52

2. INTEGRAL

2.3

Integrali racionalnih funkcija

Zadatak 2.30 Izracunajte integrale:

dx
dx
(a)
(b)
2
2
2
x +a
x a2

(c)

Ax + B
dx, p2 4q < 0.
+ px + q

x2

Rje
senje.
1
dx
= 2
(a)
2
2
x +a
a
x
1
arctg + C
a
a

dx
=
x 2
+1
a

t = xa
dt = dx
a

1
=
a

t2

dt
1
= arctg t + C =
+1
a

1
na parcijalne razlomke:
a2
1
A
B
1
1
1
=
=
+
= A = , B =
2
2
x a
(x a)(x + a)
xa x+a
2a
2a
Dakle,

dx
dx
dx
1
1
1
1
=

=
ln |x a|
ln |x + a| + C =
2
2
x a 2a
xa
2a
x+a
2a
2a
x a
1
+C
ln
2a
x + a

Ax + B
Ax + B
t = x + 2p x = t p2
=
dx =
dx =
(c)

2
2
dt = dx
x2 + px + q
x + p2 + q p4

A(t 2p ) + B
tdt
Ap
dt
=
dt
=
A
+
(b

)
2
2
2 =
2
t2 + q p4
t2 + q p4
t2 + q p4
arctg q t p2
2
q 4
A
p
Ap
= ln (t2 + q ) + (B
)
+C =
2
2
4
2
q p4

(b) Rastavimo izraz

x2

x+ p

arctg q 2p2
q 4
Ap
A
+C
)
= ln (x2 + px + q) + (B
2
2
2
q p4

Zadatak 2.31 Izracunajte integrale:

dx
x3 dx
2x3 + 3x2 + x 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
dx
x3 2x2 + x
x2 + x + 1
(x2 + 2x + 2)2

cos x
e3x (10 2e3x )
dx
(e)
dx.
(d)
6x
3x
2e 10e + 12
1 + sin4 x

53

2. INTEGRAL

(a) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke:

1
1
A
B
C
=
=
+
+
= A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
3
2
x(x 1)2 x x 1 (x 1)2
x 2x + x
1
dx
dx
dx
dx
=

+
=
ln
|x|

ln
|x

1|

+C =
3
2
x
x1
(x 1)2
x1
x 2x
+x
x
1 +C
ln
x 1 x 1

x3 dx
x2
1
x2
dx
(b)
dx
=
=
x

1
+

x
+
=
x+
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
2
x2 + x + 1
2

x + 12
1
2
x2
2x + 1
dx
x2

x
+
x + arctg
=
+C
arctg
+
C
=

3
1 2
3
2
2
3
3
3
x+ 2 + 4
4
4

(c) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke:

2x3 + 3x2 + x 1
Ax + b
Cx + D
= 2
+ 2
= A = 2, B = 1, C =
2
2
(x + 2x + 2)
x + 2x + 2
(x + 2x + 2)2
1, D = 1, pa je

2x 1
x + 1
2x3 + 3x2 + x 1
dx =
dx +
dx =
2
2
2
2
2
x + 2x + 2
(x + 2x + 2)

(x + 2x + 2)
x + 1
2x 1
t= x+1 x= t1
dx +
dx =
=
=
2+1
2 + 1)2
dt
=
dx
(x
+
1)
((x
+
1)

2t 3
t + 2
2tdt
dt
tdt
dt
=
dt+
dt =
3

+2
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
t +1
(t + 1)
t +1
(t + 1)
(t + 1)2
t
1
dt
ln (t2 + 1) 3 arctg t +
+2
= ()
2
2
2(t + 1)
(t + 1)2
Jos treba izracunati:

dt
1 + t2 1
dt
t2 dt
t2 dt
=
dt =

= arctg t
=
2
2
(t2 + 1)2
t2 + 1
(t2 + 1)2
(t2 + 1)2
(t + 1)

u=t
du = dt
t
dt
1
t
= arctg t+ 2

= arctg t+ 2

1
tdt
2
dv = (t2 +1)2 v = 2(t2 +1)
2(t + 1) 2
t +1
2(t + 1)
1
t
1
arctg t + C = arctg t +
+ C, pa je
2
2
2(t2 + 1)
1
t
2t + 1
() = ln (t2 + 1)3 arctg t+ 2
+arctg t+ 2
+C = ln (t2 + 1)+ 2

2(t + 1)
t +1
2(t + 1)
2x + 3
2 arctg (x + 1) + C
2 arctg t + C = ln (x2 + 2x + 2) +
2(x2 + 2x + 2)

e3x (10 2e3x )

1
10 2t
5t
1
t = e3x
(d)
=
dx =
dt =
dt =
3x
6x
3x
2
2
dt
=
3e
dt
2e 10e + 12
3
2t 10t + 12
3
t 5t + 6
()
Rastav na parcijalne razlomke:
5t
A
B
3
2
5t
=
=
+
= A = , B =
2
t 5t + 6 (t 2)(t 3)
t2 t3
5
5
dt
dt
2
1
2
1

= ln |t 2|
ln |t 3| + C =
() =
5
t 2 15
t3
5
15

54

2. INTEGRAL

(t 3)2
1
(e3x 1)2
1
ln
+
C
=
ln
+C
15 |t 2|3
15 |e3x 2|3

cos x
dt
t = sin x
(e)
= ()
dx =
=
4
dt
=
cos
x
dx
1 + t4
1 + sin x
Vrijedi:

t4 + 1 = (t2 + 1)2 2t2 = (t2 + 2t + 1)(t2 2t + 1), odakle slijedi rastav na

parcijalne razlomke:
At + B
1
Ct + D
1
1
1
1

=
+
= A = , B = , C = , D =
4
2
2
1+t
2
2
t + 2t + 1 t 2t + 1
2 2
2 2

t+ 2
t 2
1
1
dt

dt
dt =
=
4
2
2
1+t
t 2t + 1
2 2 t + 2t + 1 2 2
1
2dt
2t + 2
1

=
dt +

2+
4 2 t2 + 2t
+
1
4
2
t
2t
+
1

2 dt
1
2t 2
1

dt +
=

4 2
t2 2t + 1
4 2
t2 2t + 1

t+ 2
1
1
= ln (t2 + 2t + 1) + arctg 1 2

4 2
2 2
2
2

1
1
2
2

+C =

ln (t 2t + 1) +
arctg 1

4 2
2 2
2

1
t2 + 2t + 1
1

= ln
+ arctg ( 2t + 1) arctg ( 2t 1) + C =
4 2 t2 2t
+1 2 2

sin2 x + 2 sin x + 1
1
1

+ arctg ( 2 sin x + 1) arctg ( 2 sin x 1) +

= ln 2
4 2 sin x 2 sin x + 1 2 2
C
=

55

2. INTEGRAL

Zadaci za vje
zbu
2.32 Izracunajte integrale:

x dx
(a)
x2 + x + 1

(b)

2.33 Izracunajte integrale:

(x + 1)3 dx
(a)
x2 x
2.34 Izracunajte integrale:

x2 dx
(a)
(x2 + 1)3

x3 dx
x2 + 2x + 4

(b)

(b)

dx
4
x 1

(c)

dx
x4 + 4x2 + 3

(c)

x4 dx
(x + 1)3

x8 1
dx
x(x8 + 1)

2.35 Izracunajte integrale:

x5 + x4 2
dx
(b)
dx
(a)
(x3 + x + 1)3
x4 4x2 + 4

(c)

(c)

x4 + 1
dx
x6 + 1

x4 1
dx
x(x4 5)(x5 + 5x + 1)