Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Арнольд
Арнольд
Арнольд
5 15
2004
51(07)
22.1
84
84
. .
5 15 . .: , 2004.
16 .
ISBN 5-94057-183-2
77 ,
.
, .
.
, , ,
, .
51(07)
22.1
5 15
01335 24.03.2000 . 11.12.2004 .
60 90/16. . 1 . . 5000 .
.
. 119002, , ., 11. . 2417285.
.
ISBN 5-94057-183-2
. ., 2004
, 2004
2004 ,
, .
, ,
, (
1, 3, 13).
, ,
, ,
,
, .
,
, ,
, , , (
).
*
1. ,
. ,
, .
?
2. 10 ,
9 . ?
3. .
?
4. ()
. () . ,
( ,
). :
?
3
5. A B B A ()
( ) .
, ,
, ( B)
4 , ( A) 9 .
?
6. ( ) 10 ,
6 . .
10 , , , ( 30 ), . ?
7. 2 , .
, ?
8. , 1
( , ,
).
, 1 , , ,
, .
?
9. ,
, ,
.
( , )
?
10. 3 ,
, , 2 . 10 ,
.
?
11. 10 , , 10 ,
, , 10 ,
. ?
12. 12 .
( ) ?
4
13. :
. 2 , 2 . ( )
. ?
[
4 ,
.]
14. ,
(). ( ).
15. 64 10 ( > 1),
12?
[, ,
.]
16. ( )
(, ), x
1
x .
x?
17. A B
40 . A
B
B ,
10 /,
15 /. A
A
100 /, ,
, , ,
.
?
5
18.
. 31
, ( ). [ 8 8 = 64 .]
19. (
) (
).
.
20. 5
3 , (
).
21.
. , ?
22. ABC
(
AB, BC, CA). , ()
.
23. ?
? ? ?
24.
,
) , ) (
).
25.
. A B .
C , CA + CB
) , ) .
6
A
B
26. ,
, ,
( ) .
,
?
27. ,
2 p1 p
1 (: 22 = 3a + 1, 24 = 5b + 1,
26 = 7c + 1, 210 1 = 1023 = 11 93).
28. 10 , 10 ,
N () .
(, )
?
( 10 )
N = 100 . [ :
2
N ,
a 10 N 2a
N 355
22
. 113 7 .]
29.
, , ,
(4 ), ( 8),
( 20 ;
, 12 30
).
, ( )
?
7
( = 4)
( = 8)
( 5):
30. () ,
(
).
( ),
( 12,
). [ , .]
31. ,
(, , ).
?
31bis . , . [ ,
.]
32. ? ? ? ? ?
, .
( )?
33. 6
(1, ..., 6) [
] ,
(
- )?
8
6
1
5
6
34.
n ?
n = 3 : (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2),
(2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1).
n = 4? n = 5? n = 6? n = 10?
35. 4 .
?
36.
.
, 3?
37. 5,
7.
38.
1
12
+ 2 3 + 3 4 + ... + 99 100
( 1% ).
39.
,
, -
, (!). [ :
!]
40. 4 , , ,
. ,
.
41. 40 a , b.
.
9
a = 2, b = 2
42. 40 ?
43. () (a1 = 1), 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... ,
an+2 = an+1 + an n = 1, 2, ...
a100 a99 .
44. () n- . , c (4) = 2, c (5) = 5,
c (6) = 14. c (10)?
45.
n , ,
n 1 .
((a, (b, c)), d) [b c, a, d].
, 10?
2 (a, b), = 1.
3 ((a, b), c), ((a, c), b),
((b, c), a), = 3.
4:
(((a, b), c), d) (((a, c), b), d) (((a, d), b), c) (((b, c), a), d)
(((b, d), a), c) (((c, d), a), b) (((a, b), d), c) (((a, c), d), b)
(((a, d), c), b) (((b, c), d), a) (((b, d), c), a) (((c, d), b), a)
((a, b), (c, d)) ((a, c), (b, d)) ((a, d), (b, c)).
46. n 1, 2, ..., n ( n 1) ,
.
( n = 5 !)?
n = 2:
n = 3:
n = 4:
1 2
, = 1;
1 2 3
1
2
3,
4
2 1 3
1 2
1 3 2
,
3
, = 3;
1 3
2
4
= 16.
10
1 4
2
3
1 2 3 4
1 3 2 4,
.........
47. (x1 , x2 , ..., xn) {1, 2, ..., n} ( n), x1 < x2 > x3 < x4 ...
. n = 2, 1 < 2,
= 1,
n = 3,
1<3>2
,
= 2,
2<3>1
n = 4,
1 < 3 > 2 < 4
3<4>1<2
10.
48. sn n:
s1 = 1,
s2 = 1,
s3 = 2,
s4 = 5,
s5 = 16,
X
x1
x3
x5
tg x = 1 1! + 2 3! + 16 5! + ... =
s2k1
s6 = 61.
x 2k1
.
(2k 1)!
k=1
49.
1+1
x2
2!
+5
x4
4!
+ 61
x6
6!
+ ... =
s2k
x 2k
.
(2k)!
k=0
50. s > 1
Y
X
1
1
=
1
ns
p=2 1 p s
n=1
( p,
n).
51.
X
1
1
1
1 + 4 + 9 + ... =
2
n
n=1
(, 2 /6, . . 3/2).
11
52. p /q ( :
p 2 + q 2 6 R 2 N
p q , 1,
N (R) /M(R), M(R)
(M R 2).
53.
an 43
an+1 /an n
:
an+1
an
= 2,
3
,
2
5
,
3
8
,
5
13
,
8
34
.
21
5+1
, 2
Q
D
:
A
1,618. [ ,
,
AB
PC
BC = CD .]
?
54.
1
1+
2+
a2 +
2+
1+
a1 +
1+
= a0 +
1
2 + ...
1
a3 + ...
a2k = 1
a2k+1 = 2
(
1
a0 +
a1 +
1
a2 + . . . 1
+
an
n ).
55.
y = cos 3(arccos x), y = cos 4(arccos x), y = cos n(arccos x),
|x| 6 1.
12
56. k- n
n 1 ().
57. (x, y) ,
{x = cos 2t, y = sin 3t},
{x = t 3 3t, y = t 4 2t 2 }.
58. ( 10% )
2
]
sin100 x dx.
59. ( 10% )
10
]
x x dx.
60. (, , )
1,
( , ).
:
S = + + (,
S = /2
).
61. r
1 ( 1
).
(
) r = 1/3,
r = 1/4, r = 1/n, r = 1/2.
62. n
.
?
: () , ()
n0 , () , () n0 ,
n0 ( p 1/2) .
13
y
63. ()
,
n(y) sin = const, n(y)
( n ,
1; n = 4/3).
,
n(y) :
y
n(y)
(
, , , ,
).
64. B
ABC KLM ( K
K
AB, L BC, M CA).
:
L
A
M C
.
65. 1/r ( r 2 =
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , r )
R (X, Y , Z).
: .
ln r, .
66. , 210 = 1024 103 , log10 2 0,3.
, , log10 2
.
67. log10 4, log10 8, log10 5,
log10 50, log10 32, log10 128, log10 125, log10 64.
14
1!
2!
3!
ln(1 + x)
x
x0
15
= 1.
0 6 m < n, A n
kn (A) , n , lim(kn (A) /n) = (
A).
73. g : M M
M ,
( ) .
, U M
N x , g T x
U T > N ( ).
74. M (
kn (A)
n
mes A
= mes M
(, A
mes A).
13.
2000 .
: , ,
, ,
, 4 , :
.
, :
.