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May Xay Dung
May Xay Dung
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HC
NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
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BI GING MY XY DNG
NNG, 2007
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I HC NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
BI GING MY XY DNG
NNG, 2005
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Sinh vin h i hc cc ngnh xy dng : Dn dng v Cng nghip, Thu li - Thu in, Cu ng, Kinh t xy dng v Qun l d n.
3. Phn b thi gian :
Ln lp : 60 tit
Thc tp, thc hnh, bi tp ln, n : Khng
4. Cc mn hc trc cn thit :
V k thut, k thut nhit, k thut in, sc bn vt liu.
5. M t vn tt ni dung mn hc :
Mn hc trnh by kin thc c bn v cng dng, c im cu to, nguyn l hot ng, qu trnh
lm vic, c tnh k thut, phm vi s dng, u nhc im v cc tnh ton c bn ca cc loi
my v thit b xy dng thng s dng trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cng trnh nh : my vn
chuyn, my nng chuyn, my lm t, my sn xut vt liu xy dng, my v thit b gia c nn
mng,...
6. Nhim v ca sinh vin :
D lp : c mt t nht 80% thi gian qui nh
c ti liu, lm bi tp theo hng dn ca gio vin
7. Ti liu hc tp :
a. Ti liu chnh :
Nguyn Vn Hng (2002), My xy dng, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
b. Cc ti liu tham kho khc :
1. V Minh Khng (2004), My xy dng, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni.
2. Nguyn nh Thun (2001), S dng My xy dng v lm ng, Nxb Giao thng Vn ti,
H Ni.
3. Trng Quc Thnh (1999), My v thit b nng, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
4. Phm Hu ng (2004), My lm t, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni
5. Trn Quang Qu (2001), My sn xut vt liu xy dng, Nxb Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni.
8. Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin :
Cn c vo kt qu ca cc hot ng : d lp, kim tra gia k v thi cui k
9. Thang im : 10
10. Mc ch, yu cu ca mn hc :
Mn hc My xy dng cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v c kh v my xy dng cho sinh
vin chuyn ngnh xy dng, nhm nng cao nng lc qun l khai thc s dng my xy dng cho
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sinh vin ngnh xy dng - nhng ngi cn b k thut trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, mn hc cn h
tr sinh vin lnh hi kin thc ca cc mn hc tip theo trong chng trnh o to k s xy dng
nh : K thut thi cng, T chc thi cng, Xy dng cu, Xy dng ng, Thi cng thu li.
Sinh vin phi nm c cng dng, c im cu to, nguyn l hot ng, qu trnh lm
vic, c tnh k thut, phm vi s dng, u nhc im, cch tnh nng sut v mt s thng s c
bn ca cc loi my v thit b thng gp trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Qua
nng cao nng lc khai thc my; s dng, la chn, iu phi, u t, thanh l my mt cch hp
l; nng cao c tnh hiu qu kinh t ca my, tng nng sut lao ng, tng cht lng cng
trnh.
Ni dung d kin
Mc lc
S tit
Thit b ng lc MXD
3.1 Trc v
3.2 Khp ni v ly hp
4
Truyn ng MXD
CHNG 2 : MY VN CHUYN
1
My vn chuyn ngang
My vn chuyn lin tc
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My nng n gin
2.1 Kch
2.2 Ti
2.3 Palng
3
My nng kiu cn
My nng kiu cu
4.1 Cu trc
4.2 Cng trc
5
n nh my nng kiu cn
CHNG 4 : MY LM T
1
Nhng vn chung
My xc
My o - chuyn t
3.1 My i
3.2 My san
3.3 My cp
3.4 Nng sut my o - chuyn t
4
My m t
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My lm cng tc b tng
My lm
2.1 My nghin
2.2 My sng
CHNG 6 : MY V THIT B GIA C NN MNG
1
Nhng vn chung
My ng cc
My p cc v my cm bc thm
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Hng
dn
sinh vin c
ti liu
Hng
dn
2. Chy r MXD
sinh vin c
3. a MXD vo s dng
ti liu
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CHNG I. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY XY DNG
Bi 1. Phn loi, cu to chung, yu cu chung i vi my xy dng
I. Phn loi:
My xy dng c nhiu chng loi v a dng, tin cho vic nghin cu ng dng, c th phn
loi my xy dng theo cng dng, ngun ng lc, phng php iu khin hoc h thng di
chuyn.
1. Da vo cng dng, my xy dng c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:
- My pht lc: cung cp ng lc cho my khc lm vic nh my pht in, my nn kh,...
- My vn chuyn ngang: vn chuyn theo phng ngang nh cc phng tin vn chuyn bng
ng b, ng st, ng thu, ng khng.
- My vn chuyn lin tc: vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho thnh dng lin tc: bng ti, vt ti,...
- My nng chuyn: vn chuyn theo phng thng ng: kch, ti, palng, cn trc, cu trc,...
- My lm t: phc v cc khu thi cng t: my i, my xc, my m ,...
- My lm : my nghin, my sng, my ra ct ,...
- My phc v cng tc b tng: my trn, my m, my bm b tng,..
- My gia cng st thp: my hn, my ct thp, my nn thng ct thp, my un cong ct thp,...
- My gia c nn mng: my ng cc, my p cc, my khoan cc nhi, my cm bc thm.
- My chuyn dng cho tng ngnh: my o knh mng, my ri btng nha, my phay mt
ng nha, my lao lp dm cu,...
2. Da vo ngun ng lc:
- My dn ng bng ng c t trong
- My dn ng bng ng c in
- My dn ng bng ng c thu lc
3. Da vo h thng di chuyn:
- My di chuyn bng bnh lp
- My di chuyn bng bnh xch
- My di chuyn bng bnh st ln trn ray
- My di chuyn trn phao
- My di chuyn bng c cu t bc
4. Da vo phng php iu khin
- My iu khin bng c kh
- My iu khin bng thu lc
- My iu khin bng in
- My iu khin bng kh nn
II. Cu to chung:
My xy dng c nhiu chng loi, cu to tng loi my khc hau, nhng nhn chung chng c cc
b phn hp thnh nh sau:
- Thit b pht lc
- Thit b cng tc: b phn tc ng n i tng thi cng
- Cc c cu: c cu quay, c cu nng h cn, c cu nng h vt, ...
- H thng truyn ng
- H thng iu khin: li, phanh hm,...
- H thng di chuyn
- Khung v b my
- Cc thit b ph: chiu sng, tn hiu n ci,...
Tu theo yu cu v chc nng, mt my c th c y cc b phn hp thnh nu trn hoc c
th ch gm mt s b phn.
III. Cc yu cu chung i vi my xy dng:
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Trong mt chu k, trc khuu quay hai vng, pt tng ln hai ln, xung hai ln, c mt ln n sinh
cng.
ng c diesel c cc u im nh hiu sut tng i cao, vn tc quay nh hn ng c xng,
nhin liu diesel r hn xng, ng c tnh momen t dc hn, v vy uc s dng ph bin
trong my xy dng.
2. ng c xng 2 th :
Khi trc khuu quay, pt tng i t CD ln CT, ca x c pt tng y kn. Ho kh c sn
trong xi lanh b nn, p sut v nhit tng dn, n khi pt tng i gn ti CT th b bc chy
nh bu ri phng tia la in. . Khi pt tng i ln nn ho kh th pha di pt tng, trong cc
te, p sut gim v ho kh t b ch ho kh qua ng np v c ht vo cc te qua ca np
chun b cho vic thi ho kh vo xi lanh hnh trnh sau.
ng c xng 2 th thng c dng trong cc loi my c cng sut nh nh my m btng
(m di), my m t (m bn rung), my nai khi ng ng c diesel c cng sut ln.
II. ng c in:
ng c in c s dng ph bin trn cc my c nh hoc di chuyn vi c l nh.
u im: Hiu sut cao, gn nh, chu vt ti tt, thay i chiu quay v khi ng nhanh, gi
thnhh, lm vic tin cy, d t ng ho, t gy nhim mi trng.
Nhc im: Kh thay i tc , momen khi ng nh, phi c ngun cung cp in.
Bi 3. Cc chi tit my v cc cm chi tit my thng gp trong my xy dng
I. Chi tit my:
Chi tit my l mt n v hp thnh ca my, mi chi tit my l mt n v lin khi hon chnh
v khng th tho ra thnh nhng n v n gin hn bng cc dng c tho lp thng dng. cc
chi tit my thng gp nh trc, , then, bulng, ai c, bnh rng, a xch,...
1. Trc:
Trc l chi tit my dng cc chi tit my c chuyn ng quay, truyn momen xon.
Theo hnh dng ng tm trc, c cc loi: trc thng v trc khuu
Theo c im chu ti, c cc loi: trc tm, trc truyn v trc truyn chung
Theo cu to trc, c cc loi trc: trc trn, trc bc, trc c, trc rng, trc nh hnh, trc mm.
Loi trc ph bin thng dng l trc c c bc, trc c kch thc ln thng l trc trn d
ch to, trc rng tit kim vt liu v gim khi lng qun tnh ca trc. Trc c tit din
khng l hnh trn c gi l trc nh hnh nh trc cam, trc then hoa,...
Trc mm gm mt li v nhiu lp dy ng hoc day thp xon quanh li, vi cu to nh vy
n c kh nng chu xon rt cao nhng chu un thp. Loi trc ny dng truyn momen xon
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- Ni trc rng c tiu chun ho theo ng knh trc c ng knh 40560 mm.
- Ni trc ccng thng dng trong t, my ko, my xy dng. Chng cho php truyn momen
xon gia hai trc ct nhau mt gc n 400.
- Ni trc n hi c th gim va p, chn ng, phng cng hng do dao ng xon v c th
lm vic nh ni trc b.
2. Ly hp
Dng ni hoc tch truyn ng gia cc trc theo s iu khin, ngn nga qu ti, o chiu
quay, thay i vn tc. Theo nguyn l lm vic c cc loi nh ly hp ma st, ly hp vu, ly hp
thu lc.
***
Bi 4. Truyn ng my xy dng
Cm truyn ng truyn chuyn ng t thit b pht lc n thit b chp hnh, qu trnh truyn
chuyn ng lm thay i cc thng s nhu vn tc, momen, lc, i khi thay i c qui lut
chuyn ng.
Thit b pht lc thng c dng chuyn ng quay, vn tc ln v momen nh nh ng c in,
ng c t trong. Thit b cng tc ca my xy dng li cn vn tc nh, momen ln, v c th
chuyn ng tnh tin. V vy cn thit phi c cm truyn ng truyn chuyn ng v lm thay
i cc thng s, thay i qi lut chuen ng.
I. Truyn ng c kh:
Theo nguyn l lm vic, truyn ng c kh c chia lm hai loi: truyn ng nh ma st v
truyn ng n khp.
- Truyn ng nh ma st gm truyn ng bnh ma st, truyn ng ai, truyn ng bnh ma st
thanh ai.
- Truyn ng n khp truyn chuyn ng nh s n khp gia cc rng hoc ren, gm cc loi
nh: truyn ng bnh rng, truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng, truyn ng xch, truyn ng trc
vt - ai c, truyn ng trc vt bnh vt.
Cc thng s ch yu c trng cho b truyn:
Cng sut trc dn ng (trc ch ng): N1, kW
Cng sut trc b dn ng (trc b ng): N2, kW
Hiu sut: = N2/N1
Vn tc quay ca trc ch ng: n1, v/f
Vn tc quay ca trc b ng: n2, v/f
T s truyn: l t s gia vn tc ca trc ch ng v vn tc ca trc b ng:
i = n1/n2
Momen xon trn trc:
M = 9,55.106. N/n
(N.mm)
1. Truyn ng bnh ma st:
Truyn ng bnh ma st c cu to gm hai bnh ma st tip xc nhau.
Truyn ng bnh ma st thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay nh lc ma st sinh ra ti ch tip xc
gia hai bnh.
T s truyn: i = D2/D1
***
Loi truyn ng ny c u im: cu to n gin, lm vic m, c kh nng nga qu ti, iu
chnh v cp tc nhng c nhc im l lc tc dng ln trc ln, d b trt nn t s truyn
khng n nh.
2. Truyn ng ai:
Truyn ng ai c cu to gm: bnh ai ch ng, bnh ai b ng v dy ai vt qua hai bnh
ai.
Truyn ng ai thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay gia cc trc xa nhau nh s tip xc gia ai
v bnh ai.
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Truyn ng ai thng dng trong my nn kh, my nghin . Trong truyn ng gim tc nhiu
cp, truyn ng ai thng t cp u tin, ni c momen xon nh nht ngn nga qu ti.
***
ai gm cc loi: ai dt, ai trn, ai thang, ai rng. i vi b truyn ai chu ti ln c th gm
nhiu dy ai vt qua hai bnh ai.
T s truyn: i = D2/D1
C nhiu kiu truyn ng ai: truyn ng thng, truyn ng cho, truyn ng na cho, truyn
ng gc.
Truyn ng ai c cc u im: c kh nng truyn ng gia cc trc kh xa nhau, lm vic m,
c th nga qu ti, cu to dn gin, d chm sc bo dng.
Cc nhc im: kch thc ln, t s truyn khng n nh, lc tc dng ln trc ln, nhanh h
hng.
3. Truyn ng bnh rng:
Truyn ng bnh rng thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay nh s n khp gia cc rng trn hai
bnh rng, dng truyn ng ny dng thay i vn tc, momen v chiu quay.
T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1
Tu theo v tr tng i gia cc trc, c cc loi truyn ng bnh rng sau:
- Trng hp hai trc song song, dng truyn ng bnh rng tr rng thng, rng nghing hoc
rng ch V.
- Trng hp hai trc ct nhau, dng truyn ng bnh rng cn rng thng hoc rng cong
- Trng hp hai trc cho nhau, dng truyn ng bnh rng tr cho
Chn hnh truyn ng bnh rng
Truyn ng bnh rng cn c cc dng c bit khc nh truyn ng bnh rng n khp trong,
truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh.
Truyn ng bnh rng c dng ph bin trong cc hp s, hp gim tc, c cu quay,...
4. Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng:
Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng c cu to gm bnh rng v thanh rng.
Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng l dng c bit ca truyn ng bnh rng, dng bin chuyn
ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin hoc ngc li.
***
Trong my xy dng, loi truyn ng ny c ng dng trong kch thanh rng, c cu y tay gu
ca my xc gu thun iu khin bng cp.
5. Truyn ng xch:
Truyn ng xch thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay gia hai trc song song cch xa nhau nh s
n khp gin tip gia cc rng trn hai a xch thng qua dy xch.
Cu to gm a xch ch ng, a xch b ng, dy xch.
T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1
***
Xch c cc loi: xch ng, xch ng con ln, xch rng
Trong my xy dng v cc thit b cng nghip cn dng xch ti. Xch ti lm vic vi vn tc
nh, bc xch ln, cc mc xch nh xch ng con ln hoc c cu to c bit ph hp vi iu
kin lm vic nh : xch di chuyn ca my ko, bng ti xch, bng gu, ...
6. Truyn ng trc vt ai c:
Truyn ng trc vt ai c c cu to gm trc vt v ai c, c s n khp gia ren trc ca trc
vt v ren l ca ai c.
***
Loi truyn ng ny c th bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin, c kh nng to
lc ln v t hm, c ng dng trong kch vt, tng .
Tng n: dng trong chn ta ca cn trc, chn chng ca thit b lao dm cu, c cu nghing
gi ca thit b ng cc.
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a. Xilanh pttng thu lc: thung gi l xilanh thu lc, l b phn tip nhn p sut ca dng
thu lc to ra chuyn ng tnh tin ca cn pt tng, hoc c dn ng tnh tin cn pttng
to ra dng thu lc.
***
b. Bm thu lc: l b phn tip nhn chuyn ng quay t ng c t trong, ng c in hoc t
trc trch cng sut no to ra dng thu lc.
Da vo cu to, bm thu lc c cc loi: bm bnh rng, bm cnh gt, bm pt tng hng trc
v bm pt tng hng knh.
Bm bnh rng l loi bm n gin nht, c cu to gm: bnh rng ch ng, bnh rng b ng,
v bm.
***
c. ng c thu lc: l b phn tip nhn p sut, ng nng ca dng thu lc to ra chuyn
ng quay, ng c thu lc c cu to nh bm thu lc.
d. Van mt chiu: ch cho php dng thu lc chy theo mt chiu nht nh.
Cu to gm: thn van, bi v l xo
e. Van an ton: cn gi l van trn, dng gii hn p sut lm vic
Cu to gm: thn van, bi, l xo v vt iu chnh p ca l xo
Khi p sut du tc dng vo bi ln hn lc p ca l xo th vn s m v cho php du i qua van.
Trng hp cn iu chnh p sut lm vic th iu chnh p ca l xo.
f. Van phn phi: l b phn iu khin cc trng thi lm vic ca h thng, b phn ny chia du
i cc ng theo trang thi lm vic cn thit.
C 2 loi van phn phi thng dng l van trt v van quay
g. Lc du: gi li cc cn bn, cc mt vn do mi mn.
V tr ca lc du trong h thng:
B tr ng du v thng cha: khng lm gim p sut bm nhng nu c cn bn t cn bn i
qua cc linh kin khc ri mi c gia li lc du.
B tr ng du i: nu c cn bn th lc du gi li cn bn ngay nhng lc du lm gim p
sut bm.
2. S cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca h thng truyn ng thu tnh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bm thu lc
Van an ton
Van phn phi
Xilanh thu lc
Thng cha du thu lc
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u im:
p sut tc dng ln nn nh (0,04 0,1Mpa) v phn b tng i u nn my c th di chuyn
trn nhng a hnh phc tp nh nn t mm, nn khng bng phng.
bm ln, kh nng vt dc cao.
Nhc im:
Cng knh, lc cn di chuyn ln, vn tc di chuyn thp (13km/h), tui th thp (2000 2500h).
Khi chuyn my i xa phi dng phng tin vn chuyn.
My c ln nh cc my xc nhiu gu khai m l thin c n 8 di xch, 16 di xch
Xch c 2 loi: xch c g v xch phng
Xch c g: cc mc xch c vu lm tng bm trn nn, trnh trt nhng c nhc im l di
chuyn kh khn, khi bng qua ng btng nha s lm h hng mt ng. khc phc c th
lt tn cho my di chuyn hoc s dng guc g.
Xch phng: di chuyn d dng nhng c vbm nh, my d b trt trn nn.
i vi cc loi my cn n nh cao nh cn trc, my ng cc, ngi ta thit k c th thay
i c khong cch gia hai di xch.
Khi my vo ng vng, mt di xch s trt trn nn sinh ra ma st ln lm cho xch nhanh h
hng. V vy cn chn cc s lm vic sao cho my t quay vng nht c th.
II. H thng di chuyn bng bnh lp:
u im:
bn v tui th cao (30000 40000km, 2500 3000h), vn tc di chuyn ln (50 60km/h),
chuyn ng m, trng lng nh.
Nhc im:
p sut tc dng ln nn ln (0,15 0,5Mpa), my d b ln trn nn.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
ng c
Ni trc
Hp gim tc
Bnh st
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CHNG II. MY VN CHUYN
Bi 1. My vn chuyn ngang
Cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b, ng st, ng thu, ng khng c gi chung
l my vn chuyn ngang. Cc loi my ny vn chuyn theo phng ngang v vn chuyn c tnh
chu k.
Vn chuyn bng ng b: khong 80% khi lng t , vt liu xy dng, kt cu xy dng,
my mc, thit b c vn chuyn bng ng b bi cc phng tin nh t, my ko,
rmooc,...Nh tnh c ng, vn tc cao, cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b rt ph bin.
Vn chuyn bng ng st:
Trng hp vn chuyn vi khi lng ln, c ly trn 200km, dng xe la l thch hp.
Trong xy dng, khi cn vn chuyn cc cu kin, thit b siu trng siu trng nh cc dm cu,
t hp thit b lao lp dm cu (xe lao dm), c th lp t ray vn chuyn.
Vn chuyn bng ng thu:
Cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng thu nh can, slan rt hiu qu khi cng trnh c xy
dng trn sng, bin hay gn cc bn bc xp.
no vt cc ca sng, bn cng ngi ta dng xung nh m ch bn t ra bin.
Vn chuyn bng ng khng:
Vn chuyn bng ng khng ch thc hin khi cng trnh i hi thi cng gp rt (thi chin), hay
a hnh qu phc tp nh ni non him tr hay hi o xa xi.
Trc thng cn tham gia vn chuyn v lp rp cho cc cng trnh c cao cc ln, khng th
dng cc thit b khc c nh vic lp ngtn ca cc thp truyn hnh c cao ln.
I. Xe ti thng v xe ti t :
1. Xe ti thng:
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Phn loi:
- Bng ti, c cc loi: bng ti cao su, bng xch tm, bng gt, bng gu
- Vt ti, c 3 loi trc vt: vt kn, vt h, vt khng lin tc
- My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng khng kh.
- My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng cht lng
- My vn chuyn nh rung ng
1. Bng ti cao su
Cu to nh b truyn dy ai, v vy cn gi l bng ti ai.
Phn loi:
Bng ti cao su c chia lm 2 loi: bng ti c nh v bng di ng.
S cu to:
***
Bng:
Bng l b phn lm vic, n vt liu v hng ho cn vn chuyn trn bng khi my hot ng.
Bng c lm bng cao su hoc bng vi, tng bn v hn ch chng bng ngi ta ch
to bng c li l si vi hay si thp.
Nng sut l thuyt:
Tc vn chuyn vt liu trn bng c tm theo cng thc:
v=
(D + 2 ).n
60
(m/s)
n
ic
(vng/pht)
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b. Phn loi:
C 2 loi: h thng ht v h thng y
H thng ht:
p sut lm vic ca dng kh thp nn ch vn chuyn c vi khong cch nh.
H thng ht c th vn chuyn vt liu t nhiu ni v mt ni.
H thng y:
p sut lm vic cao nn c th vn chuyn i xa n 2 km
H thng y c th vn chuyn vt liu t mt ni i nhiu ni. H thng cp liu phc tp.
c. u nhc im v phm vi s dng:
Vn chuyn trong ng ng nn trnh c bi bn, khng tht thot, khng gy nhim mi
trng.
Tiu hao nhiu nng lng, nhanh h hng.
My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng khng kh thng dng vn chuyn vt liu dng bt,
dng ht nh, khng dnh nh xi mng, ct, thch cao.
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Mc n l thit b mang vt vn nng thng dng nht, dng treo vt c trng lng n 20T.
trnh hin tung cc dy cp treo vt t trt ra khi mc cu, ming mc c b phn chn
cp.
Mc kp: dng treo vt nng c tc dng lc i xng vo mc, treo nhiu vt cng lc.
Vng treo: vng treo thng c dng nng vt c trng lng ln trn 25T. Vng treo gn nh
hn so vi mc cu c cng ti trng nng, khi s dng khng c tin li do phi lun dy treo
qua vng treo.
3. Bn nng: l thit b mang vt ca vn thng v xe nng hng. Vt nng c t ln bn nng
khi nng chuyn vt.
4. Nam chm in: dng lc t ht cc vt bng thp v gang.
5. Thit b ht chn khng: dng ht vt nng dng tm c b mt phng nh knh, vn, tm thp,
tm kim loi mu; ht cc thng hm c b mt phng.
6. Thit b cp vt: dng cp cc vt nng c trng lng, kch thc, hnh dng, tnh cht c l
nh nhau vi s lng ln.
7. Thit b ngom: dng ngom rc, c ln.
8. Gu ngom: gu ngom l thit b mang ti dng ngom vt liu, hng ho dng ri, ngom
t cp I, cp II. Gu ngom thng c dng ti cc cng trng khai thc ct, si, cc nh my
sn xut vt liu xy dng, kho bi, bn cng.
III. Cp thp v puli:
1. Cp thp:
Cp thp l chi tit rt quan trng, c s dng trong hu ht cc my nng nh ti, palng in,
palng cp, dng treo vt, dng lm dy treo cho thit b nng kiu dy treo; ngoi ra, cp thp
cn c dng neo gi ct in, nhp cu dy vng v cc thit b c cao ln nh vn thng,
cn trc ct bum.
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Cp bn ngc:
Chiu bn ca cc si trong dnh ngc chiu so vi chiu bn ca dnh quanh li. Loi ny c
cng ln, tui th khng cao, kh b bung v khng t xon li nn thng dng trong trng hp
cp c trng thi chng hn nh nng gu ngom, ko gu my o ko dy.
2. Puli (t ting Php l poulie):
Trong ting Vit, t puli c th dng ch rng rc, bnh ai.
Puli cp dng chuyn hng cp v thay i lc cng cp. Puli cp c dng a trn v c rnh
vt dy cp.
IV. Ti v palng:
Ti v palng l cc cm c bn ca my nng.
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1. Ti:
Ti l thit b ko vt c tang quay, trn tang c qun dy ko vt nng.
a.Cng dng :
Ti dng ko vt theo phng ngang, ko vt ln cao. Ti thung c dng kt hp vi cc
puli, palng hnh thnh c cu nng h vt hay c cu ko mt b phn no trong my xy
dng.
b. Phn loi:
Da vo ngun dn ng, ti c chia lm 2 loi: ti quay tay v ti my
Da vo s tang, ti c chia lm 2 loi: ti 1 tang v ti nhiu tang
c. Ti in o chiu
a. S dn ng:
Ti in o chiu cn gi l li in thun nghch, l loi my ti ph bin nht, c s dn ng
nh hnh v:
ng c in
Ni trc v phanh
Hp gim tc
Tang ti
Dy ti
b. Cc thng s c bn:
Vn tc quay ca tang ti, nt:
n
nt = dc (v / p )
i
ndc: vn tc quay ca trc ng c
i: t s truyn ca hp gim tc
Vn tc ko cp, Vc:
[Dt + (2m 1)d c ]nt
(m / s )
Vc =
60
Dt: ng knh tang, m
m: S lp dy qun ln tang
dc: ng knh cp, m
Cng sut,N:
S .V
N = c c k d (W )
Sc: Lc ko cp, N
c: Hiu sut chung ca b my ti
kd : H s lc ng
2. Palng:
Palng l thit b dng ko vt, gm dy vt qua cc puli (poulie). Cc puli gm 2 cm, mt cm
c nh v mt cm di ng c. Cm puli c nh thng c t trn cao, cm puli di ng lp
vi thit b mang vt, nhnh dy ra khi palng kp trn b phn ko dy. B phn ko dy c th l
tang ti, cn pttng, c trng hp dng sc ngi ko.
***
Bi sut palng, a:
l t s gia s nhnh dy treo vt v s nhnh dy kp trn b phn ko dy.
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m
k
m: s nhnh dy treo vt
k: s nhnh dy kp trn b phn ko dy
Phn loi:
Da vo loi dy, palng c cc loi sau: palng dy thng, palng cp, palng xch
Da vo s nhnh dy c ko, c hai loi: palng n v palng kp
Da vo kh nng tng lc ko, c 2 loi: palng lc v palng vn tc
Da vo v tr nhnh dy ra khi palng, c 2 loi: palng loi 1 v palng loi 2
Da vo ngun pht lc, c cc loi: palng ko tay v palng in
Palng dy thng: gm dy thng vt qua cc puli, dng sc ngi ko.
Dy ca palng dy thng c bn t si thc vt nh dy da, dy ay, dy gai, dng sc ngi
ko dy. Palng dy thng thng uc dng nng vt c trng lng nh nh vn chuyn vt
liu ln cao phc v thi cng nh dn dng cao n 3 tng, vn chuyn t khi o ging.
Palng kp l palng c 2 nhnh dy c kp trn b phn ko dy.
Palng lc hay cn gi l palng thun, khi s dng s li v lc
Palng vn tc hay cn gi l palng nghch, lc ko ca palng nh hn lc ko dy nhng li v
vn tc
Palng loi 1 l palng c nhnh dy ra khi palng t cm puli c nh
Palng loi 2 l palng c nhnh dy ra khi palng t cm puli di ng
Palng cp:
Palng cp l thit b ko vt c s dng trong hu ht cc my nng, c s in hnh nh hnh
v:
***
Lc ko cp,Sc:
Q+q
(N )
Sc =
r
a=
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3. C cu quay:
C cu quay to ra chuyn ng quay vt nng trong mt phng ngang quanh tm quay ca my.
C cu quay dng truyn ng bnh rng n khp trong c u im l quay c ton vng c s
dng ph bin nht.
***
C cu quay dng xi lanh thu lc c nhc im l khng quay c ton vng, thng dng cho
nhng cn trc cng sut nh.
***
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C cu quay dng cp ko: thng dng cho nhng cn trc lp t c nh nh ct trc, cn trc
ct bum.
***
Bi 2. My nng n gin
I. Kch:
Kch l loi my nng c trng lng nh, d mang vc v d s dng, khi lm vic kch thng
c t di vt cn nng v y vt i ln v vy ngi ta cn gi l con i.
Cc loi kch dng nng vt c trng lng ln ln cao nh.
Kch thu lc c ln c th nng c vt c trng lng n 700T
Kch c dng ch yu h tr sa cha, iu chnh kt cu vo ng v tr, x dch v tr ca
my v thit b.
C 3 loi kch: kch thanh rng, kch vt v kch thu lc.
1. Kch thanh rng:
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2. Kch vt:
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Trng hp treo palng trn cao v dng 1 dy cp ko vt th vt nng c th xoay hoc dao
ng qua li do cp ri trn b mt tang. trnh cc hin tng ny, palng in c hai dy qun
ln tang v hai pha i xng nhau qua mt phng gia tang.
2. Palng xch:
Pa lng xch l thit b nng c lp dng sc ngi lm ngun ng lc, dng ko vt ln cao
hoc theo phng ngang, sau khi ko cng c th neo gi vt tm thi.
Palng xch c kt cu nh gn, trng lng nh, vn tc nng nh, ti trng nng t 0,5 n 5T,
cao nng n 3m.
Trong xy dng, palng xch thng c dng nng v lp rp cu kin khi khi lng cng
vic nh, khng thng xuyn; dng trong cng tc kch ko nh x dch my ng cc, my khoan
cc nhi n v tr lm vic mi. Palng xch cn uc dng h tr sa cha my mc thit b.
C 2 loi palng xch: palng xch dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt v palng xch dng truyn
ng bnh rng hnh tinh.
Palng xch dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt:
Cu to:
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c im cu to:
Xch dn 8 l mt vng dy xch nn gi l xch v tn.
a xch 3 c cng trc vi bnh vt 4.
Khi nng hoc ko vt, palng c treo c nh nh mc 5, mc 9 mc vo vt.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi ko xch v tn 8, xch ny s dn ng quay a xch 6 v lm quay trc vt 7, qua b truyn
trc vt bnh vt (7,4) a xch 3 c dn ng quay theo. Trng hp a xch 3 c dn ng
quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vt s c ko ln; nu dn ng a xch 3 quay theo chiu ngc
li, vt s c h xung.
Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt trong pa lng c kh nng t hm gi vt cao no , tng
tnh an ton ngi ta thit k c phanh t ng c b mt ma st khng tch ri 2.
Loi palng xch ph bin hin nay l kiu dng truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh, s dng phanh t
ng c b mt ma st tch ri.
Bi 3. My nng kiu cn (Cn trc)
I. Cn trc thiu nhi:
1. Cng dng:
Cn trc thiu nhi l loi cn trc c ti trng nng nh, c th di chuyn c nh sc ngi. Loi
cn trc ny thng dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin ln cao, phc v thi cng
cc to nh cao n 5 tng, dng trong cng tc tho lp my, nng chuyn cc thng t ln b khi
o h mng bng sc ngi.
2. Cu to chung:
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Ni di thp t nh thp:
***
Bin php ny thc hin trn cao nn khng an ton, rt nguy him cho cng nhn, nh hng n
tin v phi dng li thc hin tng cao. u im l c th neo phn thn thp chc chn
vo cng trnh. Bin php ny thng cdng cn trc thp c u thp quay.
Ni di thp t chn thp:
***
Bin php ny thc hin trn mt nn nn an ton, khu chun b din ra trn mt t nn cn trc
vn hot ng nang chuyn vt bnh thng, khng nh hng ln n tin thi cng. Neo gi vo
cng trnh kh khn v thn thp khng c nh, c chuyn ng trt ln cao. Thng dng cho
cn trc thp c thn thp quay.
Ni di thp t gia thp:
***
y l bin php dng kh ph bin, v tr lp thm on thp c th l bt k ch ghp no trn
thn thp.
5. Mt s ch trong s dng cn trc thp:
Cn trc thp c cao ln, cng knh v vy cn thit phi tnh ton n nh v x l nn mng
trc khi lp t, phi tnh n phng n tho d khi hon thnh cng trnh trnh vng vo cc
cng trnh bn cnh.
Khi gp gi bo phi h cn v cngxon, h thp cao, neo gi chc chn vo cng trnh.
S dng cn trc thp c chi ph ban u ln, mt nhiu thi gian cho khu lp dng v tho d v
vy ch nn dng cho cng trnh c cao ln, khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian thi cng t 6
thng tr ln.
III. Cn trc t hnh:
Cn trc t hnh l loi cn trc c thit b pht lc l ng c t trong, h thng di chuyn bng
bnh xch hoc bnh lp, n c tnh c ng rt cao, c kh nng di chuyn trong phm vi kh rng
ln.
1. Cng dng:
Cn trc t hnh c s dng rng ri xp d hng ho cho cc phng tin vn chuyn, nng
chuyn hng ho ti cc kho bi sn xut, nh ga, bn cng,...
Trong xy dng, cn trc t hnh c dng lp rp cc cu kin, h tr cc my khc thi cng
nh nng h cc v thit b cho my ng, p cc, my khoan cc nhi.
2. Phn loi :
Da vo h thng di chuyn, c cc loi: cn trc bnh xch, cn trc bnh lp, cn trc lu ng
t
Da vo h dn ng, c cc loi: cn trc thu lc, cn trc dn ng c kh, cn trc dn ng
in
3. Cn trc lu ng t dn ng thu lc:
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Loi cn trc ny c cc c cu nh: di chuyn, nng h vt, nng h cn, quay, thay i chiu di
cn. Ngoi ra cn c c cu iu khin 4 chn ta tng n nh khi nng chuyn vt.
***
4. Cn trc bnh xch:
***
Ti trng nng t 25 n 50 T (c loi n 250 T)
Chiu cao nng : n 55m
Chiu di cn: n 40 m
Vn tc di chuyn : 1,5 n 3,6 km/h
Cn trc bnh xch c n nh ln, c th thay i khong cch gia 2 di xch, khng cn phi
s dng cc chn chng khi nng chuyn vt.
Ti cc cng sng bin cn s dng cc loi my nng kiu cn khc nh: cn trc ct bum, cn
trc chn , cn trc gin. nng chuyn hng trn sng bin, trc vt tu m,...ngi ta cn
dng cn trc ni.
Bi 5. My nng kiu cu
My nng kiu cu c n nh cao, khng phi dng i trng chng lt nh my nng kiu
cn. Nhm my ny c cc nhc im nh ch nng chuyn c vt trong vng lm vic c dng
hnh hp ch nht, khi nng chuynvt c trng lng nh theo hng dc ray di chuyn phi khi
ng v di chuyn c thit b theo hng dc ray di chuyn.
I. Cu trc:
Cu trc l loi my nng c dng mt nhp cu bt qua hai ng ray t trn cao.
1. Cng dng:
Cu trc dng nng chuyn hng ho v lp rp my trong cc nh cng nghip nh nh kho, nh
xng, phn xng sn xut. Cc cu trc c ti trng nng ln vi trm tn c dng lp rp,
sa cha thit b trong cc cng trnh thu in, nhit in.
thun li cho vic lp t cu trc, cu trc c tnh ton thit k v lp t ngay trong giai
on xy dng cng trnh. Khi kt thc qu trnh xy dng, cu trc tip tc c s dng phc
v nng chuyn trong cng trnh .
2. Phn loi:
Da vo s dm, cu trc c chia lm 2 loi: cu trc 1 dm v cu trc 2 dm
Da vo cch b tr c cu di chuyn, chia 2 loi: cu trc dn ng chung v cu trc dn ng
ring
Da vo cch ta ca cu trc trn ray, chia 2 loi: cu trc trn ray v cu trc treo trn ray
3. Cu to chung ca cu trc 2 dm:
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My nng ngi :
Trong xy dng, ngi ta cn dng my nng ngi thc hin cc cng vic nh qut vi, lau
ca knh nh cao tng, lp t thit b ln trn nh trong cng tc hon thin, lp t sa cha h
thng in chiu sng trn ng ph,v.v...
CHNG IV. MY LM T
Cha xong
Bi. My xc v my o
My xc mt gu
Qu trnh lm vic:
My xc mt gu lm vic theo chu k
My xc gu thun:
My xc gu thun cn gi l my o gu nga.
My xc gu thun c loi iu khin bng cp v c loi iu khin bng thu lc.
My xc gu thun iu khin thu lc c loi x t qua y gu v c loi x t bng cch xoay
gu p ming gu hng xung.
B phn cng tc :
Cu to gu xc ca my xc gu thun c y gu iu khin m bng cch git dy
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Qu trnh lm vic:
My xc gu nga lm vic theo chu k trn tng v tr ng ca my, mi chu k gm 4 giai on
sau:
- Xc v tch t vo gu
- Quay gu n ni d ti
- D ti ( t ra khi gu)
- Quay gu khng ti tr li v tr o bt u chu k k tip
Trong mt chu k lm vic my khng di chuyn m ch ng ti mt ch, v vy phi chn v tr
ng ca my sao cho vng lm vic ca my bao ph c vng ly t v vng d ti, tc kh nng
vi gu ca my phi vi ti c v tr xc t v v tr d ti.
tch c t trong gu, trc ht phi ng y gu. Vic iu khin ng y gu nh sau:
nng cn kt hp vi h tay gu, khi tay gu nghing 100 hoc nh hn 100 so vi phng thng
ng th y gu s t ng ng li do trng lng bn thn, khi cht 2 s c gi trong mu 1
v y gu cng c gi trng thi ng.
H cn kt hp vi nng gu t di ln xc t vo gu, chiu dy phoi ct v lc tc dng vo
gu tng dn t di ln nn gi l ct thun, v vy my xc gu nga cn gi l my xc gu
thun.
Sau khi tch t vo gu th nng gu ri quay n v tr d ti.
d ti x t khi gu th iu khin m y gu bng cch git dy 6, n 5 s ko cht 2 trt
khi mu 1 v y gu s c m ra.
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My xc gu nghch
My xc gu nghch c th lm vic c vi t cp IV, thng c dng t v vt liu ct
mc thp hn cao trnh my ng; o rnh lp t ng ng, cp in; o knh mng, h
mng.
Gu c th c thay bng thit b ngom ngom rc hoc thay bng gu ngom ngom t.
My xc gu nghch thng uc dng lm my c s ch to thnh my cm bc thm khng
chuyn dng.
My xc gu nghch iu khin thu lc c khu tnh tin : c th o su
My o gu ngom:
My o gu ngom iu khin bng cp thc cht l cn trc c thit b mang vt l gu ngom
iu khin bng cp.
My o gu ngom iu khin thu lc l my o gu sp c thit b cng tc l gu ngom thu
lc.
Phn loi: Gu ngom c 3 loi: gu ngom 1 dy, gu ngom 2 dy v gu ngom thu lc.
Gu ngom 2 dy:
B cng tc gu ngom gm cp nng gu (1), thanh ging (2), u nng di (3), gu (4), u nng
trn (5), cp ng m gu (6).
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Qu trnh lm vic :
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Nng sut cao, kh thay th b cng tc, iu khin nhiu thao tc trong mt chu k
My xc gu ngom iu khin mt dy : D ti phi h gu chm vo nn hoc mt v tr trn
caoNng sut thp, thng dng ti cc bn cng, dng mc cu ca cn trc mc vo gu l c th
xc c
My xc gu ngom iu khin thu lc : chiu su o khng ln
My xc gu dy:
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Cu to
Hnh * m t my xc nhin gu h roto
u nhc im v phm vi s dng :
Nng sut rt cao.
Gia thnh my cao, khng a nng, khi lng cng vic bo dng sa cha ln.
Ch nn dng cho cng vic c khi lng ln v tp trung nh thu in, khai m.
u nhc im:
My xc nhiu gu l loi my lm t hot ng lin tc, thng dng o rnh t ng ng
Nhc im:
u nhc im
My xc lt:
Cng dng :
My xc lt thng c dng xc t cp I, cp II, xc cc loi vt liu ri nh , ct, than, ri
vo cc phng tin vn chuyn hoc dn thnh ng trong phm vi cng trng; xp d, vn
chuyn hng ho v cc vt nng cc nh kho, nh ga, bn bi.
My xc lt lm vic hiu qu khi i tng cn xc cao hn cao trnh my ng.
Phn loi :
Da vo h thng di chuyn, my xc lt c chia lm 2 loi: my xc lt di chuyn bng xch v
my xc lt bnh lp
Da vo hng xc v d ti, c cc loi: my xc lt xc v v pha trc, my xc lt xc pha
trc mt bn, my xc lt xc pha trc pha sau.
Cu to chung :
Hnh * m t my xc lt di chuyn bng bnh lp, xc v t v pha trc
Qu trnh lm vic:
My xc lt lm vic theo chu k, mi chu k gm 6 giai on:
- Tin v ni xc t
- Xc t vo gu
- Li khi ni xc t
- Tin n ni d ti
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- D ti khi gu
- Li li bt u chu k mi
Giai on xc t vo gu:
iu khin cc xi lanh thc hin h gu, ming gu hng v pha trc; cho my tin ti xc t
vo gu bng sc y ca my ng thi iu khin lt nga dn gu ln cha t trong gu.
Giai on li khi ni xc v tin n ni d ti:
Giai on ny my phi thay i hng di chuyn, v vy phi h gu xung thp , trnh lt my do
lc ly tm ca gu cha t gy ra.
X t : nng gu ln cao ng thi lt ming gu xung t ra.
Nng sut :
trong : q - dung tch gu, m3 ;
Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ;
k - h s y gu ;
kt - h s ti xp ca vt liu ;
ktg - h s s dng thi gian.
Qu trnh lm vic:
Bi. My gt t
I. My i:
1. Cng dng:
o v vn chuyn t vi c li di 100 m, o knh mng, h mng cn v rng.
p nn ng, nn cng trnh.
San bng nn cng trnh, san lp h.
Dn ng vt liu
Ko lu chn cu, cp in, vt c khi lng ln, cc my khc.
y my cp, my khc
Xi t.
2. Phn loi:
Da vo h thng di chuyn, my u c chia thnh 2 loi: my i di chuyn bng xch v my i
di chuyn bnh lp
Da vo h thng iu khin, chia 2 loi: my i iu khin thu lc v my i iu khin bng cp
Da vo tnh linh hot ca li i, chia 2 loi: my i thng v my i vn nng
Da vo cng sut, c cc loi: my i c nh, my i c trung bnh v my i c ln
Cu to chung v qu trnh lm vic
Cu to chung :
Cu to chung my i bnh xch iu khin thu lc c m t trn v *
1. My ko; 2. Khung i; 3. Khp lin kt khung i vi my ko; 4.Li i; 5. Thanh chng; 6.
Xilanh nng h li i; 7. Mc ko.
B phn cng tc :
B phn cng tc l li i, cn gi l ben.
Cc thng s hnh hc ca li i :
Cch thay i gc o :
H thng thu lc iu khin li i :
Qu trnh lm vic :
My i lm vic theo chu k, mi chu k gm cc giai on sau:
- Ct t v tch lu t trc li i.
- y khi t trc li i v pha trc n ni d ti.
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- D ti.
- Chy khng ti v ni ly t tip tc chu k lm vic mi.
Giai on ct t v tch lu t trc li i c th tin hnh theo 3 s (hnh)
Hnh. Cc s ct t ca my i: a. Ct t vi chiu dy lp
ct khng i b. Ct theo bc thang; c. Ct theo hnh thang lch
- S (a): ct t vi chiu dy lp ct khng i, s ct ny d thc hin nhng cng v cui
giai on ct t lc cn cng tng, nh vy khng s dng hp l c ch lc ko ca my;
chiu di qung ng ct t ln, dn n thi gian chu k lm vic di hn nn nng sut thp.
- S (b): ct t theo bc thang, ch dng khi gp t rn c lc cn ct ln, i hi tay ngh th
li my cao.
- S (c): ct t theo hnh thang lch, s ny hiu qu nht, cho php s dng hp l ch
lc ko ca my, rt ngn chiu di ct t, gim thi gian chu k lm vic nn nng sut cao.
Giai on y khi t trc li i n ni d ti:
Giai on ny c th ct thm t vi chiu dy hmin b li khong ri ri dc ng vn chuyn.
Giai on d ti:
Tu theo yu cu ni d ti, giai on ny c th ri t thnh lp v m s b hoc nng dn
li i vun t p nn, vun thnh ng to iu kin thun li cho my xc lm vic tip theo.
Giai on chy khng ti tr v ni ly t:
Giai on ny my c th chy li hoc quay u my ri chy tin. Thng thng, vi my i bnh
xch nn chn cch chy li khng ti, hn ch quay u my gim h hng xch di chuyn.
Trng hp chiu di qung ng lm vic qu ln, ln hn chiu di gii hn th nn chn cch
quay u my, chy tin vi vn tc nhanh nht tr v ni ly t, ri li quay u my tip tc
chu k lm vic mi.
My i bnh lp:
My i iu khin bng cp:
My i vn nng :
Nng sut :
Siu my i Komatsu D575A-2 l my i ln nht th gii, t cnh n l my i tiu chun
My san
Cng dng:
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My san c s dng rng ri san bng v to hnh dng b mt nn cng trnh, to iu kin
thun li cho cng on m tip theo c d dng v hiu qu; san ri vt liu xy dng nn cng
trnh.
Li my san kh linh hot nn c th dng my san o rnh thot nc, o p nn ng,
bt phng cc mi taluy cho nn t p hoc cc h o, bt taluy ng, knh mng.
My san cn c dng san lp cc rnh lp t ng ng, san lp h, thu dn hin trng khi
hon thnh cng trnh.
Khi lp thm thit b ph nh rng xi, li i, my san c th cy xi t, i t vi c ly n 30m.
My san lm vic c hiu qu cao vi t cp I, cp II. Vi cp t cao hn hay c ln si , nn
cy xi t trc khi cho my san lm vic.
Phn loi:
Da vo s cu trc, my san c chia lm 2 loi: my san 2 cu trc v my san 3 cu trc.
Da vo kh nng di chuyn, chia 2 loi: my san t hnh v my san khng t hnh.
Da vo phng php iu khin, c cc loi: my san iu khin thu lc, my san iu khin c
kh, my san iu khin bng cp.
Da vo cng sut v trng lng my, c cc loi:
- loi nh: cng sut n 63 m lc, trng lng n 9T
- loi trung bnh: 63 n 100 m lc, 9 n 19T
- loi nng v rt nng: trn 100 m lc, trn 19T
Cc loi my san 2 cu trc, my san khng t hnh v my san iu khin bng cp c nhiu nhc
im nn hu nh khng cn c s dng. Loi thng dng hin nay l my san t hnh, c 3 cu
trc, iu khin bng thu lc hoc c kh.
B phn cng tc :
B phn cng tc ca my san l li san, tng t li i,
Cc thng s ca li san ;
Cu to chung :
Hp cn bng :
Kh nng nghing hai bnh dn hng :
Cc kh nng iu khin li san :
Thay i gc o
y trt li san trn gi
H mt u li san xung nn (Quay trong mt phng thng ng)
Quay li san trong mt phng ngang, c loi hin i c th quay li san v pha sau, hnh trnh
i li cng san t.
a b cng tc qua mt bn my
Phn loi :
Nng sut : Tnh nh cng thc my i san t Tr286
iu khin my san phc tp, i hi th c tay ngh cao
Lp thit b ph :
My i hnh thnh my san
My cp (my xc chuyn):
Cng dng:
My cp cn gi l my xc chuyn, l loi my va xc t va vn chuyn t n ni cn thit.
My cp tch t vo thng cha ri di chuyn n ni d ti nn c ly vn chuyn kh xa, vi my
cp t hnh bnh lp, c ly vn chuyn n 5000m, vn tc n 50km/h; vi my cp di chuyn nh
my khc ko, c ly vn chuyn n 500m, vn tc n 13km/h.
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1. Lu bnh thp:
Lu bnh thp cn gi l m ln mt nhn, lu bnh cng trn.
C hai loi lu bnh thp: kiu ko theo v kiu t hnh
B phn cng tc
u nhc im:
Nhc im:
Nng sut thp, cc lp t m t c dnh kt vi nhau, bm ca my trn nn thp
u im:
Cu to n gin, gi thnh my thp, c th m c mt ng si, mt ng nha.
Vn bnh ch ng vo nn trc
2. Lu chn cu:
Lu chn cu cn gi l m ln c vu hay m chn d. Loi lu ny thng c thit k kiu ko
theo, khi m phi dng my ko.
B phn cng tc ca lu chn cu l qu ln c th gia ti c nh lu bnh thp, nhng trn b mt
bnh c cc vu sp xp theo hnh bn c hay hnh mt co ( ch nht hoc tam gic).
Vu c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, kiu vu hnh chp ct v hnh nn ct d ch to nn c
dng rt ph bin.
Trng hp my ko ch tin, khng i li th kiu vu c dng khng i xng m t rt hiu
qu, kiu vu ny xut hin rt sm, hnh dng vu hao hao ging chn cu nn ngi ta gi loi
m ny l m chn cu.
u nhc im:
u im:
Cc vu m lm gim din tch tip xc gia bnh lu v nn nn ng sut tc dng ln nn ln,
tng c chiu su m.
Cc lp t m d dng c s dnh kt vi nhau, cht lng m cao.
Nhc im:
Do b mt bnh lu c vu nn vic di chuyn my kh khn, khi chuyn sang cng trnh khc phi
dng xe ti, rmooc vn chuyn. Cc vu cm vo nn lm tng lc cn di chuyn nn sc ko
my phi ln.
Lp t trn cng ht nc mnh khi gp ri ma, lm chm qu trnh m t, lm cho cc phng
tin khc di chuyn kh khn hn. Khi cn b mt phng v nhn phi s dng loi my m khc
m li lp t trn cng.
3. Lu bnh lp:
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Bi. My ng cc
Phn loi:
Da vo cch di chuyn, c cc loi: my ng cc di chuyn bng xch, my ng cc di chuyn
trn ray v my ng cc lp trn slan di chuyn bng cch dng can ko.
Da vo lc tc dng ln cc, c cc loi: my ng cc bng lc ng v my ng cc bng lc
rung.
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I/ Cu tao chung:
Thit b ong coc thng gm cac phn chnh sau:
1) u bua: la b phn trc tip gy ra lc tac dung ln u coc. Co cac loai u bua sau:
Dung lc ng co: bua diesel, bua thuy lc, bua hi, bua treo.
Dung lc rung co: bua rung ni mm, bua rung ni cng, bua rung - va p.
2) H thng gia bua gm:
Gia dn hng u bua: c lam bng cac oan ng thep hoc gian thep ni vi nhau bng
mi ghep bu lng. Trn gia dn hng co lp ray trt cac xe con vn chuyn cng nhn ln cao
khi cn thit va ray trt u bua. oan gia trn cung lp vi xa ngang, trn xa ngang lp t cac
puli dn hng cap. oan gia di cung lp khp vi b may.
Cac thanh ging xin hoc ngang gi gia dn hng c n nh. Cac thanh ging c
lp vi tng hoc xilanh thuy lc iu chnh nghing cua gia dn hng khi cn ong coc
xin.
3) H thng b may:
H thng b may co nhim vu xac nh v tr ong coc va toan b trong lng thit b
ri truyn xung nn. Trn o co lp t cabin, i trong, h thng gia bua, u bua va cac b may
ti: ti bua, ti coc, ti keo xe con, ti lp dng va cac b phn khac. Co cac kiu sau:
Dung h thng hai b: b di di chuyn trn ray, b trn tnh tin hoc quay trn b di.
Dung b lp trn phao ni.
Dung cac may banh xch nh may keo, cn truc, hoc may xuc mt gau. Kiu nay co tnh
c ng rt cao, thi gian chun b ong coc nhanh.
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Ba diesel:
Ba diesel lm vic da trn nguyn l hot ng ca ng c diesel 2 th, hai hnh trnh ca piston
hoc xilanh th c mt ln hn hp nhin liu chy n gin n sinh cng.
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Ba diesel c 3 loi : kiu ng dn, kiu hai cc dn v kiu xilanh dn, kiu ng dn c nhiu u
im nn c dng ph bin hn.
Ba diesel kiu ng dn : piston l vt nng ri trong ng dn hng (xilanh) to ra lc ng cc.
Nguyn l hot ng :
Giai on 1: khi ng ba
Dng mc ko piston ln cao, khng kh np vo xi lanh qua l, rnh s iu khin bm bm du
vo lm vi p sut khong 1,5 n 2 kG/cm2. Khi mc va chm vo c th mc trt khi piston,
piston ri t do.
Giai on 2 : piston ri v nn khng kh
Piston ri xung ng kn l thot np kh th khng kh trong xilanh bt u c nn, p sut v
nhit tng, vo cui hnh trnh, p sut khong 30 kG/cm2, nhit khong 6000C. Khi phn li
trn piston va p vo phn lm trn ba th truyn lc ng cc, ng thi lm cho du vng
tung to thnh nhng ht nh.
Giai on 3 : hn hp nhin liu chy v gin n sinh cng
Du diesel trng thi nhng ht nh ho trn vi khng kh nhit v p sut cao s t bc
chy, p sut v nhit trong xilanh tng nhanh. Mt phn p lc kh chy s y piston ln cao,
phn cn li tc dng ln ba v truyn xung cc.
Giai on 4 : thi kh chy, np kh mi, iu khin bm du
Khi piston vng ln i qua l thot np kh th kh chy thot nhanh ra ngoi, piston tip tc i ln
theo qun tnh li ht khng kh vo xilanh, rnh trn piston li iu khin bm bm du vo lm.
Vn tc piston gim dn n khng ri ri xung tip tc mt chu k khc.
Mun cho ba dng th git dy iu khin cho bm du ngng hot ng.
Vi nguyn l hot ng nh trn, trong mt chu k c hai thnh phn lc tc dng ln cc : lc
ng do piston va p vo ba v lc do hn hp kh chy gin n sinh cng.
Ba diesel kiu hai cc dn : nhc im nhiu, c thit b khc thay th nh my p cc, ba rung,
cc khoan nhi nn t dng.
u nhc im v phm vi s dng :
Ch trong s dng : Xc mng, git dy iu khin bm
Qu trnh h cc bng ba diesel :
Tnh chn ba diesel :
u nhc im v phm vi s dng
u im:
Nhc im:
Phm vi s dng:
Ba hi n ng:
Ba hi n ng gm xilanh v pttng, pttng lp vi b v kp vo cc, xilanh l phn chy. Khi
bm kh nn vo xilanh th xilanh trt ln, sau m van x kh nn ra ngoi, do trtng lng bn
thn, xi lanh ri xung va p vo b to ra lc ng cc.
C th dng nh cc
Ba hi song ng:
Tn s ng cc ln, c th khc phc dc chi gi
C th ng c cc vi nghing ln
Ba rung
Nguyn l chm cc khi ng bng ba rung
Ba rung t trn nh cc v truyn lc rung ng cho cc, cc dao ng s lm gim lc ma st
gia cc v nn. Khi lc qun tnh
Phn loi:
C 3 loi ba rung: ba rung ni cng, ba rung ni mm v ba rung va p (ba va rung).
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Ba rung ni cng:
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Ba va rung:
Ba va rung cn gi l ba rung va p hay ba rung p, loi ba ny va truyn lc rung ng
cho cc va tc dng lc ng ln cc.
u nhc im v phm vi s dng :
u im:
Ba rung c kch thc u ba nh gn, tnh c ng cao, d iu khin, lm vic tin cy.
ng cc bng ba rung t gp hin tng chi gi, cc khng b v nh khi dng ba va p.
C th dng ba rung nh cc.
Khi ng cc c th khng dng gi dn hng u ba.
Nhc im:
Lc rung ng lm gim tui th ca ng c v gy nh hng xu n cc cng trnh ln cn.
gim lc rung ng truyn ra cc cng trnh ln cn, c th o ng ho ngn cch.
Thay v dng gi dn hng th ba rung phi dng cn trc t hnh nng h ba khi ng cc;
phi s dng cc thit b pht lc nh my pht in, my bm thu lc. My pht in cung cp
nng lng in cho u ba hot ng, my bm thu lc cung cp du thu lc c p sut cao cho
b phn xilanh kp cc di u ba.
Phm vi s dng:
Ba rung thng dng ng cc c tit din nh vo nn t t c do dnh.
Cc loi cc thng c ng bng ba rung nh: cc vn thp, cc ng thp, cc thp hnh, cc
btng ct thp tit din nh (100x100 n 300x300).
Ba rung nh cc rt hiu qu nn c dng ng v nh ng vch khi thi cng cc khoan nhi;
ng v nh di dn bc thm hay ng dn ct x l nn t yu.
Tnh chn ba rung :
Lc rung ng :
Cng sut ng c in :
u nhc im v phm vi s dng
u im:
Nhc im:
Phm vi s dng:
Bi. My p cc
u nhc im v phm vi s dng:
u im:
My p cc dng lc tnh nn cc vo nn nn khng gy chn ng, khng gy n o, hn ch
nhng nh hng xu n cc cng trnh ln cn c xy dng trc.
Nhc im:
Thi gian thi cng di, chiu su p nh, phi s dng cc my khc phc v my p nh cn
trc t hnh, my bm thu lc.
Phm vi s dng:
Cu to v qu trnh p cc:
Qu trnh p cc:
Qu trnh p cc uc tin hnh theo cc bc nh sau:
- Xc nh v tr p
- iu khin xilanh y cn pttng i xung h lng p xung v tr thp nht, to iu kin
thun li cho vic t cc vo gia lng p
- Dng cn trc t hnh nng cc t vo gia lng p
- iu khin xilanh ko lng p ln cao
- Dng tm nn chn nh cc sao cho v tr tm nn nm trn nh cc v nm di 2 thanh ging
ngang no ca lng p
- iu chnh chnh xc v tr p v thng ng ca cc
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cao n ming thung ri chay ra ngoai. Loai nay cu tao n gian, b tng ra chm. . Cac may
trn co dung tch thung ln gn y thng c ch tao theo kiu nay.
c) Da vao tnh di ng: co may trn c nh va may trn di ng c.
d) Da vao tnh lin tuc: co may trn theo chu ky va may trn lin tuc. Trn cac cng trng xy
dng thng dung may trn theo chu ky. May trn lin tuc ch dung nhng ni cn khi lng b
tng ln.
II/ Cac b phn chnh cua may trn b tng gm: ng c, h thng truyn ng, thung trn, canh
trn, h thng tip liu, h thng d liu, thung ong nc. Ngoai ra con co cac thit b phu va thit
b
an
toan
khac.
Cac may trn co dung tch san xut ln c trang b h thng tip liu va thung ong nc.
- H thng tip liu: dung a phi liu vao thung trn, giam thi gian cua mt chu ky, tit
kim
nhn
cng,
tng
nng
sut.
Khi may ang trn th tip liu vao gau, mun tip liu vao thung trn th dung xi lanh thuy lc
y gau tip liu hoc dung h ti - cap keo gau ln phi liu vao thung trn.
- Thung ong nc: dung nh lng chnh xac lng nc cho vao thung trn.
Thung ong nc rt d h hong do c im cu tao va v tr t no trn may trn.
May bm nc hoat ng lin tuc, thung ong nc dung nc theo chu ky v vy i khi phai
lang ph cng sut cua may bm.
III/ Cac loai may trn b tng thng dung:
1) May trn t do kiu lt (h.7.3):
Cac hoat ng cua may:
a) Trn b tng : ng c 6 dn ng hp giam tc 13 lam quay banh rng non 14 va truyn
ng xch 10. Banh rng 14 truyn momen quay cho vanh rng non 12 gn cht trn thung
trn 2, thung trn 2 quay quanh truc y-y (nghing 450 ) trn phi liu.
b) b tng ra: quay v lng B, nh truyn ng banh rng 17 gia lt 9 mang thung trn 2
quay quanh truc x-x chuc ming thung xung b tng ra. vic iu khin thun tin,
truyn ng banh rng 17 thng la truyn ng banh rng n khp trong, hoc truyn ng
xch va co cht ham v lng thung trn quay cung chiu vi v lng va co th ham gia lt.
c) Keo
II. My m btng:
1. Cng dng v phn loi
Cng dng:
Dng m cht btng sau khi , lm cho btng nhanh ng kt, m bo c cht lng b
mt btng v tit kim ximng
Phn loi:
Da vo v tr truyn lc rung ng vo khi btng, my m c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
m trong:
m trong c cc loi: m di trc mm, m di cn cng, m xc v m chy cc mnh
Cc loi my m trong truyn lc rung ng t gia khi btng ra xung quanh, thng c dng
khi chiu dy lp btng ln.
m mt:
m mt c cc loi: m bn, m thuc v m mt in t
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H thng cp liu
Goc nghing cua tang sy
X ly bui
Phng phap t (t xui, t ngc)
Thit b o nhit
Phng phap cn
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