STEFANA BALAN

THE ENGLISH TENSES:

THEORY, PRACTICE AND
KEY

1. SIMPLE PRESENT
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+V1(+S/ES FOR HE/SHE/IT)

INTERROGATIVE:DO/DOES(HE/SHE/IT)+SUBJECT+V1
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+DO NOT/DOES NOT+V1

DONT/DOESNT

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DONT/DOESNT+SUBJECT+V1
DO/DOES+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1
USE:
1. to express eternal/general truths, or to make statements of general validity

2. to express repeated/habitual/permanent actions. Such actions are usually accompanied

by frequency adverbs: every (day/week), never, occasionally, often, sometimes, seldom,
twice a week, usually, etc.

3.in direct speech to introduce quotations

4.in giving the summary of a story, being called narrative/historic present

! in telling stories both simple and continuous present can be employed

5. in step-by-step instructions or demonstrations:

6. in sports commentaries. In this case the simple present refers to quicker actions (which
are finished before the sentence that described them) .The present continuous is used for
longer activities.

7. to express an officially planned action or an action belonging to a settled program:

8. to express a future action

a. in a conditional clause
b. in a time clause whose action is simultaneous with another future action
9. in proverbs, sayings
10. in certain contexts, especially in interrogative sentences, to render a modal
hint(reproach)
11.in exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there

! if these statements are not exclamatory, the progressive aspect must be used
12.with state verbs or verbs containing in themselves the idea of continuity (to continue, to
go on ,to move on, to keep on, etc)

! when to go on means to happen, we use the progressive aspect.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+AM/ARE/IS+V-ING

INTERROGATIVE:AM/ARE/IS+SUBJECT+V-ING
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+AM NOT/ARE NOT/IS NOT+V-ING

ARENT/ISNT

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE:ARENT/ISNT+SUBJECT+V-ING
AM/ARE/IS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V-ING
USE:
1.to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking. The feeling of immediate
present is often emphasized by just and now

2.to express temporary actions

3. to express a definite arrangement in the near future or somebodys immediate plans

! the time of the action must be given in this case in order to avoid confusion

4. to express future actions with such verbs as : to come, to go, to arrive, to leave

5. to express a frequent repetition of an activity which has a distinct meaning of annoyance,

irritation, sarcasm. In this case the verbs are usually accompanied by such adverbs as:
always, constantly, continually, and forever.

6. in subordinate clauses of time or condition

7. with the verbs to get or to grow to express a transition from one state to another
STATE VERBS
1. VERBS OF PERCEPTION: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
! The idea of action in progress with such verbs is given by the use of can/could

! To smell ,to taste and to feel may be found in the continuous aspect when they imply a
voluntary action on the part of the subject.

! When these verbs are used with meanings which are different from their basic ones they
may be used in the progressive aspect.

2.VERBS EXPRESSING MENTAL ACTIVITIES:

to agree, to believe, to distrust, to doubt, to find, to foresee, to forget, to guess, to imagine,
to know, to mean, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to recollect, to suppose, to think
(that), to trust, to understand

3.VERBS EXPRESSING WISH: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish

4. VERBS EXPRESSING ATTITUDES, FEELINGS, EMOTIONAL STATES:

to abhor, to adore, to detest, to dislike, to displease, to like, to love , to hate, to please, to
prefer

5. VERBS EXPRESSING POSSESSION: to belong to, to have, to hold, to keep to owe, to

own, to possess

6. VERBS EXPRESSING A STATE, A CONDITION: to appear, to be, to consist of, to

contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to resemble, to seem, to suit

7. OTHER VERBS: to compare, to expect, to matter, to result (from)

8. MODAL VERBS: will/would, shall/ should; can/could; may/might, must

3. PAST SIMPLE
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+V2

INTERROGATIVE:DID +SUBJECT+V1
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+DID NOT+V1
DIDNT

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DIDNT+SUBJECT+V1
DID+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1
SPELLING RULES OF THE PAST FORM (and past participle) OF REGULAR VERBS
1. when short infinitive ends in e only d is added
2. when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant (with the exception of c, w, or x)
preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled and ed is added

3. the verbs ending in c add k after c then ed is added

4. when a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single
vowel, the final consonant is doubled if the final syllable is stressed.

But the final consonant is not doubled when the final consonant is not stressed (visited,
listened)

Exceptions: kidnapped, handicapped

5. When the short infinitive of a verb ends in y preceded by a vowel, the y does not
change. But if the y is preceded by a consonant, it is changed into I and then ed is
added (played, tried)

USE:
1. To express an action or a state wholly completed at some moment or during some period
in the past. In fact it is a narrative tense. In this case a past adverbial such as when, the
other day, then, yesterday, last week, last month, in 1998, ago, etc. occurs in the sentence.

# sometimes, the time becomes definite as the result of a question and an answer in the
present perfect
#some proper names, by reason of their definite meaning, may provide the conditions for
the past tense:
2. to express a habit or a repeated action in the past:
# in this case used to or would (only with dynamic verbs) may also be employed

3. in indirect speech to express a present tense from direct speech

4. in conditional clauses (type II) to express a present conditional
5. after the verb wish or after as if/as though; if only; would rather (when the subjects are
different); its (high) time:

# the construction would rather is followed by short infinitive if the two subjects are not
different
Observation! In the cases 4 and 5 the verb forms are actually subjunctives.

6. to express a future action in a time clause which is simultaneous with another one
expressed by future-in-the-past (reported speech)

4. PAST CONTINUOUS
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+WAS/WERE+V-ING
INTERROGATIVE:WAS/WERE+SUBJECT+V-ING
NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT+WAS NOT/WERE NOT +V-ING
- WASNT / WERENT
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE:WASNT/WERENT+SUBJECT+V-ING

WAS/WERE+ SUBJECT+NOT+V-ING
USE:
1. To express an action in progress at a certain moment in the past:

2. To indicate that an action was going on (background) at a time when something else
more important or more dramatic (foreground) took place

3. To show that two or more actions were going on at the same time in the past:

4. in indirect speech to express a present continuous form from direct speech

5. To signify a future arrangement seen from a past moment

6. with always to express a repeated action in the past which annoys the speaker

7. in conditional clauses to express a present conditional in progress

5.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+V3

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+V3
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT +V3

- HAVENT/HASNT

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVENT/HASNT+SUBJECT+V3
HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3
OBSERVATION. An action or state prior to the moment of speaking may be expressed both
by the past tense and by present perfect. But while the past tense presents the action
without referring to the present moment, the present perfect links that past action with the
present. This means that when we have the past tense we think of the time when
something happened or we narrate a sequence of events at a given time. So, present
perfect is used:
1. when we are no longer interested in the time when the past action took place but in its
result into the present
2. when an action which started in the past has duration up to the present moment and
even to the future
3. to express completed activities in the immediate past. In this case the verb is generally
accompanied by just, lately, recently, of late, latterly, till now, up to now, so far, up to the
present, during the last week, the last few days, these twenty minutes, etc

!!! one should not confuse this use of just with the use of the adverb just meaning
barely/nearly. When having these meanings it can occur with different tenses:
4. with words denoting an incomplete period of time : today, this week, this month, this year,
all day, all night, this morning, etc
!!! this morning ,all day, all night come with past tense if they express a complete period of
time.
5. How long, when concerned with a period of time extending into the present, requires the
present perfect:

!!! when it refers only to a past period, the past tense or past perfect are to be employed.

6. with adverbs of indefinite time or expressing frequency : ever, never, often, seldom,
always, several times:

!!! in this case ever and never mean at any/no time up to the present. But when ever
means at any time during a period of time completely past or at
any time in the future it can be used with other tenses too.
!!! when always covers a certain period of time in the past, the past tense is to be found
here
!!! ever may also be an intensive adverb approaching the meaning whatever or at all.
Under such circumstances the past tense is employed.
!!! rhetorical questions referring back to the past often contain ever:
7. with the adverbs already and yet.
8. with since and for
9. for past actions whose time is not mentioned
10. in newspapers and broadcasts to introduce an action which will be described in the
simple past. The time in the second sentence is often given.
11. to express a future action in a time clause, prior to another one represented by a future
tense. The present perfect is usually accompanied in this context by: when(=after), as soon
as, till/until, by the time, the moment that:
12. in conditional clauses ( to replace a future perfect)
13. to describe a past action with present consequences

6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+V-ING

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT + BEEN+V-ING

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HAVENT/HASNT
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVENT/HASNT+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING
HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING
USE:
1. while the present perfect simple implies that the attention is focused on the repetition or
on the completion of an action, the present perfect continuous emphasizes the duration, the
continuity of the action in the present.

2. it is also found in subordinate clauses of time to show that an action which began in the
past is still under way

3. present perfect continuous. describes an action which is apparently uninterrupted and it

will not be employed when we mention the number of times a thing has been done or the
number of things that have been done

7. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAD+V3

INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+V3
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAD NOT +V3

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HADNT
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADNT+SUBJECT+V3
HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3
USE:
1. to express a past action that took place before a past moment or before another action
in the past. In fact it is the past equivalent of the present perfect. Note the use of when,
before, now that, as soon as, and after in some of the sentences containing a past perfect.
2. to express duration up to a certain moment in the past
3.with just, hardly/barely/scarcely and no sooner, to show that the past action was finished
a little time before another past action

4. with since and for when the point of reference is past

5. in indirect speech to express a past tense or a present perfect from direct speech
6. to express a past conditional in a conditional clause
7. to express an unfulfilled wish
8. after had/would rather(when subjects are different) or as if/as though
9. to express a future action that takes place before another expressed by a future-in-thepast:
10.with to expect, to hope, to intend, to mean, to think
which was not fulfilled

to express past hope, intention,

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAD+BEEN+V-ING

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INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAD NOT + BEEN+V-ING

HADNT

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADNT+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING

HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING
USE:
1. To underline the continuity of a past moment or just before it:

2. in indirect speech to express a past continuous or a present perfect continuous

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

1. THE SIMPLE FUTURE
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT+SHALL(I,WE)/WILL+V1

INTERROGATIVE:WILL/SHALL+SUBJECT+V1

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NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+WONT/WILL NOT +V1

SHALL NOT

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: WONT +SUBJECT+V1

WILL/SHALL+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1
USE:
Will
1. is used to express a neutral future event, a prediction about the future, without any
colouring of volition, promise, etc:
2. a future action in the main clause of conditional sentences
in certain contexts, the interrogative forms Shall I /we ? and Will you? may have
different meanings.
2. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
SHALL/WILL+BE+V-ING
1. to express a future activity or state that will be in progress at a certain moment in the
future
2. to indicate that an activity or state will extend over a future period
3. to express future events that are planned
3. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
SHALL/WILL+ HAVE +V3
USE:
1. to express an action which will be finished before a certain moment or another action in
the future. In this case it is usually associated with the preposition by in such constructions
as by Monday/ by the time/ by the end of/,etc
2. the duration up to a certain time in the future

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3. possibility or assumption
4.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SHALL/WILL+ HAVE +BEEN+V3
It is used to express the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future:
5. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST SIMPLE
SHOULD/WOULD+V1
It is used to express a future action or state seen from a viewpoint in the past. It occurs in
reported speech:
6. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST CONTINUOUS
SHOULD/WOULD+BE+V-ING
this tense expresses a future continuous in reported speech:
7.PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. A planned action, an arrangement
2. a future action with verbs of movement (to go, to arrive, to leave, to come, etc)
8. SIMPLE PRESENT
1. in conditional clauses:
2. in time clauses
3. part of an officially settled program
9.PRESENT PERFECT
It is used to express a future action, in a time clause, that will take place before another
future action:
10.PAST TENSE
It expresses a future action in a time clause, simultaneous with another action expressed by
a future-in-the-past (reported speech)
11.PAST PERFECT

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It is used to express a future action, in a time clause, that will take place before another
action expressed by a future-in-the-past
12. TO BE TO
MEANINGS:
1. something that is destined to happen
2. an official plan or an arrangement
3. the will of a person different from the speaker
4. duty
5. possibility, probability:
13. TO BE ABOUT TO
This construction is used to express something that will happen in the immediate future:
14. TO BE GOING TO (NEAR FUTURE)
It is used to express:
1. intention (future fulfillment of present intention)
!!! there is a difference between the intention expressed by will and the one expressed by
be going to. This is because the latter expresses not only intention but also premeditation.
Therefore to be going to is not used where premeditation is not employed.
2. prediction- when we know that something will take place in the near future.
Or when we see that something is about to happen
3. planned actions

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

Infinitive

Past Tense

Past Participle Prezent Participle

Traducere

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to arise
to awake
to backbite
to be
to bear
to beat
to become

arose
awoke
backbit
was/were
bore
beat
became

arisen
awaked
backbitten
been
born
beaten
become

arising
awaking
backbiting
being
bearing
beating
becoming

a se ridica/urca/sui/ivi/rasari/isca
a se trezi/destepta/scula
a defaima/ponegri/birfi/calomnia
a fi/a se afla/gasi
a purta/duce/transporta/cara/rodi
a bate/lovi/suna
a deveni/ajunge/a se potrivi

to beget
begot
begotten
begetting
a procrea/a da nastere la/ a cauza
to begin
began
begun
beginning
a incepe/debuta/a porni
to bend
bent
bent/bended bending
a (se)
indoi/incovoia/inclina/supune
to beset
beset
beset
besetting
a aranja/pune/potrivi/bloca/coplesi
to bid
bid/bade
bid/bidden
bidding
a ruga/implora/porunci/ordona/licita
to bind
bound
bound
binding
a (se) lega/uni/consolida/captusi
to bite
bit
bit/bitten
biting
a musca/ciupi/apuca/defaima
to bleed
to blend
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring

bled
blent/blended
blessed/blest
to blew
broke
bred
brought

bled
blent/blended
blessed/blest
blown
broken
bred
brought

bleeding
a stoarce/slei/singera
blending
a (se) amesteca/combina/asorta
blessing
a binecuvinta/slavi/glorifica/apara
blowing
a bate/sufla/adia/rasuna/erupe
breaking
a (se) rupe/sparge/fringe
breeding
a creste/cultiva/hrani/nutri/educa
bringing
a aduce/mina/impinge/determina

to broadcast
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch

broadcast
built
burnt/burned
burst
bought
cast
caught

broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught

broadcasting
building
burning
bursting
buying
casting
catching

a difuza/raspindi/transmite/semana
a construi/cladi/zidi
a arde/cauteriza
a izbucni/plesni/crapa
a cumpara/corupe/mitui
a arunca/azvirli/distribui
a (se) prinde/apuca/fixa

to chide
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to come
to cost

chid
chose
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/clad
came
cost

chid/chidden
chosen
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/clad
come
cost

chiding
choosing
cleaving
clinging
clothing
coming
costing

a certa/mustra/dojeni/cicali
a alege/selecta/prefera/a vrea
a (se) crapa/despica/detasa
a se lipi/agata de/a se tine de
a (se) imbraca/invesminta/acoperi
a veni/sosi/a se apropia/a exagera
a costa/face, fixa pretul

to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to deal
to dig
to do

crept
crowed/crew
cut
dared/durst
dealt
dug
did

crept
crowed
cut
dared
dealt
dug
done

creeping
crowing
cutting
daring
dealing
digging
doing

a (se) tiri/furisa, a fi plecat/umil

a cinta cucurigu/a-si manifesta
a taia/reteza/sectiona/despica/ciopli
a indrazni/cuteza/a avea curajul
a imparti/repartiza/a face comert cu
a sapa/a dezgropa/scormoni/rascoli
a face/savirsi/executa/infaptui

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to draw
to dream
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall

drew
dreamed
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell

drawn
dreamed
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen

drawing
dreaming
dreaming
drinking
driving
dwelling
eating
falling

a trage/intinde/remorca/a trasa
a visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi
a visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi
a bea/sorbi/a suge
a conduce masina/a circula
a locui/trai/domicilia/salasui
a minca/a lua/servi masa/hrani cu
a cadea/pica/a se prabusi

to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear

fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forbore

fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flown
forborne

feeding
feeling
fighting
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing

a (se) hrani/a alimenta/nutri

a simti/resimti/percepe/a pipai
a (se) lupta/bate/a disputa
a gasi/intilni/a vedea/a da de
a fugi/a se refugia din/a parasi
a zbura/a trece in zbor
a se abtine de la/a se feri de/a evita

to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget

forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot

forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten

forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting

a interzice/a nu ingadui/permite
a prevedea/a calcula dinainte
a anticipa/a preceda
a cunoaste/sti dinainte/a prevedea
a prevedea
a prezice/prevesti/prooroci
a uita/neglija/nesocoti/omite

to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird

forgave
forsook
forswore
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded

forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded

forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
freezing
gainsaying
getting
girding

a ierta
a parasi/abandona/a renunta la
a jura fals/a depune marturie falsa
a ingheta/degera/congela
a contrazice/contesta/nega/tagadui
a capata/obtine/procura/face/dobindi
a incinge/inconjura

to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have

gave
went
graved
ground
grew

to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep

heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept

had

given
giving
a da/darui/oferi/a face cadou
gone
going
a merge/pleca/deplasa/duce/umbla
graved/graven graving
a grava/sculpta/ciopli/sapa
ground
grinding
a macina/rasni/pisa/slefui/poliza
grown
growing
a creste/spori/dezvolta/maturiza
hung/hanged hung/hanged hanging
a (se) spinzura/agata/atirna/fixa
had
having
a avea/poseda/a suferi de/a bea
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept

hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping

a auzi/audia/asculta
a (se) ascunde/piti/dosi/tainui
a lovi/nimeri/bate/izbi/atinge
a tine/pastra/detine/mentine
a rani/leza/dauna/strica/lovi/a durea
a intercala/introduce/insera
a pastra/respecta/tine seama de

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to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean

knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/leaned

knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned

kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning

a ingenunchea/a aseza in genunchi

a croseta/tricota/impleti/deosebi
a sti/a cunoaste
a incarca/imbarca
a pune/aseza/intinde/depune/expune
a duce/conduce/ghida/comanda
a se rezema/sprijini/a se aplica

to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to light

leapt/leaped
learnt/learned
left
lent
let
lay
lighted/lit

leapt/leaped
learnt/learned
left
lent
let
lain
lighted/lit

leaping
learning
leaving
lending
letting
lying
lighting

a sari/salta/face salturi
a invata/afla/studia/a se instrui
a lasa/abandona/parasi/pleca din
a da imprumut/a se preta la
a lasa/ingadui/permite/a inchiria
a sta intins/culcat/a zacea/a exista
a aprinde (foc)/a lumina/ a poposi

to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to mel
to misgive
to mislay

lost
made
meant

lost
made
meant

met
melted
misgave
mislaid

losing
a pierde
making
a fabrica/face/confectiona/construi
meaning
a insemna/a vrea sa spuna/a crede
met
meeting
a (se) intilni/intimpina/impreuna
melted/molten melting
a se topi/dizolva/lichefia/induiosa
misgiven
misgiving
a presimti ceva rau/a inspira frica
mislaid
mislaying
a pierde/rataci (un obiect)

to mislead
misled
misled
misleading
a conduce/indruma gresit
to mistake
mistook
mistaken
mistaking
a intelege gresit
to misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood misunderstanding a intelege/interpreta gresit
cuvintele
to mow
mowed
mowed/mown mowing
a cosi/secera/tunde
to outride
outrode
outridden
outriding
a intrece/depasi pe cineva calare
to outrun
outran
outrun
outrunning
depasi pe cineva in fuga
to overcast
overcast
overcast
overcasting a intuneca/surfila/inchide
to overcome
to overdo
to overeat
to overfeed
to overlie
to overrun
to oversee

overcame
overdid
overate
overfed
overlay
overran
oversaw

overcome
overcoming a invinge/birui/coplesi/dobori/infringe
overdone
overdoing
a exagera/intrece masura
overeaten
overeating
a minca prea mult/a se ghiftui
overfed
overfeeding a supraalimenta
overlain
overlying
a se intinde peste
overrun
overrunning a se revarsa/a depasi limitele
overseen
overseeing
a supraveghea/controla

to overset
to oversleep
to overtake
to overthrow
to partake
to pay

overset
overslept
overtook
overthrew
partook
paid

overset
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
paid

oversetting
oversleeping
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
paying

a rasturna ordinea/a zadarnici

a dormi prea mult/a se scula tirziu
a depasi un autovehicul
a rasturna/dobori/infringe/invinge
a profita/uza de/a lua parte la ceva
a plati/achita/a prezenta avantaj

to put
to read

put
read

put
read

putting
reading

a aseza/pune/supune
a citi/interpreta/studia/a se pregati

19

to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid

rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden

rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden

rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding

a (se) rupe/sfisia/despica/crapa
a rasplati/recompensa
a restabili/repune/potrivi ceasul
a spune/povesti din nou/repeta
a se descotorosi/debarasa/elibera de

to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say

rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said

ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said

riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying

a calari (calul)/domina/stapini
a suna/rasuna/anunta/semnala
a se ridica/inalta/scula/a se agita
a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupe
a fugi/alerga/conduce/administra
a taia cu ferastraul
a zice/spune/grai/afirma/mentiona

to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake

saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook

seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewen
shaken

seeing
seeking
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking

a vedea/intelege/remarca/observa
a cauta/cerceta/explora/solicita
a vinde/desface marfuri/a pacali
a expedia/trimite/transmite/lansa
a pune/aseza/instala/culege
a coase/lucra cu acul
a scutura/zgudui/agita

to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink

sheared/shore shorn/sheared
shed
shed
shone
shone
shod
shod
shot
shot
showed
shown/showed
shrank
shrunk/shrunken

shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking

a tunde/despuia/pagubi
a varsa (lacrimi)/pierde/lepada
a straluci/luci/izbindi
a incalta/pingeli/potcovi/talpui
a trage (in)/impusca/vina/revarsa
a arata/indica/demonstra/dovedi/ivi
a se scurta/micsora/strimba

to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit

shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit

shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit

shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting

a (se) inchide
a cinta/suiera
a se scufunda/scadea/amortiza
a sedea/sta jos/poza ca model
a omori/asasina/ucide/masacra
a dormi/a adormi
a aluneca/a se da pe gheata
a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupe

to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill

smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled

smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled

smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling

a mirosi/adulmeca
a semana/insaminta
a vorbi/grai/rosti
a accelera/goni/merge cu viteza
a ortografia/a rosti un cuvint
a cheltui/consuma/epuiza
a (se) revarsa/varsa/imprastia

to spin
to spit
to split

spun/span
spat/spit
split

spun
spat/spit
split

spinning
spitting
spiting

a toarce/fila/rasuci/invirti/roti
a scuipa/expectora/poua marunt
a (se) scinda/descompune/diviza

20

to spoil
spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled spoiling
a
strica/deteriora/altera/rasfata/jefui
to spread
spread
spread
spreading
a intinde/desfasura/desface/lungi
to spring
sprang
sprung
springing
a sari/tisni/incolti/rasari/izvori/exploda
to stand
stood
stood
to steal
stole
stolen
to stick
stuck
stuck
to sting
stung
stung
impunge/intepa/rani/insela/amagi
to stink
stank/stunk stunk
to strike
struck
struck/stricken
to string
strung
strung

standing
a sta in picioare/a se tine drept
stealing
a fura/sterpeli/amagi/seduce/cuceri
sticking
a infige/intepa/introduce/adera
stinging
a

to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swell

strove
swore
swept
swelled

striving
swearing
sweeping
swelling

a se stradui/lupta/zbate/a tinde/nazui
a jura/depune juramintul/injura
a matura/sterge praful
a umfla/mari/bomba

to swim
to swing
to take

swam
swung
took

striven
sworn
swept
swollen
swelled
swum
swung
taken

swimming
swinging
taking

a inota/pluti/trece inot/inunda
a se legana/balansa/roti/invirti/oscila
a lua/imprumuta/pune mina

to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread

taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod

taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod

teaching
tearing
telling
thinking
throwing
thrusting
treading

a invata pe cineva/instrui/preda
a rupe/sfisia/distruge/smulge
a spune/povesti/exprima/arata/indica
a (se) gindi/crede/imagina/inchipui
a (se) arunca/lansa/azvirli/lepada/fata
a implinta/viri/indesa
a calca/pasi/calca pe

to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to understand
to undertake

unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
undertook

unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
undertaken

unbending
a (se) intinde/destinde/relaxa
unbinding
a dezlega/desface/desprinde/slobozi
undergoing a suferi/indura/suporta/trece prin
underselling a vinde mai ieftin/vinde sub pretul de
understanding a intelege/pricepe/sesiza
undertaking a intreprinde/lua asupra sa/asuma

to undo
to upset
to wake
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep

undid
upset
woke/woked
wore
wove
wedded
wept

undone
upset
waked/woken
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept

undoing
a anula/desfiinta/desface/distruge
upsetting
a (se) rasturna/dezorganiza/afecta
waking
a (se) trezi/destepta/priveghea/stirni
wearing
a purta/a fi imbracat cu/a se uza
weaving
a tese/impleti/a se amesteca/baga in
wedding
a (se) casatori/da/lua in casatorie
weeping
a plinge/varsa lacrimi

to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold

won
wound
withdrew
withheld

won
wound
withdrawn
withheld

winning
winding
withdrawing
withholding

stinking
a mirosi urit/a puti/a duhni
striking
a (se) lovi/izbi/ciocni/bate
stringing
a lega cu sfoara/intinde coarda

a cistiga/obtine/reusi/a ajunge la
a serpui/rasuci/infasura/inveli
a retrage/retracta/lua inapoi/renunta
a opri/retine de la/interzice ceva

21

to withstand withstood
to write
wrote

withstood
written

withstanding a se impotrivi/opune la/a rezista

writing
a scrie/a redacta

22