I S C BN

(N THI THC S TON HC)

Bi 19. Bi tp v khng gian vct Euclide
PGS TS M Vinh Quang
Ngy 10 thng 3 nm 2006
1. Tm mt c s trc giao, c s trc chun ca khng gian vct con L ca R4 trong cc
trng hp sau:
a. L = h1 , 2 , 3 i vi 1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), 2 = (1, 1, 1, 1), 3 = (0, 1, 0, 1)
b. L = h1 , 2 , 3 i vi 1 = (1, 2, 2, 1), 2 = (1, 1, 5, 3), 3 = (3, 2, 8, 7).



 x1 x2 + x4 = 0
c. L = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) 
x2 x3 x4 = 0
Gii. a. D thy 1 , 2 , 3 LTT nn 1 , 2 , 3 l c s ca L. tm c s trc giao
ca L ta ch cn trc giao ha h vct 1 , 2 , 3 . Ta c:
1 = 1
2
h2 , 1 i
1 = (1, 1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 1, 1)
h1 , 1 i
2
h3 , 1 i
h3 , 2 i
= 3
1
2
h1 , 1 i
h2 , 2 i
1
1
1 1 1 1
= (0, 1, 0, 1)
(1, 1, 0, 0) (0, 0, 1, 1) = ( , , , )
2
2
2 2 2 2

2 = 2
3

Ta c th chn 3 = (1, 1, 1, 1). Vy, c s trc giao ca L l:

1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), 2 = (0, 0, 1, 1), 3 = (1, 1, 1, 1)
Trc chun ha c s trc giao trn, ta c c s trc chun ca L l:
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
e1 = ( , , 0, 0), e2 = (0, 0, , ), e3 = ( , , , )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
b. Gii tng t cu a., chi tit dnh cho bn c.
c. u tin, ta tm mt c s ca L. L l khng gian nghim ca h

x1 x2 + x4 = 0
(1)
x2 x3 x4 = 0
do c s ca L l h nghim c bn ca h (1). H (1) c v s nghim ph thuc
2 tham s x3 , x4 . Ta c:
x2 = x3 + x4
x1 = x2 x4 = x3
1

do , h nghim c bn ca h (1) l:
1 = (1, 1, 1, 0); 2 = (0, 1, 0, 1)
Do , c s ca L l 1 , 2 . Trc giao ha h vct 1 , 2 , ta s c c s trc giao
ca L.Ta c:
1 = 1
2 = 2

h2 , 1 i
1
1 2 1
1 = (0, 1, 0, 1) (1, 1, 1, 0) = ( , , , 1)
h1 , 1 i
3
3 3 3

Ta c th chn 2 = (1, 2, 1, 3) v c s trc giao ca L l:

1 = (1, 1, 1, 0), 2 = (1, 2, 1, 3)
Trc chun ha c s trc giao 1 , 2 ta c c s trc chun ca L l:
1 1 1
1
2
1
3
e1 = ( , , , 0), e2 = ( , , , )
3 3 3
15 15
15 15
2. Chng minh cc h vct sau l h trc giao trong R4 . Hy b sung chng c mt c
s trc giao ca R4
a. 1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), 2 = (1, 0, 1, 0)
b. 1 = (0, 0, 1, 1), 2 = (1, 1, 1 1)
Gii. a. V h1 , 2 i = 0 nn 1 2 . b sung c mt c s trc giao ca R4 , u tin
ta phi b sung thm 2 vct 3 , 4 ca R4 c mt c s ca R4 , sau ta trc
giao ha c s , ta s c c s trc giao ca R4 , cha cc vct 1 , 2 .
C nhiu cch chn cc vct 3 , 4 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 l c s ca R4 (chn nh
thc cp 4 tng ng l khc 0). V d ta c th chn 3 = (0, 0, 1, 0), 4 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
Khi nh thc cp 4 tng ng ca h 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 bng 1, nn h 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
LTT nn l c s ca R4 . Trc giao ha h vct 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
1 = 1
h2 , 1 i
1
h1 , 1 i
= 2 0.1 = 2
h3 , 1 i
h3 , 2 i
= 3
1
2
h1 , 1 i
h2 , 2 i
1
1
1 1 1 1
= (0, 0, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0) = ( , , , )
4
2
4 4 4 4

2 = 2

Ta c th chn 3 = (1, 1, 1, 1)
h4 , 1 i
h4 , 2 i
h4 , 3 i
1
2
3
h1 , 1
h2 , 2 i
h3 , 3 i
1
0
1
= (0, 0, 0, 1) (1, 1, 1, 1) (1, 0, 1, 0)
(1, 1, 1, 1)
4
2
4
1
1
= (0, , 0, )
2
2

4 = 4

Ta c th chn 4 = (0, 1, 0, 1)
2

Vy ta c th b sung thm 2 vct

3 = (1, 1, 1, 1), 4 = (0, 1, 0, 1)
c 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 l c s trc giao ca R4 .
b. Gii tng t cu a., chi tit xin dnh cho bn c.
3. Hy tm hnh chiu trc giao v khong cch ca vct x ln khng gian con L ca R4 vi:
a. x = (1, 1, 1, 0), L = h1 , 2 , 3 i, trong
1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), 2 = (1, 1, 1, 1), 3 = (0, 1, 0, 1)



 x1 x2 + x4 = 0

b. x = (1, 0, 1, 2), L = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) 
x2 x3 + x4 = 0
Gii. a. Cch 1. u tin ta mt tm c s trc chun ca L. Theo bi 1, c s trc
chun ca L l
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
e1 = ( , , 0, 0), e2 = (0, 0, , ), e3 = ( , , , )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
Do , hnh chiu trc giao x0 ca x ln L l
x0 = hx, e1 ie1 + hx, e2 ie2 + hx, e3 ie3
1
1
= 0.e1 + e2 + e3
2
2
1 1 1 3
= ( , , , )
4 4 4 4
Khong cch t vct x n L l di ca vct x x0 = ( 43 , 34 , 34 , 43 ) do ,
36
d(x, L) = kx x0 k = 16
= 94 .
Cch 2. D thy mt c s ca L l 1 , 2 , 3 v
h1 , 1 i = 2, h2 , 1 i = 2, h3 , 1 i = 1
hx, 1 i = 0, h2 , 2 i = 4, h3 , 2 i = 0,
hx, 2 i = 1, h3 , 3 i = 2, hx, 3 i = 1
Do , hnh chiu x0 ca x c dng
x0 = x1 1 + x2 2 + x3 3
trong x1 , x2 , x3 l nghim ca h

2x1 + 2x2 x3 = 0
2x1 + 4x2 + 0x3 = 1

x1 + 0x2 + 2x3 = 1
Gii h, ta c nghim x1 = 0, x2 = 41 , x3 = 12 , do
1
1
1 1 1 3
x0 = 01 + 2 + 3 = ( , , , )
4
2
4 4 4 4
v d(x, L) = kx x0 k = 49 .
3

b. Cch 1. Tm mt c s trc chun ca L, theo bi 1c., l c s:

1 1 1
1
2
1
3
e1 = ( , , , 0), e2 = ( , , , )
3 3 3
15 15
15 15
Do , hnh chiu trc giao x0 ca x ln L l:
2
4
x0 = hx, e1 i.e1 + hx, e2 i.e2 = e1 + e2
3
15
2 6 2 4
6 18 6 12
= ( , , , )=( , , , )
15 15 15 15
5 5 5 5
v khong cch t x n L l:


3 6 3 6 90
18

d(x, L) = kx x k = ( , , , )
=
=

5 5 5 5
25
5
0

Cch 2. u tin ta tm mt c s ca L. Mt c s ca L l h nghim c bn ca

h:

x1 x2 + x4 = 0
x2 x3 + x4 = 0
theo bi 1c., c s l
1 = (1, 1, 1, 0), 2 = (0, 1, 0, 1)
Ta c
h1 , 1 i = 3, h2 , 1 i = 1, hx, 1 i = 2, h2 , 2 i = 2, hx, 2 i = 2
Hnh chiu trc giao x0 ca x ln L l vct x0 = x1 1 + x2 2 , trong , x1 , x2 l
nghim ca h

3x1 + x2 = 2
x1 + 2x2 = 2
do , x1 = 52 , x2 = 45 .
Vy
2
4
2 6 2 4
x0 = 1 + 2 = ( , , , )
5
5
5 5 5 5
v d(x, L) = ||x x0 || =

18
.
5

4. Cho L l khng gian vct con ca khng gian Euclide E v xo E. Ta gi tp

P := L + xo = {x + xo |x L}
l mt a tp tuyn tnh ca E. Khong cch t mt vct E n a tp P , k hiu
d(, P ) xc nh bi:
d(, P ) = min{k uk : u P }
Chng minh rng khong cch d(, P ) bng di ng trc giao h t vct xo n
L (tc l d(, P ) = d( xo , L).

Gii. Gi s hnh chiu trc giao ca xo ln L l , tc l xo = + , trong ,

L, L. Khi
d( xo , L) = kk
vi mi vct u = xo + y P (tc l y L), ta c
p
p
k uk = ph u, ui = h xp
o y, xo yi
= h y + , y + i = k yk2 + kk2 kk
(h y, i = 0 v y L)
do min k uk = kk, du bng xy ra khi
k yk2 = 0 = y = u xo
u = xo +
Vy
d(, P ) = min{k uk} = d( xo , L)
du bng xy ra khi v ch khi u = xo + , trong l hnh chiu trc giao ca xo
ln L.
5. Tm khong cch t vct = (2, 1, 4, 4) n a tp P xc nh bi h phng trnh tuyn
tnh:

x1 x2 + x4 = 3
(1)
x2 x3 + x4 = 3
Gii. u tin ta phi vit a tp P di dng
(P ) = L + xo = {x + xo | x L}
trong , L l khng gian vct con ca R4 . V tp nghim ca h phng trnh (1) chnh
bng tp nghim h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng ca h (1) cng vi
nghim ring ca h (1), do , L chnh l khng gian con cc nghim ca h thun nht
tng ng h (1)

x1 x2 + x4 = 0
(L)
x2 x3 + x4 = 0
cn xo l nghim ring bt k ca h (1). Ta c xo = (1, 2, 3, 4) l nghim ca h (1)
Theo bi tp 4. d(, P ) = d( xo , L). Vy ta cn tm khong cch t vct xo =
(1, 1, 1, 0) n khng gian con L cc nghim ca h

x1 x2 + x4 = 0
x2 x3 + x4 = 0
theo bi 3., d( xo , L) =
Vy, d(, P ) = 49

9
4

6. Cho L l KGVT con ca khng gian Euclide E. K hiu:

L = {x E| xL}
Chng minh
a. L l KGVT con ca E. L gi l phn b trc giao ca L.
5

b. (L ) = L
c. L + L = E, L L = {0}
d. dim L + dim L = dim E
Gii. a. Kim tra trc tip da vo tiu chun khng gian vct con.

b. Gi s L, khi L , ta c L, do . Vy L nn (L ) .

Ngc li, gi s (L ) , khi L . Hnh chiu trc giao ca ln L l 0 , ta

c
= 0 + , L, 0 L
v L nn , 0 , do
0 = h, i = h0 + , i = h0 , i + h, i = h, i
t h, i = 0 nn = 0 v = 0 L.
c. Vi mi L, gi 0 l hnh chiu ca ln L, ta c:
= 0 + ,

0 L, L

tc l L nn L + L . Vy L + L = E.
Nu L L th L nn L, do tc l h, i = 0. Vy, = 0 ngha
l L L = {0}.
d. dim L + dim L = dim(L + L) dim(L L) = dim E dim{0} = dim E
7. Tm c s trc giao, c s trc chun ca khng gian con L ca R4 , bit L l cc khng
gian con di y:
a. L = h1 , 2 i vi 1 = (1, 0, 1, 2), 2 = (1, 1, 0, 1)
b. L l khng gian con cc nghim ca h

x1 x2 + x3 x4 = 0

2x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 0

x1 + 2x2 2x3 + 2x4 = 0

(1)

Gii. tm c s trc giao, c s trc chun ca L , ta tm mt c s ca L . Sau ,

s trc giao ha, trc chun ha nh trong bi tp 1.
a. Vct

x = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) L xL
x
 1 v x2
hx, 1 i = 0

 hx, 2 i = 0
x1 x3 + 2x4 = 0

x1 + x2 x4 = 0

(2)

Vy, L chnh l khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh trn, do h
nghim c bn ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh (2) chnh l mt c s ca L . Vic
tm c s trc giao, trc chun ca L by gi c tin hnh ging nh trong bi
tp 1c. Cc tnh ton chi tit xin dnh cho bn c.

b. Vct
x = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) L (x
1 , x2 , x3 , x 4 )
hx, 1 i =
hx, 2 i =

hx, 3 i =

l nghim ca h (1)
0
0
0

trong 1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), 2 = (2, 1, 1, 1), 3 = (1, 2, 2, 2))

x1 , x2 , x3
xh1 , 2 , 3 i
Nh vy x L xU = h1 , 2 , 3 i, x U tc l L = U , do L = U . Vy,
L = h1 , 2 , 3 i. T , mt h con LTT ti i ca h 1 , 2 , 3 l c s ca L .
D thy 1 , 2 l c s ca L . Vic trc giao ha, trc chun ha h vct 1 , 2
c c s trc giao, c s trc chun ca L kh n gin (tin hnh nh bi tp
1a). Chi tit xin c dnh cho bn c.
8. Cho L1 , L2 l cc khng gian con ca KGVT Euclide E vi dim L1 < dim L2 . Chng minh
tn ti vct 6= 0, L2 v trc giao vi L1
Gii. Ta c

dim L1 + dim L
1 = dim L2 + dim L2 = dim E (Bi tp 6)

Do dim L1 < dim L2 nn dim L

1 > dim L2
Mt khc

dim(L2 L
1 ) = dim L2 + dim L1 dim(L2 + L1 )

> dim L2 + dim L2 dim(L2 + L1 )

= dim E dim(L2 + L
1) 0

Vy dim(L2 L
1 ) > 0 do L2 L1 6= {0}, nn tn ti vct L2 L1 , 6= 0. R
rng L2 v L1

9. Chng minh rng mi h vct trc giao khng cha vct khng u c lp tuyn tnh.
Gii. Gi s 1 , . . . , mPl h trc giao, khng cha vct khng (i 6= 0) ca khng gian
vct Euclide v gi s m
j=1 aj j = 0. Khi , vi mi i, ta c:
0 = hi , 0i = hi ,

m
X

aj j i =

j=1

m
X

aj hi , j i = ai hi , i i

j=1

do ai hi , i i = 0 vi mi i, v hi , i i =
6 0 nn ai = 0, i. Vy, h 1 , . . . , m l h
LTT.
10. Chng minh rng: Trong khng gian Euclide, ma trn i c s gia 2 c s trc chun l
ma trn trc giao.
Gii. Gi s 1 , . . . , n () v 1 , . . . , n () l c s trc chun ca khng gian Euclide
E v gi s:
n
X
j =
aij i vi mi j = 1, 2, . . . , n
i=1

j =

n
X

bij i vi mi j = 1, 2, . . . , n

i=1

Gi T l ma trn i c

a11
a21

T = ..
.
an1

s t () sang () th:

a12 . . . a1n
b11 b12

a22 . . . a2n
b21 b22
1
.. . .
.. v T = ..
..
.
. .
.
.
an2 . . . ann
bn1 bn2

Ta c
hk , l i = hk ,

n
X

ail i i =

i=1

Mt khc

n
X

. . . b1n
. . . b2n

.
..
. ..
. . . bnn

ail hk , i i = akl

i=1

n
n
X
X
hk , l i = h
bik i , l i =
bik hi , l i = blk
i=1
t

i=1
1

Vy blk = akl vi mi k, l, tc l T = T , do , T l ma trn trc giao.

11. Cho E l KGVT Euclide. Chng minh rng php bin i tuyn tnh ca E, f : E E l
php bin i trc giao khi v ch khi f l bo ton di ca mt vct (kf ()k = kk)
vi mi E
Gii. Nu f l php bin i trc giao th
E, hf (), f ()i = h, i
do kf ()k = kk. chng minh chiu ngc li, ta c nhn xt: , E,
h + , + i = h, i + h, i + 2h, i
do

1
h, i = (k + k2 kk2 kk2 ) ()
2

By gi gi s f bo ton di ca vct, khi , do cng thc (), ta c

1
(kf () + f ()k2 kf ()k2 kf ()k2 )
2
1
=
(k + k2 kk2 kk2 ) = h, i
2

hf (), f ()i =

Vy, f l php bin i trc giao.

1

nh my: LM HU PHC, Ngy: 27/02/2006