I HC QUC GIA TP.

HCM
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
oo

INH HUNH THI

PHN T DM LIN HP
M HNH TIMOSHENKO
C XT N PHI TUYN VT LIU

Chuyn ngnh: Xy Dng Dn Dng V Cng Nghip

M s ngnh: 605820

LUN VN THC S

Tp.H Ch Minh, Thng 07-2014

Li cm n
Trc tin, ti xin chn thnh cm n thy Bi c Vinh tn tnh gip
ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin lun vn. Thy cung cp nhng ti liu
rt qu gi cho lun vn v a ra nhng gi hp l vo nhng thi im
kh khn trong qu trnh nghin cu. Ti hc c thy phng php lm
nghin cu khoa hc, cc kin thc m mt ngi nghin cu cn phi c, y
chnh l mc tiu chnh ca lun vn tt nghip thc s.
Xin dnh tng lun vn ny n gia nh ca ti. Xin gi li cm n chn thnh
nht n b, m v c Ba ca ti. Cm n b, m ng vin con v to mi
iu kin thun li nht con yn tm hon thnh tt nhim v hc tp ca
mnh. Cm n c Ba gip con rt nhiu trong qu trnh hc tp. C th
ni, nu khng c gia nh ca mnh bn cnh, ti s khng th hon thnh tt
c lun vn ny.
Cui cng, xin gi li cm n chn thnh v su sc n qu thy c bn b,
cc ng nghip Chi nhnh cng ty c phn tin hc v t vn xy dng
to mi iu kin v gip ti trong qu trnh hc tp ti trng.
Vi nhng tnh cm , ti t ha s lun c gng phn u xng ng vi
tnh cm ca mi ngi dnh cho mnh.

inh Hunh Thi

TM TT
Mt m hnh dng phn tch dm thp - btng lin hp c xt n hin
tng tng tc bn phn v bin dng ct trong c bn btng v dm thp
c thit lp bng vic s dng kt hp m hnh dm Timoshenko cho c hai
thnh phn (gi tt l m hnh T-T). Tc dng lin hp c to ra bi cc lin
kt chng ct, cho php xut hin s chuyn v trt tng i gia hai thnh
phn lin hp. ng x phi tuyn ca vt liu btng, vt liu thp v lin kt
chng ct c tnh ton trong phn tch. p dng phng php phn t hu
hn da trn chuyn v thit lp ma trn cng cho phn t dm c 16 bc
t do. Cc p dng s c tin hnh trn bi ton dm n gin v dm lin
tc, chu ti trng phn b u v ti trng tp trung gia nhp. Kt qu c
so snh vi kt qu thc nghim v cc m hnh phn tch khc nhm nh gi
tin cy ca m hnh c thit lp.
T kha: Phn tch phi tuyn; Dm lin hp thp - btng; Tng
tc bn phn; Dm Timoshenko; Phng php phn t hu hn

ii

ABSTRACT
This study presents an analytical model for the analysis for steel-concrete composite beams with partial shear interaction including the shear deformability of
the two components. This model is obtained by coupling a Timoshenko beam
for the concrete slab to a Timoshenko beam for the steel beam (T-T model).
The composite action is provided by a continuous shear connection which enables relative longitudinal displacements to occur between the two components.
The nonlinear behavior of concrete, steel and shear connectors are accounted.
The stiffness matrix of 16DOF element is derived by the finite elements method
based displacement. The numercial solutions are tested on simply supported
beams with a midspan point load and a uniformly distributed load. The analytical results are compared with the corresponding experimental data and the
difference models. Their performance is discussed.
Keywords: Non-linear analysis; Steel-concrete composite beams; Partial interaction; Timoshenko beam; Finite element method

iii

Li cam oan
Ti tc gi ca lun vn ny cam oan rng.

Lun vn ny l cng trnh nghin cu thc s ca c nhn, c thc

hin di s hng dn ca TS. Bi c Vinh.

Cc s liu, kt qu c trnh by trong lun vn ny l trung thc v

cha tng c cng b di bt k hnh thc no.

Cc gi tr tham kho l chnh xc, khng c chnh sa.

Ti xin chu trch nhim v nghin cu ca mnh.

Tp.H Ch Minh, ngy 31 thng 07 nm 2014
Hc vin

inh Hunh Thi

iv

Mc lc
Trang
Danh sch hnh v

vii

Danh sch bng biu

ix

1 Gii thiu
1.1 c im v ng dng ca kt cu lin hp thp - btng . . . . . . . .
1.2 ng lc cho s pht trin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Mc tiu, phm vi v cu trc ca ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
2
9
10

2 Tng quan
2.1 S lm vic ca dm thp - btng lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 ng x lin hp ca dm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Cc giai on lm vic ca dm lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Cc phng php phn tch dm lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Phng php gii tch (exact analytical solutions) . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Phng php sai phn hu hn (finite difference method) . . . .
2.2.3 Phng php phn t ha hn (finite element method) . . . . .
2.2.3.1 Phng php phn t hu hn da trn chuyn v (displacement based) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3.2 Phng php phn t hu hn da trn lc (force based)
2.2.3.3 Phng php phn t ha hn hn hp (mixed) . . . .
2.2.4 Phng php cng trc tip (direct stiffness method) . . . .
2.3 Phn tch dm lin hp da trn l thuyt dm Timoshenko . . . . . .
2.4 Cc hin tng khng tng thch trong phn tch dm lin hp. . . . .
2.4.1 Vn lch tm (eccentricity issue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Hin tng "kha" bin dng ct (shear locking) . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 Hin tng "kha" bin dng trt (slip locking) . . . . . . . .
2.5 Kt lun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11
11
11
13
14
14
15
16

3 M
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

30
30
32
34
36

hnh ng x ca dm lin hp chu un

Cc gi thit ca m hnh . . . . . . . . . .
Trng chuyn v v trng bin dng . . .
Cc iu kin cn bng . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quan h ng sut suy rng v bin dng suy
v

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20
21
23
24
26
27
29

3.5

Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Cng thc phn t hu hn cho dm lin hp chu un

4.1 La chn hm dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Cng thc ma trn cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Phn tch tit din mt ct ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Xc nh ni lc ti nt phn t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 M hnh ng x phi tuyn ca vt liu v lin kt . . . . .
4.5.1 Vt liu btng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2 Vt liu thp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Lin kt chng ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Gii thut bi ton phi tuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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38
39
39
42
45
47
47
47
48
49
50
51

5 p dng phn tch s

5.1 Phn tch dm lin hp trong giai on n hi tuyn tnh . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Dm n gin chu ti trong tp trung ca Aribert . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Dm n gin chu ti trng phn b u ca N.V. Chng . . .
5.1.3 Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp CTB6
ca Ansourian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Phn tch phi tuyn vt liu dm lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Dm n gin chu ti trng tp trung v ti trng phn b u
ca Chapman v Balakrishnan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp ca
Teraszkiewicz v Ansouran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53
54
54
57

6 Kt lun
6.1 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Hng pht trin ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74
74
75

Ti liu tham kho

76

Ph lc

81

A Code chng trnh MATLAB

81

L lch trch ngang

81

vi

59
62
62
67
73

Danh sch hnh v

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

Cc dng ct lin hp thp - btng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kt cu sn lin hp s dng tm tn sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc loi lin kt chng ct s dng trong dm lin hp . . . . . . . . .
Ta nh Atlantic Centre Project (hnh tri), Ta nh Major Bank (hnh
phi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
3
3

Thp Millennium Tower Vin - o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ta nh Diamond Plaza (hnh tri), Trung tm thng mi 5 tng ca
ta nh BITEXCO (hnh phi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Khch sn 5 sao JW Mariot H Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cu vt vng xoay Hng Xanh hon thnh trong 5 thng . . . . . . .

8
8
9

2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15

ng x ca dm lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tng tc khng ct ca dm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc giai on chu ti ca dm lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu bin dng ca tit din dm lin hp . . . . . . . . .
Phn t dm lin hp 12DOF [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phn t dm EB-EB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phn t dm EB-EB c xt hin tng phn tch ng . . . .
Trng chuyn v, trng bin dng v trng ng sut phn
ca DallAsta [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc thnh phn chuyn v v phn lc nt phn t . . . . . .
Phn t dm EB-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phn t dm cngxon lin hp [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu chuyn v ng di ti trng phn b [4] . . . . . . .
Phn t dm Timoshenko hai im nt . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hin tng "kha" bin dng trt ca phn t dm 8DOF .
So snh kt qu cong gia cc phn t dm . . . . . . . . .

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t dm
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20
21
22
24
25
26
28
28

3.1
3.2

Dm lin hp in hnh v mt ct tit din . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trng chuyn v ca m hnh dm lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31
32

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Phn t dm T-T 10 bc t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phn t dm T-T 16 bc t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chia lp tit din mt ct ngang ti im Gauss th i . . . . .
Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu btng khi chu nn
Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu btng khi chu ko

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41
45
47
48

vii

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12
12
13
14
17
18
19

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu thp . . . .

Quan h lc ct v bin dng trt ca lin kt chu ct
Phng php lp gia tng Newton - Raphson . . . . . .
Lu phn tch phi tuyn trong MATLAB . . . . . . .

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49
50
51
52

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

S dm n gin chu ti tp trung gia nhp ca Aribert [5] . . . .

Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm Aribert . . . . . . . . .
Biu bin dng trt dc theo chiu di dm Aribert . . . . . . . .
Biu quan h t s vng gia nhp v t s chiu di nhp - chiu
cao dm trong cc trng hp cng lin kt khng ct khc nhau . .
S dm n gin chu ti phn b u ca N.V. Chng [6] . . . . .
Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm N.V. Chng . . . . . . .
S lin tc hai nhp chu ti tp trung gia nhp ca Ansourian [7] .
Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm CTB6 . . . . . . . . . .
Biu vng trn chiu di nhp ca dm CTB6 . . . . . . . . . . .
S dm n gin chu ti tp trung E1 v dm chu ti phn b U4
ca Chapman [8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm E1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu phn b trt dc theo chiu di nhp dm E1 vi cc mc ti
khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm U 4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu phn b trt dc theo chiu di nhp dm U 4 vi cc mc ti
khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S dm lin tc chu ti tp trung CBI v CTB4 . . . . . . . . . .
Biu vng ca dm CBI vi ti trng P = 122 kN . . . . . . . .
S phn b trt dc theo chiu di nhp dm CBI vi P = 122 kN . .
Biu bin dng mt ct theo chiu di nhp ti v tr cnh di dm
thp vi P = 122 kN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm CT B4 . . . . . . . . . .
Biu quan h cong v ti trng ca dm CT B4: a) Ti tit din
gia nhp v b) Ti tit din cch gi ta gia 150 mm . . . . . . . . .
Qu trnh phn b ng sut ca tit din ti v tr gia nhp v gi gia
ca dm CT B4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54
55
56

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21

viii

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59
60
61
62
63
65
65
66
66
68
69
70
70
71
72
73

Danh sch bng

1.1

1.4

So snh kch thc dm lin hp v dm khng lin hp khi kh nng

chu lc nh nhau [9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
So snh kch thc dm v ct lin hp vi dm v ct btng ct thp
thng khi kh nng chu lc nh nhau [9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
So snh trng lng thp v gi thnh tng th cho khung nh nm tng
mt nhp theo Knowles [10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
So snh trng lng thp dm sn theo P.V.Hi [11] . . . . . . . . . . .

6
6

2.1
2.2

Bc v loi a thc ca cc hm dng chuyn v m hnh dm EB-EB .

Bc v loi a thc ca cc hm dng chuyn v m hnh dm EB-T .

18
22

4.1

Cc im Gauss v trng s tng ng [12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14

Cc thng s c trng ca dm Aribert [5] . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kt qu vng ca cc m hnh dm khi P = 195 kN . . . . .
Cc thng s c trng ca dm N.V. Chng [6] . . . . . . . . .
Kt qu vng ca cc m hnh dm khi W = 245 kN/m . . .
Cc thng s c trng ca dm Ansourian [7] . . . . . . . . . .
Kt qu vng ca cc m hnh dm Ansourian khi P = 320 kN
Cc thng s c trng hnh hc ca dm Chapman [8] . . . . .
c trng vt liu v cc h s ca dm Chapman [8] . . . . . .
Gi tr vng v ti trng ti hn ca dm E1 . . . . . . . . . .
Gi tr vng v ti trng ti hn ca dm U 4 . . . . . . . . . .
Cc thng s c trng hnh hc ca dm CBI v CTB4 . . . .
c trng vt liu v cc h s ca dm CBI v CTB4 . . . . .
Gi tr vng gia nhp ca dm CBI vi ti trng P = 122 kN
Gi tr vng v ti trng ti hn ca dm CT B4 . . . . . . . .

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64
65
66
67
68
69
71

1.2
1.3

ix

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4
5

Chng 1
Gii thiu
Nhu cu xy dng nh cao tng v nh siu cao tng ang bng n mnh m
Vit Nam, c bit cc khu th ln nh H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh. Khi
s dng cc gii php kt cu btng ct thp thng thng, cng trnh nh cao
tng i hi kch thc cc cu kin kt cu c th rt ln, nng n, tn km,
gim khng gian s dng v gim tnh thm m. khc phc cc nhc im
k trn, gii php kt cu lin hp thp btng v ang c s dng ph
bin nhiu nc trn th gii cho cc cng trnh nh nhiu tng. Mc ch ca
gii php ny l tn dng cc u im ring v c trng c l gia vt liu
thp v btng to ra kt cu lin hp c kh nng chu lc v tin cy cao,
ng thi tng cng kh nng chng chy. Bn cnh , cng trnh s dng
gii php kt cu lin hp s p ng c cng nng s dng cao, hiu qu v
kinh t v m bo tnh thm m. nc ta, tiu chun thit k kt cu lin
hp thp btng ang c tin hnh nghin cu v bin son theo tiu chun
Chu u [1315].

1.1

c im v ng dng ca kt cu lin hp thp

- btng

Kt cu lin hp thp - btng (KCLH) l loi kt cu s dng thp kt cu

kt hp vi btng hoc btng ct thp chng cng tham gia chu lc. Cc
gii php cu to thng c s dng i vi loi cu kin kt cu ct lin hp
l thp nh hnh hay thp t hp hn dng ch H c bc btng mt phn
hoc ton b, hoc thp ng c nhi y btng hoc btng ct thp (hnh
1.1).

Hnh 1.1: Cc dng ct lin hp thp - btng

i vi cu kin kt cu sn lin hp th gii php s dng thng l bn sn

btng ct thp c t ln trn dm thp hnh ch I (hnh 1.2). Ngoi ra cc
tm tn thp sng cn c t mt di ca bn sn btng, nm gia bn
sn btng v dm thp hnh ng vai tr va l ct thp chu ko trong
qu trnh s dng ng thi l vn khun btng ti trong qu trnh thi
cng. thp v btng cng tham gia chu lc ng thi, cc lin kt chng
ct (shear connector) c hnh dng hp l c hn ti b mt thp kt cu tip
xc vi btng nhm tng kh nng lin kt ton khi gia thp hnh v btng
(hnh 1.3).
2

Li thp

Sn btng

Lin kt chu ct

Tn thp

Dm thp hnh

Hnh 1.2: Kt cu sn lin hp s dng tm tn sng

Hnh 1.3: Cc loi lin kt chng ct s dng trong dm lin hp

Nh cc c im cu to trn mang li cho KCLH nhiu c tnh u vit

hn kt cu thng thng [16].
- Kh nng chu lc v tin cy cao: KCLH tn dng c cc u im
ring v c trng c l ca c hai loi vt liu thp v btng. Vt liu
thp c cng chu ko v nn cao, kh nng cho php bin dng do
ln, tin cy, an ton chu lc cao nhng kh nng chu la km v gi
thnh li cao. Trong khi vt liu btng mc d ch c cng chu
nn tng i nhng li c tnh chu la tt, gi thnh r v c s dng
ph bin. Nh vy, so vi trng hp ch s dng kt cu btng ct thp
thun tu th vic s dng gii php kt cu lin hp thp btng s m
bo tng kh nng chu lc v nng cao tin cy ca kt cu, do bao gm
kh nng chu lc ca c hai thnh phn kt cu thp hnh v btng ct
thp cng kt hp tham gia chu lc. Hn na, nu so snh vi trng hp
ch s dng gii php kt cu thp thun tu th vic s dng kt cu lin
hp thp btng ngoi vic lm tng kh nng chu lc cn tng cng
ngang, tng kh nng n nh v nng cao tnh chu la.
3

Gii php kt cu lin hp thp btng cng c ng dng kh hiu

qu trong trng hp kt cu cng trnh nm trong vng c ng t, do
chng c mc n nh v tin cy cao khi chu ti trng ng. iu
ny c kim nghim qua thc t ti nhiu trn ng t ln, nh
trn ng t Kobe Nht Bn nm 1995 hay trn ng t Northridge
M nm 1994.

Bng 1.1: So snh kch thc dm lin hp v dm khng lin hp khi kh nng
chu lc nh nhau [9]

Dmolinohp
Titodinothp

Dm thp khngocolinoktochuoct

IPEo400

IPEo550

HEo360oB

560

710

520

Tiotrng

1002

1002

1002

Trngolngothp

1002

1592

2142

Tngochiuocao

1002

1272

932

cng

1002

722

462

Chiuocaoo9mm)

- Cng nng s dng hiu qu: i vi cc cng trnh nh nhiu tng, khi
chiu cao nh cng cao v nhp khung cng ln th ni lc dc trc trong
ct v mmen trong dm cng ln; lc dc trong ct c th ln n 3000
tn i vi cng trnh nh cao hn 30 tng. Nh vy, nu ch s dng gii
php kt cu btng ct thp thng thng th kch thc tit din yu cu
ca ct l rt ln, v thc t cp bn ca btng s dng ph bin cho
xy dng nh nhiu tng Vit Nam hin nay vo khong B25 n B40,
tng ng vi cng chu nn tnh ton khong 155 n 215daN/cm2 .
Chng hn khi s dng gii php kt cu btng ct thp (khng lin hp)
th kch thc tit din ct yu cu cho nh cao 40 tng xy dng H
Ni l khong 1.5m 1.5m; tuy nhin kch thc ny s gim xung cn
4

khong 1m 1m khi s dng gii php kt cu lin hp thp btng. Nh

vy, vic ng dng gii php kt cu lin hp s to cho cng trnh gn
nh v tng khng gian s dng. Mc d mt s nc trn th gii nh
Nht Bn, c, . . . sn xut c btng mc siu cao vi cng chu
nn c th vt trn 1000daN/cm2 . Tuy nhin sn xut btng t c
cng cao nh vy v m bo c mc tin cy th quy trnh sn
xut v kim tra cht lng, yu cu phi c thc hin rt nghim ngt
v thi gian v cng ngh k thut.
Bng 1.2: So snh kch thc dm v ct lin hp vi dm v ct btng ct thp
thng khi kh nng chu lc nh nhau [9]

Lin hp

Btng ct thp

70/70

80/120

160/40

160/20

Ct

Kch thc (cm)

Dm

Kch thc (cm)

- Hiu qu kinh t: So vi trng hp ch s dng kt cu thp thun tu th

vic s dng gii php kt cu lin hp thp btng s c hiu qu kinh t
cao, gim c trng lng thp khong 10 15%. Nu so vi trng hp
s dng gii php kt cu btng ct thp th gii php s dng KCLH
gim c trng lng ca cng trnh khong 10 20%, dn n gim nh
c kt cu mng. Do vy mc d lng thp s dng trong KCLH l
5

nhiu hn mt cht nhng tng chi ph xy dng cng trnh c th vn

gim; ng thi tng nhanh c thi gian thi cng sm a cng trnh
vo s dng v quay vng vn. Kt qu so snh nh lng nh bng 1.3
v bng 1.4.
Bng 1.3: So snh trng lng thp v gi thnh tng th cho khung nh nm tng
mt nhp theo Knowles [10]
Loi khung
Khung
Khung
Khung
Khung

Trng lng thp (%)

Tng gi thnh (%)

100
84.5
89
70

100
92.5
95.5
87

thp - n hi (non-composite)
lin hp - n hi
thp - n do
lin hp - n do

Bng 1.4: So snh trng lng thp dm sn theo P.V.Hi [11]

Loi dm

Trng lng thp (%)

Dm thp (non-composite)
Dm lin hp, c chng tm khi thi cng
Dm lin hp to ng lc trc trong thp

100
73
55

Trong nhng nm gn li y kt cu lin hp thp - btng (KCLH) c s

dng nhiu trn th gii nh M, Anh, . . . v nht l cc nc ang pht trin
nh Hn Quc, Trung Quc, Singapore . . . . Mt s cng trnh c th k n
nh:
Ta nh 35 tng Major Bank Dallas, tiu bang Texas ca M (hnh 1.4):

cao 237 m, tng din tch 185.806 m2 , c cc ct thp bc btng gia

v h sn dng dm thp bn sn btng ti ch lin vi vn khun
thp c nh.
Ta nh Atlantic Centre Project Atlanta cao 221 m c li cng c thi

cng theo phng php vn khun trt (hnh 1.4).

Thp Millennium Tower Vin - o (hnh 1.5) cao 171m, c 50 tng, tng

din tch sn 47.200 m2 , c tc thi cng trung bnh 2,5 tng trong mt
tun, hon thnh nm 1999, thi cng kt hp phng php vn khun trt
lm tng tc thi cng.
6

Hnh 1.4: Ta nh Atlantic Centre Project (hnh tri), Ta nh Major Bank (hnh
phi)

Hnh 1.5: Thp Millennium Tower Vin - o

 Vit Nam cng s dng KCLH cho cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v
cng trnh cu. Ti TP.H Ch Minh xy dng ta nh Diamond Plaza cao
21 tng vi kt cu khung thp bc vt liu chng chy x l cao; khu trung tm
thng mi 5 tng ca ta nh BITEXCO (hnh 1.6), . . . Ti th H Ni,
KCLH c s dng lm 500 m2 sn nh ca cng ty xut nhp khu Hng H
do cng ty Tadis thit k; khch sn 5 sao JW Marriott Hotel (hnh 1.7), . . . . V
d thy nht l hng lot cc cu vt bng KCLH c xy dng ti H Ni
v TP.H Ch Minh, vi tin thi cng nhanh gip gim thiu tnh trng
kt xe mt cch hiu qu (hnh 1.8).

Hnh 1.6: Ta nh Diamond Plaza (hnh tri), Trung tm thng mi 5 tng ca

ta nh BITEXCO (hnh phi)

Hnh 1.7: Khch sn 5 sao JW Mariot H Ni

Hnh 1.8: Cu vt vng xoay Hng Xanh hon thnh trong 5 thng

1.2

ng lc cho s pht trin

Hin nay, vic phn tch v tnh ton dm lin hp thp - btng c thc hin
da trn nhiu phng php khc nhau. Cc phn mm m phng phn tch 3D
c pht trin mnh v c th m hnh s lm vic ca dm lin hp rt tt
nh Ansys, Abaqus, Atena,. . . . Tuy nhin, vic phn tch m hnh 3D i
hi nhiu thi gian v kinh t. Chnh v vy, vic xy dng cc m hnh phn
tch 2D l mt yu cu thit yu, nhm p ng cc bi ton phn tch v kim
tra dm lin hp n gin, gip gii quyt bi ton nhanh chng v tin cy.
Bn cnh , tnh ph hp ca vic b qua nh hng bin dng ct khi p
dng l thuyt dm Euler - Bernoulli trong dm lin hp ang c th c
t cu hi. c bit trong cc trng hp m nh hng ct l quan trng,
nh cc dm lin hp ngn hoc dy, khi t s gia chiu di nhp v chiu
cao dm nh v t s cng un v ct ln. Nn vic s dng l thuyt dm
Timoshenko xem xt nh hng ca bin dng ct trong phn tch l cn
thit v c th phn nh ng hn s lm vic ca kt cu trong thc t.

1.3

Mc tiu, phm vi v cu trc ca ti

Mc tiu ca ti l da vo l thuyt dm Timoshenko thit lp m hnh

ng x ca dm thp - btng lin hp c xt bin dng ct trong bn btng
v dm thp hnh. ng x lin hp thng qua tng tc bn phn v cc m
hnh phi tuyn vt liu c a vo phn tch. S dng phng php phn t
hu hn da trn chuyn v xy dng m hnh phn t hu hn cho phn tch.
Kt qu s c nh gi tin cy nh vic so snh vi cc m hnh dm lin
hp khc c xut trc v cc s liu thc nghim.
p dng phn tch s trong hai trng hp: trng hp vt liu v lin kt lm
vic trong giai on n hi tuyn tnh; v trng hp vt liu v lin kt ng x
phi tuyn. Phn tch s c tin hnh trn cc bi ton dm n gin v dm
lin tc khc nhau, nhm xem xt y ng x ca dm lin hp trong vng
chu mmen dng (sagging) v vng chu mmen m (hogging). Hin tng
phn tch lp (uplift) c b qua.
B cc ca ti nh sau:
Chng 1 s gii thiu cc u im kt cu lin hp v mc tiu, gii hn

ca ti.
Chng 2 s trnh by tng quan v cc phng php phn tch v cc

hng tip cn khi phn tch dm lin hp.

Trong chng 3, m hnh ng x ca dm lin hp chu un s c thit

lp da trn cc gi thit v cc iu kin cm bng.

Chng 4 trnh by cc cng thc phn t hu hn v m hnh phi tuyn

vt liu cho bi ton phn tch phi tuyn dm lin hp.

Cc v d p dng s v kt qu so snh c trnh by trong chng 5.
Chng 6 s kt lun v trnh by cc kin ngh v hng pht trin ca

ti.
10

Chng 2
Tng quan
Nh cc u im v ng dng rng ri c trnh by trong chng 1 m KCLH
c nghin cu v phn tch rt nhiu bng cc phng php khc nhau
trong lch s. V vy, mt ci nhn tng quan cc nghin cu thc hin l cn
thit. ng x lin hp, cc hng tip cn phn tch v cc hin tng khng
tng thch trong dm lin hp s c trnh by tm tt trong chng ny.
y l c s l thuyt quan trng cho cc chng sau.

2.1

S lm vic ca dm thp - btng lin hp

2.1.1

ng x lin hp ca dm

Cc trng hp ng x ca dm lin hp khi xt n s tng tc lm vic gia

b tng v dm thp c m t theo hnh 2.1 [9]. Theo , ng x ca dm
c chia thnh ba trng hp nh sau:
Tng tc ton phn (full interaction): khng c s trt tng i ti

mt tip xc gia bn btng v dm thp. Lc ct dc c truyn ton

b v ti trng ph hoi Pu t gi tr ln nht, btng v thp lm vic
cng nhau hon ton. Ph hoi l dn nu xy ra t ngt, l do nu xy
ra t t.
11

Ti trng P
d
Pu: Tng tc ton phn

Pu

Pu: Tng tc bn phn

Pu: Khng tng tc

Pf
Ti trng khi c vt nt u tin

vng d

Hnh 2.1: ng x ca dm lin hp

Khng tng tc (no interaction): chuyn v trt tng i gia btng

v thp ti mt tip xc l khng gii hn; hu nh khng c s truyn lc

ct. Ti trng ph hoi Pu nh nht, ph hoi l chuyn tip (progresive).
Tng tc bn phn (partial interaction): chuyn v trt gia btng v

thp ti mt tip xc khc khng nhng c gii hn. Lc ct c truyn

mt phn v Pu nm gia hai gi tr trn. Ph hoi c th l dn hoc do.
S trt gia dm v sn ph thuc vo mc tng tc khng ct ca lin
kt. Hnh 2.2 biu din mc trt gia dm v sn khi c v khng c lin
kt.
Khng ct hon ton
(complete)

Khng khng ct

Khng ct khng hon ton

(incomplete)

Lc ct Ni
ngang nT

Khng ct
hon ton
Khng ct
khng hon ton
Khng khng ct

s
Hnh 2.2: Tng tc khng ct ca dm

12

2.1.2

Cc giai on lm vic ca dm lin hp

S lm vic ca kt cu lin hp c minh ha theo hnh 2.3, c chia thnh

ba giai on nh sau [17]:

Hnh 2.3: Cc giai on chu ti ca dm lin hp

Giai on 1: Khi ti trng cn nh, btng v thp lm vic n hi, ng

sut v bin dng l tuyn tnh. Lin kt gia chng chu lc ct nh. Dm
b bin dng t nn ng sut ti gia nhp dm phn b dng ng thng
nh hnh 2.3a. Theo biu bin dng, nu sn dy th trc trung ha
s nm trong btng, nh vy mt phn btng chu ko. Ngc li, khi
bn sn mng th trc trung ha nm trong phn dm thp th lc ny
phn pha trn chu nn.
Giai on 2: Khi ti trng tip tc tng, ng sut ct gia thp v btng

tng lm tng bin dng lin kt. Bin dng ny lm tng bin dng tng
th ca dm. Hnh 2.3b biu din nh hng ca bin dng trt n s
phn b ng sut v bin dng ca dm. giai on ny dm lin hp
c thit k lin kt loi mt phn. Tuy nhin bin dng trt rt nh v
c th b qua.
Giai on 3: Thp t n gii hn chy, vng do pht trin v sau

ton b tit din thp b chy do. Qu trnh ny cng xy ra tng t

nh vi btng, biu ng sut bin dng nh hnh 2.3c. Khi bin dng
13

pht trin gy ra ng sut qu ln s lm ph hoi gin ti b mt bn

btng. S gia tng ng sut trong btng dn n s gia tng bin dng,
ng sut s b thay i. Nu kh nng chng li lc ct dc ln th bin
dng trt c th b qua. Tuy nhin, trn thc t mc bin dng dm
ph thuc rt nhiu ng x ca lin kt chng ct.

2.2
2.2.1

Cc phng php phn tch dm lin hp

Phng php gii tch (exact analytical solutions)

Biu thc gii tch chnh xc c xc nh da vo mt biu bin dng cha

bit. xc nh biu ny cn c ba tham s c nh ngha mt cch y
. Cc tham s bao gm: bin dng lp trn ca tit din dm 0 , cong
v bin dng trt s; c biu din nh hnh 2.4. H ba phng trnh c
e0

Trc tham chiu bt k

u'n

Biu bin dng

Tit din dm lin hp

Hnh 2.4: Biu bin dng ca tit din dm lin hp

s dng gii bi ton gm phng trnh cn bng theo phng ngang ti tit
din, phng trnh cn bng gc xoay ti tit din v phng trnh cn bng
theo phng ngang ca biu ca phn t pha trn cng. Khi biu bin
dng c tha mn th cc chuyn v c xc nh t vic kt hp iu kin
bin cho phn t dm ang xem xt.

14

Trong trng hp dm chu ti phn b u w, cc biu thc ca bin dng 0 ,

cong v bin dng trt s c xc nh nh sau [18]:
0 = b1 M + b2 N + b3 s0

(2.1)

= r1 M + r2 N + r3 s0

(2.2)

s = C1 ez C2 ez +

w1

(2.3)

trong M v N ln lt l mmen v lc dc trc dc theo chiu di dm; bi ,

ri , v 1 (vi i = 1, 2, 3) l cc c trng ca tit din; C1 , C2 l cc hng s

tch phn, ph thuc vo cc iu kin bin ca phn t dm.

Chi tit ca phng php, cc c trng tit din v iu kin ti trng c th
tham kho trong [18].

2.2.2

Phng php sai phn hu hn (finite difference method)

Phng php sai phn hu hn l mt phng php s, c s dng cho bi

ton dm lin hp khi h cc phng trnh vi phn ca bi ton khng th c
gii vi li gii chnh xc. Cc o hm s c xp x bi cc biu thc i s.
Bng cch ri rc phn t theo phng dc trc thnh m phn, cc o hm
ca hm tng qut K(z) c th c xp x bng tng cc gi tr ca hm ti
cc im chia theo cng thc sau:
(n)

(n)

(n)

(n)

(n)

Kjn = d1j Gj2 + d2j Gj1 + d3j Gj + d4j Gj+1 + d5j Gj+2

Trong : Kjn =

n Kj
z n

(2.4)

(n 4) ti im chia j ; Gj = K(zj ) vi zj l ta im
(n)

j trn trc dm; v dij l hng s ph thuc vo khong cch chia im. p

dng cng thc 2.4 cho mi im chia s t c mt h phng trnh i s

cha cc n s l cc hm chuyn v ti im .
Chi tit phng php c th tm thy trong nghin cu ca nhm tc gi Luigino
Dezi v cc cng s [19]. Cc tc gi tnh ton ng x di hn ca btng
trong m hnh dm lin hp c xt n nh hng ca "shear - lag".
15

2.2.3

Phng php phn t ha hn (finite element method)

Phng php phn t hu hn (FEM) l mt phng php s tm dng gn

ng ca hm n trong min V . Tuy nhin FEM khng tm dng xp x trn
ton min m ch tm trong tng min con Ve - phn t. Trong phm vi phn
t, i lng cn tm c xp x trong dng hm n gin, gi l cc hm xp
x (approximation function). Cc hm ny c ni suy qua gi tr ca hm (c
th c o hm) ti cc im nt trn phn t. Trnh t phn tch bi ton theo
FEM nh sau [20]:
Ri rc ho: min kho st V c chia thnh cc min con Ve c dng

hnh hc thch hp v n gin. Chng lin kt vi nhau ti cc nt. Cc

phn t c th c cc tnh cht vt liu khc nhau.
Chn hm xp x thch hp, ri biu din hm xp x theo tp hp gi tr

(c o hm) ca n ti cc nt ca phn t {q}e .

Thit lp ma trn cng phn t [K]e v vect ti phn t {P }e .
Ghp ni cc phn t trn c c m hnh tng thch.
Gii h phng trnh i s.
Hon thin: Tm chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut trong cc phn t.

Hm xp x c chn biu din gn ng dng phn b ca chuyn v; hay

dng phn b ca ng sut, ni lc hay dng phn b ca c chuyn v v ng
sut. Ty theo vic la chn hm xp x, FEM c th chia thnh cc hng tip
cn tng ng nh sau:

16

2.2.3.1

Phng php phn t hu hn da trn chuyn v (displacement

based)

Hng tip cn theo phng php ny c p dng nhiu trong phn tch dm
lin hp. M hnh phn t dm c thit lp da trn cc gi thit dm Euler
- Bernoulli. Mt s nghin cu c th k n nh sau:
Nm 1981, Arizumi v Hamada [1] xut m hnh phn t 12 bc t

do (DOF) (hnh 2.5) phn tch n - do dm btng ct thp v dm

lin hp c xt s tng tc khng hon ton. Trong phn tch dm lin
tc, tc gi xt n hin tng nt ca b tng ti vng mmen m v
chiu su vt nt c biu din bi mt hm tuyn tnh. Vct chuyn v
u c dng:
uT =

w1

w10

v1

v10

w2

w20

w2, w'2

w3

w30

v3

v30

w4

w40

(2.5)

w4, w'4

v2, v'2

v4, v'4
w1, w'1

w3, w'3
v3, v'3

v1, v'1

Hnh 2.5: Phn t dm lin hp 12DOF [1]

Nm 1999, Gattesco [21] so snh cc biu thc trong phng php phn

tch dm lin hp theo hng tip cn tuyn tnh v theo hng tip cn
phi tuyn. T tc gi p dng s trn bn m hnh dm lin hp
so snh vi kt qu thc nghim.
Nm 2002, DallAsta v Zona [22] phn tch phi tuyn dm lin hp

bng vic s dng gi thit dm Euler - Bernoulli cho c sn btng v

dm thp hnh, c gi l m hnh EB -EB. T ba m hnh phn t
17

c s bc t do khc nhau: 8DOF, 10DOF v 16DOF (hnh 2.6) c xy

dng so snh kt qu v nh gi cc sai s. Vct chuyn v u bao gm
chuyn v dc trc ca sn btng wc , chuyn v dc trc ca dm thp
ws v chuyn v ng v . Cc hm dng c la chn tng ng cho ba

trng hp c thng k trong bng 2.1.

uT =

8DOF

wc ws v

(2.6)

10DOF

16DOF

Hnh 2.6: Phn t dm EB-EB

Bng 2.1: Bc v loi a thc ca cc hm dng chuyn v m hnh dm EB-EB

Phn t dm EB - EB
8DOF EB-EB
10DOF EB-EB
26DOF EB-EB

w1

w2

1(C0 )
2(C0 )
4(C0 )

1(C0 )
2(C0 )
4(C0 )

3(C1 )
3(C1 )
5(C1 )

Trong : C0 = a thc Lagrange; C1 = a thc Hermite

Nm 2006, Gara v cng s [23] thit lp cc biu thc phn t hu

hn cho m hnh dm lin hp c xt c hin tng trt dc trc v hin

tng phn tch ng (vertical uplift) gia hai thnh phn lin hp. Khi
vct chuyn v u bao gm chuyn v dc trc ca sn btng wc v
ca dm thp ws ; chuyn v ng ca sn btng vc v ca dm thp vs .
Cc vt liu c lm vic trong giai on n hi tuyn tnh. Ba m hnh
phn t c phn tch v so snh gm: 12DOF, 14DOF v 22DOF (hnh
2.7).
T

u =

wc ws vc vs

18

(2.7)

12DOF

14DOF

22DOF

Hnh 2.7: Phn t dm EB-EB c xt hin tng phn tch ng

Nm 2009, Nghi v Thnh [24] phn tch phi tuyn dm thp-btng

lin hp c xt n tng tc bn phn. Phn t dm lin hp c 8DOF

2.6 c thit lp da trn m hnh ng hc ca Newmark xt n ng
x phi tuyn ca vt liu. Sau nm 2011, hai tc gi Nghi v Thnh
pht trin nghin cu trn khung phng lin hp [25]. Mt phn t dm
6DOFs c lin kt na cng (semi - rigid) gia dm v ct trong h khung
phng c xy dng. Kt qu c phn tch trn dm hai nhp, khung
n gin v h khung 6 tng hai nhp.

2.2.3.2

Phng php phn t hu hn da trn lc (force based)

Nm 1998, Salari v cng s [26] phn tch phi tuyn dm lin hp c

xt n bin dng ca lin kt chu ct. Hai v d p dng s c gii

quyt bng FEM da trn chuyn v m hnh 8DOF v FEM da trn lc,
so snh tnh hiu qu ca phng php da trn lc.
Nm 2005, tc gi Ayoub [27] xt mt phn t dm-ct da trn phng

php lc phn tch phi tuyn dm lin hp c xt tng tc khng bn

phn. M hnh c cu to t ba thnh phn tng ng cho dm thp,
sn b tng v lin kt chu ct. nh hng do lc ma st v s phn tch
lp c b qua.

2.2.3.3

Phng php phn t ha hn hn hp (mixed)

Nm 2000, Ayoub v cng s [28] dn xut cc cng thc kt hp gia hai

trng ni lc v chuyn v cho dm lin hp. Phn t dm c 10 bc t

19

do chuyn v v 6 bc t do lc. Tc gi phn tch dm trong gia on

phi n hi di tc dng ca cc ti trng n iu v c tnh chu k.
Nm 2004, DallAsta v Zona [2] pht trin hng phn tch phi tuyn

mi cho dm lin hp. Vic xp x c tin hnh trn c ba trng: trng

chuyn v, trng bin dng v trng ng sut ca phn t bng cc a
thc hm dng (hnh 2.8). Tc gi so snh vi FEM da trn chuyn v
nh gi u im ca phng php.
Trng chuyn v

Trng bin dng

Trng ng sut

Hnh 2.8: Trng chuyn v, trng bin dng v trng ng sut phn t dm ca
DallAsta [2]

Nm 2009, Quang Huy Nguyen v cng s [29] s dng phng php

hn hp cho phn tch dm lin hp lin tc c vng mmen m (hogging

moment). nh hng ca btng b nt ti vng mmen m v mc
lin kt chng ct trong dm lin tc c phn tch.

2.2.4

Phng php cng trc tip (direct stiffness method)

Trong phn tch kt cu, phng php cng tip cng thng c s dng.
Phng php ny c p dng phn tch ng x ca dm lin hp c xt
n tng tc khng ton phn bi Ranzi cng cc cng s [30, 31] v nhm
Nguyn Vn Chng v Bi Cng Thnh [6]. Phng php ny khng cn xp
x hm chuyn v qua cc a thc hm dng. Ma tn cng K s c xc
nh trc tip bng cch gn cc chuyn v n v cho cc thnh phn chuyn
v ca vct chuyn v phn t. Ma trn cng ca phn t dm 8 bc t do
c xc nh. Cc thnh phn chuyn v nt phn t gm: chuyn v ng v ,
gc xoay v 0 , chuyn v trt s v chuyn v dc trc ti v tr trc tham chiu
20

Hnh 2.9: Cc thnh phn chuyn v v phn lc nt phn t

un ; c m t nh hnh 2.9. Vi vct chuyn v q v vct phn lc nt g nh

sau:
qT =
h

gT =

2.3

un0 v0

v00

s0 unL vL

vL0

sL

N0 R0 M0 N10 NL RL ML N1L

(2.8)
i

(2.9)

Phn tch dm lin hp da trn l thuyt dm

Timoshenko

Bn cnh l thuyt dm Euler - Bernoulli, l thuyt dm Timoshenko cng c

s dng trong phn tch dm lin hp nhm nh gi s nh hng ca bin
dng ct n s lm vic ca dm. Mt s nghin cu xem xt vn ny
trong thi gian gn y gm c:
Nm 2007, Ranzi v Zona [32] xut m hnh dm lin hp EB - T c

k n bin dng ct ca dm thp. Tc gi kt hp gi thit dm Euler

- Bernoulli cho sn btng v gi thit dm Timoshenko cho dm thp.
Ba m hnh phn t hu hn c bc t do khc nhau: 10DOF, 13DOF
v 21DOF (hnh 2.10) c xy dng so snh kt qu v nh gi nh
hng ca thi gian n s lm vic ca btng sn. Vct chuyn v u bao
21

gm chuyn v dc trc ca sn btng wc , chuyn v dc trc ca dm

thp ws , chuyn v ng v v gc xoay s ca dm thp.
T

u =

wc ws v s

(2.10)

13DOF

10DOF

21DOF

Hnh 2.10: Phn t dm EB-T

Bng 2.2: Bc v loi a thc ca cc hm dng chuyn v m hnh dm EB-T
Phn t dm EB - T
10DOF EB-T
13DOF EB-T
21DOF EB-T

wc

ws

1(C0 )
2(C0 )
4(C0 )

1(C0 )
2(C0 )
4(C0 )

3(C1 )
3(C1 )
5(C1 )

1(C0 )
2(C0 )
4(C0 )

Trong : C0 = a thc Lagrange; C1 = a thc Hermite

Hai tc gi Xu v Wu [33] xut m hnh phn tch s dng cc gi thit

ng hc ca Timoshenko cho c hai vt liu lin hp, nhng tc gi
xem gc xoay ca tit din mt ct bng nhau cho c hai vt liu. K n
l mt nghin cu khc phn tch mt cch y nh hng bin dng
ct trn m hnh dm lin hp hai lp do Schnabl v cc cng s [34] thc
hin. Tc gi xem bin dng ct v gc xoay ti tm ca hai lp khc
nhau, hin tng phn tch lp c b qua.Tuy nhin cc p dng hn
ch trn bi ton dm n gin.
Nm 2011, Nguyen cng cng s [35] dn xut ma trn cng "chnh

xc" cho m hnh dm lin hp c xt tng tc bn phn da trn cc gi

thit dm Timoshenko. Phn tch c p dng trn dm n gin v dm
lin tc chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp. Cng trong nm ny, Zona v
Ranzi [36] phn tch tng hp trn ba m hnh dm: EB EB , EB T
v T T nhm so snh kt qu ca ba m hnh. nh hng ca s lng
22

phn t c ri rc v bc t do ca phn t trong tnh ton bng FEM

cng c nh gi.
Nm 2014, Nguyen v cng s [37] phn tch phi n hi dm lin hp

hai lp Timoshenko bng FEM da trn lc. Nghin cu cung cp mt

cng c cho phn tch n nh n - do (elastoplastic buckling) dm/ct
lin hp hai lp, c xt n nh hng ca bin dng ct, vi cc iu kin
ti trng v lin kt khc nhau.

2.4

Cc hin tng khng tng thch trong phn

tch dm lin hp.

Mt s vn s hc c th xut hin trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu, khi

hai hay nhiu trng chuyn v c kt ni vi nhau v khi gii php c
tm kim trong khng gian hu hn chiu, cng nh c s dng trong xp
x phn t hu hn [38]. chnh xc ca li gii ph thuc vo mt s tham
s c trng bao gm trong cc nhm kt hp, cc gi tr gii hn, nhng mi
quan h xa hn gia cc n s c th pht trin, lm gim s chiu ca li gii.
Trong mt vi trng hp, s chiu tin ti khng v m hnh b "kha" hon
ton. Ni chung, mt s phn ng cng hn v nhng bin dng gi c th t
c khi hin tng trn xut hin. Cc trng hp in hnh nh: hin tng
"kha" bin dng ct [3941] c th pht trin trong phn t dm Timoshenko
do s sai khc cng khng ct; vn lch tm [3, 4] c th nh hng
m hnh dm Euler-Bernoulli thng thng khi c s khc bit v im gc ca
h trc ton tham chiu, v hin tng "kha" bin dng trt [42] c th
xut hin trong m hnh dm lin hp ca Newmark vi bin dng ca lin kt
khng ct.
Trong tt c cc trng hp ni trn, cc bin dng tng qut l hm ca cc
chuyn v tng qut ca cc phn t khc nhau, hoc l o hm ca cc chuyn
v . V d nh: trong m hnh dm Timoshenko, bin dng ct ph thuc vo
23

o hm bc nht ca vng v vo gc xoay; trong m hnh dm Euler Bernoulli, bin dng dc trc c xc nh da vo o hm ca c chuyn
v dc trc v vng; trong m hnh ca Newmark, bin dng trt b mt
c tnh t cc chuyn v dc trc v t o hm bc nht ca vng. Trong
nhng trng hp ny, vn "kha" c th trnh c khi cc hm chuyn v
hoc o hm ca chuyn v trong biu thc bin dng c la chn ph hp,
tc cng bc a thc [3, 4, 3842]. Cc vn ny s c trnh by tng qut
cc mc sau.

2.4.1

Vn lch tm (eccentricity issue)

Khi ma trn cng ca phn t dm lin hp c xc nh thng qua cc

hm tuyn tnh v c s lch tm gia hai lp lin hp, s khng tng thch
trong trng chuyn v dc trc s xy ra v dn n sai s trong phn tch.
Nguyn nhn ca sai s l do phng php thit lp v bin i cc biu thc
ban u [3] . Xt v d mt dm cngxon c mt ct tit din nh hnh 2.11.
Gi thit chuyn v dc trc ux l mt hm tuyn tnh, chuyn v ng uz l mt
hm bc 3, gc xoay l hm bc 2. Phng trnh cng ca dm 1 (phn t
tm)v ca dm 2 (phn t dm lch tm) nh cng thc 2.11.
Dm 1

ux1, Px1
q1 , M1

uz1, Pz1
ux2, Px2

Dm 2

q2 , M2
uz2, Pz2

z
Hnh 2.11: Phn t dm cngxon lin hp [3]

A
L

12I
L3
6I
L2

6I
L2
4I
L

ux

uz

24

Px

1
Pz
E

(2.11)

C th xem dm 1 nh dm chnh v dm 2 l dm l thuc dm chnh, khi

biu thc quan h chuyn v gia hai dm l:

ux2
uz2

1 0 a
ux1

=
0 1 0 uz1

0 0

(2.12)

Ti v tr z bt k, chuyn v ux c xc nh cng thc 2.13

ux (z) = ux z

(2.13)

Vi ux l tuyn tnh v l hm bc 2 th ux (z) l hm bc 2. Nh vy chuyn v

dc trc z ca dm 2 l hm bc 2, iu ny khng ng vi gi thit ban u.
y l l do ca s khng tng thch. Tc gi Gupta [3] ch ra rng: sai s
do s lch tm s hi t v khng khi s lng phn t c ri rc ha tin v
v cng. Sai s ny c th c hn ch trong gii hn cho php vi s lng
phn t tng i. Nhn nh ny c Erkmen [4] phn tch trn m hnh dm
cngxon lin hp chu ti phn b u. Phn tch cho thy, dm 4 phn t c
kt qu gn kt qu chnh xc hn dm 1 phn t (hnh 2.12).
40

Conventional 1 Element
Conventional 4 Element
Exact Element

vng (mm)

30

20

10
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Chiu di nhp (mm)

Hnh 2.12: Biu chuyn v ng di ti trng phn b [4]

25

2.4.2

Hin tng "kha" bin dng ct (shear locking)

Hin tng " shear locking" xut hin khi cc chuyn v ng v cc gc xoay
ca tit din c ghp ni vi nhau di dng cc hm Euler - Lagrangian v
bc ni suy thp c s dng [39]. Vn ny c Mukherjee v cng s [41]
phn tch trn phn t dm Timoshenko hai im nt ( hnh 2.13).
W1
x = -1

W2
x=0

1
q1

x = +1

q2

Hnh 2.13: Phn t dm Timoshenko hai im nt

Trng chuyn v bao gm chuyn v ng w v gc xoay ca tit din c

xc nh bi cng thc sau:
w=

2
X

Ni wi

(2.14)

Ni i

(2.15)

i=1

2
X
i=1

trong cc hm Lagrangian tuyn tnh c s dng l N1 = (1 )/2 v

N1 = (1 + )/2; = 2x/L.

Vct bin dng ca phn t c xc nh nh sau:

() =

d/dx
dw/dx

1/L

1/L

1/L (1 )/2 1/L (1 + )/2

{ e } = [B] { e }
(2.16)

trong { e } l vct chuyn v nt, { e } = [w1 , 1 , w2 , 2 ]T . Bin dng ct ca

phn t l:
dw/dx = +

(2.17)

vi = (1 + 2 )/2 (w2 w1 )/L v = (2 + 1 )/2.

S hng u tin c ngha vt l tng ng ca m hnh dm Euler, s hng
th hai l mt nhiu tp. S hng nhiu c nh hng lm tng cng un
ca phn t thnh EI = EI + kGAL2 /12, vi EI v kGA ln lt l cng
26

un v cng ct thc t ca dm. y l nguyn nhn dn n "locking". Do

vn "shear locking" c loi b bng cch loi b s hng . Nu wLF
v wL l gi tr "lock-free" v "locked" ca chuyn v ng, khi :
wLF /wL = I /I = 1 + kGAL2 /(12EI) = 1 + e

(2.18)

vi K = kGAl2 /(12EI) th e = kGAL2 /(12EI) = K/n2 (l l tng chiu di dm

v n l tng s phn t c ri rc). H s e cng nh khi dm cng dy v
ri rc mn hn.

2.4.3

Hin tng "kha" bin dng trt (slip locking)

Trong thc t phn tch, do bn cht cu to ca dm lin hp nn bin dng

trt cn phi c tnh ton. Bin dng ca lin kt chu ct trong dm dn n
mi lin h gia trng chuyn v ng v trng chuyn v dc trc. DallAsta
v Zona [42] ch ra rng, nu s xp x ca trng chuyn v ng v trng
chuyn v dc trc l khng tng thch, th sai s trong phn tch phn t hu
hn dm lin hp ph thuc nhiu vo cng ca lin kt. Khi cng ca
lin kt c gi tr cao, bin dng trt s dao ng v km chnh xc. Tc gi
s dng m hnh dm 8DOF (hnh 2.6) vi s bc t do thp nht nh
gi vn . Bin dng trt tnh theo cng thc 2.19. Kt qu so snh nh hnh
2.14.
(z) = w2 (z) w1 (z) + hv 0 (z)

(2.19)

Vi w l chuyn v dc trc c xp x bi hm tuyn tnh, v l chuyn v

ng c xp x bng hm bc 3, h l khong cch gia trng tm dm thp
v bn btng. Khi k th 0. Nh kt qu phn tch, khi cng lin
kt thp (L = 1): bin dng trt xp x chnh xc; v khi cng lin kt
cao (L = 10) kt qu khng cn chnh xc, bin dng trt b dao ng gi.
Nguyn nhn a thc xp x cho cong v 0 v chuyn v dc trc w c bc khc
nhau. gii quyt bi ton ny, DallAsta [42] s dng m hnh dm 10DOF
v 16DOF (hnh 2.6). Bc a thc hm dng c la chn nh bng 2.1. Kt
27

Hnh 2.14: Hin tng "kha" bin dng trt ca phn t dm 8DOF

qu t c chnh xc hn v hin tng "locking" bin dng trt c gii

quyt (hnh2.15). y l mt vn quan trng cn xem xt trong phn tch

Hnh 2.15: So snh kt qu cong gia cc phn t dm

phi tuyn dm lin hp, v ng x phi tuyn ca lin kt chu ct c c trng

bi quy lut cu to: cng thay i t gi tr rt cao khi bin dng trt
bng khng n mt gi tr rt thp khi lin kt b ph hoi.

28

2.5

Kt lun.

Chng 2 trnh by tm tt cc ng x lin hp v cc giai on lm vic

ca dm khi chu tc dng ca ti trng. T vic h thng li cc phng php
phn tch dm lin hp trong lch s nghin cu s gip nm bt c tng
quan cch thc phn tch v la chn phng php tip cn ph hp cho nghin
cu. Cc trng hp khng tng thch c trnh by y nguyn nhn
v cch hn ch cc hin tng xut hin. iu ny gip d bo c cc
trng hp b "kha" v la chn m hnh, cc hm xp x v s lng phn t
phn tch mt cch thch hp t kt qu chnh xc.

29

Chng 3
M hnh ng x ca dm lin hp
chu un
3.1

Cc gi thit ca m hnh

Xt mt dm lin hp thp - btng in hnh c dng lng tr c cu to t

mt bn sn btng ct thp v mt dm thp hnh, c th hin nh hnh 3.1.
trng thi khng bin dng, dm lin hp chim mt vng th tch V c
to ra bng cch dch chuyn tnh tin tit din A dc theo trc thng vung
gc vi tit din v song song vi trc Z ca h trc ta tng th O; X, Y, Z .
Cc vct i, j, k ln lt l cc vct n v tng ng ca cc trc X, Y, Z .
Tit din dm lin hp c din tch A bao gm din tch tit din bn btng
Ac v din tch tit din dm thp As .

Tc dng lin hp gia hai tit din c to ra bi mt mt tip xc lin tc

c kh nng bin dng dc theo mt ng thng trn b mt tip xc gia hai
thnh phn lin hp, bao gm tp hp cc im nm trong mt phng Y Z c
ta y = ysc v z [0, L] (vi ysc c xc nh nh hnh 3.1).
Cc gi thit tnh ton c dng cho phn tch m hnh dm lin hp thp btng nh sau:

30

yc

ysc
k
j

ys

Hnh 3.1: Dm lin hp in hnh v mt ct tit din

Hai tit din lin hp c xem l i xng qua mt phng Y Z . Cc ti

trng tc dng nm trong mt phng un Y Z . B qua hin tng xon v

un ngoi mt phng.
Hai thnh phn btng v dm thp c gi thit theo m hnh dm

Timoshenko (c gi l m hnh T-T): vi cc chuyn v v cc bin dng

u nh; mt phng vung gc trc dm vn phng, gi nguyn hnh dng
v kch thc trong qu trnh bin dng, nhng khng cn vung gc vi
trc dm sau khi bin dng. Khi nh hng bin dng ct c tnh
ton.
Cc lin kt chng ct cho php s trt b mt (slip) gia hai thnh phn

lin hp xy ra. nh hng ma st c b qua.

Khng xut hin hin tng phn tch lp theo phng ng (uplift). V

vy, chuyn v ng ca hai thnh phn l nh nhau.

S phn b bin dng dc trc theo chiu cao ca tit din lin hp l

tuyn tnh, vi s khng lin tc ti mt tip xc do s trt b mt.

31

3.2

Trng chuyn v v trng bin dng

Trng chuyn v ca mt im bt k P (x, y, z) thuc dm lin hp c xc

nh bi vct d nh sau:

d(y, z) =

dc (y, z) = v(z)j + [wc (z) + (y yc )c (z)]k

(x, y) A , z [0, L]
c

(3.1)

ds (y, z) = v(z)j + [ws (z) + (y ys )s (z)]k

(x, y) As , z [0, L]

Trong : v(z) l hm v hng th hin chuyn v ng theo phng OY ca

c hai thnh phn lin hp; wc (z) v ws (z) ln lt l hm v hng th hin
chuyn v dc trc theo phng OZ ca bn btng v dm thp ti v tr yc
v ys ; c (z) v s (z) l cc hm v hng th hin gc xoay tng ng ca bn
btng v dm thp; yc v ys ln lt l v tr trc tham chiu ca bn btng
v dm thp.
ysc yc

w ck

ys

vj
wsk
vj
fc

-v'

gyzc

-v'

fs

gyzs

Hnh 3.2: Trng chuyn v ca m hnh dm lin hp

Cc chuyn v v cc gc xoay c quy c mang gi tr dng tng ng khi

hng theo chiu dng ca trc tng th v khi xoay ngc chiu kim ng h,
32

nh hnh 3.2.
Cc hm xc nh trng chuyn v ca dm lin hp c th c biu din
dng suy rng bi vct sau:
T

u (z) =

wc (z) ws (z) v(z) c (z) s (z)

(3.2)

Bin dng trt tng i gia hai thnh phn lin hp, th hin s khng lin
tc ca cc chuyn v dc trc ti mt tip xc, c xc nh bi vct s nh
sau:
s(z) = s(z)k = ds (ysc , z) dc (ysc , z)

(3.3)

= [ws (z) wc (z) hs s (z) hc c (z)] k

vi hc = ysc yc v hs = ys ysc .
Da trn cc gi thit ng hc ban u, trng bin dng khc khng ca phn
t bao gm bin dng dc trc, bin dng ct v s trt ti mt tip xc. Cc
bin dng s c xc nh nh sau:

z (y, z) =

zc (y, z) = wc0 + (y yc )0c

(x, y) A , z [0, L]

d
c
.k =
z

zs (y, z) = ws0 + (y ys )0s

yz (y, z) =

(3.4)

(x, y) As , z [0, L]

yzc = v 0 + c

(x, y) A , z [0, L]

d
d
c
.j +
.k =
z
y
0

yzs = v + s

(3.5)

(x, y) As , z [0, L]

Trong : zc v yzc ln lt l bin dng dc trc v bin dng ct ca bn

btng; zs v yzs ln lt l bin dng dc trc v bin dng ct ca dm thp.
Cc hm biu din trng bin dng ca dm lin hp c th c biu din
di dng suy rng bi vct sau:
T

 (z) =

c (z) s (z) c (z) s (z) yzc (z) yzs (z) s(z)

33

(3.6)

Trong : c (z) = wc0 v s (z) = ws0 l bin dng dc trc ti v tr tham chiu
ca hai thnh phn; c (z) = 0c v s (z) = 0s l cong ca hai thnh phn.
Vct cc hm bin dng c th c dn xut t vct cc hm chuyn v thng
qua mi quan h sau:
 = Du

(3.7)

vi ma trn D c dng

D =

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 1 0 hc hs

(3.8)

trong l ton t o hm theo bin z . Phng trnh 3.7 cng chnh l iu

kin tng thch.

3.3

Cc iu kin cn bng

Nguyn l cng kh d c s dng c c phng trnh cn bng nh sau:

XZ Z
L

XZ Z
L

z z dAdz +

XZ Z

dAdz +
b.d

XZ Z
L

Z
yz yz dAdz +

d sd z
t.d

gsc s dz
L

, z , yz , s
d

(3.9)

vi ch s di ln lt l c v s tng ng vi bn btng v dm thp.

Trong : z , yz v gsc th hin cc ng sut thc ( tc cc ng sut sinh ra
cng ni) c tnh ton t cc bin dng thch hp z , yz v s thng qua cc
mi quan h ng sut - bin dng ca vt liu v quan h lc - trt ca lin
kt; b v t ln lt l lc khi v lc b mt tc dng ln phn t dm ang
34

xt. Cc chuyn v kh d v bin dng kh d c nhn bit bi k hiu

pha trn mi bin ang xt. Ton b tit din Ac bao gm c btng v ct
thp. Li gii ca bi ton c tm thy trong phm vi cc hm c p t
cc iu kin bin ng hc.
Da vo biu thc 3.9, cc i lng tng hp ng sut c th c xc nh v
biu din di dng suy rng nh sau:
rT =

Nc Ns Mc Ms Vc Vs gsc

(3.10)

trong
Z
z dA

(3.11)

z (y y ) dA

(3.12)

N =
A

Z
M =
A

Z
yz dA

V =

(3.13)

vi N , M , V , z , yz ln lt l lc dc, mmen un, lc ct, ng sut

php v ng sut ct ca btng hoc thp.
Tng t, tng hp ti trng tc dng trn dm c biu din di dng suy
rng bi vct g nh sau:
T

g =

(3.14)

t.k ds

(3.15)

gzc gzs gy mxc mxs

trong :
Z

Z
b.k dA +

gz =
A

gy =

XZ

b.j dA +

XZ

(3.16)

Z
b.k(y y) dA +

mx =

t.j ds

t.k(y y) ds

(3.17)

vi gzc , gzs , gy , mxc , mxs ln lt l hai lc phn b dc trc, lc phn b vung

gc trc dm v hai mmen phn b.

35

Khi , biu thc 3.9 c vit li di dng thu gn nh sau:

L

r. dz =

g.H u
dz

u , 

(3.18)

(3.19)

T biu thc 3.7, biu thc 3.19 tr thnh:

Z

Z
r.D u
dz =

g.H u
dz
0

vi u
l chuyn v kh d; r v g ln lt l ng sut suy rng v ngoi lc suy
rng. Ton t H c xc nh nh sau:

1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0

.
H =
0
0
1
0
0

0 0 0 1 0

(3.20)

0 0 0 0 1

3.4

Quan h ng sut suy rng v bin dng suy

rng

Quan h ng sut - bin dng ca vt liu v quan h lc ct - bin dng trt

ca lin kt c th hin nh sau:
zc = Ec (zc ) zc

(3.21)

zs = Es (zs ) zs

(3.22)

yzc = Gc (yzc ) yzc

(3.23)

yzs = Gs (yzs ) yzs

(3.24)

gsc = ksc s

(3.25)

36

trong : Ec , Es , Gc , Gs v ksc ln lt l cc hm phi tuyn ph thuc vo bin

dng zc , zs , yzc , yzs v s , s th hin mun ct tuyn hoc mun tip tuyn
ca vt liu btng ct thp, thp v lin kt chng ct.
T , quan h ng sut suy rng v bin dng suy rng c th hin nh sau:
r = D
v D c xc nh nh sau:

EA

ES

(3.26)

c
c

0
0 EAs 0 ESs 0

ES
0
EJc
0
0
0
c

D=
0
0 ESs 0 EJs 0

0
0
0
0 GAc
0

0
0
0
0
0
GAs

trong
Z
Ec dAc +

EAc =
Ac

n
X

0
0
0
0
0

(3.27)

ksc

Er Ar(j)

(3.28)

j=1

Z
Es dAs

EAs =

(3.29)

As

Z
Ec (y yc ) dAc +

ESc =
Ac

n
X

Er (yr(j) yc )Ar(j)

(3.30)

j=1

Z
Es (y ys ) dAs

ESs =

(3.31)

As

Ec (y yc ) dAc +

EJc =
Ac

n
X

Er (yr(j) yc )2 Ar(j)

(3.32)

j=1

Z
EJs =

Ec (y ys )2 dAs

(3.33)

As

Z
Gc dAc

GAc =
Ac

37

(3.34)

Z
Gs dAs

GAs =

(3.35)

As

vi Ar(j) l din tch lp ct thp th j b tr trong btng ti v tr yr(j) v n l

tng s lp ct thp c b tr.
Trong cc biu thc trn, cc hm EA , ES , EJ v GA chnh l cc c trng
vt liu v hnh hc ca thnh phn . Cc i lng ny s l hng s khi xem
ng x ca vt liu l n hi tuyn tnh. Khi xt ng x ca vt liu l phi
tuyn th cc hm s thay i.

3.5

Kt lun

Trong chng 3 trnh by cc gi thit c p dng cho m hnh phn tch.

Trng chuyn v v trng bin dng ca phn t dm lin hp v cc iu
kin cn bng c xc nh, to c s cho vic thit lp cng thc phn t
hu hn cho dm lin hp trong chng sau.

38

Chng 4
Cng thc phn t hu hn cho
dm lin hp chu un
Phng php phn t hu hn da trn chuyn v c s dng gii quyt
bi ton dm lin hp. Khi xem chuyn v l cc i lng cn tm v s
dng iu kin cn bng (3.19) tm nghim. Cc hm dng cn c chn
cn thn trnh cc trng hp "locking" khng mong mun.

4.1

La chn hm dng

Hm a thc xp x trng chuyn v trong phn t:

u
e = Nd

(4.1)

vi N l ma trn hm dng v d l vct chuyn v nt phn t (k hiu e

biu
din s xp x ca trng.
Cc la chn hm dng khc nhau c th c s dng xp x trng chuyn
v bn trong cc phn t. Tuy nhin, trnh cc vn "locking" c th xut
hin trong phn tch (c trnh by trong chng 2), cc hm dng c la
chn phi p ng ba iu kin sau:

39

 Trong cng thc 3.4 biu din bin dng dc trc, o hm bc nht ca

chuyn v dc trc w v o hm bc nht ca chuyn v xoay phi l

cc a thc cng bc trnh hin tng "eccentricity issue".
Trong cng thc 3.5 biu din bin dng ct, o hm bc nht ca chuyn

v ng v v chuyn v xoay phi l cc a thc cng bc trnh hin

tng "shear locking".
Trong cng thc 3.3 biu din bin dng trt ti b mt tip xc, cc

chuyn v dc trc w v gc xoay phi l cc a thc cng bc trnh

hin tng "slip and curvature locking".
Phn t n gin nht c th c dng cho m hnh dm T-T l phn t c
10 bc t do (10DOF) (hnh 4.1). Khi cc hm dng l cc a thc tuyn
tnh c dng biu din cho chuyn v ng, chuyn v dc trc v gc xoay
ca sn btng v dm thp. Da trn cc iu kin bn trn, phn t hu hn
10DOF khng t c cc iu kin tng thch gia cc trng chuyn v
c kt hp trong cc phng trnh. Nn phn t 10DOF khng c khuyn
khch s dng.
d1

d6

d2
d7
d5

d3

d8

d4

d9

d10

10DOF
Hnh 4.1: Phn t dm T-T 10 bc t do

Khi , phn t hu hn 16 bc t do (16DOF) s c s dng (hnh 4.2) v

vct chuyn v nt c dng sau:
dT16DOF =

d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 d11 d12 d13 d14 d15 d16

(4.2)
Chuyn v ng v trong dm s c biu din bi hm a thc Lagrange bc 3,
40

d6

d1
d2

d12

d7
d13
d3

d5

d9

d10

d4

d8

d14
d11

d15

d16

16DOF
Hnh 4.2: Phn t dm T-T 16 bc t do

chuyn v dc trc w v gc xoay s c biu din bi hm a thc Lagrange

bc 2. S la chn ny tha mn cc la chn hm dng bn trn. Ma trn N
c kch thc (5 16) nh sau:

N=
0

0
(4.3)

Trong
1
1 (z) = ( + 2 )
2
2 (z) = (1 2 )
1
3 (z) = ( + 2 )
2
9
1 (z) = (1 )( 2
16
27
2 (z) = ( 2 1)(
16
27
3 (z) = (1 2 )( +
16
9
4 (z) = ( + 1)( 2 +
16

l cc hm dng, vi =

2z
Le

1
)
9
1
)
3
1
)
3
1
)
9

1, z [0, Le ] ; Le l chiu di phn t.

41

4.2

Cng thc ma trn cng

T biu thc 3.7, 3.26 v 4.1 suy ra vct bin dng xp x v vct ng sut
xp x nh sau:
eu = D Nd = Bd

(4.4)

reu = Deu = DBd

(4.5)

vi B = D N l ma trn tnh bin dng, c xc nh nh sau:

B=

01

01

01

10

1 a1 1

02

02

02

01

2 20

10 1

a2 2 a3

03

03

03

02

03

30

40

20

2 30

40 3

2 a4

3 a5 3

a6

(4.6)
Trong
01 (z) =

1
(1 + 2)
Le

02 (z) =
03 (z) =
10 (z) =

Le

1
(1 + 2)
Le

1
(27 2 + 18 + 1)
8Le

20 (z) =

9
(9 2 2 3)
8Le

30 (z) =

9
(9 2 2 + 3)
8Le

40 (z) =

1
(27 2 + 18 + 1)
8Le

1
a1 (z) = hc ( + 2 )
2
1
a2 (z) = hs ( + 2 )
2
42

a3 (z) = hc (1 2 )
a4 (z) = hs (1 2 )
1
a5 (z) = hc ( + 2 )
2
1
a6 (z) = hs ( + 2 )
2

( trong cc php tnh trn bin i t z sang ).

Thay cc biu thc 4.4 v 4.5 vo 3.19, c c:
Z

dz =
DBd.Bd

dz
g.H Nd

(4.7)

hai v v sp xp li nh sau:
n gin d
Le

Ke .d = fe

(4.8)

vi Ke l ma trn cng phn t 16DOF v fe l vct ti nt ca phn t.

Le

Z
Ke =

BT DB dz

(4.9)

(H N)T g dz

(4.10)

0
Le

Z
fe =
0

Bin i z v , khi :
1

BT DB

Ke =
1

Le
d
2

(4.11)

Le
d
2

(4.12)

fe =

(H N)T g

Nu xem ng x ca vt liu l n hi tuyn tnh th biu thc di du

tch phn trong cng thc 4.11 l mt hm trn ph thuc vo bin (v

D l hng s trn chiu di dm). V vy c th tnh tch phn trc tip
thu c ma trn cng phn t dm T-T 16DOF.
Khi k n ng x phi tuyn ca vt liu v lin kt chng ct, biu thc

di du tch phn s l hm phi tuyn phc tp ph thuc vo nhiu bin.

43

V vy phi s dng tch phn s tnh cc tch phn.

S dng tch phn s Gauss - Lobatto khi tnh tch phn dc theo chiu
di dm, cng thc ma trn cng tr thnh:
Ke =

N
X

BT (i ) D(i ) B(i )

i=1

Le
Wi
2

(4.13)

trong : N l s im Gauss, i v Wi l im Gauss v cc trng s tng

ng (bng 4.1). Theo ngh ca tc gi DallAsta v Zona [22] nn s
Bng 4.1: Cc im Gauss v trng s tng ng [12]
N

im Gauss i

Trng s Wi

0.0000000000

2.0000000000

0.5773502692

1.0000000000

0.0000000000
0.7745966692

0.8888888889
0.5555555555

0.3399810435
0.8611363116

0.6521451548
0.3478548451

0.0000000000
0.5384693101
0.9061798459

0.5688888889
0.4786286705
0.2369268850

0.2386191861
0.6612093865
0.9324695142

0.4679139346
0.3607615730
0.1713244924

dng 5 hoc 7 im Gauss cho phn tch phi tuyn dm lin hp t

chnh xc hp l hn.
Khi tnh tch phn theo phng chiu cao tit din (phng y) tnh cc
i lng trong D(i ) ti im Gauss th i s dng phng php tch phn
hnh thang: chia tit din dm lin hp thnh nhiu lp hnh ch nht song
song trc x. Cc cng thc tnh c trnh by trong mc k tip.
Nu ti trng tc dng ch l lc phn b u vung gc trc dm, khi
vct ngoi lc suy rng c dng:
T

g =

0 0 gy 0 0
44

(4.14)

Thay biu thc (4.14), (4.3) v (3.20) vo cng thc (4.12), c c vct
ti nt phn t T-T 16DOF.
fe =

0 0 0

1
8 Le gy

0 0 0

3
8 L e gy

0 0

3
8 Le gy

0 0 0

1
8 L e gy

(4.15)

4.3

Phn tch tit din mt ct ngang

Phng php c s dng d bo ng x un ca tit din dm lin

hp thp - btng l mt k thut lp gia tng vi biu thc cng ct
tuyn. Tit din mt ct ngang ca dm s c chia thnh hu hn cc
lp ring bit (hnh 4.3) [29]. Bin dng dc trc ca mt lp bt k ca
tit din sn btng v tit din dm thp c xc nh nh sau, da trn
cng thc 3.4:
c (y) = c + yc c

(4.16)

s (y) = s + ys s

(4.17)
xc
yci

yc

Lp btng th i

xs
ysi

Lp thp th i

ys

Hnh 4.3: Chia lp tit din mt ct ngang ti im Gauss th i

Bng cch s dng quan h cu to vt liu ca mi lp, hp lc ca lc

dc, ca mmen un v ca lc ct ca tit din sn btng tnh nh sau:
Nc = EAc c + ES c c
45

(4.18)

Mc = ES c c + EJ c c

(4.19)

Vc = GAc c

(4.20)

Trong
EAc =

nlc
X
Ec,i + Ec,i+1

i=1

ES c =

bc,i tc,i + Er Ar

nlc
X
Ec,i (zi+1 + 2zi ) + Ec,i+1 (2zi+1 + zi )

i=1

EJ c =

nlc
X
Ec,i zi + Ec,i+1 zi+1

12

i=1

GAc =

bc,i tc,i + Er Ar yr

bc,i tc,i + Er Ar yr2

nlc
X
Gc,i + Gc,i+1
i=1

(4.21)

bc,i tc,i

(4.22)

(4.23)

(4.24)

2 + 2z z
2
2 + 2z z
2
vi zi = zi+1
i+1 = 3zi+1
i i+1 + 3zi v z
i i+1 + zi . Ec,i v Ec,i+1 l

mun ct tuyn ca btng ti bin ca mi lp (s tch phn hnh

thang); bc,i l b rng tit din, tc,i l chiu dy ca lp btng th i v nlc
l s lng lp c chia ca tit din btng sn; Gc,i =

Ec,i
;
2(1+c )

c l h

s Poisson ca btng.
Cc hp lc ca phn tit din thp c tnh ton tng t.
Ns = EAs s + ES s s

(4.25)

Ms = ES s s + EJ s s

(4.26)

Vs = GAs s

(4.27)

46

4.4

Xc nh ni lc ti nt phn t

4.5

M hnh ng x phi tuyn ca vt liu v

lin kt
4.5.1

Vt liu btng

Theo CEB-FIB Model Code 2010 [43], quan h gia ng sut c v bin
dng c ca btng khi chu nn c biu din nh hnh 4.4 v xc nh
theo cng thc 4.28.

sc

sc < 0

fcm

Eci=Ecm
Ec1

ec < 0

ec1 ec,1im

ec

Hnh 4.4: Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu btng khi chu nn

c
=
fcm

(k. 2 )
(1 + (k 2) .)


khi |c | < |c.lim |

(4.28)

vi
= c /c1
k = Eci /Ec1

trong :
c1 l bin dng ti im c ng sut nn ln nht.
Ec1 l mun ct tuyn t gc ta n im c ng sut nn cao nht.
fcm l cng chu nn thc t ca btng 28 ngy tui.
Eci l mun n hi ca btng 28 ngy tui, n v [MPa].
47


Eci = Ec0 .E .

fcm
10

 13
(4.29)

Ec0 = 21.5 103 [MPa].

E l h s k n nh hng loi ct liu ca btng.
k c gi l h s do.

Khi btng chu ko, quan h gia ng sut ct v bin dng ct ca btng
c biu din nh hnh 4.5 [43] v xc nh theo cng thc 4.30 v 4.31.

sct

sct > 0

fctm
0.9fctm

0.15

ect

ect > 0 [o/oo]

Hnh 4.5: Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu btng khi chu ko

khi ct 0.9 .fctm

(4.30)

0.00015 ct
khi 0.9 fctm < ct fctm

ct = Eci .ct


ct = fctm . 1 0.1

0.00015 0.9 fctm /Eci

(4.31)
trong :
ct l ng sut chu ko ca btng, [Mpa].
ct l bin dng khi chu ko ca btng.
fctm l cng chu ko ca btng, [Mpa].

4.5.2

Vt liu thp

Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu thp dm v ct thp trong

bn btng s dng theo m hnh n - do tuyt i - c ti bn [21].
48

Hnh 4.6 biu din ng quan h ng sut - bin dng ca thp khi chu
ko. ng sut s c xc nh nh sau:

ss
fu
Esh

fy

Es
ey

esh

eu

es

Hnh 4.6: Quan h ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu thp

khi s < y

s = Es s
s = fy


s = fy + Esh .(s sh ) 1 Esh

khi y s sh

s sh
khi sh < s u

4(fu fy )

khi u < s

s = 0

(4.32)
(4.33)
(4.34)
(4.35)

vi k = 0.028(sh su )/(sh 0.16)

trong :
fy l cng chy do ca thp.
fu l cng ti hn ca thp.
sh l bin dng ti bn ca thp.
u l bin dng ti hn ca thp.
Es l mun n hi ca thp.

4.5.3

Lin kt chng ct

Quan h lc ct v bin dng trt c xut bi Ollgaard v cng

s [44] s c s dng cho lin kt cht chu ct, nh hnh 4.7. Quan h
49

gii tch gia lc ct Rsc v bin dng trt ca mt lin kt cht thng
thng c xc nh theo cng thc:
Shear force

Rmax
Rsc

ksc

Slip

du

dsc

Hnh 4.7: Quan h lc ct v bin dng trt ca lin kt chu ct

Rsc = Rmax 1 e||

khi u

khi > u

f =0

(4.36)
(4.37)

trong Rmax l cng cc hn ca lin kt cht; v l cc h s

c xc nh t kt qu thc nghim.

4.6

Gii thut bi ton phi tuyn

C nhiu phng php gii phng trnh cn bng phi tuyn nh:
phng php iu chnh lc (load control), phng php iu chnh chuyn
v (displacement control), phng php iu chnh cng (work control),. . . .
ti s s dng phng php iu chnh lc (load control) hay cn gi l
phng php Newton - Raphson.
Trong phng php ny, ti trng gia tng c c nh cho mi bc
tng ti, ton b ti gia tng s dng cho bc con j = 1, cc bc con sau
j 2 ch tm v tr cn bng. y l qu trnh gii lp, ma tn cng

c cp nht da trn gi tr cc chuyn v thu c t vng lp trc.

S hi t xy ra khi sai s chuyn v gia hai vng lp lin tip nh hn
50

tiu chun hi t thng qua gi tr . Gi tr sai s thng bng 102 n

106 ph thuc vo chnh xc yu cu [45]. Phng php c minh ha

trong hnh 4.8. Thut ton phn tch c xy dng trong chng trnh
MATLAB R2010b v7.11.0. Lu ca thut ton c th hin nh hnh
4.9.

{d

d2
i}

{dPi}=dl1i{Pref}

{d

d1
i}

{d
{d

d2
i}

d
i

{d

d3
i}

Hnh 4.8: Phng php lp gia tng Newton - Raphson

4.7

Kt lun

Thng qua vic la chn cc hm dng a thc ph hp xp x trng

chuyn v trong phn t, cng thc ma trn cng v vct ti ca phn
t dm lin hp c xc nh. Cc m hnh ng x phi tuyn ca vt
liu v lin kt dng cho phn tch phi tuyn cng c la chn. Da trn
cc phng php tnh tch phn s v thut ton gii phi tuyn trnh
by, m hnh dm T-T 16DOF s c kim tra tin cy thng qua cc
p dng phn tch s trong chng tip theo.

51

Btbu

Dbliububvo
Bcbtngbtibi
Pb=bPbbdP

jb=b

jb=bjbbl

ib=bibbl

Khibtobb[K]bvb{P}b

forbeb=bl:bn

Xcbnhbb[B]egb[D]e
Xcbnhb[K]ebgb{P}eb

Ghpbnib[K]ebgb{P}ebvob[K]bgb{P}

pbtbiubkinbbin
Giibh:b[KT]{qT}={PT}bbbb

Saibsb< e

ng

Inbktbqub{q}

Sai
ng

jb<bbjmax

Sai

Thngbbo

Hnh 4.9: Lu phn tch phi tuyn trong MATLAB

52

Ktbthc

Chng 5
p dng phn tch s
M hnh dm lin hp T-T 16 DOF s thit lp s c kim chng li
bi cc d liu thc nghim m bo tnh ng n v mc chnh
xc ca m hnh, c bit khi c xt n ng x phi tuyn ca vt liu .
Trong chng ny, m hnh c phn tch thnh hai nhm: nhm phn
tch trong gia on n hi tuyn tnh gm ba p dng s v nhm phn
tch c xt phi tuyn vt liu v lin kt gm bn p dng s. C th cc
trng hp p dng s theo th t nh sau:
Dm n gin chu ti tp trung gia nhp theo thc nghim ca
Aribert v cc cng s [5] nm 1983.
Dm n gin chu ti trng phn b trong phn tch bng phng
php cng trc tip ca N.V. Chng v cng s [6] nm 2007.
Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp CTB6 theo
thc nghim ca Ansourian [7] nm 1981.
M hnh dm n gin chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp E1 v chu
ti phn b u U4 theo thc nghim ca Chapman v cng s [8]
nm 1964.
Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp CBI ca
Teraszkiewicz [46] nm 1967.
Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp CTB4 ca
Ansourian [7] nm 1981.
53

5.1

Phn tch dm lin hp trong giai on n

hi tuyn tnh
5.1.1

Dm n gin chu ti trong tp trung ca Aribert

u tin, m hnh dm T-T 16 DOF s s c s dng d bo vng

n hi ca m hnh dm n gin c thc nghim bi Aribert v cng
s [5]. y chnh l mt trong s cc dm c tc gi thc nghim
kho st nh hng ca tng tc bn phn n ng x ca dm lin
hp. Cc thng s hnh hc c th hin hnh 5.1 v c trng vt liu
th hin trong bng 5.1. Dm c chiu di nhp 5000mm v chu ti trng
tp trung t gia nhp. Phn thp hnh ca dm s dng tit din thp
IP E330, c gia cng thm mt tm thp pha cnh di c kch thc
120 8mm2 . Phn bn btng rng 800mm v dy 100mm, c b tr nm

thanh thp dc ng knh 14.

P = 195 kN
A

2500

2500
5000

250

A
250

100

800

330

Dm IPE 330
7.5
11.5
160

A-A

Hnh 5.1: S dm n gin chu ti tp trung gia nhp ca Aribert [5]

M hnh T-T 16 DOF s c so snh vi m hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s trong

phn tch ca tc gi DallAsta v Zona [42] v li gii cng dm lin
hp Timoshenko "chnh xc" ca tc gi Q.H. Nguyen [35]. Dm lin hp
c chia thnh 6 phn t gm 4 phn t nm gia hai gi ta v 2 phn

54

Bng 5.1: Cc thng s c trng ca dm Aribert [5]

Thng s

Bn btng ct thp

Dm thp hnh IPE 330

Khong cch t trng tm n mt trt

Din tch tit din
Mmen qun tnh
Mun n hi
Mun khng ct

hc = 50 mm
Ac = 82310 mm2
Ic = 666.667 105 mm4
Ec = 20000 M P a
Gc = 8333 M P a

hs = 187 mm
As = 7220 mm2
Is = 1415 105 mm4
Es = 200000 M P a
Gs = 80000 M P a

cng ca lin kt khng ct

ksc = 450 M P a

t cho mi u dm. Kt qu ng biu din quan h vng gia nhp

v ti trng ca cc phn tch c th hin trong hnh 5.2.
250
P=195[kN]

LoadF(kN)

200

5000

150

100

50

TestFdata
EB-EBF8DOFFmodel
Q.H.FNguyenFresult
T-TF16DOFFmodel
0

6
8
Deflection(mm)

10

12

14

Hnh 5.2: Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm Aribert

Bng 5.2: Kt qu vng ca cc m hnh dm khi P = 195 kN

M hnh phn tch

vng gia nhp (mm)

M hnh EB-EB - 8 DOF s

Kt qu ca Q.H.Nguyen
M hnh T-T - 16 DOF s
Thc nghim

8.993
9.485
9.680
12.484

T kt qu phn tch (bng 5.2) cho thy c ba m hnh phn tch u

c mm un nh hn so vi kt qu thc nghim. Trong , m hnh
T-T 16 DOF s v phn tch ca Q.H Nguyen c kt qu gn st kt qu
thc nghim hn m hnh dm EB-EB 8 DOF s, v hai phn tch ny c
55

k n bin dng ct ca hai thnh phn lin hp theo l thuyt dm

Timoshenko. Khi so snh kt qu vi phn tch ca Q.H Nguyen th m
hnh T-T 16 DOF s c sai lch nh (1, 6%). Tuy nhin kt qu ca m hnh
dm T-T 16 DOF s vn lch xa hn kt qu ca Q.H Nguyen. V m hnh
T-T s dng FEM da trn chuyn v phn tch nn kt qu ph thuc
vo s lng phn t c chia nh v bc t do ca phn t. Phn tch
ca Q.H Nguyen l da trn li gii ma trn cng "chnh xc" nn
khng ph thuc s lng phn t c m hnh.
Trong hnh 5.3, hnh dng phn b bin dng trt dc theo chiu di dm
ca ba m hnh phn tch vi gi tr ti trng tp trung P = 195kN . Hnh
v 5.3 cho thy s phn b bin dng trt thu c t ba m hnh EB-EB
8 DOF s, T-T 16 DOF s v ca Q.H. Nguyen gn nh trng lp nhau, sai

khc rt nh. Gi tr bin dng trt gim dn t u dm vo trong v

bng khng ti gia nhp. Tuy nhin s phn b kh ng u trn chiu
di dm.
0.6

Q.H.BNguyenBresult
EB-EBB8DOFBmodel
T-TB16DOFBmodel

0.4

SlipB(mm)

0.2
0.0
-0.2

P=195[kN]

-0.4
-0.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

x/L

Hnh 5.3: Biu bin dng trt dc theo chiu di dm Aribert

Vai tr ca bin dng ct trong hai thnh phn lin hp btng v thp
c th c phn tch bng cch so snh cc ng x ca m hnh dm
T-T 16 DOF s vi cc ng x tng ng t c t m hnh dm EB-EB
8 DOF s, c bit l vic so snh vng gia nhp ca hai m hnh ni
56

trn. Hnh 5.4 th hin t s vng gia nhp gia m hnh T-T 16 DOF s
v m hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s khi t l chiu di nhp v chiu cao dm L/H
v cng khng ct ca lin kt ksc khc nhau.

dT-T model /dEB-EB model

3.0

ksc = 1 MPa
ksc = 100 MPa
ksc = 1000 MPa
ksc = 10000 MPa

2.5

P=[kN]

2.0

d
L

1.5

1.0

10

15

20

L/H

Hnh 5.4: Biu quan h t s vng gia nhp v t s chiu di nhp - chiu
cao dm trong cc trng hp cng lin kt khng ct khc nhau

ng nh d on, gi tr vng gia nhp ca m hnh c xut

lun ln hn vng gia nhp ca m hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s tng ng
vi mi gi tr ca t s L/H . Hnh 5.4 cho thy mm un do ct c vai
tr quan trng trong trng hp t s L/H nh v tng tc lin hp ton
phn ksc = 10000M P a. Khi t s L/H nh, t s vng tng ln r rt khi
gi tr ksc tng t 1M P a ln 10000M P a. iu ny c th c gii thch
bi s tng tc ton phn lm gia tng bin dng ct, c bit khi L/H
nh. Tuy nhin khi L/H tng dn t s vng t b nh hng bi gi tr
ksc .

5.1.2

Dm n gin chu ti trng phn b u ca N.V.

Chng
Tip theo, m hnh dm T-T 16 DOF s s c p dng phn tch da trn
v d dm n gin chu ti trng phn b u ca N.V. Chng v cng
s [6]. Cc thng s hnh hc c th hin nh hnh 5.5 v c trng vt
57

liu c th hin trong bng 5.3. Dm c chiu di nhp 2800mm v chu

ti trng phn b u W trn chiu di dm.
W [kN/m]

2800

200

100

680

6
12
180
B-B

Hnh 5.5: S dm n gin chu ti phn b u ca N.V. Chng [6]

Bng 5.3: Cc thng s c trng ca dm N.V. Chng [6]

Thng s

Bn btng ct thp

Dm thp hnh

Khong cch t trng tm n mt trt

Din tch tit din
Mmen qun tnh
Mun n hi
Mun khng ct

hc = 50 mm
Ac = 68000 mm2
Ic = 566.667 105 mm4
Ec = 21000 M P a
Gc = 8750 M P a

hs = 100 mm
As = 7220 mm2
Is = 409.5 105 mm4
Es = 210000 M P a
Gs = 80769 M P a

cng ca lin kt khng ct

ksc = 455.29 M P a

M hnh T-T 16 DOF s c so snh vi m hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s [24] v

kt qu phn tch dm lin hp bng phng php ma trn cng trc
tip ca N.V. Chng [6]. Dm lin hp c chia thnh 2 phn t. Kt
qu quan h vng gia nhp v ti trng ca ba phn tch c th hin
trong hnh 5.6.
Bng 5.4: Kt qu vng ca cc m hnh dm khi W = 245 kN/m
M hnh phn tch

vng gia nhp (mm)

M hnh N.V. Chng

M hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s
M hnh T-T 16 DOF s

58

10.763
10.951
11.557

250
W=210 [kN/m]

LoadB(kN/m)

200

2800

150

100

50

N.V.BChungBmodel
EB-EBB8DOFBmodel
T-TB16DOFBmodel
0

8
6
Deflection(mm)

10

12

14

Hnh 5.6: Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm N.V. Chng

T hnh 5.6, kt qu vng gia nhp ca ba cch tnh c chnh lch

khng ln. Tuy nhin, gi tr chuyn v ca m hnh T-T 16 DOF s vn ln
hn so vi hai m hnh cn li. M hnh ca N.V Chng cng nh m hnh
EB-EB 8 DOF s c phn tch da trn gi thit dm Euler - Bernoulli,
khng xt n bin dng ct trong btng v thp, nn kt qu vng s
nh hn kt qu thu c t m hnh T-T 16 DOF s. iu ny cho thy
tin cy ca m hnh T-T 16 DOF s.

5.1.3

Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia

nhp CTB6 ca Ansourian

M hnh dm T-T 16 DOF s tip tc c p dng trn m hnh dm lin
tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp ca Ansourian [7] nm 1981.
Dm CTB6 trong thc nghim ca Ansourian [7] c s dng cho phn
tch. Dm CTB6 l dm lin tc c hai nhp 4500mm. Ngoi ti trng tp
trung gia ti mi nhp, dm cn chu ti trng bn thn 3.3kN/m. Tit
din thp hnh l tit din IP E240. Btng sn rng 1300mm v dy 100mm,
c b tr thm cc thanh thp dc ti v tr pha trn v pha di vi s
lng khc nhau trong vng chu mmen m v vng chu mmen dng.
59

Lp btng bo v dy 25mm. Cc thng s vt liu c cho trong bng

5.6.
P/2 [kN]

2250

2250

2250

P/2 [kN]

3.3 [kN/m]

2250

9000
C

100

1300

240

IPE 240
6.2
9.8
120

C-C

Hnh 5.7: S lin tc hai nhp chu ti tp trung gia nhp ca Ansourian [7]

Bng 5.5: Cc thng s c trng ca dm Ansourian [7]

Thng s

Bn btng ct thp

Dm thp hnh IPE240

Mun n hi
Mun khng ct
Ct thp vng mmen dng

Ec = 34000 M P a
Gc = 14167 M P a
Lp trn: 380 mm2
Lp di: 160 mm2
Lp trn: 1260 mm2
Lp di: 767 mm2

Es = 210000 M P a
Gs = 80769 M P a

Ct thp vng mmen m

cng ca lin kt khng ct

ksc = 10000 M P a

Hai phn tch s c s dng cho m hnh dm T-T 16 DOF s. Phn

tch th nht l phn tch khng xt nt (uncracked analysis), hin tng
nt trong btng c b qua. Phn tch th hai l phn tch c xt nt
("cracked analysis") c hng dn theo Eurocode 4 [13]. Trong phn
tch ny, hin tng nt trong btng c k n bng cch loi b phn
b tng trong phm vi 15% chiu di nhp hai bn gi ta gia. Do tnh
i xng ca bi ton nn ch mt na dm c tnh ton. S dng 4
phn t cho phn tch khng xt nt v 6 phn t cho phn tch c xt
nt. Kt qu vng c so snh vi kt qu thc nghim [7] v kt qu
ca Q.H. Nguyen [35], th hin trong hnh 5.8v bng 5.6.
60

350
uncracked analysis
P/2

P/2

300
L

LoadTPrkNQ

250
cracked analysis

200

P/2
0.15L

150
100

TestTdata
EByEBT8DOFTmodel:Tuncracked
TyTT16DOFTmodel:Tuncracked
Q.H.TNguyenTresult:Tuncracked
TyTT16DOFTmodel:Tcracked
Q.H.TNguyenTresult:Tcracked

50
0

P/2

3
4
5
MidyspanTdeflectionrmmQ

Hnh 5.8: Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm CTB6

Bng 5.6: Kt qu vng ca cc m hnh dm Ansourian khi P = 320 kN
M hnh phn tch

vng gia nhp (mm)

Kt qu thc nghim
M hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s khng xt nt
M hnh T-T 16 DOF s khng xt nt
Kt qu Q.H. Nguyen khng xt nt
M hnh T-T 16 DOF s c xt nt
Kt qu Q.H. Nguyen c xt nt

6.326
4.300
5.080
5.431
6.290
6.468

Hnh 5.8 cho thy trong phn tch khng xt nt, kt qu chuyn v ca m
hnh T-T 16 DOF s kh gn vi thc nghim v kt qu ca Q.H. Nguyen.
M hnh T-T 16 DOF s d bo vng tt hn m hnh EB-EB 8 DOF s.
Qua cho thy tnh ph hp ca m hnh c thit lp. Tuy nhin,
trong phn tch c xt nt, kt qu thu c t hai m hnh T-T 16 DOF s
v Q.H Nguyen u nh hn khi khng xt nt. T cho thy nh hng
ca nt trong btng cn phi c tnh ton cho dm lin hp thp - b
tng lin tc. S nh hng ny c th hin y trn dc chiu di
nhp dm trong hnh 5.9.

61

0
x

P/2

P/2

Mid-spanOdeflection(mm)

EB-EBO8DOFOmodel:Ouncracked
T-TO16DOFOmodel:Ouncracked
T-TO16DOFOmodel:Ocracked
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

x/L

Hnh 5.9: Biu vng trn chiu di nhp ca dm CTB6

5.2
5.2.1

Phn tch phi tuyn vt liu dm lin hp

Dm n gin chu ti trng tp trung v ti trng

phn b u ca Chapman v Balakrishnan

Nhm c c hnh nh y hn s lm vic ca m hnh dm T-T
16OF , hai m hnh dm lin hp n gin E1 v U 4 c thc nghim bi

Chapman v Balakrishnan [8] s c a vo phn tch. Hai dm thc

nghim c chiu di nhp 5490mm, c kt hp t dm thp ch I cao
305mm (tit din 12 6 44lb/f tBSB v sn b tng dy 152mm. Dm
E1 chu ti trng tp trung gia nhp v dm U 4 chu ti phn b u.

Dm E1 s dng cc cht ng knh 12.7mm b tr thnh cp vi khong

cch 120mm v dm U 4 s dng 32 cht ng knh 19mm b tr thnh
cp phn b dng tam gic.
Cc thng s hnh hc c th hin chi tit nh hnh 5.10 v bng 5.7.
Trong bng 5.8 trnh by cc thng s vt liu cng nh cc h s c
trng ca m hnh phi tuyn vt liu phc v cho phn tch phi tuyn. M
hnh dm lin hp c chia thnh 22 phn t gm 20 phn t gia hai

62

gi ta v 2 phn t cho hai u dm. Phn tch c so snh vi s liu

thc nghim v ca tc gi Gattesco [21].
P [kN]

BEAM E1

2745

2745

5490

280

BEAM U4

280

W [kN/m]

5490

280

280

152.4

1220

305

12''x6''x44lb/ft B.S.B
10.2
18.6
152.4

D-D

Hnh 5.10: S dm n gin chu ti tp trung E1 v dm chu ti phn b U4

ca Chapman [8]

Bng 5.7: Cc thng s c trng hnh hc ca dm Chapman [8]

Cc c trng

Dm E1

Dm U 4

Chiu di nhp (mm)

Loi ti trng
Sn btng

5490
Ti tp trung gia nhp
152
1220
12 6 44lb/f tBSB
8400
12.7 50
Tng cp ri u
100
200
200

5490
Ti phn b u
152
1220
12 6 44lb/f tBSB
8400
19 102
Tng cp phn b tam gic
32
200
200

Dm thp
Lin kt chng ct

Ct thp dc

Chiu dy (mm)
Chiu rng (mm)
Tit din
Din tch (mm2 )
Loi cht
B tr
S lng cht
Lp trn (mm2 )
Lp trn (mm2 )

Kt qu phn tch s ca dm E1 c th hin trong hnh 5.11 v hnh

5.12. Kt qu phn tch s ca dm U 4 c th hin trong hnh 5.13 v
hnh 5.14. Trong : hnh 5.11 v hnh 5.13 th hin quan h vng v ti
trng; hnh 5.12 v hnh 5.14 th hin s trt trn chiu di dm tng
63

Bng 5.8: c trng vt liu v cc h s ca dm Chapman [8]

Vt liu
Btng

Thp

Cng chu nn fc (M P a)
Cng chu ko fct (M P a)
Bin dng nn ln nht c1
Bin dng ko ln nht ct1
ng sut chy do fy (M P a)

ng sut ti hn fu (M P a)

Bin dng ti bn sh

Lin kt

Mun n hi Es (M P a)
Mun ti bn Esh (M P a)
fmax (kN )
(mm1 )

Cnh dm
Bng dm
Ct thp sn
Cnh dm
Bng dm
Ct thp sn
Cnh dm
Bng dm

Dm E1

Dm U 4

32.7
3.07
0.0022
0.00015
250
297
320
465
460
320
0.00267
0.00144
206 000
3500
66
0.8
0.45

33.8
3.14
0.0022
0.00015
269
301
320
470
479
320
0.00196
0.00146
260 000
3500
129
1.3
0.65

mc ti trng khc nhau. T cc hnh v cho thy, kt qu phn tch ca

m hnh T-T 16 DOF s kh trng khp vi kt qu ca tc gi Gattesco
v gn vi thc nghim. Tuy nhin trong hnh 5.13, kt qu ca m hnh
T-T 16 DOF s trong giai on phi tuyn c s sai khc tng i ln so vi
thc nghim. Nguyn nhn bt ngun t vic b tr cht chng ct phn
b dng tam gic trn dm U 4 dn n kh khn trong vic xc nh
cng ksc cho phn t dm. Tc gi Gattesco khc phc vn ny bng
cch s dng chng trnh COBENA m phng cc lin kt ng v tr
thc t trn chiu di dm. Ring trong hnh 5.12, 5.14, ng cong trt
c s sai khc nh so vi thc nghim c lin quan ti quan h ng x ca
lin kt. Thc t quan h c ngoi suy t mt s d liu trung bnh
ca thc nghim [21].
Ngoi ra hnh 5.12, 5.14 cn cho thy khi ti trng tng, bin dng trt
tng. Khi cc mc ti trng thp, cc ng cong trt ca hai dm E1
v U 4 c s ng dng v s phn b trt trn chiu di dm tng i
ng u. V trong giai on ny vt liu cn ng x trong giai on n
hi tuyn tnh.

64

600
500

LoadE(kN)

400
300
P [kN]

E1
200

5490

100
0

T-TEmodel
Experiment
GattescoEresult
0

10

20

30
40
50
MidspanEdeflection(mm)

60

70

80

Hnh 5.11: Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm E1

Bng 5.9: Gi tr vng v ti trng ti hn ca dm E1

Thc nghim

N. Gattesco

T-T 16 DOF s

4.928
24.640
514.294

5.044
20.644
504.752

5.087
20.100
492.800

vng (mm) ti P = 150 kN

vng (mm) ti P = 400 kN
Ti trng ti hn (kN )

0.8

Slip (mm)

0.6

T-T model
Experiment
x

448.5 kN

P [kN]

L
BEAM E1

0.4

398.6 kN

348.8 kN

0.2

299 kN

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

x/L

Hnh 5.12: Biu phn b trt dc theo chiu di nhp dm E1 vi cc mc ti

khc nhau

65

200

Loadr(kN/m)

160

120

U4

80

W [kN/m]

5490

40

T-Trmodel
Experiment
Gattescorresult
0

20

40

60
80
100
Midspanrdeflection(mm)

120

140

Hnh 5.13: Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm U 4

Bng 5.10: Gi tr vng v ti trng ti hn ca dm U 4

Thc nghim

N. Gattesco

T-T 16 DOF s

6.569
40.863
179.792

6.700
37.331
178.266

6.300
28.100
178.000

vng (mm) ti W = 50 kN/m

vng (mm) ti W = 140 kN/m
Ti trng ti hn (kN/m)

T-T model
Experiment

L
BEAM U4

Slip (mm)

178 kN/m

W [kN/m]

163.4 kN/m
147 kN/m

0
0.0

130.7 kN/m

114.4 kN/m

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

x/L

Hnh 5.14: Biu phn b trt dc theo chiu di nhp dm U 4 vi cc mc ti

khc nhau

66

5.2.2

Dm lin tc hai nhp chu ti trng tp trung gia

nhp ca Teraszkiewicz v Ansouran

kim chng m hnh phn tch T-T 16 DOFs khi c vng mmen m
xut hin trong dm lin hp, hai m hnh dm lin tc hai nhp c
thc nghim bi Teraszkiewicz [46] v bi Ansourian [7] s c p dng.
Dm CBI ca Teraszkiewicz c hai nhp di 3354mm, lin hp gia mt
dm thp ch I cao 152.4mm (6 3 12lb/f tBSB ) v mt bn btng dy
60mm , rng 610mm. Cc lin kt cht chng ct ng knh 9.5mm c

b tr thnh tng cp vi khong cch 146mm ri u dc theo chiu di

dm. Dm CTB4 ca Ansourian c hai nhp di 4500mm, kt hp gia dm
thp ch H cao 190mm (HEA200) v bn btng dy 100mm, rng 800mm.
Cc lin kt chng ct ng knh 19mm c b tr 3 cht trn mt hng
vi khong cch 350mm dc theo chiu di dm ngoi tr vng gn gi
ta gia ( 1050mm hai bn gi ta) c b tr dy hn vi khong cch
300mm. C hai dm u chu tc dng ca ti trng tp trung t gia mi

nhp. Cc chi tit c th c trnh by trong hnh (5.15) v bng (5.11).

Bng 5.11: Cc thng s c trng hnh hc ca dm CBI v CTB4
Cc c trng

Dm CBI

Dm CT B4

Chiu di nhp (mm)

Loi ti trng
Sn btng

3354
Ti tp trung
60
610
6 3 12lb/f tBSB
2276
9.5 50
96
146
146
445

4500
Ti tp trung
100
800
HEA200
5380
19 75
84
350
300
804
767
160
160

Dm thp
Lin kt chng ct

Ct thp dc

Chiu dy (mm)
Chiu rng (mm)
Tit din
Din tch (mm2 )
Loi cht
S lng cht
B tr (mm) vng mmen dng
B tr (mm) vng mmen m
Lp trn vng mmen dng (mm2 )
Lp di vng mmen dng (mm2 )
Lp trn vng mmen m(mm2 )
Lp di vng mmen m (mm2 )

Trong cc m hnh, lin kt bm dnh ca btng v ct thp khng c

xt n bi v ct thp trong bn btng ca cc dm thc nghim c
bi trn b mt tip xc. S lin kt s dn n nh hng c tn gi
67

BEAM CBI
1677

1677

1677

1677

P
E

6hhx3Ex12lb/ftSB.S.B

9.5SxS50SstudsSinSpairsS@S146Smm

BEAM CTB4
2250

2250

2250

2250

P
F

HEAS200

F
3SstudsS19SxS75SS@S350Smm

3S@S300Smm
800

610
60

100

ctSthp
152.4

6.6

ctSthp
6.5

8.84

190

10
200

F-F
76.2

E-E

Hnh 5.15: S dm lin tc chu ti tp trung CBI v CTB4

Bng 5.12: c trng vt liu v cc h s ca dm CBI v CTB4
Vt liu
Btng

Thp

Cng chu nn fc (M P a)
Cng chu ko fct (M P a)
Bin dng nn ln nht c1
Bin dng ko ln nht ct1
ng sut chy do fy (M P a)

ng sut ti hn fu (M P a)

Bin dng ti bn sh

Mun n hi Es (M P a)
Mun ti bn Esh (M P a)
Lin kt

Cnh dm
Bng dm
Ct thp sn
Cnh dm
Bng dm
Ct thp sn
Cnh dm
Bng dm
Ct thp sn
Dm thp
Ct thp sn

fmax (kN )
(mm1 )

68

Dm CBI

Dm CT B4

46.7
3.89
0.0022
0.00015
301
301
321
470
470
485
0.012
0.012
0.010
206 000
2500
2500
32.4
4.72
1.0

34.0
3.15
0.0022
0.00015
236
238
430
393
401
533
0.018
0.018
0.010
206 000
3000
3500
110
1.2
0.85

"tension - stiffening" xut hin trong btng. Khi gia cc vt nt gn

nhau, lc ko s c truyn t ct thp sang vng btng bm dnh xung
quanh ct thp v lm tng kh nng chu ko ca ct thp. Tng cng
20 phn t cho mi nhp c s dng trong phn tch phn t hu hn
cho dm CBI v dm CT B4. Do tnh i xng nn ch mt na dm c
phn tch s.
Cc kt qu so snh gia m hnh T-T 16 DOFs v s liu thc nghim
trn dm CBI c th hin trong cc hnh 5.16, 5.17, 5.18. Trong , hnh
5.16 th hin hnh dng vng ca dm, hnh 5.17 th hin phn b trt
dc theo chiu di nhp dm v hnh 5.18 th hin phn b bin dng bin
dng mt ct theo chiu di nhp ti v tr cnh di dm thp. Cc biu
so snh tng ng vi ti trng P = 122 kN bng 81% gi tr ti ti hn
ca kt qu thc nghim l 150.5 kN .

Deflectiona(mm)

10

20
x
L

T-Tamodel
Experimenta(leftaspan)
Experimenta(rightaspan)

BEAM CBI
30
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

x/L

Hnh 5.16: Biu vng ca dm CBI vi ti trng P = 122 kN

Bng 5.13: Gi tr vng gia nhp ca dm CBI vi ti trng P = 122 kN

vng (mm) ti P = 122 kN

Ti trng ti hn (kN )

T-T 16 DOF s

Thc nghim - nhp tri

Thc nghim - nhp phi

18.700
122

16.861
150.5

21.533

69

0.4

T-Thmodel
Experimenth(lefthspan)
Experimenth(righthspan)

Sliph(mm)

0.2

0.0

-0.2

x
L

-0.4

BEAM CBI

-0.6
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

x/L

Hnh 5.17: S phn b trt dc theo chiu di nhp dm CBI vi P = 122 kN

-0.002

Strain at bottom flange

-0.001

BEAM CBI

0.000

0.001

0.002
0.0

T-T model
Experiment
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

x/L

Hnh 5.18: Biu bin dng mt ct theo chiu di nhp ti v tr cnh di dm

thp vi P = 122 kN

T cc hnh v cho thy, mc d kt qu thc nghim khng hon ton

i xng nhng cc ng cong ca m hnh phn tch T-T 16 DOFs u
rt gn vi kt qu thc nghim. Kt qu vng trn chiu di dm CBI
hon ton nm gia hai kt qu ca nhp tri v nhp phi. Ring hnh
5.17 c th nhn thy phn b trt ti vng mt na nhp hai bn gi
ta gia ln gp i vng cn li. iu ny lm c s cho vic b tr lin
kt chng ct tp trung nhiu cho vng hai bn gi t gia trong dm lin
70

hp lin tc.
Kt qu phn tch m hnh T-T 16 DOFs c kim chng vi thc nghim
ca dm CT B4 thng qua cc hnh v 5.19, 5.20. T hnh 5.19 th hin
ng quan h vng gia nhp v ti trng, cho thy kt qu phn tch
t m hnh T-T 16 DOFs kh tt, gn vi kt qu thc nghim v kt
qu phn tch ca tc gi N.Gattesco [21]. Tuy nhin vng tnh t m
hnh T-T 16 DOFs ln hn kt qu ca tc gi N. Gattesco, do tc gi N.
Gattesco s dng m hnh EB-EB 8 DOFs khng xt nh hng bin dng
ct.
300
250

Loadu(kN)

200
150

x
L

100
50
0

BEAM CTB4
T-Tumodel
N.Gattescouresults
Experiment
0

10

20
30
Midspanudeflection(mm)

40

50

Hnh 5.19: Biu quan h vng v ti trng ca dm CT B4

Bng 5.14: Gi tr vng v ti trng ti hn ca dm CT B4

vng (mm) ti P = 100 kN

vng (mm) ti P = 225 kN
Ti trng ti hn (kN )

Thc nghim

N. Gattesco

T-T 16 DOF s

5.096
19.296
256.270

4.929
17.856
253.689

5.050
20.569
243.200

Hnh 5.20 th hin quan h gia ti trng - cong ti v tr gia nhp

(vng chu mmen dng - sagging) v ti v tr cch gi gia 150 mm (vng
chu mmen m - hogging). Kt qu cong ca m hnh T-T 16 DOF s
kh tng ng vi kt qu thc nghim. Trong cng mt cp ti trng,
cong ti v tr gi ln hn cong ti v tr gia nhp.
71

300
250

LoadmhkNS

200
150
L

100
50
0
0.00

BEAM CTB4
T-Tmmodel
ExperimentmhleftmspanS
ExperimentmhrightmspanS
0.01

0.02

0.03
0.04
0.05
Midspanmcurvatureh1/mS

0.06

0.07

0.08

a)
300
250

LoadmhkNS

200
150

150
B

100

BEAM CTB4
50
0
0.00

T-Tmmodel
ExperimentmhB-BS
0.01

0.02

0.03
0.04
0.05
Supportmcurvatureh1/mS

0.06

0.07

0.08

b)
Hnh 5.20: Biu quan h cong v ti trng ca dm CT B4: a) Ti tit din
gia nhp v b) Ti tit din cch gi ta gia 150 mm

Cui cng, hnh 5.21 th hin qu trnh phn b ng sut ca tit din ti
v tr gia nhp v gi gia ca dm CT B4 vi bn cp ti trng: 60 kN ,
160 kN , 200 kN , 240 kN . T hnh v cho thy qu trnh chy do ca tit

din khi tng ti. Tit din dm lin hp c tnh cht khng i xng v
mt hnh hc v vt liu nn c s dch chuyn ca trc trung ha khi khi
cong ca dm tng ln. Trong qu trnh tng ti, ng sut ca tit din
ti v tr gi ta gia t ng sut chy do sm hn ng sut ca tit din
72

ti v tr gia nhp. iu ny cho thy khp do u tin s hnh thnh ti

v tr gi ta gia v khp do th hai s hnh thnh ti v tr gia nhp;
khi c cu ph hy ca dm hnh thnh.
P = 60 (kN)

P = 200 (kN)

P = 160 (kN)

P = 240 (kN)

100

190

1.0

0.0

s/fy

-1.0

1.0

-1.0

0.0

s/fy

1.0

(a) Gia nhp

0.0

-1.0

1.0

0.0

-1.0

1.0

s/fy

0.0

-1.0

0.0

-1.0

s/fy

100

190

1.0

0.0

s/fy

-1.0

1.0

-1.0

0.0

s/fy

1.0

(b) Gi gia

s/fy

s/fy

Hnh 5.21: Qu trnh phn b ng sut ca tit din ti v tr gia nhp v gi gia
ca dm CT B4

5.3

Kt lun

Cc kt qu phn tch so snh c p dng trn cc m hnh dm lin

hp n gin v dm lin hp lin tc khc nhau. Qua c th thy c
kt qu ca m hnh T-T 16 DOF s c tin cy kh cao. Trong qu trnh
phn tch s bng phn mm MATLAB cho thy: khi phn tch bng FEM
th s lng phn t c ri rc c nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. S
lng phn t cn ln c kt qu chnh xc. Phng php iu chnh
lc c hn ch trong vic xc nh ng cn bng vi bin thin ti
trng thp, hn th phng php ny khng th xc nh c ng cn
bng c s mm ha (softening). iu ny dn n gi tr ti ti hn ca
m hnh T-T 16 DOF s trong cc p dng s thng nh hn gi tr ti ti
hn ca thc nghim v ca tc gi Gattesco.
73

Chng 6
Kt lun
6.1

Kt lun

ti xy dng c mt m hnh phn t hu hn 16DOF cho phn

tch dm lin hp thp - btng da trn phng php chuyn v. Da trn
cc gi thit dm Timoshenko, bin dng ct trong hai thnh phn lin
hp c tnh ton. Hin tng tng tc bn phn v cc ng x phi
tuyn ca vt liu btng, vt liu thp v lin kit khng ct c xem
xt. Cc kt qu so snh nhn c t phn tch s bng chng trnh
MATLAB cho thy tin cy ca m hnh kh cao, c th ng dng trong
thc tin. T cc kt qu phn tch cho thy:
nh hng ca bin dng ct cn c xem xt trong phn tch dm
lin hp, c bit khi t s L/H nh v ksc ln th c s chnh lch kh
ln gia m hnh EB-EB v m hnh T-T.
ng x phi tuyn ca vt liu v lin kt nh hng nhiu n kt qu
phn tch v cn phi c tnh ton.
Hin tng nt btng trong dm lin hp lin tc nh hng nhiu
n kt qu vng dm. y l mt yu t quan trng cn k n
trong phn tch m hnh dm lin tc.
Phng php gii phng trnh cn bng phi tuyn Newton - Raphson
c hn ch trong vic tm gi tr ti cc hn ca phn tch.
74

6.2

Hng pht trin ti

c c kt qu phn tch chnh xc hn, cn pht trin ti theo cc

hng:
Nghin cu p dng cc phng php gii phng trnh cn bng phi
tuyn khc nh: phng php iu chnh chuyn v, phng php iu
chnh cng, phng php lp iu chnh ( modified Newton - Raphson)
tm ra gi tr ti cc hn cho phn tch phi tuyn.
p dng m hnh T-T 16DOF vo cc phn tch c xt nh hng ca
hin tng t bin trong btng, cc trng hp ti trng lp v ti
trng ng.
Xy dng m hnh v thut ton cho phn tch h khung phng dm
lin hp thp - btng da trn m hnh T-T 16DOF .

75

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80

Ph lc A
Code chng trnh MATLAB

81

L LCH TRCH NGANG

H v tn: INH HUNH THI
Ngy, thng, nm sinh:19/05/1988
Ni sinh: Tin Giang
in thoi: 0939.261.463
Email: huynhthai19@gmail.com
a ch lin h: 56/13 ng TX25 - P.Thnh Xun - Qun 12 TP.HCM.

QU TRNH O TO
T 2006 n 2011: Sinh vin Trng i hc Kin Trc Tp.HCM chuyn
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T 2012 n nay: Hc vin cao hc Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM
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82