Tr Tu Nhn To

Nguyn Nht Quang

quangnn-fit@mail.hut.edu.vn
Vin Cng ngh Thng tin v Truyn thng
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
Nm hc 2009-2010

Ni dung mn hc:

Gii thiu v Tr tu nhn to

Tc t

Gii quyt vn : Tm kim, Tha mn rng buc

Logic v suy din

Biu din tri thc

Lut sn xut

Khung

Mng ng ngha

Ontology

Suy din
vi tri thc khng chc
chn

Hc my

Lp k hoch
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D liu, Thng tin, Tri thc (1)

D liu (data) thng c nh ngha l cc s kin

(facts) hoc cc k hiu (symbols)

Thng tin (information) thng c nh ngha l d

liu c x l hoc chuyn i thnh nhng dng
hoc cu trc ph hp cho vic s dng ca con ngi

Thng tin c c sau (ch khng xut hin trc) d

liu

Tri thc ((knowledge)

g ) thng
g c
nh
ngha
g
l s

hiu bit (nhn thc) v thng tin

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D liu, Thng tin, Tri thc (2)

Knowledge on knowledge
(e.g., how/when to apply)
Knowledgebased
systems

MetaKnowledge
Knowledge

Management
information Databases,
systems
transaction
systems

Information
Data

Understanding of a
domain. Can be applied
pp
to
solve problems

Lower volume. Higher

g
value. With context and
associated meanings

Large volume. Low

value. Usually no
meaning/ context

(Adapted from Knowledge Engineering course (CM3016), by K. Hui 2008-2009)

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D liu, Thng tin, Tri thc (3)

D liu

Thng tin

Nhit ngoi tri l 5 C

Ngoi tri thi tit lnh

Tri thc

Nu ngoi tri thi tit lnh th bn nn mc o chong m (khi i

ra ngoi)

Gi tr (s dng) ca d liu tng ln khi n c

chuyn i thnh tri thc
S dng tri thc s cho php a ra cc quyt nh ph
h v
hp
hi
hiu qu

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Biu din tri thc (1)

( )

Biu din tri thc (Knowlegde representation) l mt lnh

vc nghin cu quan trng ca Tr tu nhn to

Nhm pht trin cc phng php, cch thc biu din tri thc v
cc cng c h tr vic biu din tri thc

Tn ti nhiu phng php biu din tri thc

Lut sn xut (Production rules)

Khung (Frames)
Mng ng ngha (Semantic networks)
Ontology
Cc m hnh xc sut

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Biu din tri thc (2)

( )

Tnh hon chnh (Completeness)

Phng php biu din c h tr vic thu thp v th hin mi

kha cnh ca tri thc (ca mt lnh vc c th)?

Tnh ngn gn (Conciseness)

Phng php biu din c cho php vic thu thp tri thc mt
cch hiu qu?
Phng
gp
php
p biu din c cho p
php
p vic lu tr v truy
y nhp
p d
dng tri thc khng?

Tnh hiu qu v tnh ton (Computational efficiency)

Tnh r rng, d hiu (Transparency)

Phng php biu din c cho php din gii ( ngi dng
hiu) v cc hot ng v cc kt lun ca h thng?
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Biu din tri thc bng lut (1)

Biu din tri thc bng cc lut (rules) l cch biu din ph
bin nht trong
g cc h
c s tri thc

Mt lut cha ng (biu din) tri thc v vic gii quyt mt vn no

Cc lut c to nn kh d dng,
g v d hiu

Mt lut c biu din dng:

IF A1 AND A2 AND AND An THEN B

Ai

L cc iu kin (conditions, antecedents, premises)

L kt lun (conclusion, consequence, action)

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Biu din tri thc bng lut (2)

Mnh iu kin ca mt lut

Khng cn s dng ton t logic OR

Mt lut vi ton t logic OR trong mnh iu kin, th s
c chuyn thnh mt tp cc lut tng ng khng cha OR
V d: Lut (IF A1A2 THEN B) c chuyn thnh 2 lut (IF
A1 THEN B) v (IF A2 THEN B)

Mnh kt lun ca mt lut

Khng cn s dng ton t logic AND

Mt lut vi ton t logic AND trong mnh kt lun, th s
c chuyn thnh mt tp cc lut tng ng khng cha AND
V d: Lut (IF THEN B1B2) c chuyn thnh 2 lut (IF
THEN B1) and (IF THEN B2)
Khng cho php s dng ton t OR!
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Cc kiu lut

Cc kiu lut khc nhau biu din cc kiu tri thc

khc nhau

Quan h lin kt

Quan h nguyn nhn (kt qu)

IF diseaseType(x, Infection) THEN tempIs(x,

High)

Tnh hung v hnh ng (gi )

IF addressAt(x, Hospital) THEN heathIs(x, Bad)

IF diseaseType(x, Infection) THEN

takeMedicine(x, Antibiotic)

Quan h logic

IF tempGreater(x, 37) THEN isFever(x)

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10

 th AND/OR ((1))

IF (Shape=long) AND (Color=(green OR yellow)) THEN (Fruit=banana)

IF (Shape=(round OR oblong)) AND (Diam > 4) THEN (Fruitclass=vine)

IF (Fruitclass=vine) AND (Color=green) THEN (Fruit=watermelon)

AND
OR

Shape=long

Fruit = banana

Shape=round
Shape=oblong
Diam > 4
Color=green

Fruitclass = vine
Fruit = watermelon

y
Color=yellow
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11

 th AND/OR ((2))

Lut IF (Shape=long) AND (Color=(green OR yellow))

THEN (Fruit=banana)
(Fruit banana) c to nn bi cc lut:

IF (Shape=long) AND (Color=green) THEN (Fruit=banana)

IF ((Shape=long)
p
g) AND ((Color=yellow)
y
) THEN ((Fruit=banana))

Lut IF (Shape=(round OR oblong)) AND (Diam > 4)

THEN (Fruitclass=vine) c to nn bi cc lut:

IF (Shape=round) AND (Diam > 4) THEN (Fruitclass=vine)

IF (Shape=oblong) AND (Diam > 4) THEN (Fruitclass=vine)

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12

Cc vn vi biu din lut

Cc lut c cha cc vng lp

IF A THEN A
{IF A THEN B, IF B THEN C, IF C THEN A}

Cc lut c cha mu thun

{IF A THEN B, IF B THEN C, IF A AND D THEN C}

Cc kt lun khng th suy ra c (t cc lut hin c)

Kh khn trong vic thay i (cp nht) c s tri thc

C s tri thc c: {IF A1 THEN B1, IF A2 THEN B2, , IF An

THEN Bn}
Cn b sung thm iu kin C vo tt c cc lut
C s tri thc mi: {IF A1 AND C THEN B1, IF A2 AND C THEN
B2, , IF An AND C THEN Bn}
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13

S dng cc lut trong suy din

So khp mu (Pattern matching)

kim tra mt lut c th c s dng (p dng) hay khng

V d: Nu c s tri thc cha ng tp cc lut {IF A1 THEN
B1, IF A1 AND A2 THEN B2, IF A2 AND A3 THEN B3} v cc
s kin (c lu trong b nh lm vic) bao gm A1 v A2, th 2
lut u tin c th c s dng

Chui suyy din ((chui p

p dng
g cc lut)
)

Xc nh trt t p dng cc lut trong qu trnh suy din

Vi mt tp cc lut v mt tp cc s kin (cc gi thit), cc
lut no nn c s dng,
dng v theo trt t no,
no t ti (suy ra)
mt kt lut cn chng minh?
2 chin lc suy din: tin (forward) vs. li (backward)
2 chin lc suy din ny c trnh by trong bi trc!
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14

Gii q
quyt
y xung
g t

Mt xung t (conflict) xy ra khi c nhiu hn mt lut

c th p dng c (ph hp vi cc s kin trong b
nh lm vic)

Lu , mt xung t khng phi l mt mu thun ca tp lut

Trong trng hp xy ra xung t, cn mt chin lc

gii quyt xung t (conflict resolution strategy - CRS)
quyt nh lut no c (u tin) p dng

S la chn thch hp mt chin lc gii quyt xung

t c th mang li nhng ci thin ng k i vi qu
trnh suy din ca h thng
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15

Chin lc gii quyt xung t

p dng lut xut hin u tin (theo th t) trong c s

tri thc
Khng p dng cc lut sinh ra cc kt qu (s kin)
c trong b nh lm vic
p dng lut c th nht (lut c nhiu iu kin nht)
p dng cc lut ph hp vi cc s kin c a vo
trong b nh lm vic gn thi im hin ti nht
Khng p dng li mt lut, nu n vn sinh ra cng mt
tp
p cc s
kin
(g
(ging
g nh ln p
p dng
g trc ca n))
p dng lut c tin cy (chc chn) cao nht

Kt hp ca cc chin lc trn
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16

H thng suy din da trn lut (1)

Kin trc in hnh ca mt h thng suy din da trn lut (Rulebased system RBS)
D liu quan st c

La chn

Rule
memory

Working
memory

p dng

Cp nht

Interpreter

Kt qu

(http://www.cwa.mdx.ac.uk/bis2040/johnlect.html)
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17

H thng suy din da trn lut (2)

B nh lm vic (Working memory)

B nh
h cc
llut
t (Rule
(R l memory))

Lu gi cc s kin (cc gi thit ng

ng, c chng minh)
Cc s kin ny s quyt nh nhng lut no c p dng (bi
thnh phn Interpreter)
Chnh l c s tri thc ca h thng
Lu gi cc lut c th p dng

B din dch (Interpreter)

H thng bt u bng vic a mt s kin (d liu) ph hp

vo b nh lm vic
Khi s kin (d liu) trong b nh lm vic ph hp vi cc iu
kin ca mt lut trong b nh cc lut, th lut s c p
dng
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18

RBS u im (1)
( )

Cch biu din (din t) ph hp

Rt gn vi cch din t trong ngn ng t nhin

Rt d dng din t cc tri thc bi cc lut

D hiu

Cc lut dng IF-THEN rt d hiu (c l l d hiu nht) i vi

ngi s dng
Trong mt lnh vc (bi ton) c th,
cch biu
din
bng
lut
gip cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny c th nh gi v ci tin
cc lut

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19

RBS u im (2)
( )

Mt cch biu din tri thc theo kiu khai bo

(declarative)

K s tri thc thu thp cc tri thc ( dng cc lut IF-THEN) v

mt lnh vc c th, v a chng vo trong mt c s cc lut
(rule base)
K s tri thc (c th) khng cn phi quan tm n khi no, lm
th no, v theo trt t no m cc lut c s dng H thng
s t ng m nhn cc nhim v ny

D dng m rng c s tri thc

Ch vic b sung thm cc lut mi (cc tri thc mi) vo cui

ca c s cc lut

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20

RBS Nhc
im

Kh nng biu din (din t) b gii hn

Trong nhiu lnh vc bi ton thc t,

t tri thc ca lnh vc bi
ton khng ph hp vi cch biu din dng (IF-THEN)

S tng tc gia cc lut v trt t ca cc lut trong

c s lut c th gy ra cc hiu ng khng mong mun

Trong qu trnh thit k (design) v bo tr (maintenance )mt c

s
llut,
t mi
i llut
t mi
i c

vo
cn
phi
hi c

cn
nhc
h
(kim tra) vi cc lut c t trc
Rt kh khn v chi ph tn km xem xt tt c cc tng tc
(i t
(interactions)
ti
) c
th gia
i cc
llut
t

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21

Biu din tri thc bng khung (1)

Lm th no biu din tri thc Xe but mu vng?

Gii php
h th 1.
1 Yellow(bus)
ll (b )

Gii php th 2. Color(bus, yellow)

Cu hi Ci g l mu vng? c th tr li c
Nhng
g cu hi Mu ca xe but
l g
g? th khng
g th tr li c

Cu hi Ci g l mu vng? c th tr li c
Cu hi Mu ca xe but l g? c th tr li c
Nhng cu hi Thuc tnh no ca xe but c gi tr l mu
vng? th khng th tr li c

Gii php th 3. Prop(bus, color, yellow)

Tt c 3 cu hi trn u c th tr li c
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22

Biu din tri thc bng khung (2)

Mt i tng c biu din bi:

(Obj t Property,
(Object,
P
t Value)
V l )

c gi l cch biu din bng b ba i

tng-thuc tnh-gi tr (object-property-value)

Nu chng ta gp nhiu thuc tnh ca cng

mt kiu i tng thnh mt cu trc, th
chng ta c cch biu
bi din hng
h ng i tng
t ng
(object-centered representation)
Prop(Object,
p( j , Property
p y1, Value1)
Prop(Object, Property2, Value2)

Prop(Object Propertyn, Valuen)

Prop(Object,
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Object
Property1
Property2
...
Propertyn

23

Biu din hng

g i tng
g

Cch biu din bng b ba object-property-value l mt

cch t nhin biu din cc i tng

Cc i tng c th (Physical objects)

V d: Mt ci bn c cc thuc tnh cht liu b mt,

mt s ngn
ko, rng, di, cao, mu sc, ...

Cc tnh hung
g ((Situations))

V d: Mt lp hc c cc thuc tnh m s phng hc, danh

sch sinh vin tham d, gio vin, ngy hc, thi gian hc, ...
V d: Mt chuyn i ngh mt c cc thuc tnh ni khi hnh,
hnh
ni n, phng tin di chuyn, phng ngh,

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24

Khung
g ((Frame))

C 2 kiu khung: c th (individual) v tng qut

(generic)

Khung c th (Individual frames). biu din mt i

tng c th, chng hn nh mt ngi c th, mt
chuyn i ngh mt c th, ...

Khung tng qut (Generic frames). biu din mt

lp (loi) cc i tng, chng hn nh cc sinh vin,
cc chuyn i ngh mt, ...

V d

Khung tng qut: Europian_City

Kh
Khung
c th
th: Cit
City_Paris
P i
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25

Biu din ca mt
khung
g

Mt khung c biu din bng mt danh sch nh

danh cc thuc tnh c gi l cc slots

Gi tr gn cho mt thuc tnh c gi l filler of the

slot
(frame-name
<slot-name1 filler1>
<slot-name2 filler2>
))

Tn ca khung

fillers
Slots

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26

Khung
g n

Mt khung n (individual frame) c mt thuc tnh c

bit c tn l INSTANCE
INSTANCE-OF
OF, v gi tr ca thuc tnh
c bit ny l tn ca mt khung tng qut (generic
frame)

V d
(
(toronto
% s dng
g ch thng
g cho cc khung
g n
<:INSTANCE-OF CanadianCity>
<:Province ontario>
<:Population 4
4.5M>
5M>
)

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27

Khung
g tng
gq
qut

Mt khung tng qut (generic frames) c th c mt

thuc tnh c bit l IS
IS-A
A m gi tr ca thuc tnh c
bit ny l tn ca mt khung tng qut khc

V d
(CanadianCity
% s dng tn bt u ch hoa cho khung tng qut
<:IS-A City>
y
<:Province CanadianProvince>
<:Country canada>
))

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28

Suy
y din vi khung
g ((1))

Cc thuc tnh (slots) trong cc khung tng qut c th

c gn (lin kt) vi cc th tc thc hin v iu
khin vic suy din

C 2 kiu th tc: IF
IF-NEEDED
NEEDED v IF
IF-ADDED
ADDED

Th tc IF-NEEDED

c thc hin khi khng c gi tr cn thit c gn cho mt

thuc tnh (no slot filler)
V d:

(Table
<:Clearance [IF
[IF-NEEDED
NEEDED computeClearance]>
)

computeClearance
p
l mt th tc tnh ton ((xc nh)) mc
sch s ca ci bn
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29

Suy
y din vi khung
g ((2))

Th tc IF-ADDED

c thc

th hin
hi khi mt
t thuc
th tnh
t h c

gn
gi
i tr,
t cho
h php
h
lan truyn nh hng ca vic gn gi tr ca thuc tnh i
vi cc khung khc (v d, m bo cc rng buc trong bi
ton)
V d:

(Lecture
<:DayOfWeek
:DayOfWeek WeekDay
WeekDay>
<:Date [IF-ADDED computeDayOfWeek]>
))

Gi tr ca thuc tnh :DayOfWeek s c tnh ton (li) khi

thuc tnh :Date c gn gi tr

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30

Khung
g Gi tr mc
nh

((1))

Hy xt khung tng qut (generic frame) sau y

(CanadianCity
<:IS-A City>
<:Province CanadianProvince>
<:Country
C
t canada>
d
)

Hyy xt khung
g c
th ((individual frame)) sau yy
(city134
<:INSTANCE-OF CanadianCity>
))

i vi khung city134, gi tr (mc nh) cho thuc tnh

:Country l canada
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31

Khung
g Gi tr mc
nh

((2))

Hy xt khung c th (individual frame) sau y

((city135
it 135
<:INSTANCE-OF CanadianCity>
<:Country holland>
)

i vi khung city135, th gi tr cho thuc tnh

:Country l holland (ch khng phi l gi tr mc nh
canada)

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32

Khung
g Tnh k tha ((1))

Cc th tc v cc gi tr thuc tnh ca mt khung tng

qut hn s c p dng (k tha) bi mt khung c
th hn, thng qua c ch k tha

V d
(CoffeeTable
<:IS-A Table>
...)
(MahoganyCoffeeTable
<:IS-A
IS A CoffeeTable>
C ff T bl
...)

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33

Khung
g Tnh k tha ((2))

V d
(Elephant
<:IS-A Mammal>
<:Colour gray>
...)
(RoyalElephant
<:IS-A
IS A Elephant>
El h t
<:Colour white>
)
(clyde
<:INSTANCE-OF RoyalElephant>
))
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34

Khung
g Suy
y din

Qu trnh suy din trong phng php biu din bng khung
s din ra nh sau
1. Ngi dng khi to mt khung (tng ng vi vic khai bo

s tn ti ca mt i tng hay mt tnh hung)

2. Cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh s c k tha (t cc khung

tng qut hn)

3. Cc th tc IF-ADDED s c thc hin. Vic ny c th s

dn n vic khi to ca cc khung khc, v vic gn gi tr

ca cc thuc tnh

Nu ngi dng hoc mt th tc yu cu vic gn gi tr cho

mt thuc tnh, th:

Nu c gi tr cho thuc tnh, th gi tr s c gn

Nu khng
khng, th tc IF
IF-NEEDED
NEEDED s c thc hin
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35

Biu din bng khung u im

Kt hp c c tri thc khai bo (declarative knowledge) v tri thc

th tc (procedural knowledge) trong cng mt phng php biu
din

Cc khung c t chc c cu trc phn cp, cho php d dng

phn loi (phn lp) tri thc

Cu trc phn cp cc khung cho php gim bt s phc tp (v chi

ph) trong qu trnh xy dng c s tri thc

Cho php thit lp cc rng buc i vi cc gi tr c gn cho

cc thuc tnh (v d: rng buc gi tr nhp vo phi nm trong mt
khong gi tr c th)

Cho php lu gi cc gi tr mc nh (s dng thuc tnh c bit

IS-A, cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh ca mt khung tng qut hn
s dng
g g
gn cho cc thuc
tnh ca mt
khung
g c
th hn))
c
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36

Biu din bng khung Nhc im

Trong qu trnh thit k cu trc phn cp ca cc

khung cn rt n s hp l ca vic phn loi (cc
khung,
khung)

C th g
gp
p vn chi p
ph cao cho vic thit k cc th
tc (IF-ADDED v IF-NEEDED) Qu nhiu cng sc
dnh cho vic thit k cc th tc ph hp, thay v tp
trung vo vic kim tra cu trc v ni dung ca cc
khung

Qu trnh khai thc cc khung

g c th khng
g hiu
q
qu,, v
khng c phng php hiu qu lu tr d liu (ca
cc khung) trong my tnh
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37

Mng
g ng
g ngha
g
(1)
( )

Mng ng ngha (Semantic Network) c c bi Quillian vo

nm 1966 nh l mt m hnh biu din b nh ca con ngi

Cc ng c thc y s pht trin ca mng ng ngha

hiu v cu trc ca b nh con ngi, v vic s dng cu trc b

nh ny trong x l (hiu) ngn ng
Kiu biu din no cho php lu gi cc ngha (meanings) ca cc t
c th s dng li cc ng ngha ny (nh trong b nh con ngi)?
Gi s rng con ngi s dng cng cu trc b nh cho cc cng vic

Cc chng minh v tm l hc ch ra rng b nh ca con ngi

s dng cc lin kt trong vic x l (hiu) cc t

Yu cu: cn biu din nh ngha t in ca cc t,

So snh v phn bit ngha ca 2 t

Si h ra cc
Sinh
cu
ta
t (gn
( ging)
i ) ting
ti Anh
A h m
t s so snh
h ny

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38

Mng
g ng
g ngha
g
(2)
( )

Mng ng ngha (Semantic Network - SN) l phng php

biu din da
trn th (g
(graph-based
p
representation)
p
)

Mt mng ng ngha bao gm mt tp cc nt (nodes) v

cc lin kt (links) biu din nh ngha ca mt khi nim
(hoc ca mt tp cc khi nim)

Cc nt biu din cc khi nim

Cc lin kt biu din cc mi quan h (lin h) gia cc khi
nim

Qu trnh suy din (reasoning/inference) trong mng ng

ngha c thc hin thng qua c ch lan truyn

Tc ng (Activation)

K tha (Inheritance)
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39

Mng
g ng
g ngha
g
C p
php
p

Cc nt (nodes) biu din cc khi nim (concepts), hnh

ng
g ((actions)) hoc
i tng
g ((objects)
j
) trong
g lnh vc
bi ton
ang xt
Cc lin kt (links) l cc quan h c gn nhn v c chiu
(directional and labeled) gia cc nt

Hai kiu lin kt: k tha v c th

Li kt k tha
Lin
th (Inheritance-oriented
(I h it
i t d link)
li k) biu
bi di
din:

Nt A l mt lp (loi) con ca nt B (vd: lin kt IS-A)

Nt A l mt v d (instance) ca nt B (vd: lin kt INSTANCE-OF)

Lin kt c th (Domain-specific link) biu din:

Nt A lin quan ti (c quan h vi) nt B

V d: HAS, CAN, HAS-PART, CAUSES, HAS-COLOR,

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40

Mng
g ng
g ngha
g
V d
(1)
( )

(B. L. Vrusias, course AI-CS289)

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41

Mng
g ng
g ngha
g
V d
(2)
( )
c o v e re d _ b y

a n im a l
fly in g

s k in

tr a v e ls _ b y
is a

is a

b ir d
fe a th e rs

tr a v e ls _ b y

fis h

c o v e re d _ b y

is a

o s tr ic h

s w im m in g
is a

is a

p e n g u in

is a

c a n a ry

r o b in

tr a v e ls _ b y

c o lo u r
c o lo u r

w a lk in g

y e llo w

tr a v e ls _ b y

re d
in s ta n c e _ o f
in s ta n c e _ o f

O pus

T w e e ty
c o lo u r

w h ite

(http://www.cwa.mdx.ac.uk/bis2040/johnlect.html)
Tr Tu Nhn To

42

SN Lan truyn
y
tc ng
g

i vi 2 khi nim, vic lan

truyn
y tc ng
g ((spreading
p
g
activation) s kch hot tc
ng t khi nim ny ti
khi nim kia, hoc theo c 2
hng
Cho php xc nh cc khi
nim nm gia lin quan
n c 2 khi nim

Living Thing
is-a
is-a

Animal
is-a

eats

Plant

Elephant

V d: Xt vic lan truyn tc

ng gia 2 khi nim
Elephant v Plant

Tr Tu Nhn To

is-a
is-a

Food

Mammoth

43

SN Tnh k tha

Cc thuc tnh (properties) ca lp

(loi) cha c k tha cho cc lp
(loi) con
K tha ton b (Universal
inheritance): Tt c cc quan h c
k tha
K tha mc nh (Default
inheritance): Cc quan h c k
tha, tr khi c cc thng tin mu
thun (vi nt cha) mt nt con
Cc nghin cu tm l hc ch ra rng

con ngi nhn thc Clyde has-color

White nhanh hn Clyde has-part
Legs
Tr Tu Nhn To

Legs
has-part

Mammal
Grey
G
ey
is-a
has-color

Elephant
White

is-a
has-color

Clyde

44

SN Ng
g ngha
g
(1)
( )

Biu din bng mng ng ngha rt trc quan, v gn

vi nhn thc (cch biu din) ca con ngi

Nhng: i vi cng mt th (mng) ng ngha, cc

h thng khc nhau c th c cc cch din gii
(interpretations)khc nhau

Ng ngha (sematics) ca cc mng ng ngha?

Since the semantics of any given language is dependent of the

interpretation of the primitive elements....., the well-definedness of
a network language rests heavily on the set of node and link types
that it provides (Brachman, p204, Readings in KR)

Tr Tu Nhn To

45

SN Ng
g ngha
g
(2)
( )

ngha ca mng ng ngha sau

l g?

Th hin nh ngha ca mt ci
-t mu en (Thng tin nh
ngha)
Th hin rng tn ti mt -t
mu en (Thng tin xc nhn)
Th hin rng mt ci -t c th
(Car#3) l mu en (Xc nhn
s tn ti)

Tr Tu Nhn To

Car

is-a

Car#3
has-color

Black

46

SN Ng
g ngha
g
(3)
( )

Cc lin kt c th l...

Li kt xc
Lin
nhn
h (A
(Assertional
ti
l links)
li k )

Lu gi cc thng tin v khng gian bi ton ang xt

C th thayy i khi khng

gg
gian bi ton thay
y i

V d: Jon hit Mary (mt s kin c th xy ra)

Lin kt nh ngha (Definitional links)

Lu gi cc ngha ca cc khi nim

Khng thay i khi khng gian bi ton thay i

V d: apple
apple is-a
is a fruit
fruit, apple
apple has-color
has color red
red

Tr Tu Nhn To

47

SN Chuyn i sang logic (1)

Mt gii php c th i vi vn xc nh ng ngha ca

cc mng ng ngha: Chuyn i (transform) cc mng ng
ngha sang logic

tng:
g Ng
g ngha
g
ca logic
g c
nh
ngha
g
chun
Chuyn i ng ngha sang logic s cho php biu din chnh
xc ng ngha ca cc mng ng ngha

Vic chuyn
i
ch n gin l biu
din
cc nt l cc hng

(constants) v cc lin kt l cc v t hai ngi (binary

predicates)?

Khng qu n gin nh vy
Tuy nhin, c php ca cc mng ng ngha c th c vit li
trong logic
Tr Tu Nhn To

48

SN Chuyn i sang logic (2)

i vi cc lin kt is-a

i vi cc lin kt (thuc tnh) ca

mt
v d
(instance)
(
)

Clyde

is-a

has-color

Mammal

White

hasColor(clyde, white)

i vi cc lin kt (thuc tnh) ca

mt lp (class)

x: elephant(x) mammal(x)

Elephant

Elephant

has-color

Grey

x: elephant(x) hasColor(x, grey)

Xt vic suy din

logic, nu
cc pht
biu trn l ng + elephant(clyde)?

Suy
y din mc
nh
(default
(
reasoning)
g)
s khng cn ng!
Tr Tu Nhn To

49

SN Kh nng
g biu din

Chng ta c th biu din cc suy ngh (beliefs) ca mt

ngi m khng cn h thng phi xc nhn rng cc
ngi,
suy ngh ny l ng?

Chng ta c th biu din cc lng t logic (,)?

V d: John believes that fish has lungs

V d: Every bird has feathers

Trong cch biu din cc mng ng ngha chun, cc

yu cu v biu din nu trn khng c h tr

Tr Tu Nhn To

50

Cc mng
g c
phn
p
tch (1)
( )

Cc mng c phn tch (Partitioned networks) l s ci tin da

trn cch biu din SN chun, c c bi Hendrix
Cho php biu din cc quan h gia cc phn th (sub-graphs)
ca mng ng ngha
John believes that fish has lungs
lungs
John

(http://www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/it3706)
Tr Tu Nhn To

51

Cc mng
g c
phn
p
tch (2)
( )
Cho php mng ng ngha phn tch cc suy ngh (beliefs) v nhm
li cc xc nhn/nh ngha
Cho php biu
din cc lng t logic

Every bird has feathers

(http://www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/it3706)
Tr Tu Nhn To

52

Cc mng c phn tch Vn

Khng trc quan, rt kh c

Tnh trc quan ca cch biu din mng ng ngha
chun b gim i
Ng
N
ngha
h kh
khng r
rng
ca
cc
mng c

phn
h tch
t h
Ng ngha ca cc lin kt nh ngha (definitional
links) l g?
Ng ngha ca cc lin kt xc nhn (Assertional
links) l g?

Tr Tu Nhn To

53

Mng
g ng
g ngha
g
u im

R rng (trc quan) trong hin th, d hiu i vi ngi dng

SNs thng c s dng nh l mt cng c trao i (lm vic)

gia cc k s tri thc (knowledge engineers) v cc chuyn gia
(experts) trong giai on thu thp tri thc

SNs l rt
ph hp i
vi cc bi ton biu
din
tri thc
dng phn cp cc khi nim

Tri thc c
p
phn loi
(phn
(p
lp)
p) thnh mt
cu trc p
phn cp
p

C ch biu din phn cp ca SNs h tr qu trnh suy din

nhanh chng

H tr c ch suy din mc nh (default reasoning)

Tp trung vo cc thnh phn chnh ca tri thc v lin kt

gia chng
Tr Tu Nhn To

54

Mng ng ngha Nhc im

Khng tn ti cch din dch (interpretation) chung (chun)

Ng
g ngha
g
ca cc mng
g ng
g ngha
g
khng
g c
nh
ngha
g
mt cch chun tc

Gp vn trong vic biu din cc thng tin tin ph nh

(
(negation)
ti ) v
ttuyn
(di
(disjunction)
j
ti )

Vd: John does not go fishing, John eats pizza or fish and chips

Kh khn trong vic din t cc suy ngh (beliefs) v cc

lng t (quantifiers)

Nu h tr vic din t ny, th li lm cho SNs tr nn kh c

Kh khn trong vic chn cc thnh phn c bn (primitives)

ph hp

Kh nng suy din hn ch

Tr Tu Nhn To

55

S k tha Phn loi phn cp

Phn loi mt cch phn cp (Hierarchical taxonomy) l

mt cch t nhin trong vic biu din

c s dng trong c 2 cch biu din tri thc: Khung (frames)

v Mng ng ngha (semantic networks)

S quan trng ca vic khi qut ha (abstraction)

trong vic nh v suy din

Nhm cc i tng c cng chung cc thuc tnh

Khng phi lp li cc biu din cho tng i tng ring l

S k tha (Inheritance) l kt qu ca vic suy din

theo cc hng (paths) trong mt cu trc phn cp

A c k tha t B khng? tng ng vi B c quan h bc

cu
kiu
is-a (subsumption) vi A khng?
Tr Tu Nhn To

56

Biu din ca s
k tha

Cc quan h IS

Suy din (reasoning) vi cc hng

(paths) v cc kt lun (conclusions)
m cc hng biu din

Clyde is an Elephant
Elephant, Elephant is Gray

Cc quan h bc cu

G
Gray

Elephant

Tnh bc cu ca cc quan h

Clyde is Elephant

Elephant is Gray

Clyde is Gray

Clyde

Tr Tu Nhn To

57

Mng
g k tha (1)
( )

Cu trc cy (tree structure) biu din cc quan h

k tha

Cc kt lun c a ra, bng cch p dng bc cu cc

quan h k tha i vi tt c cc hng
Xt n tt c cc nt c lin kt trong mng

Tr Tu Nhn To

58

Mng
g k tha (2)
( )

Cu trc li
(Lattice structure)
biu din cc quan
h k tha

Illiterate

S l i d
Salaried

Academic

Mt nt con c th
c nhiu nt cha
((nhiu k tha))

Ging nh cu trc
cy: Tt c cc kt
lun c a ra
theo tt c cc
hng

T
Tax-payer

Student

(Represents
is-not)

Tr Tu Nhn To

Employee

Ernest

59

Mng
g k tha (3)
( )

K tha c th b hy b
(Defeasible inheritance)

Ging nh i vi cch biu din

tri thc bng khung (frame-based
representation)

Gray

Elephant

Cc thuc tnh khng phi lun

lun c k tha chng c
th b hy b (defeated)
Cc kt lun c xc nh bng
cch duyt t nt hin thi v
chn phin bn u tin ca
thuc tnh ((first version of
property) cn kt lun
Tr Tu Nhn To

Clyde

60

Mng
g k tha (4)
( )

Tnh nhp nhng trong k

th (Ambiguity
tha
(A bi it in
i
inheritance)

P ifi t
Pacifist

Hy xt v d sau y:

Nixon l ngi yu ha
bnh (pacifist) ha
hay khng?

Quaker

Republican

Nixon

Tr Tu Nhn To

61

Mng
g k tha (5)
( )

K tha c th b hy b
(Defeasible inheritance)

Aquatic creature

Gray

Cc lin kt c cc (dng
hoc m)
S dng quy tc ng i
ngn nhn xc nh cc
V vy, khng phi tt c cc
hng u sinh ra kt lun
Mt s hng (path) s b
ngn chn (pre-empted),
nhng
g mt s hng
g c
chp nhn (admissible)
Cc hng (paths) c xem
nh l cc l
l ((arguments)
g
)
i vi cc kt lun
Tr Tu Nhn To

Mammal

Whale

White whale

Baby Beluga

Elephant

Royal elephant

Fat royal elephant

Clyde

62

Phn cp k tha nh ngha (1)

Mt phn cp k tha (inheritance hierarchy) G=<V,E>

l mt th c hng v khng cha vng lp (directed
and acyclic graph - DAG) vi cc cnh dng v m
biu din tng ng cc quan h is-a v is-not-a

Cc cnh dng c biu

din
l: a x

Cc cnh m c biu din l: a x

Mt hng (path) l mt chui

cc cnh

Mt hng dng (positive path) l mt chui ca mt hoc

nhiu cnh
dng:
g
ax
Mt hng m (negative path) l mt chui ca cc cnh dng
v kt thc bi (ch) mt cnh m: a v x

Tr Tu Nhn To

63

Phn cp k tha nh ngha (2)

Khng tn ti bt k hng (path) no c nhiu hn mt

cnh m

Mt hng (path) c th chng c cnh dng no

Mi hng biu din mt l l (argument) i vi mt kt

lun (c a ra theo hng )

Hng a x biu din kt lun a is an x

Hng a v x biu din kt lun a is not an x

Mt kt lun c th c xc nhn bng nhiu l l (t

c bng
nhiu
hng)

Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc l l (tt c cc hng)

u c cng mc tin cy
Tr Tu Nhn To

64

S xc nhn v s chp nhn (1)

Phn cp phn loi G xc nhn (supports) mt

hng a s1 sn x nu tp cc cnh tng ng
{as1 , s1s2 , , sn-1sn , snx} thuc vo E, v hng
l chp nhn c (admissible)

Phn cp phn loi G xc nhn mt kt lun a is x

n G xc
nu
c nhn mt hng
h ng no t
c
c kt lun
l n

nh ngha tng t, i
vi mt hng m a s1 sn x

nh ngha tng t, i vi G xc nhn mt kt lun a is not

x

Mt hng l chp nhn c (admissible path) nu

tt c cc cnh ca hng u l chp nhn c
( d i ibl edges)
(admissible
d
)
Tr Tu Nhn To

65

S xc nhn v s chp nhn (2)

Mt cnh dng v x l chp nhn c trong G

i vi mt nt a nu tn ti mt hng dng a s1
sn v (n 0) trong E v:
1. (nh ngha truy hi) Mi cnh trong hng a s1 sn v
u l chp nhn c trong G i vi nt a;
2. Khng c cnh no trong hng a s1 sn v l d tha
(redundant) trong G i vi nt a (nh ngha v d tha
s

c gii
ii th
thch
h slide
lid sau);
)
3. Khng c nt trung gian trong hng a, s1, , sn l mt nt
ngn chn (pre-emptor) ca cnh v x i vi nt a (nh
ngha
h nt
t ngn
chn
h s
c

gii
ii th
thch
h slide
lid sau))

nh ngha tng t, i vi mt cnh m v x l

chp
h nhn
h c

Tr Tu Nhn To

66

S
d tha

Mt cnh dng b w l d tha

((redundant)) trong
g G i vi nt a
nu tn ti mt hng dng (b t1
tm w) E (m 1), sao cho:
1 Mi cnh ca hng b t1 tm l
1.
chp nhn c trong G i vi nt a;
2. Khng tn ti c v ti sao cho c ti l
chp nhn c trong G i vi nt a;
3. Khng tn ti c sao cho c w l
chp nhn c trong G i vi nt a

nh ngha tng t, i vi mt cnh

m b w l d tha
Tr Tu Nhn To

Aquatic creature

M
Mammal
l (w)
( )
bw
Whale (t1)
Blue whale (b)

67

Nt ngn
g
chn

Mt nt y trong hng a ... y

... v c gi l nt ngn
chn (pre-emptor) ca cnh
dng v x i vi nt a nu
( x)) E
(y
Mt nt y trong hng a ... y
... v c gi l nt
ngn

chn (pre-emptor) ca cnh

m v x i vi nt a nu
(y x) E

Aquatic creature (x)

yx
M
Mammal
l (v)
( )

Whale (y)

Blue whale

Xem v d bn!
Tr Tu Nhn To

68

S
m rng
g

Phn cp phn loi G c gi l a-connected nu v ch

nu vi mi
nt x trong
g G lun tn ti
mt
hng
g t a n x,,
v i vi mi cnh dng (hoc m) v x (hoc v x )
trong G lun tn ti mt hng dng t a ti v

Ni cch
h kh
khc, mii nt
t v
mii cnh
h
u c
th
tt ti
(reachable) t a

G c gi l (c th) nhp nhng (ambiguous) i vi nt

a nu tn ti mt nt x V sao cho c 2 hng (a s1
sn x) v (a t1 tm x) u thuc G

Mt s m
rng

((extension)
t
i ) ca
G i vi
i nt
t a l mt
t cu

trc con ca G, sao cho cu trc con l a-connected v

cha ti thiu (t hn) cc nhp nhng
Tr Tu Nhn To

69

S
m rng
g V d

Milkproducer

Mammal

Furry
Animal

Egglayer

Platypus

Milkproducer

Mammal

Furry
F
Animal

EggE
layer

Platypus

Extension 1
Tr Tu Nhn To

Mammal

Furry
Animal

Egglayer

Platypus

Extension 2
70

S
m rng
g c
u tin

Cc m rng (extensions) khng tnh n cc kha cnh

v s chp nhn c (admissibility) hay s ngn chn
(pre-emption)

Gi s X v Y l cc m rng ca G i vi nt a.
a X
c gi l u tin (preferred) so vi Y nu v ch
nu tn ti cc nt v v x sao cho:

X v Y l nh nhau (v cc kt lun) i vi tt c cc cnh kt

thc nt trc v,
Tn ti mt cnh dng v x (hoc cnh m v x)
x) l khng
chp nhn c (inadmissible) trong G,
Cnh khng chp nhn c ny c trong Y, nhng khng c
trong X
Tr Tu Nhn To

71

S m rng c u tin V d
Aquatic creature (x)

Preferred
Aquatic creature (x)

Mammal (v)

Whale (a)

Mammal (v)

Whale (a)

Aquatic creature (x)

Mammal (v)

Whale (a)
Tr Tu Nhn To

72

Ontology
gy

Mt ontology l mt c t (biu din) hnh thc v r

rng v cc khi nim
Mt ontology l mt t vng dng chung, c dng
biu din (m hnh) mt lnh vc c th

Mt ontology c th c xem nh l mt c s tri thc

Mt ontology c th phc v cc mc ch khc nhau

Cc i tng v/hoc cc khi nim

Cc thuc tnh v cc quan h ca chng

V d: M hnh c s d liu (database schema) l mt ontology

C s tri thc cha ng cc tri thc c th cn thit

cho vic gii quyt vn ca mt lnh vc
Tr Tu Nhn To

73

Ontology
gy Cc ngg c thc Nyy

Cc ng c thc y v mt cng ngh

Rt nhiu
hi cc
h thng
th d
da ttrn
ttrii th
thc s
d
dng mt
t ontology
t l
m t cc tri thc ca lnh vc lin quan
Vic xy dng ontology l mt nhim v rt tn km (v thi gian
v cng sc) trong qu trnh pht trin mt h thng da trn tri
thc
Ti sao khng gim chi ph bng cch chia s cc ontology?
V d: Cc ontology c bn m t khng gian, thi gian, s
lng,

ng c thc y v mt khoa hc

hiu c cc vn nn tng trong qu trnh khi nim ha

( h th
(nhn
thc cc
khi nim)
i ) ca
con ngi
i
Tr Tu Nhn To

74

Cc kha cnh ca mt ontology

gy (1)
( )

Ni dung ca ontology

Cc kiu i tng,
g, cc kiu q
quan h

V d, bi ton sp xp cc khi (blocks)

Cc lp i tng: Blocks, Robot Hands

Cc thuc tnh: shapes of blocks

blocks, color of blocks

Cc quan h: On, Above, Below, Grasp

Cc qu trnh: k hoc xy nn mt ta thp

Kiu ca ontology

Cc quan h phn loi c bn (vd: instance-of, subclass) l g?

Cc nh ngha ca cc khi nim (v cc rng buc i

vi chng)?

Kh nng din t ca ngn ng nh ngha cc khi nim?

Hng
gq
qu trnh (p
(process-centric)) hay
y hng
g i tng
g ((objectj
centric)?
Tr Tu Nhn To

75

Cc kha cnh ca mt ontology

gy (2)
( )

Mc ch s dng ca ontology

Chia s tri thc

S dng li tri thc

V d: Gia nhng ngi s dng, gia cc h thng,

V d
d: S dng
d g li
(mt
( phn)
p ) tri thc
c khi cc m
hnh hoc
oc h
thng
g
thay i

Mc ch chung (tng qut) hay c th cho mt lnh vc

Vi xy
Vic
d
dng ontology
t l

Ontology s c thu thp hay xy dng?

Nu c thu thp, th cn kim tra:

Cht lng ca tri thc?

S khc bit v ni dung?

S tin cy ca tri thc?

Cc kh nng s dng trong tng lai?

Tr Tu Nhn To

76

Xy
y dng
g ontology
gy

Xc nh gii hn (phm vi) v mc ch s dng

Cn nhc
C
h vic
i s
dng
d
l i cc
li
ontology
t l
c
v
li
lin
quan n lnh vc ang xt

Lit k cc khi nim

nh ngha s phn loi

nh ngha cc th
thuc
c tnh

nh ngha cc kha cnh (cc rng buc)

X nh
Xc
h cc
v d
d c th
h (i
(instances))

Kim tra cc bt thng (anomalies)

Tr Tu Nhn To

77

Phm vi v mc ch s dng

Khng tn ti mt ontology chun cho mt lnh vc c th

Mt ontology l mt s khi qut ha v mt lnh vc c th,

th v
lun tn ti nhiu ontologies ph hp

Vic khi qut ha ny nn tnh n:

Vic s dng trong tng lai ca ontology (mc ch s dng)

Cc kh nng m rng (ca ontology) c th d on trc

C cu
Cc
hi cn
phi
hi
c ttr
li giai
i i
on ny:

Ontology ny c dng cho lnh vc no?

Ontology
gy ny
y s c
dng
g lm g?
g

Nhng kiu cu hi no m ontology ny c th a ra cu tr

li?
Ai s dng v bo tr ontology ny?
Tr Tu Nhn To

78

Cn nhc s dng li cc ontology

Vi s pht trin rt nhanh chng ca Internet v ca

lnh vc Semantic Web,
Web s tn ti (c) rt nhiu
ontologies c th khai thc

t khi chng ta phi bt u vic xy dng mt ontology

t u (t ch cha c g c)

Gn nh lun tn ti mt s ontology
gy c th khai thc, hoc l
s dng lun, hoc l bt u cho vic xy dng ontology
mong mun

Tr Tu Nhn To

79

Lit
k cc khi nim

Xc nh (theo mt danh sch) tt c cc khi nim lin

quan s xut hin trong ontology

Cc danh t (nouns) thng l c s xc nh cc tn lp

(class names)
Cc ng
C
t (verbs)
( b )h
hoc
cm ng
t (verb
( b phrases)
h
) th
thng
l
c s xc nh cc tn thuc tnh (property names)

Nn s dng cc cng c xy dng tri thc

thc, thu c

Tp cc khi nim

Cu trc (phn cp) ban u ca cc khi nim ny

Tr Tu Nhn To

80

nh

ngha
g
s
p
phn loi

Cc khi nim lin quan cn c t chc li vi nhau

thnh mt cu trc phn cp phn loi (a taxonomic
hierarchy)

Hai chin lc thng c dng: top-down vs. bottom-up

Cn
cn nhc
n
hai yu
t:
s tin cy (chnh xc) v hiu qu
(suy din)

m bo

b rng
phn
h cp
thu
th c

thc
th s l mt
t phn
h
loi khi nim

Nu A l mt
lp
p con ca B,, th mi
v d
ca A cng
gp
phi l v d

ca B

Tr Tu Nhn To

81

nh

ngha
g
cc thuc
tnh

Thng c thc hin kt hp vi bc trc (nh

ngha s phn loi)

Yu cu: Nu A l mt lp con ca B, th mi thuc tnh

ca B u phi c p dng cho A

Nn gn cc thuc tnh vi lp cao nht (ph hp) trong cu trc

phn cp

Khi xc nh mt thuc tnh cho mt lp, cn ngay lp

tc xc nh cc thng tin v min v gi tr ca thuc
tnh

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nh

ngha
g
cc rng
g buc

Cc rng buc v s chiu (s phn t ca mt tp hp)

C gi
Cc
i ttr c
th c

gn
cho
h

Cc c im ca quan h

Tnh i xng
xng, bc cu,
cu o,
o

(protege.stanford.edu/amia2003/AMIA2003Tutorial.ppt)
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Xc nh

cc v d

B sung vo ontology cc v d (instances) c th

S lng cc v d thng ln hn (nhiu) s lng cc

lp (classes)

V vy, vic b
sung cc v d vo mt ontology thng
c lm th cng (manually)

Ly t cc ngun d liu sn c (vd: t cc c s d liu)

Trch t ng t mt tp cc d liu vn bn

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Kim tra cc bt thng

g

kim tra cc mu thun c th c trong mt ontology,

(hoc c trong mt ontology i km vi cc v d)

Cc v d ca cc mu thun

Khng tng thch v min

min, v gi tr
tr, v cc c tnh bc cu
cu,
i xng, o,...
Khng tng thch vi rng buc v s chiu ca mt thuc tnh

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Cc v d
v ontology
gy

CYC (dng chung, tng qut)

SENSUS (m rng ca WordNet, dng cho x l vn bn)

1000 khi nim, 4200 nh gi

UMLS (lnh vc y-sinh)

70 000 khi nim

70.000

SUMO (tng qut)

105 kiu khi nim

nim, 106 tin

135
35 kiu
u ng
g ngha,
g a, 5
54 qua
quan h
ng
g ngha,
g a, 975.354
9 5 35 khi
nim

WordNet (t vng)

152.059 dng
g t,, 115,424
,
cm
t
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UMLS ontology
gy

For bio-medicine

(Figure by MIT OCW)

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CYC ontology
gy

Encode all of human common sense knowledge

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