1

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

----------------------------------------

NGUYN XUN TNH

TNG CNG CHT LNG NH VN

TAY
CHO K THUT IN
Chuyn ngnh: Khoa hc my tnh
M s: 60.48.01
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS. TS NG QUC TO

TM TT LUN VN THC S

H NI 2012

M U
Vi s ra i ca ngn hng in t, thng mi
in t, . . . cc bin php bo mt v mang tnh ring t
cn c t chc v lu tr trong cc CSDL khc nhau.
nh danh c nhn mt cch t ng ngy cng tr thnh
mt vn rt quan trng v cp thit.
Mt h t ng nhn dng du vn tay (Automatic
Fingerprint Identification System) gi tt l AFIS s lm
vic vi u vo l mt nh du vn tay v u ra l kt
qu nhn dng mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc nh
u vo, t c th a ra mt kt lun c th theo mt
yu cu i hi no .
nh vn tay l loi d liu nh c cu trc ng
nt, c thu thp vo my tnh thng qua cc thit b
ngoi vi nh camera, scanner,... v c nhn dng da
trn cc c im vn tay. Vic i snh, phn loi ph
thuc hon ton vo chnh xc ca cc c im, trong
khi qu trnh thu thp nh vn tay li chu nhiu tc ng
ca cc loi nhiu, gy gim cp cht lng nh u vo,
t nh hng ln ti vic trch chn cc c im. iu
ny t ra nhng cu hi l lm th no bo qun v

30

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

lu tr tt cc nh du vn tay, khi in nh vn tay ra th

nh vn tay phi c cht lng tt?, v nh du vn tay

[1] Nguyn Ngc K : Biu din v ng nht t ng

nh ng nt. Lun n PTS, H Ni 1994.
[2] Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thu. Nhp mn x
l nh s. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut 1999.
[3] Shlomo Greenberg, Mayer Aladjem, Daniel Kogan.
Fingerprint Image Enhancement using Filtering
Techniques. Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department, En-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheva, Isarel.
[4] Anil Jain and Lin Hong. Online Fingerprint
Verification. Pattern Recognition and Image Processing
Lanoratory Department of Computer Science Michigan
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Ruud Bolle,
Exploratory Computer Vision Group IBM T.J. Watson
Research Center Yorktown Heights. NY 10598. November
26, 1996.
[5] Lin Hong, Yifei Wan and Anil Jain. Fingerprint
Image Enhancement : Algorithm and Performance
Evaluation. Pattern Recognition and Image Processing
Lanoratory Department of Computer Science Michigan
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
[7] Anil K.Jain : Fundementals of digital image
processing. Prentice Hall, 1986.

nu c cht lng km th cn phi pht trin nhng thut

ton tng cng cht lng nh. y chnh l mt khu rt
quan trng trong mt h AFIS v cng chnh l mc tiu
m lun vn hng ti. Trong khun kh ca mt lun vn
Thc s, ti khng tham vng a ra mt m hnh l
thuyt hay ci t mt h AFIS hon chnh, m ch tp
trung nghin cu x l nh vn tay mt cch c h
thng, cng vi nhng nghin cu, su tp v th
nghim ca chnh mnh nhm tm ra mt m hnh thut
ton ng dng nhng k thut x l nh p dng vo x
l nh vn tay. Mc tiu t n l tng cng cht
lng nh u vo v to iu kin tt cho qu trnh
trch chn c trng v nhn dng sau ny v nghin
cu cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng nh ni chung
v nh vn tay ni ring cho k thut In.
Da trn mc tiu xc nh, ni dung ca lun
vn s c trnh by qua 3 chng nh sau :
Chng 1 : Tng quan v nhn dng nh vn tay. Ni
dung ca chng ny trnh by tng quan nhn dng vn

29

tay, gii thiu m hnh cng vi s cc bc x l tiu

KIN NGH

biu trong nhn dng vn tay. c bit cui chng ny

Hon thin chng trnh nhn dng nh vn tay ni

s trnh by cch nh gi mt h thng nhn dng vn

chung trong c bin php tng cng cht lng nh

tay.

vn tay cho k thut in ni ring c th p dng vo

Chng 2 : Tng cng cht lng nh vn tay, trnh by

thc t cho qua trnh so khp c hu ht cc nh vn tay

cc c trng ring ca nh vn tay v a ra 2 m hnh

c cht lng khng c tt v sau khi s dng cc bin

thut ton c th p dng vo x l nh vn tay vi u

php lc, phc hi cc nh vn tay th cc nh ny c th

vo l nh vn tay a cp xm, u ra l nh nh phn ca

in c ra trn cc phng tin v cht liu khc nhau m

nh vn tay tng cng cht lng.

c cht lng tt.

Chng 3: Gii thiu v k thut in, nghin cu cc yu t

nh hng ti vic tng cng cht lng nh trong k
thut In. Chng trnh Demo tng cng cht lng v
nhn dng nh vn tay.

28

KT LUN

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN NHN DNG NH

VN TAY

Kt qu t c trong lun vn l gii quyt c

tt bi ton tng cng nh vn tay cng vi nhng kt
qu c th nh sau :
Da trn l thuyt v lc tn s Gabor, ti p
dng vo tng cng cht lng nh vn tay v ci t
thnh cng. Sau khi x l, nh u vo c nng cp
tt hn hn v c hai tiu chun l kh hu ht cc loi
nhiu tng s r rng, ng u trong cu trc vn tay
cng nh bo ton tt cc c trng vn c trn nh.
Thut ton nh phn ha nh trong chng trnh
lm cho nh cc ng vn r nt hn, thut ton xem
xng nh bit c cc ng vn r rng cng vi
thut ton trch chn c trng cho php chng ta i snh
2 vn tay c trng khp hay khng cc thut ton trn
cng c ci t thnh cng trong chng trnh.
Trong thut ton lm trn bin v lp l hng da
trn hng ng vn cc b cho php loi b gai v l
hng, ng thi c th ni c nhng ng vn t
on, vi khong cch va phi. Sau khi p dng thut
ton, nh tr nn trn, u v p hn.

1.1 Mt s loi c trng vn tay

Du vn tay c hnh thnh di tc ng ca h
thng gen di truyn m thai nhi c tha hng v tc
ng ca mi trng thng qua h thng mch mu v h
thng thn kinh nm gia h b v biu b. Mt du vn
tay c sao chp li t lp biu b da khi n ngn tay vo
mt b mt phng. Cu trc ca vn tay l cc vn li v
vn lm . Vn li c mu ti trong khi vn lm c mu
sng. Vn li thng c rng t 100 m n 300 m .
rng ca mt cp vn li lm cnh rng ca mt
cp vn li lm cnh nhau l 500 m . Cc chn thng
nh: bng nh, mn da, ... khng nh hng n cu trc
bn di ca vn tay, khi da mc li cu trc ny khi
phc li nh c.

1.2 M hnh h thng nhn dng vn tay.

Kin trc ca h thng thng nhn dng vn tay
trong hnh 1.6 l mt m hnh tiu biu. Kin trc ny bao
gm 4 thnh phn chnh:

27

Phn ngi dng (user interface): Cung cp

c ch cho ngi dng a du vn tay ca mnh vo h
thng.

Chc nng so snh s trng khp 2 nh vn tay,

l thao tc chn hai nh vn tay trong tp mu ri so snh
chng c trng khp nhau khng a ra kt qu.

CSDL h thng (system database): Dng

lu tr cc mu vn tay ca ngi dng vo CSDL.

Phn ng k (enroll module): Cho php

ng k cc du vn tay ca ngi dng vo CSDL ca h
thng.

Phn xc nhn (authentication module): Cho

php xc nhn mt ngi c ng k vo trong mt h
thng hay cha.
Hnh 3.1. S chc nng ca chng trnh

Hnh 1.6 Kin trc ca h thng nhn dng vn tay t ng.

1.3 S cc bc x l trong qu trnh nhn dng.

Hnh 1.6 l mt s tiu biu ca cc bc x l trong
qu trnh nhn dng vn tay. Qu trnh x l nhn dng
ny c chia ra lm hai qu trnh ln: qu trnh x l nh

Chc nng tng cng cht lng nh vn

tay, nhn dng nh vn tay gm cc thao tc:
+ M, xem v lu nh gc: Cho php ngi
dng m xem nh vn tay, v c th lu ra mt nh mi.
+ Thut ton tng cng nh vn tay bng k
thut lc Gabor
+ Thut ton tng cng vn tay bng nh phn
ha nh.
+ Thut ton xem xng nh.
+ Xem nh c trng.

3.3.3 M ngun chng trnh(xem trong chng

trnh)

26

3.3 Chng trnh tng cng cht lng v nhn

(image processing) v qu trnh i snh vn tay

dng nh vn tay.

(matching).

3.3.1 Gii thiu chng trnh ng dng tng cng

1.3.1 Qu trnh x l nh (image processing)

cht lng nh vn tay.

Chng trnh ng dng tng cng cht lng nh
vn tay, nhn dng nh vn tay c vit theo cng ngh

Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l i snh vn tay da

trn cc c trng c rt trch. Qu trnh ny c
thc hin qua cc bc nh sau:

lp trnh hng i tng trn mi trng giao din

ho ca h iu hnh Microsoft Windows. Cng c ci
t chng trnh l C# nm trong b phn mm MS Visual
Studio 2010 ca hng Microsoft. y l mt cng c

Phn tch c trng (minutiae analysis): phn tch cc

c im cn thit ca cc c trng phc v cho vic
i snh vn tay.

hng i tng kh mnh vi tnh n nh cao.

Xt tng t cc b (local similarity): thut ton i

3.3.2 S chc nng ca chng trnh

snh vn tay s da vo cc thng tin cc b ca cc c

Cc chc nng chnh ca Chng trnh tng cng

cht lng nh vn tay, nhn dng nh vn tay bao gm:
Chc nng Qun l tp v hin th nh a cp
xm, s bao gm cc thao tc ng m tp, lu tr nh ln
a, c v hin th nh ln mn hnh
Chc nng lc Gabor cho nh vn tay, cho chng
ta nh vn tay c tng cng cht lng tt sau khi lc
in ra.
Chc nng nh phn ha nh
Chc nng xem xng nh
Chc nng xem nh c trng

trng1 ca vn tay tm ra cc cp c trng ging nhau

gia hai vn tay.
Xt tng t ton cc (global similarily): t nhng
khu vc tng t nhau trn cc b, thut ton s tip tc
m rng i snh trn ton cc.
Tnh im i snh (calculate matching score): tnh ton
t l ging nhau gia cc cp c trng. im i snh
ny s cho bit ging nhau ca hai nh vn tay l bao
nhiu.

1.4 Cch nh gi h thng nhn dng vn tay

1.4.1 t vn

25

i din cho hai phn ba khong quan ph thy c. Cc

mu hn hp tr c to ra bng cch bt i (tr i) mt
mu cng s cp t nh sng trng hay bng cch cng hai

nh gi cng ngh (technology evaluation):

nh gi ton cnh (scenario evaluation)

- nh gi hot ng (operational evaluation)

mu s cp ca tng hp mu cng.
Trong tng hp mu tr, khi cc mu mc Cyan, magenta
v Yellow c in chng ln nhau s to ra cc mu th
cp sau:

1.4.2 Cc li h thng sinh trc.

nh gi chnh xc ca mt h thng sinh

Cyan + Yellow = Green

Yellow + magenta = Red

trc, ta s cn c vo im i snh gia hai mu, gi l

Magenta + Cyan = Blue

im i snh s. im i snh, c gi tr nm trong [0,1],

Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = en

c dng lng ha tng t gia mt mu c

Khng c mc = trng

trng u vo v mt mu c trng c lu trong

+Tng hp mu tng h

CSDL. Nu hai mu c trng ny cng ging nhau th

Cc hnh nh mu c in bng cch s dng bn

im i snh s cng c kh nng gn gi tr 1, ngc li

mu mc Cyan, Magenta, Yellow v Black (en). Mc in

hai mu cng khng ging nhau th im i snh s cng

mu en ci thin sc nt v chiu sau ca hnh nh.

gn gi tr 0.

+Cc h thng phn loi mu

1.4.3 Cc li h thng xc thc.

Mi ngi cm nhn mu mt cch khc nhau. Nu

ta hi nhiu ngi v mu ca mt vt no ta s nhn

Gi T l mu sinh trc ca mt ngi c lu

tr trc , I l mu sinh trc u vo cn c xc thc.
Cc gi thuyt t ra l:

c nhng cu tr li khc nhau.

24

Nhng c tnh ca i tng c chiu sng quyt nh

H0: I T, mu sinh trc u vo v mu sinh trc c

vic cm nhn mu s ri vi mt trong cc trng hp

lu trc khng phi ca cng mt ngi. H1: I = T, mu

trn.

sinh trc u vo v mu sinh trc c lu trc l ca

3.2.2 Hn hp Mu khi in.

cng mt ngi.

+Hn hp mu cng.
Hn hp cng mu l s phi hp cc bc sng nh sng

T cc gi thuyt trn, mt h thng xc thc c hai

loi li sau:

to ra cc mu sc khc nhau. Nu tt c cc mu ca

Dng I: i snh sai (kt lun l D1 khi H0 ng).

quang ph c phi hp li ta s c mu trng.

Dng II: khng-i snh sai (kt lun l D0 khi H1

Ti cc vng giao nhau ca ba chm sng c cc mu th

cp c to ra:
Green + Red = yellow

ng).
Vy t l i snh sai (FMR) l xc sut ca li loi

Green + blue = cyan

I, t l khng-i snh sai (FNMR) l xc sut ca li loi

Blue + red = magenta

II: FMR = P(D1| H0 ng). FNMR = P(D0| H1 ng).

Blue + red + green = trng

1.4.4 Cc li h thng nhn dng

Khng c ngun sng = en

Nguyn l ca tng hp mu cng c s dng trong tivi
mu, mn hnh my tnh to ra ton cc mu trong di
quang ph thy c.
+Hn hp mu tr
Cyan, Mangenta v Yellow l cc mu s cp ca hn hp
mu tr, chng cn c gi l mu hai phn ba v chng

Cc li h thng nhn dng c m rng t nh

ngha cc li h thng xc thc.
Gi s h thng khng dng cc c ch nh ch
mc trong truy tm (ngha l h thng s tm kim vt cn
trn ton b tp d liu cha N mu sinh trc), v mi
ngi ch c mt mu sinh trc c lu tr. Tng ng

10

k hiu FNMRN v FMRN l t l khng-i snh sai v

23

Chng ta ch c th cm nhn cc mu tng ng

t l i snh sai trong mt h thng nhn dng th:

vi cc bc sng phn x. Nu nh sng trng c chiu

* FNMRN = FNMR: xc sut ca li khng - i snh

vo mt i tng s c mt kh nng di y xy ra:

- Tt c nh sng b hp th. Trong trg hp ny, chng

* FMRN = 1 (1 FMR)N: mt li i snh sai xy ra

khi mu sinh trc u vo i snh nhm vi mt hay
nhiu mu sinh trc c lu trong CSDL.

ta cm nhn i tng c mu en.

- Tt c nh sng c phn x. Trong trng hp ny, i
tng c mu trng
- Tt c nh sng u i qua i tng. Trong trng hp
ny mu ca nh sng khng i.
- Mt phn nh sng b hp th, phn cn li c phn
x. Trong trng hp ny ta cm nhn c mu ty thuc
vo bc sng no ca nh sng c phn x v bc
sng no c hp th.
- Mt phn nh sng b hp th, phn cn li c xuyn
qua i tng. Trong trng hp ny ta cm nhn c
mu sc ty thuc vo bc sng no ca nh sng b hp
th, bc sng no xuyn qua.
- Mt phn nh sng c phn x, phn cn li i qua.
Trong trng hp ny mu sc ca nh sng c phn x
v mu ca nh sng i xuyn qua s thay i.

22

11

CHNG 3: NGHIN CU TNG CNG

CHNG 2: TNG CNG CHT LNG

CHT LNG NH VN TAY TRONG K

NH VN TAY BNG B LC THCH NGHI

THUT IN.

2.1. Gii thiu v tng cng cht lng vn tay

Bc kh khn trong vic nhn dng du vn tay l

3.1 Gii thiu k thut in.

Cc k thut in ph bin khc gm in ni (dng ch

kh nng trch chn c trng mt cch t ng v chnh

yu trong cc cun ca-ta-lc), in la, in quay, v in phun

xc t nh vn tay u vo. Trong mt nh vn tay l

v in la de. Trong in k thut s phn ln s dng hin

tng th cc ln v rnh ng vn xen k nhau v n

tng tnh in chuyn t mc in ln trn cht nn.

nh theo mt hng no trong mt vng cc b, do

3.2 Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng ti cht

ta c th d dng nhn bit c cc ln vn v ch ra mt

lng in nh.

cch chnh xc cc im c trng trn bc nh vn tay

3.2.1 Gii thiu mu sc v Cht lng In

nh phn.

+nh sng v mu sc

2.2. Nng cp nh vn tay bng k thut ko dn

Chng ta ang sng trong mt th gii y mu sc.

lc xm.

Vi s tr gip ca mu sc c th nhn nhn r rng mi

2.2.1 M hnh v thut ton tnh lc xm ca nh.

vt xung quanh lm cho cm gic tt hn. Cc thit k

Lc xm ca mt nh biu th tn sut xut

ni tht v s phi trn mu nh hng trc tip n n

hin ca mi gi tr cng xm khc nhau trong bc

tng v cm gic ca chng ta. Cc mu c th dng

nh.

chung c vi nhau s to ra mt s cn bng hi ha

lm cho chng ta c cm nhn tt. Ngnh cng nghip in
cng s dng cc mu th hin n phm hiu qu hn.
+ Cm nhn mu thy c

Theo nh ngha ca lc xm, vic xy dng n l kh

n gin. Lu trong hnh 2.3 biu din thut ton xy
dng lc xm ca 1 nh.

12

21

Tip , ta p mt ca s nm ngang c 3*7 tm l (i,j)

ln nh v bt u xoay ca s ny theo hng (i,j)
ca s c khp hoc song song vi ln vn cc b.
Bc 3, tnh tng s im en (thuc ln vn) nm trong
ca s theo cng thc :
Sum =

1
3*7

black

(i l cos k sin , j l sin k cos )

k 1 l 3

Trong , I black (u,v) l nhng im trn nh c gi tr

Hnh 2.3. Lu thut ton tnh Histogram cho nh a cp xm

bng 0.

2.2.2. Thut ton ko dn lc xm

Bc 4, biu thc quyt nh c cho di y:

Hnh 2.5. l s khi x l nng cao tng phn, gi

tr xm ca tng im nh ca nh vo u trc ht s
qua bin i bi hm ko dn f(u).

0 , sum 0.25
255 , sum 0.25

I(i,j) =

2.3.9. Kt qu t c v thc nghim

Mc ch ca mt thut ton tng cng nh vn tay l
nhm ci thin hn trong sng gia ln vn v thung
lng trong nh vn tay u vo, hay ni cch khc l lm
tch bit r rng gia cc ln vn.
Vi mc tiu nh vy, ti ci t thnh cng phng
php lc kh nhiu Gabor.

20

Bc 3, tm hng ln vn cc b ti im I(i,j) theo nh

13
Hnh 2.5. S khi x l nng cao tng phn

nh hng O bit. Vic tm kim ny thng qua hm :

(i,j) = O[i/w, j/w]. Tip theo ta s dng mt mt

n kch thc 3*5 nm ngang vi tm l im (i,j) v bt

u xoay theo hng Orient(i,j), sau khi xoay th mt n
ny nm khp theo hng ng vn ti (i,j). Ta bt u
tnh gi tr trung bnh trong ca s mt n theo cng thc:
mean =

1
3*5

k 1 l 2

I (i l cos k sin , j l sin k cos )

k 1l 2

Bc 4, biu thc quyt nh ct ngng c cho di

y

Hnh 2.6. Lu thut ton nng cp tng phn bng

0 , mean Mean
255 , mean Mean

I(i,j) =

cch ko dn lc xm

2.2.3. Kho st v nh gi kt qu.

2.3.8. Lm trn bin v lp l hng

Thut ton ny rt hu ch trong vic nng cp vn tay ti

Nhm loi b iu ny, thut ton lm trn theo hng

hin trng, bi tc nhanh chng ca n gip ta ci

ng vn cc b c pht biu theo cc bc sau:

thin c tng phn cho nh du vn tay va thu

Bc 1, phn nh thnh cc vng khi vung c w*w v

thp c. Loi b bt cc vng dnh nhau ca vn tay.

tnh ton nh nh hng O theo cc vng ny. (Cng vic

2.3. Thut ton nng cp vn tay thch nghi gm

ny lm mc 2.3.5).

nhiu bc.

Bc 2, ti im (i,j) trn nh, ta tnh gi tr hng ca n

2.3.1 Gii thiu

p dng cng thc: (i,j) = O[i/w, j/w]

14

19

Trong mt nh vn tay, cht lng ca cu trc vn tay

Bc 4, ti mi im (i,j) trn nh, ta tnh gi tr hng

l mt c tnh rt quan trng, v cc vn tay mang

ca n p dng cng thc:

thng tin ca c tnh ca cc c trng, m cc c tnh

gi nh u ra sau khi qua lc Gabor l E.

ca c trng ny rt cn thit cho bc rt trch c trng

Bc 5, Lp i,j qut qua ton b nh G. Ti mi G(i,j) th:

vn tay.

wg / 2

E(i,j) =

2.3.2. Cc khi nim

Hnh 2.10 l s thut ton tng cng nh vn tay

(i,j) = O[i/w, j/w]

wg / 2

h(u, v : (i, j), f )G(i u, j v)

u wg / 2 v wg / 2

(2.15)

nhiu bc. Thut ton tri qua 6 bc chnh trn s :

vi w g l kch thc ca b lc c chn = 11.

Lc kh nhiu, nh u vo trc tin s qua b lc trung

2.3.7. Ct ngng thch nghi theo hng ng vn

v nhm gim thiu cc dng nhiu xung lm m, sau

cc b.

s qua lc thng cao vi mc ch tng cng ni ca

cc ng vn. Cc b lc thng cao v lc trung v ny
c th dng nhiu ln do khng lm bin dng nh nhiu,
s ln lc c chn theo kinh nghim, tuy nhin trong
lun vn ti ch dng mt ln. Cui cng nh s c qua
b lc thng thp mt ln lm trn. B lc thng thp
c chn y l lc trung bnh khng gian.

Qu trnh ct ngng c trnh by theo cc bc sau:

Bc 1, phn nh thnh cc vng khi vung c w*w v
tnh ton nh nh hng O theo cc vng ny. (Cng vic
ny lm 2.3.5).
Bc 2, ti mt im nh I(i,j), ta bao quanh im nh mt
vung kch thc c 7*7. Xung quanh vung ny, ta
cng phn ra 8 c 7*7 bao quanh n. Ti 9 ny, ta tnh
gi tr cp xm trung bnh theo cng thc:
Mean =

1
21 * 21

k 10 l 10

I (i k , j l )

k 10 l 10

18

15

lc Gabor cng c th iu chnh mt cch ti u cho c

hai min khng gian v min tn s.
Mt b lc Gabor c cng thc ton hc cho di y:
(tham kho [5])
h(x,y: ,f)=exp 1 ( x cos )
2

2
x

( y sin ) 2 cos(2

y2

fxcos )

(2.14)

trong , l hng ca b lc, f l tn s ca hm sin,

Hnh 2.10. S thut ton tng cng nh vn tay nhiu bc

x v y l cc hng s khng gian ca bao Gauss tng

2.3.4. Chun ho nh

ng theo chiu x v y.

Gi I(i,j) l mc xm ti im nh (i,j), M v VAR l

p dng b lc Gabor vo trong mt bc nh, ta phi

trung bnh v phng sai ca nh I, G l nh sau khi chun

xc nh 3 tham s sau y: Tn s ca dng sng hnh sin

ho v G(i,j) tng t s l gi tr mc xm ti im (i,j)

f, Hng ca b lc, lch chun ca bao Gauss

ca nh G. Vy nh chun ho s theo biu thc sau :

- Qu trnh lc Gabor c thc hin theo bc sau:

Bc 1, chun ho nh u vo I, u ra l nh G. Cng
vic ny c lm mc 2.3.4.
Bc 2, phn vng nh G thnh cc khi c w*w. Sau
tnh nh nh hng O trn cc khi va chia. Cng vic
ny c lm mc 2.3.5.
Bc 3, t tn s f = 0.1f.

VARo ( I (i, j ) M ) 2
M o

VAR
G(i,j) =
VAR
(
I
(i , j ) M ) 2
M
o
o
VAR

, I (i , j ) M
, otherwise

trong M 0 v VAR 0 l trung bnh v phng sai l

tng. Qu trnh chun ho nh khng lm thay i s
trong sng trong cu trc ln v rnh ng vn. Mc ch
chnh ca qu trnh chun ho nh l nhm gim mc

16

17

bin i cp xm dc theo ln v rnh ng vn, gip

(i,j)

cho cc qu trnh x l sau c d dng hn.

V (i, j )
1
arctan( y
)
2
Vx (i, j )

(2.8)

Trong (i,j) l c lng bnh phng ti thiu

2.3.5. Tch hng ng vn cc b

Gi s G l nh chun ho th thut ton tch

ca hng ln cc b cho mi khi ti im trung tm

hng ng vn cc b s theo cc bc sau :

(i,j). Hay ni mt cch ton hc, (i,j) i din cho

Bc 1, chia nh G thnh cc khi kch c w*w. Gi tr w

hng trc giao vi hng u tin ca ph Fourier ca

thng c chn sao cho khng ln hn rng mt chu

ca s w*w.

k ln v vn. Nu nh vn tay l chun u vo vi kch

Bc 4, Vi nhng hng ln cc b bin i chm trong

thc 512*512 v phn gii 500 dpi th gi tr w

mt dy vng ln cn m khng c im k d th ta

thng c chn bng 16. Trong lun vn ny, thch

c th s dng b lc thng thp sa hng cho ng.

hp vi cc d liu nh vn tay m chng ti ang c, ti

Bc 5, sau bc trn, hng ng vn cc b ti (i,j)

chn w=11 (pixel).

c nn sa li v cho bi cng thc:

Bc 2, tnh gi tr vector gradient x (i,j) v y (i,j) ti

mi im (i,j). Vic tnh ton ny c tnh ton da trn

Bc 3, c lng hng cc b cho mi khi ti im

nh trung tm (i,j) theo cc ng thc sau :
V y (i, j )

iw / 2

(u , v) y (u , v)

(2.6)

jw / 2

( x2 (u, v) y2 (u, v)) (2.7)

u i w / 2 v j w / 2

Vi thut ton ny ta c th tch c trng

hng mt cch rt tt v mn.

2.3.6. Lc nh bng k thut Gabor

jw / 2

u i w / 2 v j w / 2

Vx (i, j )

' (i, j )
1
arctan( y
)
2
' x (i, j )

(2.13)

cc ton t Sobel.

iw / 2

O(i,j) =

B lc Gabor t ra thch hp vi s kt hp trong c

hai thuc tnh tn s v hng, ng thi khi s dng, b