I>So K"K( @7 :? ! . \7 p/,So * $[/ m,G (E FI/
, IE p)n ([.7 S% !" ,%./ < K( &(! ,dtB ! .,! . 150 K
(Bhatti Prolu) ,BIG *(^ :6 ! %M m,1 (E .!" CdS; (/ s qB >!I?
_! (/ K(!
K$/ V. (4I7 K(! ,! !" ./ C9I7 ptB ! * ,;(&
!" ptB uK s ! .,%& ./ C9I7 * 9ISb ,dtB ,%M E 50 ,96! . !" <
!" 6! ` IE b < ptB ! . !" C%7 ,T/ ;( 7,4 E
@( "9 IE :M !" (tB l(1 (E M(E IE ?( :* :; .(& =tB M(E (E l(1 S%
:M KI 7 (W m,1 (& %& >(Vd1 N S% !" 6!( Sh)
207

/I? IE( gh) :N (g) :* !8 = &(1 C*K @?(; *( /(1 (Lh) :B (L) IE
.,%& %XM qB uK E ! ,)n ! . !" C%E *(s qB
12 IG X" kd7 < -tB %B,M uK( 7 . !" CdS; (/ s qB (Brahmi) >!I? qB s ! < Cn
!" CdS; (/ s >!I? -G (S% *K s qB B([? :A ! K `s,T%Y $n
[1 eE E K(L %B,M %M (9 X(9K k1 -=! C9K,1 C9`,1 _9`
(9K qB =G ! & p?( K,G F :? B([? mg @?(X(9K m,G IG \G
5 (/ !" 33 IE C7 < ! . !" %! >(Vd1 :? ( S% !( B(;
28 I1
.IN -=>1 =9
(Jha, na, : (/ .!" (%[1 ./ :; Io 7 IG ,%!" (%!K X SY , s qB (1 :,;)
.( !" ,T E (1 mg sa)
Kalinga qB ([.7
(Kumar Bhang Paharia) F (Pu *'
dB(/ ,dB(/
.K(>7 :9u(G (/ (/ IB(/ ,d./
. !" u$. u$./ (1 :9u(G (/ 6S%1 80 & ./ (1 S9K,7 K, *,n B,M s !
u(G K$1 , V. (Godda) ,N ,o ,L , eJIG (1 iE K( :(d1$!
< ? I%/ (T9u "?($4I/ /Ì? (9K,S? ?,n ?[(:B ,X]Y
(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 20179 ( ! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J
.!" m,1 (E u$%X(B(J < ?[(:B ,H(/ !

: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
208
uK
. !" :;(7 < ptB
K(! (H(/ K(S4 !" (4 .% ,dB(/ ! .H(l :? $! B([? ,B !
.(& !K < .%M u(G .!"
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Kanashi) #P*
: A
1(7
:? 7 1 s ; IG !" (/ 1 %B,M d* - %L B,M s ! , u,*
.%./ ,; ,=B (1 s B,M
. !" (/ 1 %B,M K7 $B - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
V. ,B,7 r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
X(B(J (q1" ,J (;]/ I&(/ ,%?
. & f
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
:$;(W
: IN(
(Kanjari) P*
: A
.I=7 I[7 p^ K([7 K(N(7
.,& X(B(J ,=B ! ,S% !" IN B , H(/ ?(=G $9(4 ,! -$7

(E V. K,G(d%1 :!(D9 "?(I :!6J .Y r9IG I* r9IG :9/ r9IG K;"
55386 < (d1$! ( ! k,/ K,GK 1971 . & f X(B(J :? < (dTK m,1
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:* !" $%X(B(J X(=/ E s B,M =G ! . !" $9 ,981 :? B,M TqL E !
;` , !" I7 (9 I=7 . =>1 :; E s B,M ,H(/ ,9I!(M ,7 \%
B,M < =B uK(/ .!" $%X(B(J $! < r9IG I* ! . !" -X(>7 kT7
.7 :? K(S4 %b
(1K ! .%X(B(J ;(dTK
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Kunnada) BP*
: A
. 1K$/ K,.[? a9I;(7

; :?(NK(? .& :? (%M (=B 20 m,1 (E ,?K,7 %X ,?K,7 ,% K,G(=%?
. !" _! (/
.67 C/(* - eE uK
(1 . & f X(B(J < ID4K(/ (; C/(* r9IG K;" _b(;I7 (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 35346000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997
( qB 67 ,1) . & f tB < s qB 67 s !
9IG . !" B,M K(7I1 ?,n _b(;I7 & EK ,K , s B,M K(7I1 s !
.!" X(T%Y >(.T/ $! u$%X(B(J ( ! . !" 6S%1 60 w%.V* < ! K, B,M
:g(; (%M
:(=B
209
:$;(W
: IN(
:ptB
:(%? _9`

(Kannada) BP*
: A
B,M w!( / %B,M uK 67 . & =tB l(1 (E M(E (S% !" qB ;,>; Io $G s !
$n 7 (E s,T%Y $n 5 K(" ( !" CdS; (/ s qB >!I? ptB s ! . !"
,,/ (E s$n 15 :* !8 (& ,L 67 HIG E ptB HIG .(& ./ %X(* s,T%Y
K(7I1 ?,n _b(;I7 (d1$! -E 67 . L $.! %X(* ptB 67
! . & f! 6G tB < ID4K(/ (; C/(* r9IG K;" _b(;I7 . !" B,M
C7 < ! .,%& f ,%tB ,%B,M i7 4(^ I%? ,B,* ;(7,7 V9K s qB
:* !8 . !" $EK V/ Io B IE C%tB I! ,L ,4 _b E !" IE 49
.1 :!" C9(!K < o b IE .,& !K C/(4 ,7g /I1 _9(h1 (1 =9!
$;,! (7g :=7 =9 :=7 < (N,9 .(N,9 .3 =9 .2 K,1 =(7g /I1
.!"
Kannada alphabet qB 67
Vowels p.Y Io
Consonants =9

210
A selection of conjunct consonants =9( DM
Numerals ;
Sample text in Kannada ,;,>; , ptB
(Kannauri) P*
: A
. 4]%/ IS1 *(K(7 K7 K,7 IS1,9K7 IS1 9IX,7

4(7 m,1 (E .,& ./ 6S%1 99 (1 s B,M :.[1 I; ,=B , s B,M !
. !" ,=9 ,=B , ! :? (1 %B,M (qS* B,SDL
r9IG I* I4 K K(7 s$; .d1 IX(7 r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
( ! < V. IX,7 (d1$! . & f X(B(J < X]Y =(G I%>7
.!" ,,/ K -X(B(J 48778
. !" (/ %B,M 9K $;(W X(%B(>! $B %B,M /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < sIN(;,9 B,M s !
:dT?( 1 pYK@ ,B ! . !" 6S%1 51 (E 6S%1 31 p7I4 ! < w%.V*
.!" :? $! 7 IG !" M X(/g I7 ,eN .!"
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Kannauri Bhoti) 7u P*
: A
.(9 ;(1 IS1$? (7I? (7 w%/ (%1 IS1 wX(

6S%1 55 (1 s B,M ;(/ 6S%1 63 (1 s B,M (Sqb 6S%1 71 , s B,M !
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M (LK`
:g(; (%M
:(=B
211

! . &
X(B(J <
X]Y K s$; .d1 ;K,/ r9IG CL(>! (d1$!

.!" ,,/ K -X(B(J E 6000 ( s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(%B(>! $B /I? - d* d* - %L
9I&(/ ,S% !" ,.% ,.?( ! :dT?( 1 pYK@ .!" M X(/g (9 $! ,H(/ !
.,& !K <
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Kinnauri Chitkoli) P*
: A
.I7 K(%& B,4 B,E L B,SDL

6S%1 34 (1 s B,M (4 6S%1 43 (1 s B,M K7 , s B,M !
. !" C%/ ,=B 6S%1 51 (1 s B,M 4
][4 (1 K(7 s$; (qT? S% ,J ( (7K B,SDL r9IG CL(>!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 1060 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1998 .!" < sI&(/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X(%B(>! $B %B,M /I? - d* d* - %L
pYK@ ! . !" N :? (E 6S%1 _! w%.V* ! . !" ,.% =9I! IX,7
.!" :? X(T%Y M X(/g ,H(/ :=7 .!" $! I7 ,eN ,B :dT?( 1
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Kannauri Harigan) N P*
: A
. B,M K(;,1 B,M ;(> B,M 9K B,M =9I!

1998 .(& %X(B(J < V. 1 K %* N < r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 6331 ( ! k,/ K,GK
W u(G $B X]Y $;I* %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M 9K
:g(; (%M
: IN(
(Kota) *_
: A
.C/(* I&,7 (b,7 1 ,7

(Ko Bhasi) 4(^ ,7
X(B(J < I%N(b,7 (7,7 ,9ISb I%N C%; K$/ (; C/(* (d1$!
.(\! K -X(B(J 2000 ( ! < 1992 (1 . & f
uK
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.!" $! I7 ,eN ,H(/ u$!K < / . ! . !" ,.% _! B(; B(b,7 !
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
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:(%? _9`
(Koch) *
: A
.;,7 B,M ,7 L,7 ,7 ,7

.;(;( %S%d* X(9IdG p1 H(=9I! (%H
:g(; (%M
:(=B

:$;(W
212
(E (d1$! K(? ?[(:B K,G
/ K,q9Ib (1" ,V. K(N :B( %B([/

. & f X(B(J < r9 ?[]m,1
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M _%X(;,7 ,? , /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < s qB /(1"
, w%.V* IG %X(B(J :? K(N /(1" m,1 (E (& %X(B(J B([? ,7 ( (%B([/
(9` ,eN ; *>(s B,M =G , H(/ ! .& B,M $! a9I[; ,V9K
!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ ,H(/ ! . !" B,M (9,G B(; !" ,.% ! . !"
.!" $! K, !/
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:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Koda) *
: A
.K,7 $/ $/ K,7 bK,7 BK,7 K7

( ! k,/ K,GK 1999 . & f X(B(J < K,S? ?[(:B( d1$!
. !" (/ %B,M ,,/ ! .(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 300 In
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M BI%E $/ X(%9 -ID1"
:g(; (%M
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(Kodagu) F* / *
: A
.& 67 I7 (IE N,N NI7 NK,7

wB(9]/ 6S%1 66 , s B,M ! .!" C/(4 < ! ,%B,M _9`( E _! :* !" _4
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M
! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < K,7 _b(;I7 (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 122000 ( s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M 67 C/(* uK
:g(; (%M
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:$;(W
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:$;(W
(Kadiyo) F* /*
: A
.(9,7 C%/
V. 67 (E K,7 _b(;I7 V. (N I%T7 K,%7 gI%7 (d1$!
-X(B(J 2462 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1981 . & f X(B(J < (; C/(* m,1 (E
.(\! ,,/ K
uK
. & =tB < s qB wB(9]/ 67
! . !" ,.% =9I! (9,7 .7 :? wB(9]/ 67 ,NK,7 ,B,* (1 %M ,B !
.!" ( k!/ $!
:,B(; ,%M
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213
:$;(W
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:(%? _9`
(Koraku) **
: A
.,7K,7 ,7K,7
:g(; (%M

. !" IN j; , s B,M K,7 !

. & =X(B(J :? < V. ,/g(G iEK( :=7 (V. (,NI1 :!6J %d (d1$!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M uI%E $/ I* $/ X(%9 -ID1"
:? ,%B,M S9K,7 $! ,B ! . !" B( E B,M (Korku) ,7K,7 s !
.%X(B(J
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(Korku) **
: A
,7K,7 7K,7 G,? (9$?

.(/K,7K,7 I%E K K,7
f ,9(B(J < r9IG :9/ ID4K(/ ,=B 1(/ . 1(/ (/K $;,? (9K,?
.,& f ,9(B(J _9` ,=B (9K,? .,&
< o K I* I4 ,d%? V. ,d%? -E r9IG :9/ -E (d1$!
< V. g,7;( $.? bI/ ID4K(/ I* V. K(>; I^ V. "?(4,!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 478000 < 1997 . & f X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M $/ I* $/ X(%9 -ID1"
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s !
. !" ,.% B( E ,7K,7 ,7K,7 .& 6S%1 G (E _! p7I4 < w%.V*
Id%G I7
* s B,M ! .(& EK k!/ $! .!" $!K < X]Y u(G ,B !
(Story line , C%*,; %b,7 (Rhetorical Question in Korku of central India) , (%.B
.!" C%tB (d7 B(; Scheme and Participant in Korku Narrative)
:g(; (%M
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: A
. .[1 ([;K
.K,7 (/
I9(/ (T9u V. K,G ]G :!6J mK (,NI1 :!6J %d V. ]>N ,>B(G iEK(
< ID4K(/ r9IG K;" ?[(:B V. K,G@I/ r9IG I* V. :!6J K$1 ?
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 66000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K$/ uI%E $/ I* $/ X(%9 ID1"
_! w%.V* ! .%X(B(J K, s B,M 9IG !6J %d K$1 K,7 7
.%X(B(J B,M s ! :? >(.T/ 7 . !" ,.% =9I! ! . !" N :? (E 6S%1
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K(7 (7 (T7 ;K (7I7

B(7(7 I7 K,7 ,XK
_7
.K,!I? K,/ g,7 K,7 ,7 (7

K(%V/ K .!" (=9 6S%1 73 E \M _! (=B K( T7 .(T7 K
. !" c.d3/ (E s B(q%; !" u$./ (1 s B,M ,DB(/ ,S% ,& f ,%L ,=B

:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
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214
:B V. ;g iE K( V. (,NI1 :!6J mK :!6J %d K(? (d1$!
1993 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. :!6J K$1 (T9u V. I%N(%q. ?[(
:? < r9 ?[]s ! .(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 2053000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
. & f X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W uK
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9
*
: IN(
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B,M ! . !" ,B(; , s B,M (9,G
!" ]% ( (d1$! K( T7
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:!" C%tB (d7 (%%!
1. Gordon, Kent, 1973. Clause Patterns in Dhangar- kurux.
2. Trail, Ronald L. 1973 Patterns in Clause, Sentence, and Discourse in Selected Languages of India and Nepal.
(Kurumba, Beta) -*
: A
.(/I7 BK( /I7 (7 C/(* K(%V/ I% (/I7(D%?
:g(; (%M
& . !" ,=B K(%V/I% , %B,M 67 C/(* :* -l B,M s !

. =! X (?I7(D%? u$9 X(B(J < V.
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.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 32000 ( ! < 2003
:,=B
9K,7 :*
[1
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.Kj9K u(G !" V/ (/K,7 (D%? Kj9K .[ !" V/ (/K,7 (7
.2 K %&(! V/ (Ane) ; .1 :!" C9(!K < o b ! .!" u$9K(L K !
(7 . !" ,.% , (d1$! ! .K; ,>; :!(? B,7 .3 K ;> V/ (%;,%?
K= B ! I7 !" :;,7 ,1 ,9K (1 s B,M
: IN(
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. !" %! IW B,M
(Kurumba Jennu) P -*
: A
,;,%/ (/K,7 %* ( !" ,=B K(%V/I% , 67 ,S%) (/K,7 ,%
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s ! . !" ,;,>; , s B,M 67 -G (S% =! X B,M (?I7 ,% ! :* !" S>/
. !" ,=9 6S%1 60 K, *,n ,; E (/K,7 (D%? B,M
:,=B
u(G I%N C%; V9 o K,L_ b(;I7 (; C/(* gI%7 (d1$!

K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < I% V. ,N,7 K,T%/ < I*
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 25000 ( ! k,/
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215
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,.% =9I! , (d1$! ! Kj9K u$96%/ E(/ !" V/ ,B (/K,7 ,%
,H(/ u(G ! .%X(B(J :? ,%B,M C/(* (9 wB(9]/ 67 I?(N `,B ! . !"
.!" ,B :%G pYK@ Ka/ m,1 (E -=! K(S4
:(%? _9`
(Kurumbha) -*
: A
(?K,7 >(9K,7 K(/K,7 67 (h/I7 K(/K,7 K,/ K,7 I/K,7

a9K (;(7 67 %eE (h/I7 ,B(G (/K,7 K(?K,7 ?(K,7 (/K,7
.I%
K,G K` a.! %N IDT9 g,G V. K,*(? wX,7 (; C/(* (d1$!
. & f X(B(J < r9IG K;" _b(;I7 ,7K" -E
. & f tB < s qB C/(* B,M s !
. !" (/ %B,M uK s !
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!" (=B B B :? (/I7 ,B(G (/I7,B .:? (=B :* [1 & :? ,%B,M !
(1 pYK@ ! . !" ,.% c.d3/ ,JI/ (/I7 .(& %X(B(J ,H(/ u(G S%
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*
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. !" X6=S! In 6S%1 80 < (;I7 (G (;I7 ,B
. & f X(B(J < u(G I[.%; (; C/(* (d1$!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,N,7 67 C/(* %eE uK
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.I7 :? K(S4 ,S% !" ,.% ,B;[( I7 .!" $7 ,G s (7 :;(L !
.!" :? X(T%Y 7 IG !" $! I7 ,eN
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: A
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. & f X(B(J < V. K,G K` (; C/(* V. K(7 $9 gI%7 (d1$!
.(\! K -X(B(J 29375 ( s B,M ! < 1981 . !" (/ %B,M $;(W uK s !
! .(& =>1 (/ L e>!I? E F(G ! . !" ,.% , (d1$! !
s B,M 67 K (; C/(* ; s B,M wB(9]/ 1 (& !K < gI%7 ,B
p31 B,M I7 !" (%!K K(1 B,M =G ! .!" (%!K f;
7 !" $! K, !/ .7 ,GK(! !" u$!K < .%M ! . !" < IW
.!" (%& :? X(T%Y
:g(; (%M
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:(%? _9`

216
(Korega Kora) * *
: A
.K,7 [;K,7 K([9K,7 I[9K,7

d; ,/ $;
?(,; . !" u$./ (1 K]%? ,B,* :=7 B,M s ! .,G(*
([9I7 <
,9(B(J < q9 ,S% d; !" (=B K(L ( ! . !" c.d3/ (E ,/
< I%! ,S% ,G(* ,& f
< K,.[/ ,S% $; < K,G,7 ,S% ,/
.,& f ,9(B(J
f X(B(J < (; C/(* K,q;(7 gI%7 V. 67 (E _b(;I7 (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 15000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1981 . &
. !" (/ (4 ,B,*
%B,M uK s !
,1( 1 K` ,S% !" ,.% , (d1$! ! .%X(B(J :? B,M ,B,* ,B !
.,& EK
:g(; (%M
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(Korega Mudu) *

,/
< ?(,; . !" B( E %B,M 67 (9 ,B,* K,7 ([9K,7 ,=B , s B,M !
. !" B( E K,7 ([9K,7 :?
. & f X(B(J < X]Y K gI%7 (d1$!
.uK
( K` $! .!" $%X(B(J :? B,M 67 ,H(/ ! . !" ,.% , (d1$! ([9K,7
.!"
(Kok Borok) *
;I/ q%1,9 K,G I* K,G I*

.K(? ,7 K(? _7
,W !" ,=B !(4 ,=B (/K(? .!" (=B 13 C7 ( ! .(/K(? g(! (%*,; :%*(>
. !" ,V9K , ?K (1 =B %M
. & f X(B(J < r9 ?[]m,1 (E K,G I* I^( 1" (d1$!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,? _X(;,7 , /I? - d* d* - %L
!" C%q C%X(? I7 < ! . !" $9 tB < W /K B([? B,M s !
.!" $;IS; :? g(1K K(W :=7 :* !8
>(.T/ 7 $! 7 (/ !" ]% ( (d1$! K,G I* g(! (%*,; :%*(>
.!" X(T%Y 7
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:(%? _9`
: A
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
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: IN(
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(Kolami, North wetren) - 7 -t*
: A
. /g,7 g,7 >.7 ;,M g,7

_! /g,7 I/ -E /g,7 ?I/ I* .,N I%/ ; ,N CG ,7 (N$/
:g(; (%M
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217

! .!" ,%=9 6S%1 68 (E 61 E \M _! ,%B,M \M .!" B( E \M

.!" c.d3/ :? (E %B,M IB*[ ,G (?K(N IG
< r9IG :9/ r9IG K;" V. I9$; `K C/ (9 ID4K(/ (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 115000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1989 . & f X(B(J
. !" (/ %B,M uK
E g,7 . !" 6S%1 4.2 p7I4 < w%.V* $1 .%X(B(J I%/ ,[.%* ,,;
. !" ,.% Kg,7 (9 g,7 .!K < .%M u(G $! :%G pYK@ ! .,L :? Kg,7
(Kolami South esten) - -t*
:? ,=B (Chinnoor) K,L , ! ,XK IT%IG SX(; "?(cn" K,* ,7 (D.%/
S%X(; .,& f ,9(B(J < .V* K,GI1 V. ( "?(Y ,=B ! . !" ,9(H(l
(=9 6S%1 83 E \M _! (=B ( ! K, ,; . !" c.d3/ (E ,SX(; ,=B
. !" u$./ 6S%1 74 (E 6S%1 60 (1 s /g,7 ?I/ I* ! .!"
. & f X(B(J < :9$; K,G K$L ID4K(/ ( "?(Y r9IG K;" (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 10000 ( ! k,/ K,GK 1989
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M uK
IG %X(B(J :? ,%B,M ,[.%* X]/ ,B ! .,& X(B(J ,=B S%X(; ,.% K
.%X(B(J /g,7 In < ID4K(/

(Kulung) *
mK ;,B,7
.B,E ;,B,E ;K ,B,7
,h>E B ;(/ C%G (X,Sq X,1 $%G ;( (>* B,7(/ ;(*,1
;(G ;(1 B,M s ! . !" 6 s B,M ;(*,1 6S%1 1 B,M B,7
. !" u$./ (1 [9,%;
4,7 X]Y u(G $;I^ V. (hE ,B,1 (X(/(N(1 (q%; :(d1$! (q%;
C ?[(:B wS1 (d1$! < V. w.9 I& G w& (!I* (1 ,t1 X]Y
.!" K -X(B(J 18686 ( ! < (q%; . & f X(B(J < I9 C;I* K,N (%G
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M d;I7(/ X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9
KN :? K(/ / IG !" :%G pYK@ ! . !" C9(!K < .% j; %M ,.% !
,/ * s B,M ! .!" $!K < 9I&(/ u(G ! .!" M $! K, !/ .7
. !" ,%tB (d7 B(; (Kulung Rai clause Types) < 1977 (1 (; %1@

: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
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: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Koli Parkari) *( *
: A
.I7K(G
:,B(; ,%M
218
KI& 6S%1 83 (1 s .%^ uK(/ 6S%1 83 (E 6S%1 77 , s B,M !

. !" u$./ (1 s B,M B,7 (Tharadari)
I7 I& I7K(GI& V. $oI1 (d1$! < I^ -E 1 :1
:B I*"?( K$%o %X(* K(7 s$;1 < :B I& < (^ %\%!
1995 . & f X(B(J =>1 < X]Y 9$? :B -E ( E $o 9K
(dT7(G ! .(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 250000 ( ! k,/ K,GK K(>/ "
. !" B,M K,/
(/ (4 %B,M *I=N W %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! X(%GK,9 -$!
. !"
. & f tB < 3B w1K ?IY B,M s !
I& 8N (1 GK(! < X]Y a1I1 ;$%/ S% !" K(! I! I7 ,eN ,H(/ !
.!" ,H(/ ( k!/ X(T%Y $! I7 ,eN ! .(& 7 :? ;` , FK( `/ <
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Koli, Kachi) *(* *
: A
. *I=N 7 6N K,7 B,7 .!,7 B,7 7 L,7

B,7 :? Kg @u,[%/ :%*(7 u,[%/ 7 (9 6N C%^ 7 u(MK 7
7 . !" =9 eN E s B,M 1 IG !" u$./ (1 s *I=N 1 s ! .!"
:%*(7 92 (1 s6N 6S%1 86 (1 C%^ 7 96 (1 su(
9K 6S%1 89 ,=B
6S%1 78 K, In B,M s ! . !" u$./ (1 B,7 :9Kg@ 88 (1 u,[%/
. & ./ (1 s1 6S%1 90 (1 s B,7 K I& 6S%1 76 (1 s *I=N
ib K(%Bib > "?(% (WK,GI%/ .%&(/ :!(?,; i;IS1 ug :(dT7(G
1989 < (dT7(G . & f X(B(J < I=N 7 FK ^ < (d1$! ."
100000 < (\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 400000 < (d1$! 1170000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
u,[%/ :%*(7 10000 .6N 5000 C%^ 7 1000 u(
9K 6000 K B,7 7
u(
9K 250000 B,7 7 100000 :* !8 < (dT7(G B,7 :9Kg @1000
.!" ,,/ < (d1$! u,[%/ 6N / (E Ka! :!(=G
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M *I=N X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
>(Vd1 qB *I=N ,H(/ (HIG . & f tB < 3B w1K ?IY -1 p!
.(& 7
6S%1 5 < %B,M %M IG !" N :? (E 6S%1 _! < B,M 9IG w%.V* !
7 IG !" $! I7 ,eN .!" ,B :dT?( 1 pYK@ ! . & ./ p7I4
.!" (%& :? X(T%Y
:g(; (%M
:(=B
219
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Koli Wadiyara) *
: A
.(9KK I9
:g(; (%M

B,7 K,1(! C%^ KK(& B,7 K K(& B,7 (9I%; B,7 K(9 1,%/
(=B (%/ .(& L ,/(1 K, %* K(9 1,%/ .C%^ Kug C%^ K,1(!
*,n In ,; 6S%1 78 < = B .!" I7 u(G c.d3/
. !" u$. u$./ (1 s B,7 7 6S%1 80 B,M s ! . !" X6=S!
> "?(% .*(/ (WK,GI%/ "?(K$%o K(%B ib < o K 1 (dT7(G
. & L < -X(B(J < X]Y 7 :? (d1$! B,M s ! . & f X(B(J <
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M *I=N X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
%B,7 K(9 5000 $V* , %B,7 1,%/ < (dT7(G k,/ K,GK 1998
KKg 45000 ,.7 K,1(! 3000 KK(& 3000 B,7 (9K(; 175000 $V* ,
$V* $1 .!" < $V* = ! < (d1$! I s6! .,! 20000 $V* , %B,7
6S%1 _! p7I4 $1 < w%.V* .,& \& 578575 $V* C7 :* !8 !" 403575
.!" $! :dT?( 1 pYK@ I7 ,eN ! . !"
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Kom) *
: A
w9K ,7
KI %* * =! B,M M 9IB,7 :* ,& [1 & .9IB,7
. !"
f X(B(J < s .9,o :[; _b(;I7 (T9u K,G $L K,L K,G / (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 15000 < ! k,/ K,GK 2003 (1 . &
. !" (/ $;(W s B,M L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < s qB /K B,M s !
B,M %/ ,H(/ ! .(& =>1 B,M ,7 u$%X(B(J ,%B,M I%L 9K,7 C>9
< X]Y K( 7 (9 ;$%/ ,S% !" ,.% , (d1$! ,7 .%X(B(J 1
X(T%Y !" 6S%1 42 p7I4 < w%.V* $1 .!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ ! .,& !K
.!"
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:(%? _9`
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(%/@ (S9I/" (%;(I? iN,9 :%;a* (S9I" ,X(1 K,GK([%1 >(Y r9K(/
992315 < (d1$! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < I%( /@
.,! 45479000 $V* , %*I=N < (%; 1 !8 (\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
%B,M
$;(W
;(dTK
X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!

. !" (/
(\! $tB :In IN(; In S% < sIN(;,9 ,9IG :!" (;,>; b ( -tB *I=N
K$;(7 In (S%
X]Y %\L
SH 3 . !" C%/ K, K(7I1 (S% qB ,,/

.( qB *I=N ,1) . !" E < -!6G (! !\( $tB
K(G( eN :? . & =t%B B,M 9K(G( dT7(G (d1$! s !
. !" ,=9 *>( E s1 ! .(& %X(B(J *I=N
:$;(W
:ptB
qB
:(%? _9`
(Gujrati) 7
: A
. !" C/(4 " p.Y Io _9(h1 ,=G E Io (9 IE IE; ( ,>; $G Io

I=N X]Y (d1$! qB ! . !" (/ :7" %B,M X(9K" -$! !
:,;,>;
: IN(
,B(/ (%%7 = r9 ?[](dT7(G m,1 (E _b(;I7 (dTK ID4K(/

f tB < (S9I/" (%;(I? IY ,V1 :%;a* K,GK([%1 >(Y r9K(/
. &
In (9 SH < s qB *I=N < s qB sIN(;,9 .1 :!" (;,>; b ( -tB !
:,o
IE ( ptB ! . !" 6 s qB %7 ,;,>; , IE ! . & =tB < s qB

e>%/ B,M 7 .(& f( %tB I7 c.d3/ K,& (E IG !" ( sIN(;,9
S% !" IE "@ B p.Y Io ( ! .,%& f ,%tB < s qB ! -G B,M
39 .!" (Consonant) %n Io 36 < s qB ! .!" $9( ;( / (9 (%! (9,G (%J
(volwels and ,?IY p.Y Io 27 (Conjuct consonant) `/=9( DM (9 C98N
.!" diacitics)
231

Gujarati script
qB *I=N
Vowels and vowel diacritics p.Y Io ,?IY
Consonants %n Io
A selection of conjunct consonants =9( DM
Numerals ;

232
Sample text in Gujarati ,;,>; , ptB *I=N
(Gadaba Pottang Ollar) P7}
: A
.(?iN IB,! (?iN 1 I7$;,7 ,;(1 (?iN K]/ IB (?iN IB IB

6S%1 98 (E 6S%1 93 (1 \M _! S% (& ./ (=B K(L < (T9u! (
.,& =X(B(J :? < r9IG K;" ,=B _! .!" u$. u$./ %X(*
. !" (/ ; %B,M uK B,M s !
1995 (1 . & =X(B(J < K,G$; [*,G V. GK,7 (T9u( d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 15000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
. & f tB < s qB ,[.%* B,M !
!" ,.% [*,G (?iN .%X(B(J :? ,[.%* . & \& >(Vd1 K, s B,M M (9K T9
< (T9u B,M ! .EK k!/ $! ,H(/ ,.?( ! . !" B( E .% $/ ,S%
. & f tB < s qB ,[.%* < r9IG K;" qB X(9K
:g(; (%M
:(=B
:$;(W
: IN(
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Gadaba Mundili) OP- }
: A
.I7;,7 (?iN ,N
. & ./ X6=S! 6S%1 98 (E 6S%1 93 (1 \M _! < =B s B,M !
. !" X X6=S! 6S%1 37 (1 suK*[ ,G
< wB,7 (7 I1 gi/ (D%G L(G K,.%1 I[; (9@ r9IG K;" (d1$!
. & f X(B(J
. !" (/ ; %B,M uK s !
. & f tB < s qB ,[.%* B,M s !
.!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ ,H(/ ,.?( ! !" ,.% =9I! .9/ (?iN
:g(; (%M
:(=B
:$;(W
:ptB
:F(l _9`
(Gurgula)
: A
.I%N uK(/
. !" X6=S! 6S%1 87 (1 s B,M I%N s B,M !
(WK,GI%/ s LI7 ;,B(7 %^ < I4 c.d3/ ?,n 1 (dT7(G
k,/ K,GK 2000 . & f X(B(J B,M s ! < K(%Bib K,/ K,G$4
.,! 35314 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! < 1
. & f tB < s qB ?IY 1K( B,M s !
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
233
: IN(
:ptB

( k!/ ! .%X(B(J :? K .!" $%X(B(J 1 1 . !" 6S%1 5 w%.V* < !

:%t/ $1 IG %X(qE !( (S9$;K ( IS (7 j; j; (9 7 ,;(N (; .!" $!
. !" kT7 -G ;`
:(%? _9`
(Gurmukhi Script) -
: A
" (Inherent vowel) ,7g /I1 _9(h1 < !" qB ;,>; $=? $G !
(7g /I1 _9(h1 X ,?IY( / (%! (9,G (%J E IE !" C/(4
p%%o (character) IE B ! :* L < I4 !8 (7g /I1 ! .!" $9( 9(D/
( `9 =9( DM (9 C98N E ; :* !" (tB 8N (Consonant) =9 7 !8 .(& EK
. !" $9 ,9jJ < F(G E o c.d3/ IE X (Conjunct symbol)
dtB %b(J" 7 . !" tB < s t/IN !" (/ 6%7 %B,M X(9K" -$! - ?(=G
H(! < =(G K( dT7(G ]Y (E . & ./ C%tB < s t/IN -G 1 <
. !" ptB ;,>; s qB 1K( (S% & f tB < W t/ :!(4 ?(=G
` :N \% !" ( ;(?@ uK= 9 7 < !" * @?(,n ?(=G
.!" $Y 41 =9 "! $Y 20 ,?IY p.Y Io .I%
E :* !8 . & f\ L C%7 =(9;(;_ IN ,%G ;(oK t1 t/IN
IN :* !" k./ , s t/IN )B .(1538 -52) ,! I[; IN ,%M K -XI K@
! S% !" C%tB ,%H(M , _;(;IN < s qB ! . qB CdS; (/ K(/ /
In( (E -9 K(L K,G qB iB :* \% ,%! ,9$9 ,%tB < iB < ( E s qB
,%;(; IE :=7 IG =\L :? K,n C9K1 s qB iB t/IN I7 \!
. !" B pB( E sIN(;,9_ %? ? cB < s t/IN .!" C*K :? *(sIN(;,9
:,;,>;
Gurmukhi script (
()
)
:ptB
:(%? _9`
qB t/IN
Vowels and Vowel diacritics (Laga Matra) (7g ,?IY

234
Consonants =9
Numerals ;
235

Sample text in Punjabi (Gurmukhi alphabet) ,;,>; , ptB
(Grantha Script)
: A
(d1$! s ! . !" tB l(1 (E M(E (S% !" qB ;,>; Io $G s !
:,;,>;
! .!" CdS; (/ s qB >!I? S% & EK ,1( 1 %qB 9K X]Y %XI*
tB < s qB ! :?
B,M IST1
HIG .!" C%tB (d7
!/
XId%7 < s qB
K(7 i;,/(1 $;I^ K$/ qB C%tB < s B,M IST1 HIG !\ $9
ptB ! ( !" %X(* s,T%Y $n 9 (E s$n 5 (S%) p!(4 ?(g(^ -E .X
< (%X(* s,T%Y $n 14 (E s$n 9) (Cholas) g,L ;(7 (/ w! ,;,>; ,
K $Y
,4 C9I7
.(& ./ (;,>; C9I7 * IG
* %B(&
7 * . &
/(b
qB s ! . !" ,%./ C%tB C9I7
=[1 EIG
;,>; Id? (/ g,L (/
/(b B (/ (Kuram) K,7 K ,9IG . !" ,9 ,9(!K < K b

%\b
s,T%Y $n %d1 K ,! !" K K s qB C9I7
* D%.G
K( YI4
/(b -G (S% !"
E ptB !
* D%.G 9K
qB B (/ g,L K ,%M !" %X(*
s,T%Y $n %X(; (9 IW"
7(!
$n % K ,! !" C9I7
.,& .! %X(* s$n 16 .! (E s,T%Y 1300 K ,%b :* !8 ,t%B

!" ptB ;,>; K,L (S% ;IN e>!I? ,9IG (& ./ (;,>; :M < K!
K K` % %X(* (f( S% (Jains)
%
M. &
=tB <
X]Y
K,=*
. & =tB < X]Y K ,7K K$/ !" %! >(Vd1

Grantha Script
qB (;IN
Grantha vowels p.Y Io (;IN

236
Grantha vowel diacritics (with ka) p.Y Io ,?IY , (7
Grantha consonants %n Io
Grantha numerals ;
237

(Groma) -
: A
(/I*
.( >L) ,>B dq1 (/IN IX,B (/IN IG
* ( b,^ wS1 IX(/ >L . & f X(B(J < %L (d1$! B,M s !
.(& %X(B(J B,M s ! ,7(!K ( * ,& ,G
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K(7 - d* /I? - d* d* - %L
.(& EK p%/, d* S% !" B,M M X(/g %L B,M !
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Gurun)
: A
X(7 ,/(*
(=B \M ! (;K,N S1(7) ;IN K I* (;IN eE; )IN (%[1
. !" ,=9 E s B,M B(S& B,M s ! .(& L < :=>1 K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M d* /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f X(B(J :? < (d1$! ;IN ?I/ . & f X(B(J < (q%; B,M s !
< (/I? :=7 V. p?IG INg V. (%[1 S1(7 iSN (q%;
k,/ K,GK 1991 (1 .!" ,H(/ K,& u$%X(B(J ( ! < (b,^ .%X(B(J
.(\! K -X(B(J 82000 < (q%; 72000 < (d1$!
.!" ( k!/ $! K -X(B(J . !" B,M C%/ K(7I1 (q%;
. & f tB < s qB B(q%;
:,B(; ,%M
:,=B
:(%? _9`
:ptB
(Garasia Adiwasi) K
: A
. *I=N 4( %4IN
6S%1 92 ,=B , s B,M ! .(& =>1 ;,>; L *I=N 9IN E s B,M !
. !" u$./ (1 suK(/ 6S%1 67 (1 s B,M IN 6S%1 93 (1 ]%DG
K,GK 1988 .(& !K u$%X(B(J ( ! < (7 ?(I=N I*( d1$!
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J B _! ( s B,M ! k,/
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M .%^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" $9 tB < s qB *I=N B,M s !
w%.V* ! .& :;(7 K(/ (W (7 < IG !" $7 :? B,M *I=N ,B !
K, !/ . !" ,.% C%^ < Cn ! . !" 6S%1 25 (E 6S%1 15 p7I4 <
.!" X(T%Y $!
:g(; (%M
:(=B
(%9IN
1 " 6S%1 93 (1 %B,M

;(dTK
:$;(W
: IN(
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Garasia Rajput)
: A
.(%4IN (%9IN I[;

*I=N 6S%1 99 B,M s !
:g(; (%M
:(=B
238
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M 6N 6S%1 86 (1 s B,M (%.%DG 6S%1 89 (1 s B,M

X(B(J < V. (7 ?(I=N V. K,G "` B(G LI1 (dTK
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J B _! ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1999 (1 . & f
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M .%^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9* I=N B,M s !
! . !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! ! . !" :;,7 DL I[;( %9IN "B,M s !
,B ( X]Y ,.?( u$%X(B(J ( s B,M ! . !" B,M B( E s .%^ I[;` B,M
.!" ( k!/ X(T%Y I7 ,eN !" (1 pYK@ ,1 , !"
(Gadaba Bodo) B
.6N ,b IN (?6N
.!" u$./ (1 s B,M X(T9u=( B ! .(?6N K$; $/ (?6N (T9u $/
2000 ( s B,M ! . & f X(B(J < (T9u r9IG K;" (d1$! B,M s !
.(\! ,,/ u$%X(B(J 8000 k,/ *(6G
. !" (/ ; %B,M $/ ?I7 $/ -E $/ X(%9 -ID1" B,M s !
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
(Gaddi) }B
: A
.,qK B(9iN *,qK B(9IN K,/I^ ^ K,/ I^ u(G ^(K,/ I^

u$. u$./ (1 s B,M B(9i/ 6S%1 93 ,=B , s B,M ! .N ,.S%/ K,/I^
(? 6S%1 80 (1 s .%>L 6S%1 83 (1 s B,M I[7 6S%1 97 :* !8 !"
.,& ./ (1 I[7 K,>B
< I%>7 ,>l r9IG I* .V* K,q>!I? V. (h>L r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
Ka! :9 B _! ( ! < (d1$! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . & f X(B(J
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M IX,7 d* - X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L B,M s !
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s !
. ! . !" ,B(; , s B,M (9,G !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! iN
.!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ K(G I7 ,eN .!" $!K < /
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Gandhari) OP
: A
K(G (dT7(G ,,/) KN (S% !" (/ %B,M *I7IG :B_ I* KN
7$9 :? B,M s ! I[; %B,M *I7IG %M . \! $9 X(B(J < ( o K
. !" ./ C%tB < s qB d4IE B,M KN . & f\ L CdS; (/ IST1
, ! . !" ;,>; ( E %B,M GK,9 -$! B,M s ! :* !" F,L , >B(Y
! IG f & :;(7 X(B(J H(! . & [1 & < %B,M K s ! :* ,& XM ,;,>;
:(%?
239

C9I7 * G I1 !" < K,n I%(& N K` M S% ,dtB ,

$;I^ (/ W K( Khotan) *(,E %L ,dtB ! !" ,%./ C%tB
.!" ,%./ (/ (dT7(G I*( / (dT;(
(Gangte) P
: A
EK p?(/ (1 s B,M L (b B,M s !

. & ./ :? (1 %B,M ( @Paite)
. & =X(B(J :? < (/I? m,1 (E (1" (%B([/ < ,J 37 K,G / (d1$!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
a9I[; d%/ u$%X(B(J ( s B,M ! . !" ,V. K,G $L K,L a7I/ , s B,M !
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J (1984) 15100 ( s B,M ! < (d1$! .(& %X(B(J :? ,%B,M
:(=B
d%G (Vai Phei)
X(
X ,eN K,& . &
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Gawar Bati)
: A
K $;K
u$. u$./ (1 s B,M B(/ 6S%1 44 (1 s B,M d1(>4 6S%1 47 B,M s !
. !"
! . !" X(B(J < ,J B(; $;K , !" ?81 K $;K B,M s ! < IdL
wX( H,;( , mg FI7 ;([; $oI1 (dT;( d . !" * 6% ,J
-X(B(J 9000 ( s B,M ! . !" C%& * "?(K(7 s$; K(7 K,N ! . !" C%&
.!" < (dT;(( < ?( dT7(G K -X(B(J 1500 (/ .!" K
. !" (/ ; %B,M K s !
:,B(; ,%M
:(=B
. !" $9 tB < 3B w1K 1K(

Ib K(/ K( I!(/ (%;(TB . !" ,%& :;,7 w7 (1 s N$%=1 * s B,M !
:;,7 :? 7 < (%; ,DL 6! !" ,=DL , %B,M < IdL ::* !" ,%tB
,%B,M E :! :? ,%M m,1 (E s B,M ! . !" B,M w! IdL d? K,N . !"
. !" X" :;(7 < ptB B,M s ! . !" B,M w! d? K,N (/ ,%& f ,9(B(J
! . & f X(B(J :? < (dT;( B,M s ! .%X(B(J :? ,dG u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
.%/ /6%/ ! . !" B,M :!IN X(G ]7 ! .!" $;,L :? *(1I; E

< W K s B,M Dameli
s$; K(7 m,1 (E IdL %%! < s X;(K
E =X(B(J ! K -./ s$; ?[($; IdL * K(7 l(1
". !" ,%G *(1I; ,B(; * s B,M (d . & =X(B(J :? * !" $;,L p1I;
,eN , s B,M X(dG < !" ,=B _! d? K,N .(& !K K .% K,N (G
E ! mg . !" $9 ,9(B(J < (Shumashat) pT>4 ,=B ,! . !" C/(4 IY
. !" :? B,M B T>4 IG ,L :? dT>4

240
(Godari) /
: A
.K(,N I=N ;(dTK I%>7 K, I=N I=N I%=N

. !" ,=9 *>( E K(!,,G u(G (9 ,7$! K I* I%=N $;I^( < dT7(G
(1 s B,M ;,G !8 6S%1 60 (1 I%=N u$9 X(B(J < (d1$! (dT7(G
. & EK X6=S! 6S%1 70
K$! [(.7 (N CG K I* [(7 9IS7 (1 s DG $oI1 I%>7
(dT;(( dT7(G m,1 (E C;" I* r9IG CL(>! ,.V* K K,q7 :!(;I7
. & f X(B(J :? <
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(dTK X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9 B,M s !
s b INIG ( s B,M ! . !" ,B(; , s B,M (9,G !" ,.% I=N
s B,M I=N :; , $! .!" ,H(/ u(G K -X(B(J ( s B,M ! .!" $.! * ,9i9K
! < (d1$! .!" K(;` ! . !" B,M ;(>.T/ ! (1 p( :; !" ,1( 1
(W . & =X(B(J < X]Y 9I*( < dT7(G 690315 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M
B,M s ! ,B E 2000 < (dT;( 300000 $V* , ! < V. Ka! I7
:? 7 %B,M K B,M s ! s(( 7 (dT!,7 ,1 .(& %X(B(J
. 400 I1 , I,N :* ,& tB I?(n (" ID7 . EK ; ,1( 1 :!IN
:? ,)n , ,B .(& ./ )B (eN ( *>(s1 < s B,M I,N .,& ./ :? <
.I%( 1(/ ;K(M p%? (!\ % & ,96 s1
(E (B ,; *,n (S% !" B,M ;(dT!,7 I% K I% B,M I,N
%XI*( dT!,7 ,1 ! . & EK X6=S! eN (1 s B,M $B 1
p9I1 s$; ,1 K(7 l(1 s$; ,1 < s( Pishmal) >(G X]Y
. & f X(B(J :? < X]Y K W(4 (Karan Dukhi) E K(7 < (Isret)
!" (/ *,qK ,.% ! . !" C96tG < I%nI? ,S% !" ,.% w9$ _! I=N
:;(W < X]Y ,.?( ,1 ::* ,& tB 1I\9IN I1 .,& ./ (1 I%! b(
I,N (E ? !" u$%B(G K u$9K `F` ( (/ X(J I=N /I,N $?
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
.(& L $%X(B(J
(Godwari)
: A
69 (1 s B,M uK(/ ,=B 6S%1 61 , s B,M ! . ;I1 $!,/ ;,W ,B(?

6S%1 67 (1 s B,M K$; 66 (1 u,%/ 6S%1 73 (1 s B,M *(3%4
. !" u$. u$./ (1 s B,M *I!
. & f X(B(J < X]Y B(G !I1 K,.? (dTK (d1$!
. !" (/ $;(W uK(/ ;(dTK %B,M X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:(=B
241
: IN(
:$;(W

(Gowro)
: A
.C%WI?(N I%N
;(dT!,7 1 6S%1 62 (1 s B,M T.L 6S%1 68 (E 6S%1 65 B,M s !
(1 s B,M (4 6S%1 43 (E 6S%1 40 (1 s B,M Id%? 6S%1 60 (1 s B,M
. & EK X6=S! (1 %B,M /g(7 6S%1 24 (1 s B,M B K,* 6S%1 25
FI/ (9I9 Xg,7 K(7 $;I^( dT!,7 1 X]Y 9I*( dT7(G
,,/ K -X(B(J 200 In ( ! k,/ K(>/ "1990 . & f X(B(J <
. !" (/ %B,M u$;I/ s ! .(\!
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ;(dT!,7 K X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
K,N B,M s ! .%X(B(J :? B,M (4 S% !" K,& *>(K -X(B(J ( s B,M !
. !" ,B(; ,%M , s B,M (4 s ! < Cn :* !" F,L , >B(Y 7 . !" c.d3/ (E s B,M
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
Gori /
: A
(7 < s B,M K(N 1

. & EK
%XI* %X(* :!(9K 1 < W K( dT!,7 ,1 B,M s ! :(dT7(G
S; $;K( 9I? $o , ! @?(. !" $9 X(B(J %X(* g(7 < X]Y
. !" %X(* s uI* ,4 $D? 8N (1 uI* u,W
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
& =X(B(J :? @?(,L < 9 ; 8N (1 K(N . !" @?(p9I7 s !
B,M 764 p! . !" K$D? a7I/ , ,L :? ,lK (9 ,4K (4K E
-X(B(J ( ! @?(.!" $;,L B,M X(9$7 (9 K,; LIG E & =X(B(J :?
K ":.>o F(G ! IG (\! ,7(!K ( s( Punjkorah) K,S=G Cn] % IS? K
,>1K ,9K( E ]1 %X(* K .% K(N .(9 8B ; u(G k1
%\/ s K,S=G ,.% IS? . !" (4 %B,M K s ! .!" $7
K,* ! .,& !K < g(7 ,4 6* ,J b %X(* s$; ,1 < o
.!" IT9u(G ( s B,M B
:,=B
X6=S! :? (1 s B K,*
B,M s ! . !" p?(/
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
(Goaria) /
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249

Makasar consonants %n Io ( K(TS/
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3 ( K, ;(TB . & EK p?(/ (1 s B,M (Khumi) >E / >W K, d( !

9I* I*( Domrong) ;I/ < I*( Tshungma) K(>[4 (Anok) ,; :!" IN
.!" M :%G pYK@ ! .(& f( 9(B(J < -E (Rumma) (/K ;,G <
:(%? _9`
(Mizo) o-
: A
1,B (Lusia) (%1,B (Twang) ;,* (Duhlian) %.! (Dulien) B

.,[B,X(! (Salau) ,%.%1 (Lusago) ,N(1,B (Lukluiya)
,tG (Hmer) I>! B,M s ! .(Le) B (Tlau) ,Xg (Ngente) %N a/ (Fannai) X(
. !" u$./ (1 s B,M L ]V9 (Zhao) ,X(!@
i%B ([;(; < K,G I* < V. K,G $LK,L K,G / Ka/ (1" (d1$!
(/I? < .1 ;([DL 9ISb a/ r9( ?[]Jamui) u(G X,>
. & f X(B(J B,M s ! < W $B
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (N(; L 7,7 /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < W /K B,M s !
W(4 9j; %M .% ;=( B C%tB (%/ . !" ,.% =9I! a/ < (d1$!
,1( 1 pYK@ , ! < r9 ?[].!" X(T%Y (^ eN ! .(& %X(B(J K
:* !8 K -X(B(J 529000 < (d1$! ( ! k,/ K,GK 1997 (1 . !"
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 10041 < r9?[]
:g(; (%M
(%E,B (Lusei)
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Magahi) N-
: A
.`,[%/ [%/ K,[%/ !([%/ (9([/ [(`/

I *,n K,& < =B b . !([%/ B,L[(! %/ 9I* !([%/ %eE
.,& =[1 I7 ,T/
:B ?( Ka! K,qN(; (b,L iE K( (DG I/ K,G CJ(^ ,N (d1$!
13000000 ( s B,M ! k,/ sK(>/ "2002 (1 . & f X(B(J < ?[(
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J
. !" (/ ; %B,M K(? W $;I^ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
(Malaryan) -
: A
.K(/ (9@;[( I7 (9K"

! . & f X(B(J < (; C/(* (%*,7 7 g,7(;K :BI%7 (d1$!
.(\! K -X(B(J 16000 < 1991 ( s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M wB(9]/ -C/(* ,N,7 -C/(* 67 -C/(* %eE -uK
. & f tB < s qB wB(9]/
!/ (9 %X(* IN ,JK I/ , s B,M .(& %X(B(J wB(9]/ ,H(/ (eN ( s B,M !
:g(; (%M
: IN(
261
:$;(W
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`

F,L , >B(Y 7 . !" 6S%1 70 I4 w%.V* < s B,M M . !" $/ %X(* H

(9,G !" ,.% (9K]/ . !" ,=B X , s B,M wB(9]/ B,M s ! :* !"
. !" ,%G ,B(; * s B,M
(Malayam/ Malayalum) M- /-
(%./ %./ B(9]/ ;(9]/ wt%B

.]G,/ C%./
K,%7 ,=B BI%7 I* ,=B BI%7 BI%7 -E (9]/ IN(; K(./
. ;IT; (%.G :!]G,/ K,>;
C%XI1 = 9I? (q%; B,M s ! m,1 (E X]Y K :BI%7 (d1$!
1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < :%;(I? K(/ IY C98N K,G([%1 I (%%X]/
m,1 (E .(\! ,,/ < (d1$! ,JK K -X(B(J 35351000 ( ! k,/ K,GK
< !" -G @?(K(7I1 (%%X]/ ! .(& !K < (%; K -X(B(J XId%7
(d7 g(1K (7 < ( < ! @?(%%X]/ .,& f ,9(!6G ,9(tB K, @?(9IG
.(& =q
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M wB(9]/ C/(* 67 C/(* C/(* -E uK
. !" ,\L wB(9]/ -G E !" 3B w1K ,=G E s B,M !
! . !" @?(K(7I1 (%%X]/ (S% !" B,M w! ; uK s !
, s B,M wB(9]/ . & f X(B(J * D%M (Leceadive) $%SB
:BI%7 (d1$!
$! IST1 a9I[; B,M ! .,%& ./ < s,T%Y $n 9 ,dtB .X

.!" (%E K `)B (E @?(9I a%N,LK,G L 1K(
(Malayalum) M-
*K$ < IE ! . !" ptB wT $G Io !

(? .,& !K ,,/ I1
s ! .!" $;,L (swaram) K,1 E !" $9( %7 I!( X ,%;(; c.d3/ I1
FI7 I* ! < (YI4 $n %!I%* . L & :;(7 I; ( E 830 ptB
,&a%* $=/ $ , ptB ! . !" C*K *( ptB >!I? Cn s ! . \7 I4
wB(9]/ . !" %! ptB $Y((? H(! ,9 ,9K1 $. E . !" qB (K 6B,N)
-tB wB(9]/ s B,M uK s ! . !" !K $9 tB < s qB ?IY ,nIY :=7
C98N K,G([1 C%XI1 = 9I? I (q%; :%;(I? ( . & L w7 <
. !" %./ 35 $V* , !" ,,/ K -X(B(J (7 :? < K(/ IY
Malayalam alphabet qB wB(9]/
Vowels (svaram) p.Y Io

: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
: A
262
Vowel diacritics with ka ,?IY p.Y Io
Consonants (vyanjanam) =9
conjunct consonants =9( DM
Numerals ;
263

(Mina) P- / P-
: A
< V. (vidisha) (9 < V. :!6J K (;,N K(%B,N r9IG :9/ (d1$!
K,G/ X,1 K,G I^ (Alwar) K,B K,G :\ (dTK < a9 k1 ;K X(1
! k,/ K,GK 1991 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. I%> $; (Tonk) _;,*
.,! 900000 $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M C%K F X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
K; `K, s B,M M < (dTK ,S% !" ,B(; , .% _! (d1$! (%/
I%7 ,H(/ ( K` $! :dT?( 1 pYK@ ! . !" $%X(B(J (4(^ I? < r9IG :9/
.e7( (! /(1 ,%M (! (/ .E K,;( .7 Ka/ < I4 .!" G
: IN(
(Munji) P
.K= / (Munjhan) =(/ (Munjani) ;(=/

56 < =B h1 .(Mamalgha) =/ ([./ =/ eE =/ %L =/ 9I*
(S% !" u$./ (1 s B,M (,9 B,M s ! . !" X6=S! 6S%1 80 (E 6S%1
. & f X(B(J < X]Y K IdL (dT7(G
KN =( N u CI? IdL S% !" ,%B,M , :!IN ;I9 -$! !
.,%& f ,9(B(J < 9[( .>/ =/ (dT;( m,1 (E s

:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
264
%B,M Iq/(G $;I^ eE $;I^(( .N) ;I9 X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
:$;(W
. !" (/ $;(W
. & f tB < W 1K( ?IY
:ptB
(Manda) &P-
: A
2000 (1 . & f X(B(J < X]Y K C/,X(& $! C7 (T9u( d1$!
: IN(
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 4000 ( ! k,/ *(6G

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M ,[%G $/ X,7 $/ -E uK
:$;(W
. !" ,%G ,dG E >B(Y < 1964 p?(? s B,M ! , !" !K & %* * s B,M !
:(%? _9`
(Mundari) &P-
: A
.(Horo) K,! (Mondari) K$;,/ (Munda) $/ (Munari) K(;,/
:g(; (%M
%>^ K$n < (Bhumij) %>^ (Kera) I%7 K,N(; (Latar) K(*g (Hasada) $T!
:(=B
KI u$./ (1 s B,M B(1 (Ho) ,! B,M s ! .(& f L I& >%^ $/ %>^
X6=S! (1 s B,M ,! 6S%1 70
B,M s ! . !" C%7 w%.T*
B,M B IG !"
. & EK
<
o $B
eE
V.
;K K, (W iEK( (1"
(d1$!
: IN(
f X(B(J < D%M K(?,S; >(9i; ?[(:B (T9u r9IG :9/ r9IG CL(>!
(1 ( s B,M ! < (d1$! . &
X(B(J < (q%; r9?[]
B,M s ! . &
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 5700 < (q%; 2069000 < 1993

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M uIE $/K $/ X(%9 -ID1"
:$;(W
. & f tB < s qB X(9K( 9 < s qB B([?
:ptB
.,& I1 :=7 < %/,^ .,& !K < (d1$! ,S% !" ,.% =9I! K$/
:(%? _9`
(Mundari Script) &P-
: A
,eN B,M s ! 1 %B,M X(%9 -ID1" . !" ptB ;,>; $G Io !

H(/ B 21
(d1$! s ! . !" $9
"! 11 $V* , p.Y Io
tB <
qB
X(9K( 9 s B([? I7
s B,M ! .!6G tB < s B,M ! S% !" B,M
(9 %n Io s B,M ! .,& f ,%7 ,DL E )B X ,?IY ,%;(; (?

.,& %! ,;,>; , s qB . !" 35 $V* , =9
265

Mundari Script qB K$/

Consonants %n Io
(Mandeali) }P-
: A
. .L(>! B(9i/ u(G i/

,=9 ,eN *>(E s B,M I[;(7 sIN B,M s ! :* & XM F(i (%?
IN .%>L 6S%1 63 (1 sI[;(7 K,G wB(G 6S%1 90 , s B,M ! . !"
. & X(E C%/ 6S%1 89 (1 s B,M I[;(7
1981 (1 . & f X(B(J < X]Y $/ r9IG CL(>! (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J E 18900 ( s B,M ! k,/ sK(>/"
%B,M 9K 9u(G W eE $B X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !" (/ ;
. & f tB < s qB IN(;,9
:g(; (%M
:(=B

: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
266
:? ?(=G K m,1 (E .:? !6G tB %X(B(J $! u$%X(B(J ( s B,M !

C%X(? < sIN(;,9 .(& %& I; INIG *(,9i9K (d1$! < s B,M ! .%X(B(J
:(%? _9`
.!" $! :%G pYK@ ,B ! . !" ,9 ,9(q 1970 (1 ,o :=7 ,

(Manangba) PP-
: A
[/ (Manang) /

.;K,N
B,M (! . !" c.d3/ (7 (E ;K,N 9I* K, *,n B,M ([/ .(Praaka) (7IG
:g(; (%M
9I*( Nyishong) ;(; (Nejeshong) ;(4
X(; (Manangi)
. & f X(B(J < V. /

s ! . & f X(B(J < W K(; 4 X(; V. / @7iN (q%;
. !" X(B(J :? < ,J K( G "s$; (Marayandi) $;(9K(/ B,M
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M K7 - d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. & f tB < W
IG (& %X81 ;K,N E F(G ! . !" I ,eN *>(, s B,M d* * s
C%/ (I K(7I1 (q%; s ! . !" :;,7 K(%* mg -/ :B(J (! K .%
$V* , ! k,/ K,GK 1998 .!" K(G M I7 ,eN ,B ! .
d* s !
B,M !
;K,N
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
!" B,M
.,! 3776
(Mani Puri) P-
/I1 %M . !" C/(4 ,7g /I1 _9(h1 < ! . !" ptB wT $G Io !
,%=J ,%B(J ,%eN , s qB ! .!" ,%? ,%;(; mg FI7 I!( E 7g
, s B,M ! :* F(7( . !" HIG (1 Ka! K(L s qB ! :* !" F,L , 7 !"
: A
s qB B([? qB s ! :* !" (%W , 7 IG ,%& =\L C9 & wT^ ,%etB ,%eN

%X(* s$n %9( E 1709 (1 . X" %! C>Y < s$n 17 (S% !" C*K*(
/ %X(* 1950 (E 1940 . \! $9 tB < W B([? B,M K,G / (oI?
$Y((? E s qB ! < 1976 .$;" < K E s qB HIG X]! _9I* 9 K,G
K,n C9K1 s qB K,G / HIG qB 7,H(! s ! . X & XK ./ (d/
/I1 .!" C*K( / s qB HIG IE 18 (/ !" 35 $V* , IE < s qB ! . !"
. !" 8 $V* , 7g
:,& %! ,;,>; , ptB
267

Manipuri alphabet
qB K,G /
Numerals and punctuation ,%;(; , _%? ;

268
(Mawachi) - / -
(Mauchi) L,/
.(Mawchi Bhil) C%^ L,/ (Mawachi) L,/ (Mavchi) L,/
.(Gamti) d>N L,/ (Padvi) $G
1997 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. ÌD4K(/ I=N -E (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 76000 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M .%^ W %L X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
< ID4K(/ ! . !" ,.% , $! u,* 1 L,/ .(& %X(B(J :? *I=N ,H(/ !
25 < %B,M %M 6S%1 5 < s B,M 9IG I4 >%.V* .,& !K < $V* L
.& 6S%1

(Muthuwan) \-
.(Mutugar) (N,*,/ (Mudugar) K(N,/ (Mutuwar) K ,/ (Mudavan) $/

,&,/ (Pandi) i;(G ,&,/ C/(*) I/ (,&,/ ,*(; K ,&,/ wB(9]/) ?I/
_9` ,=B ?I/ .!" (=9 E \M _! 6S%1 87 (E 6S%1 82 (=B \M .(
62 K, HI7(9 . !" u$./ (1 s B,M wB(9]/ 6S%1 80 B,M s ! .,& f ,9(B(J
(1 s B,M wB(9]/ 6S%1 68 (E 6S%1 58 (1 C/(* 6S%1 67 (E 6S%1
. !" u$./
K,*(>7 (; C/(* < .V* wB,S9 < V. 7 :BI%7 (d1$!
X(B(J < r9IG K;" V. mK (`/ < u(G (Amimalia) :%B(/ ;( coimbatore)
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 1220 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1981 (1 . & f
269
: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(

%B,M wB(9]/ -C/(* (Tamil-kadau) ,XK,7 -C/(* 67 -C/(* eE uK

. !" (/ $;(W
.,&
:$;(W
\& >(Vd1 , s B,M ! * H !/ (9 IN I7 ,eN . !" ,.% !

. !" Id? ,9K $1 ; s B,M .(& =>1 wB(9]/ Id? (E C/(* ,,;
:(%? _9`
(Modi Script) -
: A
(%M .,& !K C/(4 ,7g /I1 _9(h1 < !" ptB ;,>; Io $G !
I[; %qB %M (d1$! :? qB s ! .(& f( %7 I!( X ,?IY (7g /I1
! .,%& ./ ,dtB , s,T%Y $n 17 < s qB ! . !" CdS; (/ sIN(;,9
, ,%4 ,S% g(? :* (& ,L wB(Y 7 . !" tB B,M I/ < s qB
:,;,>;
( s qB ! ,eN (E ;(! %X IG \7 =(9 B,M s ! * ,! ID9IS%1

; %B,M X(9K" -$! ! .!" ( s,T%Y 1429 (/(7(1 S% !" (%./ K("
< s qB ! (=B R1 !" (=B 40 E s I/ . !" qB w! s I/ B,M K
tB < s qB ! :?(1 !" ,=B w! , s I/ (S% B,M ;(7,7 .(& =[1 tB
. !"
Modi alphabet
qB ,/
Modi consonants %n Io
Modi vowels and vowel diacritics ,?IY p.Y Io

270
Modi numerals ;
(Muria Farwestern) -
(9K,/ /$; 6S%1 74 6S%1 58 (1 %B,M $;(W (9K,/ ,=B , s B,M !

2 (1 i;,N eE 6S%1 50 (E 6S%1 6 (1 si;,N 9i; 6S%1 39 (1
.,& EK p?(/ (1 s B,M (Maria) (9K(/ 6S%1 70 (E 6S%1
2002 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. BI%L :!6J %XI* ID4K(/ (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 6S%1 10089 ( s B,M ! k,/ K,GK
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (Kui) X,7 i;,N eE uK
(1 pYK@ ,S% !" ,.% , (d1$! ! .:? i;,N 81 :? (9K,/ ,B !
.(& !K < 9I&(/ u(G .7 :? K(S4 8N IG !" :dT?
(Muria, Eastern) -
73 B,M s ! .!" (=9 6S%1 95 E \M _! (=B \M .(Lanjoda) ,=B !6J mK

i;,N 9I* 6S%1 34 (E 6S%1 19 (1 (9K,/ ?I/ 6S%1 83 (E 6S%1
. & EK X6=S! (1 s B,M (Dandami) /$; 6S%1 35 (1
V. GK,7 :B_ I*( T9u < V. K(dT? I^_ I* :!6J %d (d1$!
$V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! k,/ *(6G 2000 (1 . & f X(B(J <
.,! 10089
. !" (/ $;(W %B,M (Kui) X,7 i;,N -E :uK
(1 pYK@ ! .(& f(*( 1 K, .% _! (d1$! S% 81 (9K,/ !
.!K * u(G I7 ,eN .7 :? K(S4 8N ,B $! :dT?
(Muria, Westren) -
..(Murai Gondi) i;,N (9K,/ (Modia) (9,/ (Jhoria) (9K,

69 (1 \M _! (=B K,;` X(q? .(Dhanora) K,;` X(q? (Sonapal) CG(;,1
s B,M (Dandami) /$; `6S%1 74 B,M s ! .(& EK p?(/ 6S%1 73 (E 6S%1
6S%1 50 (E 6S%1 6 (1 B,M i;,N 9I* 6S%1 34 (E 6S%1 0 (1
u$./ (1 s B,M (Maria) :9K(/ 6S%1 70 (E 6S%1 3 (1 s B,M i;,N eE
. !" u$.
(1 . & f X(B(J < V. (Bastar) K(dT? :B -E :!6J %d (d1$!
.(\! ,,/ K -X(B(J 12900 ( s B,M ! < sK(>/ "1971
271
: A
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:,=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(

. !" (/ $;(W %B,M X,7 i;,N -E uK

.!" :;,7 < ptB ,%B,M uK $L m,1
;$%/ I7 ,eN .(& EK k!/ $! ! . !" ,.% =9I! , (d1$! !
.!" :dT?( 1 pYK@ (& !K < 9I&(/
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
(Musasa) KK-
: A
.(Rishai dep) 9 X(%4K (Musahar) I!(1,/
. !" u$./ :? (1 %B,M (Saptari) K(dq1 (Tharu) K(&

B,M s ! .(Bantar) K(d?
(Eg (Sindhuli) B1 @K,G _ < V. ;K(/ @4,7 :(q%;

2003 (1 . & f X(B(J < V. (!I1 (&( @/IN(1 V. (Dolakha)
.,! Ka! :!(=G $V* , u$%X(B(J s B,M ! k,/ sK(>/"
(/ $;(W %B,M K(? @I/ X(9K" -$! ;I9 -$! GK,9 -$!
. !"
.& :;(7 ptB
,.% ,Xg %/@ ? ! .(& %X(B(J eN :? B(q%; ! . !" , *( s !
.!" $! , 7 Ka/ .!K 7 !87 :* 7 !87 . !"
:g(; (%M
:,=B
: IN(
u(G
(Mugom) M
(Mugali) B([/
.,N,/ (Mugu) ,N,/
X6=S! %X(* 6S%1 93 (E 6S%1 89 < =B M . B([/ (Karani) ;I7
IG !" =9 :? E %B,M (Loba) (?,B ,qB (Humla) ]>! B,M s ! . !" X
(E wE .>N %4 (Mai koti) b,7 (9(/ *(ÎG I/ *(ÎG ?I/ B,M s !
. !" u$. u$./ 6S%1 57 (1 s B,M d* B,M s ! . !" c.d3/ :?
V. @B(;I7 (q%;
X(B(J :? DE :=7 (Jumla) ]> ,N,/
r9IG CL(>! (d1$! . & f
< $B g(4 K` K,7 m,1 (E B(/ ,B,7
K -X(B(J s B,M ! < (d1$! k,/ K,GK 2000 (1 . & =X(B(J :?
(9" 8B (/ (q%; < ( 1 E K(%b S% ,! C>d/ * HIN E 100 $V* ,
. !" 3558 $V* , 7,B ! < (q%; .(\!
$;(W %B,M W %L K7 - d* X(%B(>! /I? - d* d* - %L
. !" (/
. & f tB < s qB d* B,M s !
! .(& 7 Cn(o w%.V* a9I[;( 9 B(q%; ,N,/ . & \& >(Vd1 < IN B,M s !
(1 k!/ M ! .%X(B(J (& N d* .(& EK I ,1 < (q%; .!" ,B K(G
.(& 7 :? ,GK(! ,H(/ u$EK .V*

:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
: A
:g(; (%M
:(=B
: IN(
:$;(W
:ptB
:(%? _9`
272
(Moinba) P-
: A
.(Man-pa) (G -%/ (? %/ (Mompa) (q/,/ (Monba) (/

;(* _.7 ,L :? (Diring) ;K E (Sangla) ][1 L (Matchopa) (G,/
:? rB E (Kishpingnag) ; G r7 ,L :? (/ eE E (Kalaktang)
(Lish) rB .,L :? (Tawang) ;,* (;,/ 9I* E (Mon kit) 7 ,/ ,L
(7( Miji) =/ ! .!" (=B c.d3/ :=7 (E \M _! (Chung) L (G,/
(;,\7 B,M s ! IG (& %& ,T/ B=( B ! .(& ./ :=7 (1 %B,M (Aka)
(q7I? (b,^ (1 & f X(B(J < p* (S% (Cuana mompa) (q;,/
. !" u$./ (1 %B,M (Brami) /I? (Brokpa)
%>7 $B; ,* r9IG CL(;K( d1$! B,M s ! :%L (d1$!
u$%X(B(J s B,M ! k,/ K,GK 1997 . & f X(B(J < V. (Kemeng)
B,M s ! .,9 ,%eJ 36000 $V* $1 < %L :* !8 .,! 46000 $V* < (d1$! ,
(yar lung Zambo) ,;@ BK(9 I^( b,^ < W K p* I^ -E %L
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English Books

319
A. C Morels, Story of Man (Book-1), 1980.

Andrew George, "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian", In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.)
Andronov, M.S. (1970). Dravidian Languages. Nauka Publishing House.
Annamalai, E.; Steever, S.B. (1998), "Modern Tamil", in Steever, Sanford, The Dravidian
Languages, London.ISBN 0415100232
Boltz, William G. (1994; revised 2003). The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese
Writing System. American Oriental Series, vol. 78. American Oriental Society, New Haven,
Connecticut, USA. ISBN 0-940490-18-8.; William G. Boltz, Early Chinese Writing, World
Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3, Early Writing Systems.
Bughio, M. Qasim (January-June 2006). Maniscalco, Fabio Maniscalco. ed. "The Diachronic
Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh". Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony 1.
http://www.webjournal.unior.it.
Caldwell, Robert (1875). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of
Languages. Trbner & co.
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Languages. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp.
Cole, Jennifer S (2001). "Sindhi". in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl. Facts About the World's
Languages. H W Wilson. ISBN 0824209702.
Dating of Indian literature is largely based on relative dating relying on internal evidences with a
few anchors. I. Mahadevans dating of Pukalur inscription proves some of the Sangam verses.
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David Diringer, The Alphabet, 1953.
Deambi, Kaul, B.K., History and Culture of Ancient Gandhara and Western Himalayas. Ariana
Publishing House, New Delhi, 1985.
Edr. Chistopher Cook, Pears Encyclopedia, 1988-89.
F. Clerk Howell, Earlyman, 1965.
F. L lumber & Harold wheeler, Every Boys Book of Facts.

Fabricius, Johann Philip (1933 and 1972), Tamil and English Dictionary. based on J.P.
Fabricius Malabar-English Dictionary, 3rd and 4th Edition Revised and Enlarged by David
Bexell. Evangelical Lutheran Mission Publishing House, Tranquebar; called Tranquebar
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Ferro-Luzzi, G.E. (2001), "Tieken, Herman, Kavya in South India (Book review)", Asian
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to Hinduism Blackwell Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0631215352.
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Gordon Childe, What happened in the History, 1953.
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Hart, George (2004), "Review of Tieken's Kavya in South India.", Journal of the American
Oriental Institute 124 (1): 180184
Hart, George L. (1975), The Poems of Ancient Tamil : their milieu and their Sanskrit
counterparts, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520026721
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XXII.
International Phonetic Association. 1999. ISBN 0521637511.
Iravatham Mahadevan ,(2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth
Century A.D. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Ishar Singh Tgh, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan. Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit
Singh.
itchiner, Michael, The Ancient and Classical World (600 BC-AD 650), Oriental Coins and their
values, Hawkins Publications, London, 1978.
Johnnes Maringer, The Gods of Prehistoric Man, 1960.
Kala Singh Bedi, Dr. Lipi da Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.
Kamil Veith Zvelebil, Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, pp12
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320

321
Menon, A. Govindankutty (1990), "Some Observations on the Sub-Group Tamil-Malayalam:

Differential Realizations of the Cluster *nt", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African
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Kalam Mandir, 1953.
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Prem Parkash Singh, Dr. "Gurmukhi di Utpati." Khoj Patrika, Patiala: Punjabi University.
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ISBN 0700715339
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Systemes, 1996.
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Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script unearthed at Adichanallur .
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ISBN 041534672X
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recently unearthed nearly 169 clay urns containing human skeletons, dating back to around
3,800 years, which form part of the Adichanallur's pre-historic civilisation. Raghavan says and
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1: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century, Feminist Press, ISBN 1558610278
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322

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(Naga, Mon Sang) D / %

(Maga, Moyon) /2/ %

(Naga, nocte) /% %

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