Professional Documents
Culture Documents
16-AAC-Load Handout-Color PDF
16-AAC-Load Handout-Color PDF
James A Swanson
Associate Professor
University of Cincinnati
Dept of Civil & Env. Engineering
765 Baldwin Hall
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071
Ph: (513) 556-3774
Fx: (513) 556-2599
James.Swanson@uc.edu
References
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Wai-Faf Chen and Lian Duan, 1999, CRC Press (08493-7434-0)
Four LRFD Design Examples of Steel Highway Bridges, Vol. II, Chapter 1A
Highway Structures Design Handbook, Published by American Iron and Steel
Institute in cooperation with HDR Engineering, Inc. Available at http://www.aisc.org/
Design of Highway Bridges, Richard Barker and Jay Puckett, 1977, Wiley & Sons
(0-471-30434-4)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 1 --
References
Load and Resistance Factor Design for Highway Bridges, Participant Notebook,
Available from the AASHTO web site.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
References
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 2 --
References
AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, 1997, 2003
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, 2007
AASHTO Guide Specification for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Philosophies of Design
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 3 --
Philosophies of Design
ASD: Allowable Stress Design
For Safety:
Fy
f FA =
F .S .
f - computed stress
FA - Allowable Stress
M
S
Fy
1.82
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Philosophies of Design
LFD: Load Factor Design
For Safety:
Q R
Q - Load Effect
R - Component Resistance
- Load Factor
1.30 M D + 2.17 M ( L + I ) M n
- Strength Reduction Factor
In LFD, load and resistance are not considered simultaneously.
Chen & Duan
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 4 --
Philosophies of Design
LRFD: Load & Resistance Factor Design
For Safety:
Q R
Q - Load Effect
R - Component Resistance
- Load Factor
- Resistance Factor
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Number of
Samples
Weight
Number of
Samples
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
0
1
0
2
3
5
6
8
9
10
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
11
8
9
8
7
5
3
2
2
0
1
Average = 180lbs
St Deviation = 38lbs
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 5 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Number of
Samples
Weight
Number of
Samples
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
5
7
11
13
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
15
14
11
8
5
3
2
0
1
0
0
Average = 320lbs
St Deviation = 28lbs
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 6 --
Number of Occurrences
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420
Strength
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Number of Occurrences
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 7 --
( R Q ) = R 2 + Q 2
Mean ( R Q )
( R Q )
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
P(Failure)
1.0
2.0
3.0
3.5
15.9%
2.28%
0.135%
0.0233%
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 8 --
D+(L or S)
D+L+W
D+L+E
Members
3.0
2.5
1.75
Connections
4.5
4.5
4.5
AASHTO:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
4
Reliability Index
Reliability Index
27
54
81
Span Length (ft)
108
180
27
54
81
Span Length (ft)
108
180
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 9 --
Resistance Factor:
Rm [ 0.55 COV( Rm )]
e
Rn
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD Specification
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 10 --
AASHTO-LRFD Specification
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
General Design and Location
Features
Loads and Load Factors
Structural Analysis and
Evaluation
Concrete Structures
Steel Structures
Aluminum Structures
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Wood Structures
Decks and Deck Systems
Foundations
Abutments, Piers, and Walls
Buried Structures and Tunnel
Liners
Railings
Joints and Bearings
Index
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 11 --
-- 12 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2: Limit States
Service:
Strength:
Intended to ensure that strength and stability are provided to resist statistically
significant load combinations that a bridge will experience during its design life.
Extensive distress and structural damage may occur at strength limit state
conditions, but overall structural integrity is expected to be maintained.
Extreme Event:
Deals with restrictions on stress, deformation, and crack width under regular
service conditions.
Intended to ensure that the bridge performs acceptably during its design life.
Fatigue:
Deals with restrictions on stress range under regular service conditions reflecting
the number of expected cycles.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 13 --
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2: Limit States
Q = i i Qi
(1.3.2.1-1)
i - Load Factor
Qi - Load Effect
i - Load Modifier
When the maximum value of i is appropriate
i = D R I 0.95
(1.3.2.1-2)
i =
1
1.00
D R I
(1.3.2.1-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pg 1.3
ODOT Short Course
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3.2: Limit States - Load Modifiers
Applicable only to the Strength Limit State
D Ductility Factor:
R Redundancy Factor:
D = 1.05
D = 1.00
D = 0.95
R = 1.05
R = 1.00
R = 0.95
I Operational Importance:
I = 1.05
I = 1.00
I = 0.95
These modifiers are applied at the element level, not the entire structure.
Pgs. 1.5-7; Chen & Duan
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 14 --
D Ductility Factor:
Use a ductility load modifier of D = 1.00 for all strength limit states
R Redundancy Factor:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
R Redundancy Factor:
Cap and column piers with three or more columns should be considered
redundant.
T-type piers with a stem height to width ratio of 3-1 or greater should be
considered non-redundant.
For information on other substructure types, refer to NCHRP Report 458
Redundancy in Highway Bridge Substructures.
R does NOT apply to foundations. Foundation redundancy is included in the
resistance factor.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 15 --
I Operational Importance:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 16 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Chapter 2: General Design and
Location Features
2.1 Scope
2.2 Definitions
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Topographic Studies
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 17 --
2.5.1 Safety
2.5.2 Serviceability
2.5.3 Constructability
2.5.4 Economy
2.5.5 Bridge Aesthetics
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Site Data
2.6.3 Hydrologic Analysis
2.6.4 Hydraulic Analysis
2.6.5 Culvert Location and Waterway Area
2.6.6 Roadway Drainage
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
2.5.2 - Serviceability
2.5.2.6.2 Criteria for Deflection
ODOT requires the use of Article 2.5.2.6.2 and 2.5.2.6.3 for limiting
deflections of structures.
ODOT prohibits the use of the stiffness contribution of railings,
sidewalks and median barriers in the design of the composite
section.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 18 --
2.5.2 - Serviceability
2.5.2.6.2 Criteria for Deflection
When investigating absolute deflection, load all lanes and assume all
components deflect equally.
When investigating relative deflection, choose the number and position
of loaded lanes to maximize the effect.
The live load portion of Load Combination Service I (plus impact) should
be used.
The live load is taken from Article 3.6.1.1.2 (covered later).
For skewed bridges, a right cross-section may be used, for curved
bridges, a radial cross section may be used.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
2.5.2 - Serviceability
2.5.2.6.2 Criteria for Deflection
In the absence of other criteria, these limits may be applied to
steel, aluminum and/or concrete bridges:
Load
Limit
Span/800
Span/1000
Span/300
Span/375
For steel I girders/beams, the provisions of Arts. 6.10.4.2 and 6.11.4 regarding
control of deflection through flange stress controls shall apply.
Pg 2.10-14
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 19 --
2.5.2 - Serviceability
2.5.2.6.2 Criteria for Deflection
For wood construction:
Load
Limit
Span/425
0.10 in
Pg 2.10-14
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
2.5.2 - Serviceability
2.5.2.6.2 Criteria for Deflection
For orthotropic plate decks:
Load
Limit
Span/300
Span/1000
0.10 in
Pg 2.10-14
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 20 --
2.5.2 - Serviceability
2.5.2.6.3 Optional Criteria for Span-to-Depth ratios
Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 Traditional Minimum Depths for Constant Depth Superstructures
Minimum Depth (Including Deck)
When variable depth members are used, values may be adjusted to account for
changes in relative stiffness of positive and negative moment sections
Superstructure
Material
Type
Simple Spans
Continuous Spans
1.2( S + 10)
30
S + 10
0.54 ft .
30
T-Beams
0.070L
0.065L
Box Beams
0.060L
0.055L
0.035L
0.033L
0.045L
0.040L
Precast I-Beams
0.045L
0.040L
0.033L
0.030L
0.030L
0.025L
0.040L
0.032L
0.033L
0.027
Trusses
0.100L
0.100L
Slabs
Prestressed
Concrete
Steel
ODOT states that designers shall apply the span-to-depth ratios shown.
Pg 2.10-14
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 21 --
-- 22 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Bridge Design Specification
Section 3: Loads and Load Factors
DD - Downdrag
DC - Structural
Components and
Attachments
DW - Wearing Surfaces
and Utilities
EH EL -
ES -
EV -
Pg 3.7
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 23 --
BR
CE
CR CT CV EQ FR IC LL IM -
LS PL SE SH TG TU WA WL WS -
Pg 3.7
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
STRENGTH I
(unless noted)
1.75
1.00
--
STRENGTH II
1.35
1.00
--
STRENGTH III
1.00
STRENGTH IV
STRENGTH V
Load
Combination
1.35
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
1.40
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
1.00
0.50/1.20
--
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
0.40
1.0
1.00
0.50/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
Pg 3.13
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 24 --
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
EXTREME
EVENT I
EQ
1.00
--
EXTREME
EVENT II
0.50
1.00
FATIGUE LL,
IM, & CE ONLY
--
0.75
--
Load
Combination
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
CV
--
1.00
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00
1.00
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Pg 3.13
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Load
Combination
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
EL
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
WA
WS
WL
SERVICE I
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.30
1.0
SERVICE II
1.00
1.30
1.00
--
SERVICE III
1.00
0.80
1.00
SERVICE IV
1.00
--
1.00
FR
TU
CR
SH
TG
SE
EQ
IC
CT
1.00
1.00/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
TG
SE
--
--
--
--
0.70
--
1.00
1.00/1.20
--
1.0
--
--
--
--
Pg 3.13
ODOT Short Course
CV
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 25 --
Strength I:
Strength II:
Strength III:
Strength IV:
Strength V:
Pg 3.8-3.10
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Extreme Event I:
Fatigue:
Pg 3.8-3.10
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 26 --
Service I:
Service II:
Service III:
Service IV:
Pg 3.8-3.10
in
of
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Load Factor
Maximum
Minimum
1.25
1.50
0.90
0.90
1.4
1.05
1.25
0.25
0.30
0.35
1.50
0.65
1.50
1.35
0.90
0.90
1.00
1.00
Pg 3.13
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 27 --
If the load being considered would decrease the maximum response, the
minimum p is used.
Pg 3.11
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Incorrect
Correct
Pg 3.11
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 28 --
Pg 3.11-12
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
ODOT Exception: Assume that the Extreme Event I Load Factor for Live
Load is Equal to 0.0. (EQ = 0.0)
Pg 3.12
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 29 --
Poisson effect.
Pg 3.14
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
For Strength Load Combination I, the load factor for construction loads
and any associated dynamic effects shall not be less than 1.5.
For Strength Load Combination III, the load factor for wind shall not be
less than 1.25.
Pg 3.14
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 30 --
Jacking Forces
The design forces for in-service jacking shall be not less than 1.3 times
the permanent load reaction at the bearing adjacent to the point of
jacking (unless otherwise specified by the Owner).
The live load reaction must also consider maintenance of traffic if the
bridge is not closed during the jacking operation.
PT Anchorage Zones
The design force for PT anchorage zones shall be 1.2 times the
maximum jacking force.
Pg 3.15
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Strength I:
Service II:
Fatigue:
0.75(LL+IM)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 31 --
Strength I:
Service I:
Service III:
Service IV:
Fatigue:
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Strength I:
Fatigue:
0.75(LL+IM)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 32 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 33 --
Pg 4.29
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Examples:
A 20 ft. wide bridge would be required to be designed as a two lane
bridge with 10 ft. lanes.
A 38 ft. wide bridge has 3 design lanes, each 12 ft. wide.
A 16 ft. wide bridge has one design lane of 12 ft.
Pg 3.16
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 34 --
The governing force effect shall be taken as the larger of the following:
The effect of the design tandem combined with the design lane load
The effect of one design truck (HL-93) combined with the effect of the
design lane load
For negative moment between inflection points, 90% of the effect of two
design trucks (HL-93 with 14 ft. axle spacing) spaced at a minimum of 50
ft. combined with 90% of the design lane load.
Pg 3.24-25
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
8 kip
14' - 0"
32 kip
Pg 3.22-23
ODOT Short Course
32 kip
6' - 0"
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 35 --
Pg 3.23
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
NOTE: the impact factor, IM, is NOT applied to the lane load. It is only
applied to the truck or tandem load.
Pg 3.18
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 36 --
8 kip
32 kip
32 kip
Truck
25 kip 25 kip
Tandem
640 plf
Lane Load
The lane load is applied, without impact, to any span, or part of a span,
as needed to maximize the critical response.
Pg 3.25
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 37 --
The impact factor is applied only to the truck, not the lane load
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
In this case, the front axle is ignored as it does not contribute to the maximum
response.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 38 --
The truck/tandem is positioned such that the center of any wheel load is
not closer than:
1.0 ft. from the face of the curb/railing for design of the deck
overhang.
2.0 ft. from the edge of the design lane for design of all other
components.
Pg 3.25
ODOT Short Course
The load is
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 39 --
3'-0"
Traffic Lane #2
Traffic Lane #3
3'-0"
Pg 3.25
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
For all other cases (including slab-type bridges where the span exceeds
15.0 ft.) the entire HL-93 loading shall be applied.
Pg 3.26
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 40 --
Centrifugal and Braking Forces need not be considered for deck design.
Pg 3.26
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 41 --
(4.6.2.2.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Pg 3.30
ODOT Short Course
MP Factor
1.20
1.00
0.85
0.65
If the ADTT is less than 100, 90% of the specified force may be used
If the ADTT is less than 1,000, 95% of the specified force may be used
Multiple Presence Factors are NOT used with the Distribution Factors
Pg 3.17-18
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 42 --
Impact Factors, IM
Deck Joints
75%
ODOT EXCEPTION
Pg 3.29
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(f ) (F ) n
where,
(f )
(6.6.1.2.2-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 43 --
100.0
A
B
B'
C
D
E
E'
10.0
1.0
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
Stress Cycles
Pgs 6.42
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
A 3 (F )TH
(F ) n =
2
N
(6.6.1.2.5-1)
(6.6.1.2.5-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 44 --
Detail
A x 108
Category
A
B
B'
C
C'
D
E
E'
M164 Bolts
M253 Bolts
(ksi )
250
120
61.0
44.0
44.0
22.0
11.0
3.9
17.1
31.5
( F )TH
(ksi)
24.0
16.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
7.0
4.5
2.6
31.0
38.0
Pg 6.44
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
8 kip
14' - 0"
32 kip
32 kip
6' - 0"
The fatigue truck is applied alone lane load is NOT used. The dynamic
allowance for fatigue is IM = 15%. The load factor for fatigue loads is 0.75
for LL, IM and CE ONLY.
No multiple presence factors are used in the Fatigue Loading, the
distribution factors are based on one lane loaded, and load modifiers () are
taken as 1.00.
Pg 3.27
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 45 --
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
Spacing
20 ft.
2.0
> 20 ft.
1.0
Transverse Members
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(3.6.1.4.2-1)
where,
p - The fraction of truck traffic in a single lane
Table 3.6.1.4.2-1 Single Lane Truck Fraction
# Lanes Available
to Trucks
1
2
3 or more
p
1.00
0.85
0.80
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 46 --
Class of
Highway
Rural Interstate
Urban Interstate
Other Rural
Other Urban
TF
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.10
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 47 --
If the bridge is ONLY for pedestrian and/or bicycle traffic, the load is
0.085 kip/ft2.
If vehicles can mount the sidewalk, sidewalk pedestrian loads are not
considered concurrently.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
v2
gR
(3.6.3-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 48 --
Highway design speed shall not be taken to be less than the value
specified in the current edition of the AASHTO publication, A Policy of
Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.
Pg 3.31
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 3.31-32
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 49 --
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 3.38
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 50 --
Wind Area
Pg 3.38
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
(3.8.1.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 51 --
Open Country
Suburban
City
V0 (mph)
8.20
10.90
12.00
Z0 (ft)
0.23
3.28
8.20
Pg 3.39
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
For bridges less than 30 ft. above low ground or water level,
use VDZ = 100 mph.
Pg 3.39
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 52 --
Elevation, Z (ft)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2
V
VDZ
kip
PD = PB DZ = PB
2
10, 000 ft
VB
(3.8.1.2.1-1)
Windward
Load (ksf)
Leeward
Load (ksf)
Trusses, Columns,
and Arches
0.050
0.025
Beams
0.050
N/A
0.040
N/A
Pg 3.39-40
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 53 --
Pg 3.40-42
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
If the wind angle is not perpendicular, the table on the next slide is
used for PB .
The direction shall be that which produces the extreme force effect.
Pg 3.40
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 54 --
Trusses/Columns/ Arches
Girders
Lateral Load
Longitudinal Load
Lateral Load
(degrees)
(ksf)
(ksf)
(ksf)
(ksf)
0.075
0.000
0.050
0.000
15
0.070
0.012
0.044
0.006
30
0.065
0.028
0.041
0.012
45
0.047
0.041
0.033
0.016
60
0.024
0.050
0.017
0.019
Pg 3.40
ODOT Short Course
Longitudinal Load
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 3.40-42
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 55 --
6'-0"
Pg 3.40-42
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Normal Component
Parallel Component
(degrees)
(klf)
(klf)
0.100
0.000
15
0.088
0.012
30
0.082
0.024
45
0.066
0.032
60
0.034
0.038
Pg 3.41
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 56 --
Wind uplift force of 0.020 kip/ft2 times the width of the deck + sidewalk +
parapet.
Applied as a longitudinal line load at the windward quarter point of the
deck width.
Applied in conjunction with the horizontal wind loads
Applied only to Service IV and Strength III limit states, in combinations
which do NOT include wind on live load (WL) and only when the wind
direction is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
Pg 3.41
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Design the connection between the superstructure and substructure to resist 0.2 times the vertical reaction due to
tributary permanent load.
Tributary area refers to the uninterrupted segment of the
superstructure contributing to load on the seismic restraint.
Restrained direction is typically transverse.
Tributary permanent load includes allowance for future wearing
surface.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 57 --
The Extreme Event I load factor for live load, EQ is taken as 0.0.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Climate
Steel or
Aluminum
Concrete
Wood
Cold
-30o to 120o F
0o to 80o F
0o to 75o F
-- 58 --
AASHTO-LRFD
Bridge Design specification
Section 4: Structural Analysis and Evaluation
Simplified Analysis
Distribution Factor
Refined Analysis
Finite Element Modeling
Pg 4.9 4.10
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 59 --
Also applies to Precast Concrete Tee and Double Tee Sections when
sufficient connectivity is present.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 60 --
Slab-on-Steel-Girder bridges
qualify as type (a) cross sections.
Pg 4.31-32
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
Cross Section
Steel Beam/Girder
(a)
Concrete I beam
(k)
(f)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
-- 61 --
Pg 4.35-36
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Force Effect
L (ft)
Positive Moment
Shear
Exterior reaction
Pg 4.30
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 62 --
Also applies to Precast Concrete Tee and Double Tee Sections when
sufficient connectivity is present. These are types i and j.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course
Pg 4.35
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 63 --
Interior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
0 .4
0.3
S S K g
DFM,Int = 0.06 +
3
14 L 12 Lt s
0.1
0 .1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
3.5 S 16.0
20 L 240
10k Kg 7M
4.5 ts 12.0
-1.0 de 5.5
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 64 --
K g = n I + Aeg2
n
I
A
eg
(4.6.2.2.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
de
9.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 65 --
Lever Rule:
Assume a hinge develops over each interior girder and solve for
the reaction in the exterior girder as a fraction of the truck load.
This example is for one lane loaded.
Multiple Presence Factors apply
1.2 is the MPF
M
R=
1.2 Pe RS = 0
1.2 Pe
1.2e
DF =
S
S
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
DFM' = 1 C1 (Tan )
1 .5
Kg
C1 = 0.25
3
12 Lt s
0.25
) DF
S
L
0.5
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 66 --
Interior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
DFV,Int = 0.36 +
S
25.0
S S
12 35
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
de
10
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 67 --
12 Lts3
DFV' = 1.0 + 0.20
Tan DFV
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
DFExt ,Min =
NL
Nb
e
x
XExt
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
Nb
Pg 4.37
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 68 --
DFExt ,Min =
NL
+
Nb
X Ext e
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
Nb
Pg 4.37
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
Pg 4.29
ODOT Short Course
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007
-- 69 --
9 (typ)
3'-0"
3'-0"
References:
Barth, K.E., Hartnagel, B.A., White, D.W., and Barker, M.G., 2004, Recommended Procedures for
Simplified Inelastic Design of Steel I-Girder Bridges, ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, May/June
Vol. 9, No. 3
Four LRFD Design Examples of Steel Highway Bridges, Vol. II, Chapter 1A Highway Structures
Design Handbook, Published by American Iron and Steel Institute in cooperation with HDR Engineering,
Inc. Available at http://www.aisc.org/
2- Span Continuous Bridge Example
ODOT LRFD Short Course - Loads
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 1 of 31
-- 71 --
2. LOAD CALCULATIONS:
DC dead loads (structural components) include:
Steel girder self weight (DC1)
Concrete deck self weight (DC1)
Haunch self weight (DC1)
Barrier walls (DC2)
DW dead loads (structural attachments) include:
Wearing surface (DW)
2 490
pcf
12 inft
(1.15 ) = 278.1 ft
Lb
per girder
490 pcf
12 inft
(1.15 ) = 439.5
Lb
ft
per girder
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 2 of 31
-- 72 --
Wdeck
150 pcf
= (9.5")(144")
2
12 inft
Lb
= 1, 425 ft per girder
Whaunch
( 2")( 25.2")
Lb
=
2
(150 pcf ) = 52.5 ft per girder
in
12 ft
4
girders
Wbarriers =
W fws =
(39')(60 psf )
4 girders
= 585 Lb
per girder
ft
The moment effect due to dead loads was found using an FE model composed of four frame elements.
This data was input into Excel to be combined with data from moving live load analyses performed in
SAP 2000. DC1 dead loads were applied to the non-composite section (bare steel). All live loads were
applied to the short-term composite section (1n = 8). DW (barriers) and DC2 (wearing surface) dead
loads were applied to the long-term composite section (3n = 24).
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 3 of 31
-- 73 --
3,000
2,000
DW
1,000
Moment (kip-ft)
0
DC2
-1,000
-2,000
-3,000
-4,000
-5,000
-6,000
-7,000
-8,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Station (ft)
150
100
DW
Shear (kip)
50
DC2
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Station (ft)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 4 of 31
-- 74 --
The following Dead Load results were obtained from the FE analysis:
The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 58.7 and 271.3
The maximum negative live-load moments occur over the center support at station 165.0
DC1 - Steel:
DC1 - Deck:
DC1 - Haunch:
DC1 - Total:
DC2:
DW
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 5 of 31
-- 75 --
1) The effect of a design tandem combined with the effect of the lane loading. The design
tandem consists of two 25kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. The lane loading consists of a 0.64klf
uniform load on all spans of the bridge. (HL-93M in SAP)
2) The effect of one design truck with variable axle spacing combined with the effect of the
0.64klf lane loading. (HL-93K in SAP)
3) For negative moment between points of contraflexure only: 90% of the effect of a truck-train
combined with 90% of the effect of the lane loading. The truck train consists of two design
trucks (shown below) spaced a minimum of 50 between the lead axle of one truck and the rear
axle of the other truck. The distance between the two 32kip axles should be taken as 14 for each
truck. The points of contraflexure were taken as the field splices at 132 and 198 from the left
end of the bridge. (HL-93S in SAP)
4) The effect of one design truck with fixed axle spacing used for fatigue loading.
All live load calculations were performed in SAP 2000 using a beam line analysis. The nominal
moment data from SAP was then input into Excel. An Impact Factor of 1.33 was applied to the
truck and tandem loads and an impact factor of 1.15 was applied to the fatigue loads within SAP.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 6 of 31
-- 76 --
Single Truck
4,000
Tandem
Moment (kip-ft)
2,000
Fatigue
0
Fatigue
Tandem
-2,000
Contraflexure Point
Contraflexure Point
-4,000
Single Truck
Two Trucks
-6,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
150
Tandem
100
Fatigue
Shear (kip)
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 7 of 31
-- 77 --
The following Live Load results were obtained from the SAP analysis:
The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 73.3 and 256.7
The maximum negative live-load moments occur over the center support at station 165.0
HL-93M
HL-93K
HL-93S
Fatigue
Before proceeding, these live-load moments will be confirmed with an influence line analysis.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 8 of 31
-- 78 --
25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip
8kip
Single Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
Station (ft)
Tandem:
Single Truck:
Lane Load:
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane:
(1.33 ) ( 2,108
k-ft
k-ft
) + 1,594
k-ft
) + 1,594
k-ft
= 3,726
k-ft
= 4,397
k-ft
GOVERNS
The case of two trucks is not considered here because it is only used when computing negative moments.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 9 of 31
-- 79 --
25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip
8kip
Single Truck:
32kip 32kip
32kip 32kip
8kip
8kip
Two Trucks:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
Station (ft)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Tandem:
Single Truck:
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane:
(1.33 ) ( 924.0
(1.33 ) (1,318
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
kip
Lane Load:
k-ft
kip
Two Trucks:
kip
k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
) + 2,508
) + 2,508
k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
= 3,737
k-ft
= 4, 261
k-ft
) + 2,508
k-ft
= 5, 405k-ft GOVERNS
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 10 of 31
-- 80 --
Based on the influence line analysis, we can say that the moments obtained from SAP appear to be
reasonable and will be used for design.
Before these Service moments can be factored and combined, we must compute the distribution factors.
Since the distribution factors are a function of Kg, the longitudinal stiffness parameter, we must first
compute the sections properties of the girders.
kip
kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 11 of 31
-- 81 --
A centrifugal force results when a vehicle turns on a structure. Although a centrifugal force doesnt apply
to this bridge since it is straight, the centrifugal load that would result from a hypothetical horizontal
curve will be computed to illustrate the procedure.
The centrifugal force is computed as the product of the axle loads and the factor, C.
C= f
v2
gR
(3.6.3-1)
where:
( secft )
- 4/3 for all load combinations except for Fatigue, in which case it is 1.0
( )
ft
sec 2
Suppose that we have a radius of R = 600 and a design speed of v = 65mph = 95.33ft/sec.
ft 2
4 ( 95.33 sec )
= 0.6272
C =
3 32.2 secft 2 ( 600 ')
The centrifugal force acts horizontally in the direction pointing away from the center of curvature and at a
height of 6 above the deck. Design the cross frames at the supports to carry this horizontal force into the
bearings and design the bearings to resist the horizontal force and the resulting overturning moment.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 12 of 31
-- 82 --
For the calculation of wind loads, assume that the bridge is located in the open country at an elevation
of 40 above the ground.
Take Z = 40
V o = 8.20mph
Z o = 0.23ft
Open Country
V
VDZ 2
PD = PB D Z = PB
2
10, 000mph
VB
(3.8.1.2.1-1)
PB
VB
V30
VDZ
(Table 3.8.1.2.1-1)
V Z
VDZ = 2.5Vo 30 ln
VB Z o
= ( 2.5 ) ( 8.20
PD = ( 50
psf
(105.8 )
mph
(3.8.1.1-1)
ft
100 40
) 100 Ln 0.23ft = 105.8mph
mph 2
(10, 000 )
mph 2
PD
= 55.92psf
hexp
WS H ,Total
kip
1
WS H , Abt = ( 583.7 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 48.16
WS H , Pier
kip
1
= ( 583.7 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 96.31
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 13 of 31
-- 83 --
Total Uplift:
kip
1
For Center Pier: ( 840 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 138.6
WL
PD
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 14 of 31
-- 84 --
4
4
bf
15"
= (12)(8.5") +
= 109.5"
12ts +
2
2
S = (12')(12 in ft ) = 144"
4
4
bf
15"
= (12)(8.5") +
= 109.5"
12ts +
2
2
S
12'
Note that Leff was taken as 132.0 in the above calculations since for the case of effective width in
continuous bridges, the span length is taken as the distance from the support to the point of dead load
contra flexure.
For computing the section properties shown on the two pages that follow, reinforcing steel in the deck
was ignored for short-term and long-term composite calculations but was included for the cracked
section. The properties for the cracked Section #1 are not used in this example, thus the amount of rebar
included is moot. For the properties of cracked Section #2, As = 13.02 in2 located 4.5 from the top of the
slab was taken from an underlying example problem first presented by Barth (2004).
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 15 of 31
-- 85 --
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
15.00
69.00
21.00
A
11.25
38.81
21.00
Ix
Ay
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
y
70.38
35.50
0.50
71.06
Y=
Ad2
17,728
902
19,125
IX
17,729
16,301
19,127
2,180.06
ITotal =
53,157
30.68
SBS1,top =
1,327
SBS1,bot =
1,733
d
-39.70
-4.82
30.18
Short-Term Composite (n = 8)
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
109.50
15.00
15.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
8.00
A
116.34
0.00
11.25
38.81
21.00
187.41
y
75.00
70.75
70.38
35.50
0.50
Ix
Ay
8,725.78
700.49
0.00
0.00
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
10,905.84
Y=
Ad2
d
-16.81
-12.56
-12.18
22.69
57.69
58.19
IX
32,862
0
1,669
19,988
69,900
ITotal =
33,562
0
1,670
35,387
69,901
140,521
SST1,top =
SST1,bot =
11,191
2,415
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
109.50
15.00
15.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
24.00
A
38.78
0.00
11.25
38.81
21.00
109.84
y
75.00
70.75
70.38
35.50
0.50
Y=
Ix
Ay
2,908.59
233.50
0.00
0.00
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
5,088.66
Ad2
31,885
0
6,506
4,549
44,101
ITotal =
IX
32,119
0
6,507
19,948
44,103
102,676
SLT1,top =
SLT1,bot =
4,204
2,216
d
-28.67
-24.42
-24.05
10.83
45.83
46.33
Cracked Section
Rebar
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
4.5000
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
15.0000
69.0000
21.0000
A
13.02
11.25
38.81
21.00
84.08
y
75.25
70.38
35.50
0.50
Y=
Ix
Ay
979.76
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
3,159.82
37.58
Ad2
73,727
55,717
48,913
5
ITotal =
IX
73,727
55,718
64,312
7
193,764
SCR1,top =
SCR1,bot =
5,842
5,156
d
-75.25
-70.38
-35.50
-0.50
These section properties do NOT include the haunch or sacrificial wearing surface.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 16 of 31
-- 86 --
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
21.00
69.00
21.00
A
21.00
38.81
52.50
Ix
Ay
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
y
72.00
37.00
1.25
112.31
Y=
Ad2
42,841
4,012
34,361
IX
42,843
19,411
34,388
3,013.69
ITotal =
96,642
26.83
SBS2,top =
2,116
SBS2,bot =
3,602
d
-45.17
-10.17
25.58
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
109.50
21.00
21.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
8.00
A
116.34
0.00
21.00
38.81
52.50
228.66
y
76.75
72.50
72.00
37.00
1.25
Ix
Ay
8,929.38
700.49
0.00
0.00
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
11,943.07
Y=
d
-24.52
-20.27
-19.77
15.23
50.98
52.23
Ad2
IX
69,941
0
8,207
9,005
136,454
ITotal =
70,641
0
8,208
24,403
136,481
239,734
SST2,top =
SST2,bot =
11,828
4,590
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
109.50
15.00
21.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
24.00
A
38.78
0.00
21.00
38.81
52.50
151.09
y
76.75
72.50
72.00
37.00
1.25
Y=
Ix
Ay
2,976.46
233.50
0.00
0.00
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
5,990.15
Ad2
53,393
0
21,983
272
77,395
ITotal =
IX
53,626
0
21,985
15,670
77,423
168,704
SLT2,top =
SLT2,bot =
5,135
4,255
d
-37.10
-32.85
-32.35
2.65
38.40
39.65
Cracked Section
Rebar
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
4.5000
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
21.0000
69.0000
21.0000
A
13.02
21.00
38.81
52.50
125.33
y
77.00
72.00
37.00
1.25
Y=
Ix
Ay
1,002.54
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
4,016.23
32.04
Ad2
26,313
33,525
953
49,786
ITotal =
IX
26,313
33,527
16,352
49,813
126,006
SCR2,top =
SCR2,bot =
3,115
3,932
d
-44.96
-39.96
-4.96
30.79
These section properties do NOT include the haunch or sacrificial wearing surface.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 17 of 31
-- 87 --
0.1
2
K g = n( I + Aeg )
4
0.4
0.3
4
12 ' 12 ' 1, 672, 000 in
14 165 ' (12)(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
In these calculations, the terms eg and Kg include the haunch and sacrificial wearing surface since
doing so increases the resulting factor. Note that ts in the denominator of the final term excludes
the sacrificial wearing surface since excluding it increases the resulting factor.
Two or More Lanes Loaded:
0.1
DFM 2, Int +
0.6
0.2
S S Kg
= 0.075 +
9.5 L 12 Lt s3
DFM 2, Int +
0.6
0.2
4
12 ' 12 ' 1, 672, 000 in
= 0.075 +
9.5 165 ' 12(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
Exterior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
DFM 1, Ext + =
8.5
12
= 0.7083
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 18 of 31
-- 88 --
DFM2,Ext+ = e DFM2,Int+
e = 0.77 +
= 0.77 +
de
9.1
1.5
9.1
= 0.9348
DFM 1, Int
0.4
0.3
S S Kg
= 0.06 +
14 L 12 Lts3
0.1
2
K g = n( I + Aeg )
0.1
0.1
DFM 2, Int
0.6
0.2
S S Kg
= 0.075 +
9.5 L 12 Lt s3
DFM 2, Int
0.6
0.2
4
12 ' 12 ' 3, 218, 000 in
= 0.075 +
9.5 165 ' (12)(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 19 of 31
-- 89 --
Exterior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
DFM2,Ext- = e DFM2,Intd
e = 0.77 + e
9.1
= 0.77 +
1.5
9.1
= 0.9348
DF
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
DF
M 1, Ext , Min
1
4
= 0.6125
Multiple Presence:
DFM1,Ext,Min = (1.2) (0.6125) = 0.7350
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 20 of 31
-- 90 --
3'
3'
2'
3'
3'
P1
P2
DF
M 2 , Ext , Min
2
4
= 0.9250
Multiple Presence:
DFM2,Ext,Min = (1.0) (0.9250) = 0.9250
Lane 1 (12')
3'
Lane 2 (12')
12'
6'
The case of three lanes loaded is not considered for the minimum exterior distribution factor since
the third truck will be placed to the right of the center of gravity of the girders, which will
stabilize the rigid body rotation effect resulting in a lower factor.
1 Lane Loaded:
2 Lanes Loaded:
Positive Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.5021
0.8500 0.7350
0.7781
0.7274 0.9250
Negative Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.5321
0.8500 0.7350
0.8257
0.7719 0.9250
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.9250 everywhere for the Strength and Service
load combinations.
Fatigue Moment Distribution:
For Fatigue, the distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence
factor of 1.00. Since the multiple presence factor for 1-lane loaded is 1.2, these factors can be obtained
by divided the first row of the table above by 1.2.
1 Lane Loaded:
Positive Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.4184
0.7083 0.6125
Negative Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.4434
0.7083 0.6125
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.7083 everywhere for the Fatigue load
combination
Multiplying the live load moments by this distribution factor of 0.9250 yields the table of nominal
girder moments shown on the following page.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 21 of 31
-- 91 --
(LL+IM)+
(k-ft)
0.0
1605.1
2791.4
3572.6
3999.4
4066.7
3842.5
3310.8
2509.4
1508.6
1274.6
1048.4
828.6
615.8
463.3
320.5
185.5
76.4
0.0
76.4
185.5
320.5
463.3
615.8
828.6
1048.4
1274.6
1508.6
2509.4
3310.8
3842.5
4066.7
3999.4
3572.6
2791.4
1605.1
0.0
(LL+IM)(k-ft)
0.0
-280.7
-561.3
-842.0
-1122.7
-1403.4
-1684.0
-1964.7
-2245.4
-2547.5
-2660.0
-2793.3
-2945.6
-3115.6
-3371.3
-3728.6
-4105.0
-4496.9
-4918.1
-4496.9
-4105.0
-3728.6
-3371.3
-3115.6
-2945.6
-2793.3
-2660.0
-2547.5
-2245.4
-1964.7
-1684.0
-1403.4
-1122.7
-842.0
-561.3
-280.7
0.0
Nominal Moments
Fat+
Fat(k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.2
0.0
645.6
-68.9
1127.9
-137.9
1449.4
-206.8
1626.1
-275.8
1647.9
-344.7
1599.4
-413.7
1439.3
-482.6
1148.6
-551.6
763.6
-620.5
651.3
-637.8
539.1
-655.0
425.3
-672.2
310.8
-689.5
221.9
-706.7
158.6
-724.0
98.8
-741.2
49.4
-758.4
0.1
-775.6
49.4
-758.4
98.8
-741.2
158.6
-724.0
221.9
-706.7
310.8
-689.5
425.3
-672.2
539.1
-655.0
651.3
-637.8
763.2
-620.6
1148.6
-551.6
1439.3
-482.6
1599.4
-413.7
1647.9
-344.7
1626.1
-275.8
1449.4
-206.8
1127.9
-137.9
645.6
-68.9
0.2
0.0
DC1
(k-ft)
0.0
1309.9
2244.5
2799.9
2978.6
2779.3
2202.1
1248.4
-84.8
-1793.1
-2280.8
-2794.0
-3333.2
-3898.1
-4488.6
-5105.1
-5747.2
-6415.3
-7108.8
-6415.3
-5747.2
-5105.1
-4488.6
-3898.1
-3333.2
-2794.0
-2280.8
-1793.1
-84.8
1248.4
2202.1
2779.3
2978.6
2799.9
2244.5
1309.9
0.0
DC2
(k-ft)
0.0
240.0
412.0
515.0
549.7
515.8
413.2
242.3
2.5
-305.4
-393.2
-485.2
-581.5
-682.1
-787.0
-896.2
-1009.7
-1127.5
-1249.5
-1127.5
-1009.7
-896.2
-787.0
-682.1
-581.5
-485.2
-393.2
-305.4
2.5
242.3
413.2
515.8
549.7
515.0
412.0
240.0
0.0
DW
(k-ft)
0.0
440.3
755.6
944.7
1008.3
946.1
757.9
444.4
4.6
-560.2
-721.2
-890.0
-1066.7
-1251.3
-1443.7
-1643.9
-1852.1
-2068.1
-2291.9
-2068.1
-1852.1
-1643.9
-1443.7
-1251.3
-1066.7
-890.0
-721.2
-560.2
4.6
444.4
757.9
946.1
1008.3
944.7
755.6
440.3
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 22 of 31
-- 92 --
The distribution factors for shear are independent of the section properties and span length. Thus, the
only one set of calculations are need - they apply to both the section 1 and section 2
5.1: Interior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
S
25.0
12 '
= 0.36 +
= 0.8400
25.0
DFV 2 ,Int
S S
= 0.2 +
12 35
= 0.2 +
12 ' 12 '
= 1.082
12 35
DFV2,Ext = e DFV2,Int
de
10
1.5'
= 0.60 +
= 0.7500
10
e = 0.60 +
The minimum exterior girder distribution factor applies to shear as well as moment.
DFV1,Ext,Min = 0.7350
DFV2,Ext,Min = 0.9250
2- Span Continuous Bridge Example
ODOT LRFD Short Course - Loads
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 23 of 31
-- 93 --
1 Lane Loaded:
2 Lanes Loaded:
Shear Distribution
Interior
Exterior
0.8400
0.8500 0.7350
1.082
0.6300 0.9250
For Simplicity, take the Shear Distribution Factor as 1.082 everywhere for Strength and Service load
combinations.
For Fatigue, the distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence
factor of 1.00. Since the multiple presence factor for 1-lane loaded is 1.2, these factors can be obtained
by divided the first row of the table above by 1.2.
1 Lane Loaded:
Shear Distribution
Interior
Exterior
0.7000
0.7083 0.6125
For Simplicity, take the Shear Distribution Factor as 0.7083 everywhere for the Fatigue load combination.
Multiplying the live load shears by these distribution factors yields the table of nominal girder
shears shown on the following page.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 24 of 31
-- 94 --
(LL+IM)+
(kip)
144.9
123.5
103.5
85.0
68.1
52.8
39.4
27.8
18.0
10.0
8.3
6.7
5.5
4.3
3.2
2.2
1.3
0.0
0.0
170.1
166.2
162.3
158.4
154.5
150.5
146.5
142.5
138.6
122.3
105.7
89.1
72.7
56.7
41.4
26.8
20.3
19.7
(LL+IM)(kip)
-19.7
-20.3
-26.8
-41.4
-56.7
-72.7
-89.1
-105.7
-122.3
-138.6
-142.5
-146.5
-150.5
-154.5
-158.4
-162.3
-166.2
-170.1
-173.9
-0.5
-1.3
-2.2
-3.2
-4.3
-5.5
-6.7
-8.3
-10.0
-18.0
-27.8
-39.4
-52.8
-68.1
-85.0
-103.5
-123.5
-144.9
Nominal Shears
Fat+
Fat(kip)
(kip)
50.8
-4.7
44.6
-4.7
38.5
-6.4
32.6
-11.1
26.9
-17.2
21.4
-23.2
16.3
-29.0
11.5
-34.6
7.3
-39.9
3.9
-44.9
3.4
-46.0
2.8
-47.2
2.3
-48.3
1.8
-49.4
1.4
-50.4
1.0
-51.5
0.6
-52.4
0.3
-53.4
54.3
-54.3
53.4
-0.3
52.4
-0.6
51.5
-1.0
50.4
-1.4
49.4
-1.8
48.3
-2.3
47.2
-2.8
46.0
-3.4
44.9
-3.9
39.9
-7.3
34.6
-11.5
29.0
-16.3
23.2
-21.4
17.2
-26.9
11.1
-32.6
6.4
-38.5
4.7
-44.6
4.7
-50.8
DC1
(kip)
115.0
88.8
62.5
36.3
10.1
-16.1
-42.3
-68.6
-94.8
-121.0
-127.6
-134.1
-140.7
-147.2
-153.8
-160.3
-166.9
-173.4
-180.0
173.4
166.9
160.3
153.8
147.2
140.7
134.1
127.6
121.0
94.8
68.6
42.3
16.1
-10.1
-36.3
-62.5
-88.8
-115.0
DC2
(kip)
20.6
15.9
11.2
6.5
1.8
-2.9
-7.6
-12.3
-17.0
-21.7
-22.8
-24.0
-25.2
-26.4
-27.5
-28.7
-29.9
-31.0
-32.2
31.0
29.9
28.7
27.5
26.4
25.2
24.0
22.8
21.7
17.0
12.3
7.6
2.9
-1.8
-6.5
-11.2
-15.9
-20.6
DW
(kip)
37.6
29.0
20.5
11.9
3.3
-5.3
-13.9
-22.4
-31.0
-39.6
-41.7
-43.9
-46.0
-48.2
-50.3
-52.5
-54.6
-56.8
-58.9
56.8
54.6
52.5
50.3
48.2
46.0
43.9
41.7
39.6
31.0
22.4
13.9
5.3
-3.3
-11.9
-20.5
-29.0
-37.6
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 25 of 31
-- 95 --
Service II:
Fatigue:
0.75(LL + IM)
Strength II is not considered since this deals with special permit loads. Strength III and V are not
considered as they include wind effects, which will be handled separately as needed. Strength IV is
considered but is not expected to govern since it addresses situations with high dead load that come into
play for longer spans. Extreme Event load combinations are not included as they are also beyond the
scope of this example. Service I again applies to wind loads and is not considered (except for deflection)
and Service III and Service IV correspond to tension in prestressed concrete elements and are therefore
not included in this example.
In addition to the factors shown above, a load modifier, , was applied as is shown below.
Q = i i Qi
is taken as the product of D, R, and I, and is taken as not less than 0.95. For this example,
D and I are taken as 1.00 while R is taken as 1.05 since the bridge has 4 girders with a
Using these load combinations, the shear and moment envelopes shown on the following pages
were developed.
Note that for the calculation of the Fatigue moments and shears that is taken as 1.00 and the
distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence factor of
1.00 (AASHTO Sections 6.6.1.2.2, Page 6-29 and 3.6.1.4.3b, Page 3-25).
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 26 of 31
-- 96 --
10,000
Strength IV
Moment (kip-ft)
5,000
0
-5,000
Strength IV
-10,000
-15,000
Strength I
-20,000
-25,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
600
400
Strength IV
Shear (kip)
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 27 of 31
-- 97 --
Moment (kip-ft)
2,500
0
-2,500
-5,000
-7,500
-10,000
-12,500
-15,000
-17,500
-20,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
400
Shear (kip)
200
-200
-400
-600
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 28 of 31
-- 98 --
1,000
Moment (kip-ft)
500
-500
-1,000
-1,500
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
Shear (kip)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 29 of 31
-- 99 --
Strength I
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
5677.1
-515.7
9806.0
-1031.5
12403.3
-1547.2
13567.8
-2062.9
13287.4
-2578.7
11687.1
-3094.4
8740.0
-3610.2
4621.6
-4237.1
2772.1
-8317.5
2342.0
-9533.2
1926.4 -10838.2
1522.6 -12230.6
1131.6 -13707.1
851.2 -15392.8
588.9 -17317.3
340.9 -19328.3
140.4 -21420.1
0.0 -23617.1
140.4 -21420.1
340.9 -19328.3
588.9 -17317.3
851.2 -15392.8
1131.6 -13707.1
1522.6 -12230.6
1926.4 -10838.2
2342.0
-9533.2
2772.1
-8317.5
4621.6
-4237.1
8740.0
-3610.2
11687.1
-3094.4
13287.4
-2578.7
13567.8
-2062.9
12403.3
-1547.2
9806.0
-1031.5
5677.1
-515.7
0.0
0.0
Strength IV
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
3134.6
0.0
5374.1
0.0
6708.8
0.0
7145.1
0.0
6679.8
0.0
5312.9
0.0
3047.7
0.0
11.2
-133.5
0.0
-4187.3
0.0
-5347.3
0.0
-6566.4
0.0
-7845.7
0.0
-9184.5
0.0 -10582.9
0.0 -12041.3
0.0 -13559.1
0.0 -15137.1
0.0 -16774.1
0.0 -15137.1
0.0 -13559.1
0.0 -12041.3
0.0 -10582.9
0.0
-9184.5
0.0
-7845.7
0.0
-6566.4
0.0
-5347.3
0.0
-4187.3
11.2
-133.5
3047.7
0.0
5312.9
0.0
6679.8
0.0
7145.1
0.0
6708.8
0.0
5374.1
0.0
3134.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
Service II
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
4280.7
-383.1
7393.0
-766.2
9349.1
-1149.4
10222.6
-1532.5
10004.2
-1915.6
8787.0
-2298.7
6551.1
-2681.8
3432.8
-3153.9
2059.3
-6268.9
1739.8
-7195.8
1431.1
-8190.4
1131.1
-9251.2
840.6 -10375.8
632.3 -11657.1
437.4 -13117.1
253.3 -14642.7
104.3 -16229.6
0.0 -17895.9
104.3 -16229.6
253.3 -14642.7
437.4 -13117.1
632.3 -11657.1
840.6 -10375.8
1131.1
-9251.2
1431.1
-8190.4
1739.8
-7195.8
2059.3
-6268.9
3432.8
-3153.9
6551.1
-2681.8
8787.0
-2298.7
10004.2
-1915.6
10222.6
-1532.5
9349.1
-1149.4
7393.0
-766.2
4280.7
-383.1
0.0
0.0
Fatigue
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.2
0.0
484.2
-51.7
845.9
-103.4
1087.1
-155.1
1219.6
-206.8
1235.9
-258.6
1199.5
-310.3
1079.5
-362.0
861.5
-413.7
572.7
-465.4
488.5
-478.3
404.3
-491.3
318.9
-504.2
233.1
-517.1
166.5
-530.0
119.0
-543.0
74.1
-555.9
37.1
-568.8
0.1
-581.7
37.1
-568.8
74.1
-555.9
119.0
-543.0
166.5
-530.0
233.1
-517.1
318.9
-504.2
404.3
-491.3
488.5
-478.3
572.4
-465.4
861.5
-413.7
1079.5
-362.0
1199.5
-310.3
1235.9
-258.6
1219.6
-206.8
1087.1
-155.1
845.9
-103.4
484.2
-51.7
0.2
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 30 of 31
-- 100 --
Strength I
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
479.5
-34.5
390.5
-35.5
304.0
-46.9
220.1
-72.4
138.9
-99.3
92.5
-158.9
68.9
-239.1
48.6
-319.7
31.5
-400.1
17.5
-480.2
14.5
-500.0
11.7
-519.8
9.6
-539.7
7.6
-559.6
5.7
-579.3
3.9
-599.0
2.2
-618.7
0.0
-638.3
0.0
-657.9
638.3
-0.9
618.7
-2.2
599.0
-3.9
579.3
-5.7
559.6
-7.6
539.7
-9.6
519.8
-11.7
500.0
-14.5
480.2
-17.5
400.1
-31.5
319.7
-48.6
239.1
-68.9
158.9
-92.5
99.3
-138.9
72.4
-220.1
46.9
-304.0
35.5
-390.5
34.5
-479.5
Strength IV
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
272.8
0.0
210.6
0.0
148.4
0.0
86.2
0.0
24.0
0.0
0.0
-38.2
0.0
-100.4
0.0
-162.6
0.0
-224.8
0.0
-287.0
0.0
-302.6
0.0
-318.1
0.0
-333.7
0.0
-349.2
0.0
-364.8
0.0
-380.3
0.0
-395.9
0.0
-411.4
0.0
-427.0
411.4
0.0
395.9
0.0
380.3
0.0
364.8
0.0
349.2
0.0
333.7
0.0
318.1
0.0
302.6
0.0
287.0
0.0
224.8
0.0
162.6
0.0
100.4
0.0
38.2
0.0
0.0
-24.0
0.0
-86.2
0.0
-148.4
0.0
-210.6
0.0
-272.8
Service II
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
379.7
-26.9
309.0
-27.7
240.2
-36.6
173.4
-56.5
108.9
-77.5
72.1
-124.8
53.8
-188.6
37.9
-252.7
24.6
-316.8
13.7
-380.5
11.3
-396.3
9.2
-412.1
7.5
-427.9
5.9
-443.7
4.4
-459.4
3.0
-475.1
1.7
-490.8
0.0
-506.4
0.0
-522.0
506.4
-0.7
490.8
-1.7
475.1
-3.0
459.4
-4.4
443.7
-5.9
427.9
-7.5
412.1
-9.2
396.3
-11.3
380.5
-13.7
316.8
-24.6
252.7
-37.9
188.6
-53.8
124.8
-72.1
77.5
-108.9
56.5
-173.4
36.6
-240.2
27.7
-309.0
26.9
-379.7
Fatigue
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
38.1
-3.5
33.5
-3.5
28.9
-4.8
24.5
-8.3
20.2
-12.9
16.1
-17.4
12.2
-21.8
8.6
-26.0
5.5
-29.9
3.0
-33.7
2.5
-34.5
2.1
-35.4
1.7
-36.2
1.4
-37.0
1.0
-37.8
0.8
-38.6
0.5
-39.3
0.2
-40.0
40.7
-40.7
40.0
-0.2
39.3
-0.5
38.6
-0.8
37.8
-1.0
37.0
-1.4
36.2
-1.7
35.4
-2.1
34.5
-2.5
33.7
-2.9
29.9
-5.5
26.0
-8.6
21.8
-12.2
17.4
-16.1
12.9
-20.2
8.3
-24.5
4.8
-28.9
3.5
-33.5
3.5
-38.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 31 of 31
-- 101 --