1

2
3
4

: 624.042.41/.046
DOI:10.14415/zbornikGFS26.11
:
,
. .
,
.

.
,
w .
30 m 300 kW 115 m 5 W.

, 100 .
, -.

VESTAS tip V112 3MW HH 119, ( 3.2 W)
.
: , , , ,
, .

1.
.
, .

.
. ,
1

. . , ..., , 2,
-: miroslav.besevic@gmail.com
2
, ..., -: misan.dag@gmail.com
3
.. , ..., -:danijel.kukaras@gmail.com
4
, ..., -: landovic1@yahoo.com
| 26 (2014) |

99

 , ,
. ,
,
.

,
. . 1.
w 10 .
, 80
85% .

1.
1993. 2003.
80%
(). 28440 W ( 2003.) 2,5%
.
.


. ,
,
.
,
,
().

2.
.
.
, :
,
.
100

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |


, .
, .
- , ( 2).
- ( 1931. ). -
.
,
.
.
.
, .
,
.

.
,
( 3) (
) 30m 300 kW 115m
5 W. ,
, 100 m.
, -.

2. -

3. T 3 W

2.1

, (
14m/s) ,
. ( 25 m/s)
.
.
,
. ,
| 26 (2014) |

101

 .
:
vmin (cut-in wind speed)
.
v < vmin .
vmin = (2,5 3,5) m/s;
vn (nominal wind speed)
.
vn = (10 13) m/s,
vn = (14 17) m/s;
vmax (cut-out wind speed)
. vmax =25 m/s,
vx >30 m/s.

(survival wind speed) (60 70) m/s.


()
.
.
.
, ,

.
10m (
) vsr 5 m/s.
,

. , ,
.
, 2.
IEC 61400-12.
.
.

, . .
.

2.2

350.000 30
. 20% 2020
. ( ) ,


-. ,

102

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

 1,300 W
2,300 GWh
.
W . ,
, W
. 6 - 8
W, 10W
20 W. 4
.
100
Airbus- 380 ( 80m).

4.

.
,
.

,
.
2001. 56000 25
GW .5
2020 .

.

4,9-5,8 m/s. ,
.
,
.
500 kW 3 W .

| 26 (2014) |

103

 5. W

2.3

- 1997.
. 2002.
5,5 Wh 10% ,
2002. 40 Wh.

.
2000 3000
1 W,
3 GW.
,
.
, .6
.

6.

104

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

, - , , , ,
, , .
6 m/s. 2000 km2
2000 W .
, ,
. ,
. 2000 km2
,
,
. 1500
2000 W .

3.

, . ,
- .
,
(.1 ). 119,0 m (),
116,8 m. 56,0m,
( ) 175,0 m ( . 7).

7.

| 26 (2014) |

105

1.

1
2
3
4
5
. 1
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
. 2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
. 3
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
. 4
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

106

d
[]
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3900
3875
3850
3824
3799
3774
3749
3723
3698
3673
3650
3650
3610
3570
3530
3490
3450
3410
3370
3330
3290
3264
3238

[] []
1950
300
1950
60
1950
60
1950
60
1950
39
1950
39
1950
257
1950
39
1950
36
1950
35
1950
34
1950
33
1950
32
1950
31
1950
218
1950
30
1950
30
1950
29
1950
28
1950
29
1950
26
1950
25
1950
25
1950
24
1950
172
1950
23
1937.5
23
1925
22
1912
21
1899.5
21
1887
20
1874.5
19
1861.5
18
1849
18
1836.5
17
1825
170
1825
16
1805
16
1785
15
1765
14
1745
14
1725
15
1705
14
1685
13
1665
13
1645
16
1632
20
1619
124

L
[]
130
2580
2930
1750
2665
2665
290
2578
2799
2881
2930
2930
2352
2500
230
2939
2930
2930
2930
2930
2930
2930
2195
2530
170
2888
2888
2889
2889
2889
2890
2890
2890
2890
2622
140
2868
2869
2869
2870
2871
2871
2872
2873
2873
1877
1877
200

d/t
[/]
65
65
65
100
100
100
108
111
115
118
122
126
18
130
130
134
139
134
150
156
156
163
170
168
175
182
181
189
197
207
205
216
228
226
238
252
249
230
244
259
256
206
163
-

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
-

[ ]
735133
735133
735133
477836
477836
477836
441080
428827
416575
404323
392071
379819
367566
367566
355314
343062
355314
318557
306305
306305
294053
281801
279994
266093
252282
250633
237127
223779
210531
209117
196164
183469
181458
168232
155258
153498
162577
149980
137633
136000
165373
205083
-

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

Iy , I
4

[ ]
1.398+12
1.398+12
1.398+12
9.086+11
9.086+11
6.013+12
9.086+11
8.387+11
8.154+11
7.921+11
7.688+11
7.455+11
7.222+11
5.094+12
6.989+11
6.989+11
6.756+11
6.523+11
6.756+11
6.057+11
5.824+11
5.824+11
5.591+11
4.014+12
5.358+11
5.256+11
4.930+11
4.612+11
4.522+11
4.222+11
3.932+11
3.648+11
3.575+11
3.308+11
3.253+12
3.055+11
2.956+11
2.680+11
2.418+11
2.337+11
2.419+11
2.180+11
1.954+11
1.885+11
2.238+11
2.731+11
1.656+12

I
[4]
2.796+12
2.796+12
2.796+12
1.817+12
1.817+12
1.203+13
1.817+12
1.677+12
1.631+12
1.584+12
1.538+12
1.491+12
1.444+12
1.019+13
1.398+12
1.398+12
1.351+12
1.305+12
1.351+12
1.211+12
1.165+12
1.165+12
1.118+12
8.029+12
1.072+12
1.051+12
9.861+11
9.223+11
9.043+11
8.444+11
7.863+11
7.295+11
7.149+11
6.616+11
6.507+12
6.111+11
5.912+11
5.36+11
4.837+11
4.674+11
4.838+11
4.36+11
3.908+11
3.77+11
4.475+11
5.462+11
3.311+12

4.

VESTAS tip V112 3MW HH 119, ( 3.2 W)
.
, , .
- , - ,
- .
3711 h.
39 ,

,
. 119,0 m (),
116,8 m.
,
:
IEC 61400-1: , 1: ;
1991-1-4: ; 1-4: ;
1993-1-1: , 1-1:
;

1993-1-6: : 1-6:
;
1993-1-8: : 1-1: ;
1993-1-9: , 1-9: ;
1998-1: , 1:
, ;

:
NLC - Normal load cases /ALC - Abnormal load cases: Vhub=28.75 m/s.
NO - Normal operation: Vhub=27.21 m/s,
NP - Normal production / ES Emergency stop - equivalent Vb = 23.13 m/s
(V112 3.0 MW HH119
m), (Vestas).
IEC 61400-1 III, 37,5
m/s. 3-25 m/s.

.
10x106
v vx
(). ,
(
) IEC 61400-1:
NLC - Normal load cases:
F=1,35
ALC - Abnormal load cases:
F=1,10
NO - Normal operation:
F=1,35
NP - Normal production / ES Emergency stop: F=1,35 (F=1,00 )
| 26 (2014) |

107


: v=0,105g. : s=1,0 kN/m2 (
)

4.1

, . ,
- .
, (.2 ).
2.
hi

- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5

mm
12.960
19.320
25.480
28.840
30.000

mm
3.900
3.900
3.900
3.900-3.650
3.650-3.238

t
mm
39-60
31-39
24-30
17-23
13-20

5
7
9
10
11

10.9, 3.

. , ,
t0.

,

.

.
3:

1
2
3
4

108

1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5

92 64x385...10.9
104 56x305...10.9
132 42x240...10.9
100 36x195...10.9

a
kN
1680
1280
710
510

Nm
15.000
10.000
4.500
2.800

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

(0)x...
mm
145(190)x257...3939
115(160)x218...3931
85(115)x175...3925
70(100)x170...3667

5.
5.1

5.2

- .............................................. ,
- .............................................. 150kg/m' = 1,53 kN/m',
- :
- ............................................
..62.000 kg = 632.00
kN
- .........................................
68.000 kg = 693,17 kN
- ....................... 3 x 12.300 = 36.900 kg = 376.18 kN
- .............................................................34.500 kg = 351,68 kN
:
2.053,00 kN
5.3

- .......................S=1,0 kN/m2

S=iCtCaSk=0,8111,0=0,8 kN/m2
51,2 m2 Q=51,20,8=40,96 kN
, .
5.4

I ( 4.1. 1991-1-4)
:
z0=0,01
zmin=1
zx=200
z0,II=0,55
:

z
k r 0,19 0
z
0,II

0,07

0, 01
0,19

0,55

0,07

0,144

: C0()=1,0
:
k1=1,0
:
h=119
Vhub [m/s]

Z=116,8

=1,25 /3

Cdir=1,0

Cseason=1,0
5.4.1

NLC - Vhub=27,21 m/s za max Mres

( ,0
10 m )
Vb=CdirCseasonVb,0 Vb=Vb,0
Vb

27, 21
20,14 m/s
119
0,144 l n

1,
0

0, 01

| 26 (2014) |

109

z
Cr(z) k r ln
z0

I v(z)

k1
z
C 0(z) l n
z0

1
q p(z) (1 7 I v(z) ) v2m(z) 103
2
4.

Z []
1.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
110.00
116.80
119.00

C()
zzzx
0.663
0.995
1.095
1.153
1.194
1.226
1.253
1.275
1.294
1.311
1.326
1.340
1.349
1.351

v()=C()C0()Vb
[m/s]

I()

q()
[kN/m2]

13.356
20.034
22.044
23.220
24.054
24.701
25.230
25.677
26.064
26.406
26.711
26.988
27.162
27.216

0.217
0.145
0.132
0.125
0.121
0.117
0.115
0.113
0.111
0.110
0.109
0.107
0.107
0.107

0.281
0.505
0.583
0.632
0.667
0.695
0.718
0.738
0.755
0.771
0.785
0.798
0.806
0.808

:
:
fw=CsCdCfqp(z)

:

Cs C d

[kN/m2]

1 2 k p I v(zs ) B 2 R 2
1 7 I v(zs)

h=zl=119 m
zs=0,6hzmin ( 6.1.)
zs=0,6119=71,4 m
Iv(zs)=0,113
:
b=3,96 m
:
h=119 m
z=200 m
L=300 m
=0,67+0,05ln(z0)=0,67+0,05ln 0,01=0,44

0,44
zs

71,4
L(zs) Lt 300

200
zt

190,68 m

vm(zs)=25,73 m/s
:

110

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

B2

bh
1 0,9
L(zs)

0,63

119 3,96
1 0,9

190,68

0,63

1
0,594
1 0,9 0, 7585

:
2
R2
SL(zs ,n1 ,x) R h(h ) R b(b)
2
( ..)
l

2
2
m e m(s) 1(s
) ds / 1(s) ds 10680 kg / m '
0

=++

)
=0,012
( .2 - )
a Cf b

Vm(zs)
2 n1 m e

0,544 1, 25 3,96

25, 734
0, 019
2 0,17 10680

Cf=Cf,0=0,69720,78=0,544

k=0,05 mm ( 7.13)
k 0, 05

1,3 10 5
b 3960

Re

b V(ze)

3,96 35,98
9,5 106
15 106

=1510-6 m2/s -
V(z) - z
2 q p(ze)
2 0,809
V(ze)

35,98 m/s

1, 25 10 3
q p(ze) 0,809 kN/m 2

Cfo . 7.28 .

Cf ,0 1, 2

0,18 log(10 k / b)
1 0, 4 log(R e /106 )

Cfo=0,6972
(. 7.28) , l50m
l
119
0,7 0, 7
21, 05 (tab. 7.16)
b
3, 96
=1,0 ( )
=0,78
(. 7.36)
=0
( )
= ++=0,012+0,019+0=0,031
- SL
6,8 f L(z,n )
6,8 1, 26
8,568
SL(z,n )

0,107
5/3
5/3
(1 10, 2 f L(z,n ) )
(1 10, 2 1, 26)
79,895
f L ( z ,n )

n 1 L ( zs )
V m ( zs )

0,17 190, 68
1, 26
25, 734

| 26 (2014) |

111

1
1
1
1

1 e 2 k

1 e 23,617 0, 238
k 2 k2
3, 617 2 3, 617 2
4, 6 h
4, 6 119
h
f L(zs,n1 ,x )
1, 26 3, 617
L (zs)
190, 68

Rh

1
1
1
1

1 e 2b

1 e 20,105 0, 934
2
b 2 b
0,105 2 0,1052
4, 6 b
4, 6 3, 96
b
f L(zs,n1 ,x )
1, 26 0,105
L (zs)
190, 68

Rb

R2

2
0,107 0, 238 0, 934 3, 786
2 0, 031

k p 2 ln( T)

0, 6
3
2 ln( T)

=10 min=600 s

n1

R2
3, 786
0,17
0,158
B R2
0,594 3, 786
2

k p 2 ln(0,158 600)

0, 6
3, 216
2 ln(0,158 600)

Cs C d

1 2 3, 216 0,113 0,594 3, 786

1, 408
1 7 0,113

, .. PLF=1,35
-
( h=116,8 m),
:
.) m'
( )
fw=CsCdCfqp(z)bpros [N/m']
.) m2 7.9.1

fw=CsCdCpeqp(z) [kN/m']
=1
0 75
=+(1-) cos min

2
A

min

==0,78
105 180

112

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

 5.

(7.9.1.)
za 0 75
Cpe=Cp0=1,0Cp0
=0 Cpe=1,01,0=+1,0
=15 Cpe=1,00,7=+0,7
=30 Cpe=1,00,05=+0,05
=32 Cpe=1,00=0
=45 Cpe=-1,00,65=-0,65
=60 Cpe=-1,01,2=-1,2
=75
Cpe=-1,01,5=-1,5
za 75 105

Cpe=Cp0
=90
= 0, 78 (1 0, 78) cos 90 75 0, 936 ,Cpe=-0,9361,3=-1,217

2 105 75
za 105 180
Cpe=Cp0,h
=105, 120, 135, 150, 175, 180
Cpe=-0,780,8=-0,624
. 8
1,35fw

| 26 (2014) |

113

 8.

9.

: ,
, ,

Cpi=0
: ,
- +116,8 m
( ).
,
Fw
2

Fw (s) m (s) 2 n iy iy(s) y F max 103 4456, 22 2 0,17 1 5, 52 105 0, 289 kN/m'
1 1

1
1

y Fmax b 2 K K w clat 3,96

0,13 0, 6 0, 3 5,52 102 m

2
s
s
0,18
51,
78

e
t

s t 0,18
sc

2 s mi,e
b2

2 0, 012 10680
51, 78
1, 25 3,962

K=0,13 const.
Lj/b=h/3=119/340 m

=l/b=30,05

2
L /b L /b 1 L /b
K w 3 j 1 j j 0, 6

Kw 3

2
40 / 3, 96 40 / 3, 96 1 40 / 3,96
1

0, 707 0, 6 K w 0, 6
30, 05
30, 05
3 30, 05

Clat=0,3
10.

114

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

 11
. 6
1.
6.

(2x108 36...10.9).
. 130mm,
| 26 (2014) |

115

 t0=180mm. ,
, . 12.

(C100/115). 450 kN,
fck=65 MPa.
200mm,
120x30...10.9.
: '=/108=73.5133,00mm2/108,
'=6.806,78mm2 .
: '=' ,x =6.806,78 mm2 99,0 P, Z'=673,87kN.
: Fz,x=Z'/2=673,87 /2,
FZ,x=336,94kN
36 .
:
Fz,x=687,92/2=343,56kN

12.
119,9
108x2

99,0
MPa
13.

.

, (95mm)
,
.
. 14.
116

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |

 14.
( /
) .
, MK1
shell .
:
- LBA/MNA (materilly
nonlinear analysis in conjunction with linear buckling analysis)
- (gemetrically and materially
nonlinear analysis with imperfections).
1 5
- LBA (linear buckling analysis).
IEC61400-1.

I
c=1,0.
cscd ,
1991-1-4.
- ,
1, =1% q=1,0,
1998-1 IEC 61400-1. ,
. 0,173Hz,
93% .

1993-1-1 ,
1993-1-6.
-
1993-1-9, - , IEC61400-1,
. 80,90 147V
(
n0 990803), 80 (
1993-1-9). 10 .

| 26 (2014) |

117

 1090-2 VAD n0
961592. IS 5817.
12062 N IS 17635.

[1] ., ., . ,

22, . 129-138 (2013)
[2] ., .,
21
(2012).
[3] .,"
" , 20/2011 .101-113.
[4] ., -
-2013 ()
[5] .,
, 2013 .
[6] ., ., . ., n the possibilities of geodetic
measurements utilization in construction dimensions control Building Materials
and structures 1-vol 56 (2013) 1(51-62).

CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF STEEL BEARING

STRUCTURE FOR WIND TURBINE
Summary: Wind represents directed movement of the air and is caused by differences in
atmospheric pressure which are caused by uneven heating of air masses. Global and
local winds can be distinguished. Global winds have high altitude, while local winds
occur in the ground layer of the atmosphere. Given that the global wings have high
altitude they cannot be used as propellant for wind generators, but they should be known
for their effects on the winds in the lower atmosphere. Modern wind turbines are made
with a horizontal axle that has a system for the swiveling axis in the horizontal plane for
tracking wind direction changes. They can have different number of blades, but for
larger forces three blades are commonly used because they provide the greatest
efficiency. Rotor diameter of these turbines depends on the strength and it ranges from
30 m for the power of 300 kW to 115 m for the power of 5 MW. Wind turbines are
mounted on vertical steel tower which can be high even more than 100 m. Depending on
the diameter of the turbine rotor, column is usually built as steel conical and less often
as a steel-frame. This study includes analysis and design of steel tower for wind
generator made by manufacturer Vestas, type V112 3MW HH 119 (power 3.2 MW) for
the construction of wind farm Kovaica.
Keywords: Wind turbines, loads, wind effects, calculation, design, codes.
118

| JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 26 (2014) |