trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

trdEkdifiHtwGuf
b0ESifh&if;+yD; xkqpfcJh&onfh
ausmufpmrsm;

3
trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

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4
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

rmwd u m

- xkwfa0olwkd@&J@ pum; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
7
- aus;Zl;wifv$m ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
9
1? ±k&Sm;jyef pDeD,mwpfOD;&J@ ueOD; tawG@t}uHK ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
11
2? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
16
3? 'Drdkua&pDudk &efvkyf ppfacgif;aqmif&J h twGif;o±kyf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
18
4? tm%m&Sifukd umuG,fae&wJh wyfrawmf&J h tjzpfqdk; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
20
5? &ydkifcGifhrsm; epfemqHk;&_H;aewJh wyfrawmfom;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
23
6? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH&Sd ppfrlxrf;rsm;&J@b0 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
26
7? EdkifiHtusKd;/ jynfoltusdK;udk trSefo,fydk;Edkifonfh 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
28
8? EkdifiHa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD. t"dy`m,f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
31
9? 'Drdkua&pD tpkd;&yHkpHrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
35
10? avmuygvw&m;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
38
11? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ jynfolvlxk ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
40
12? qifjzLrsufESm qifrJr=unhf0Hh ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
42
13? z,f'&,feJ@ wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
44
14? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;eJ h wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
46
15? vlxkacgif;aqmif rsdK;qufopfrsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
48
16? ppftm%m&Siftdkwpfpk vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfY wm0ef&dSonf 50
17? jynfolvlxkudk a&vdk vvdk usifh&rnfh wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
53
18? wyfrawmf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
56

5
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

9? ±k&Sm;odk@ ynmawmfoif ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
58
20? wdkif;jynftay: wu,fcspf=uyg ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
61
21? om; (3) om;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; vufwGJ=u ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
64
22? [dkwpfp'Dwpfp wyfwGif;tufuJGprsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
69
23? a¹rGwdkif; tqdyfr&Sd ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
73
24? tm;vHk;aumif;ygonf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
76
25? cGufaysmuf ppfAdkvfrsm;ESifh ra&&maom avwyf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
79
26? oifwef;rsm;/ tr_rsm;ESifh vkH;vnfcsmvnfvdkufaeaom t&m&Sdrsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
82
27? cGufaysmuf ppfAdkvfrsm;eJ@ tem*gwf wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
84
28? wpfckwnf;aom wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
86
29? wpfOD;wnf;ydkif wyfrawmf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
88
30? wyfrawmf t}uD;tuJrsm;xHodk@ ay;pm ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
90
31? a&wyf&J@ qHkrSwf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
93
32? pepfqdk;atmufu wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk,fpm; ay;pm ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
96
33? ig;=uif;qDjzifh ig;=uif;a=umf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
100
34? 0ÉfaºuG;*,ufxJu wyfrawmfom;rsm; ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
103
35? rodcsifa,mifaqmifraeygeJ@ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
106
36? cg;oD;wJh b0jzwfoef;r_ wpdwfwa'o ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
109
37? ESvHk;om;todeJ@ aus;Zl;qyf=unfhyg ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
111
38? jzpf&yfrSef udk,fawG@ “jzwf (8) jzwf” ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
114
39? rGef;=uyfr_rsm;eJ h arSsmfvifhaewJh tajymif;tvJ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
116
40? ppfr_xrf;a[mif;wpfOD;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
118

6
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

xkwfa0olwkd@&J@ pum;

urBmay:rSm&SdwJh b,fEdkifiHrSmrqdk wyfrawmfw&yf vdktyfygw,f?

jynfolawG&JΠtouftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh
vGwfvyfa&;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@/ jynfolvlxkudk tvkyftau|;ðyzdk@ wyfrawmfw&yf trSefwu,f
vdktyfygw,f?
usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm&SdwJh wyfrawmfqdkwm wcsdefwkef;u 'DvdkwyfrawmfrsKd;jzpfygw,f?

‘+Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;udk jrefrmhajray:u wdkufxkwfcJhwJh/ *syefzufqpfawGudk jrefrmhajray:u

armif;xkwfcJhwJh/ uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD/ wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; pwJh tJ'Dumvu
jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;udk OD;aqmifae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;ESifh vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh/ jynfolawGESifh
zGJ@pnf;/ jynfolawGESifh vufwGJ/ jynfolawGudk rm;rm;rwfrwf OD;aqmiftumtuG,fay;cJhwJh/ tifrwef
*k%fa&mifajymifcJhwJh ordkif;’ 'DwyfrawmfrSm &SdcJhzl;w,f?

1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10/ 11/ 12 &ufae@rsm;rSm usif;yðyvkyfcJhwJh Armhwyfrawmf wdkif;rSL;rsm;

tpnf;ta0;u tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm E_d;aqmfpmwapmif xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? 'DE_d;aqmfpmrSm æ
“u|Ek f y f w d k @ wyf r awmf o m;tm;vH k ; onf v nf ; aumif ; / jref r mEd k i f i H v G w f v yf a &;twG u f
pG e f @ pG e f @ pm;pm; aqmif & G u f c J h o l t aygif ; wd k @ onf v nf ; aumif ; / Tr# tyif y ef ; cH / tqif ; &J t epf e m
taota=ucHum óud;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonfrSm vufwqkyfr#&Sdaom vlwpk. aumif;pm;r_udkom
vnf;aumif;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@. udk,fa&;udk,fwm wdk;wufr_udkomvnf;aumif;/ &nf&G,frSef;qvsuf aqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifcJh=uonfr[kwfbJ jrefrmEdkifiH vlxktaygif; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf &nfpl;vsuf vkyfudkifcJh=uonfh
ta=umif;udk acgif;aqmifrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh EkdifiHol§om;taygif;wdk@tm; txl;av;eufpGm azmfjyvdkufay
a=umif;” vdk@ twdtvif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?

'g[m “e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJawGxJrSm

wyfrawmfom;awG/ jynfolawG touf/ aoG;/ ac|;ESifh udk,fvuft*F gawG pGef@v$wfay;qyfcJh=uwm[m
wae@us&if 'Dvdk ppftkyfpkwpku wdkif;jynfudk xifwdkif;}uJ+yD; pdefpDjrcs,fvkyfEdkifapzdk@ r[kwfbl;” qdkwm
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; acgi;f aqmifwhJ Armhwyfrawmf wdik ;f rSL;}uD;rsm;ESihf wyfrawmfom;wdik ;f u tav;teuf
E_d;aqmfaxmufjycJhwm jzpfygw,f?

7
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

'gayr,fh æ
'Dae@ 'DE_d;aqmfpmtwdkif; opPmrwnf=uawmhyg?
Advk cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$ tygt0if ppftyk pf x
k yd o
f ;D wpku 'Dordik ;f 0if E_;d aqmfpmudk opPmazmufc=hJ u
yg+yD? olESifh ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;wpk ºuG,f0csrf;om xif&mpdkif;Edkifa&;twGuf/ wdkif;jynf&JŒ b¾mESifh ºuG,f0r_
rSefor#udk twif;vk,l/ twif;armifydkifpD;Edkifzdk@twGuf wyfrawmfwckvHk;udk ckwHk;vkyf/ toHk;cs/ xm;&mae/
ap&mvkyf b0 wGef;ydk@cJhyg+yD?

'DvdkESifh æ
“ausmif;om;awGudk ypfowf/ oHCmawmfawGudk ypfowf/ tjypfrJhjynfolawGudk ypfowf” pwJh
uH}uD;xdkufEdkifavmufwJh jypfr_awGudk vufr&GH@pGm usL;vGefae=uwJh wyfrawmftjzpf/ vlxktay:
Adkvfuscsifwdkif; Adkvfus/ apmfum;csifwdkif; apmfum;aewJh wyfrawmfb0udk usqif;cJh&yg+yD?

usaemfwdk@ tvGefESajrmwo jzpf&ygw,f?

*k%fa&mifajymifwJh wyfrawmfordkif;udk vGrf;w,f?
b,fvdkjyefvnfq,fwif=urvJ/ 'gudk t+rJpOf;pm;aerdw,f?

tm;wufp&maumif;wJh tcsufwckuawmh æ wyfrawmfxJrSm wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&SdwJh

wyfrSL;wyfom;awG &Sdaew,fqdkwJh tcsufygyJ?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jzpfapcsifwJh “vlxkw&yfvHk;u cspfciftm;udk; wefzdk;xm;aewJh wyf”tjzpf
olwdk@wyfrawmfudk olwdk@ jyefvnfq,fwifcsif=uw,f?

wyfrawmfom;awG[mvnf; vlxkESifhtwl tcGifhta&;[lor# qHk;±_H;ae=uwmudk olwdk@

axmufjy=uw,f?
olw@kd [m vlxEk iS t
hf wl wom;wnf; &yfwnf+yD; olw@kd a&m/ vlxu
k ykd g zdEydS af pmfum;/ toa&zsuf
aewJh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wckrusef z,f&Sm;zsufodrf;ypfzdk@ oEMdXmefðyae=uw,f?

'Dvdk wyfrSL;wyfom;awGtwGuf usaemfwdk@ *k%f,lw,f?

olwdk@&ifxJu pum;awGudk usaemfwdk@ av;eufw,f?
olwdk@ b0ESifh&if;+yD; xkqpfcJh=uwJh ausmufpmawGudk usaemfwdk@ tav;tjrwfðyw,f?

wyfrawmfom;awG tygt0if jrefrmjynfow l &yfv;kH vGwaf jrmufz@kd twGu/f *k%af &mifajymifcw

hJ hJ
wyfrawmf ordkif;udk jyefvnfq,fwifEdkifzdk@twGuf 'Dpmpk[m wpHkw&m oufa&mufr_aumif; jzpfapygvdrfh
r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ar#mfvifhw,f?
'Dar#mfvifh,Hk=unfr_rsm;ESifh 'Dpmpkudk xkwfa0jzpfygw,f?

pma&;ol/ pmzwfolwdkif;udk av;pm;cspfcifpGmjzifh æ

xk w f a 0ol r sm;
24 - 2 - 2010

8
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

aus;Zl ; wif v $ m

“pnf;vk;H jcif;&J@tiftm;” 0ufbq

f u
dk rf S aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&G;cs,/f pkpnf;/ xkwaf 0ay;aom 'Dru
dk a&pD
tiftm;pk &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tm;vkH;ukd txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?

T “trdEkdifiHtwGuf b0ESifh&if;+yD; xkqpfcJh&onfh ausmufpmrsm;” pmtkyf xGuf&Sda&;tjyif

jzef@a0a&;wGifyg yg0ifulnDolrsm; tm;vkH;ukdvnf; jynfwGif;jynfyrS 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;ol t&m&Sd/
t&mcH/ t=uyf/ wyfom;rsm;u *k%fjyKrSwfwrf;wifyga=umif; av;pm;pGm azmfjytyfygonf?

pnf ; vk H ; jcif ; &J @ tif t m; 0uf q k d u f t zG J @

www.photayokeking.org
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9
trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

10
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

½k&mS ;jyef pDe,

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armif a usmif ; om;
(±k&mS ;jyef wyfrawmft&m&Sw
d pfO;D )

xdk@a=umifh ta&G;cH&aom t&m&Sdrsm;rSm

2001 ck E S p f / arv. reuf w pf c k w G i f
rnf o nf h E d k i f i H r S e f ; rod & ao;cif u wnf ; u
&efukefjrdKΠEdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&; wuUodkvf0if;rS
0rf;tom}uD; omcJh&onf? ,ck ynmawmfoif
rSefvkHum;i,f (4) pD; wef;pDxGufvmcJhonf? um;
ta&G;cH&aom t&m&Sd 200 eD;yg; &Sdygonf? xdk
ay:wGif rsufESmndêK;i,fpGmjzifh vdkufygvm=uaom
t&m&Sdrsm;udk wyfrawmf trSwf (2) ppfaq;±kH
ol r sm;um; ppf b uf / t&yf b uf r S t&m&S d r sm;/
}uD;wGif aq;ppfygonf? toJa&mif tom;0g bDawG
uxd u rsm; jzpf = uygonf ? 4if ; wd k @ tm;vk H ;
pDawG vmrajymeJ@? tm;vkH;atmif/ tm;vkH; aumif;
tb,fa=umifh rsufESmrsm; romr,m jzpfae&yg
ygonf? tJ²² tJ aq;usaom t&m&Sd tcsKdŒvnf;
oenf;? oifwdk@ ,kHcsifrS ,kHygvdrfhrnf?
&SdcJhygonf? rSwfrSwf&& ajymjy&&if AdkvfrSL;}uD;ESifh
txuf t qih f & S d t&m&S d r sm;. om;wcsKd @ awmh
xdkolwdk@onf 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;
aq;usygonf?
. pum;jzifh qdk&vSsif wyfrawmfrS csD;ajr‡mufjcif;
cH&aom ±k&Sm;EdkifiHodk@ ynmawmfoif apv$wfcH&
xdkaq;usaom t&m&Sdrsm;rSm aq;us
onfh tnw& t&m&Sdrsm; jzpf=uygonf? EdkifiH&yf
onfqdkaomfvnf; rsufESmrsm;rSm 0if;yaeygonf?
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tajctae raumif;rSe;f odI csucf si;f yif ol@taeESihf

11
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um ac|;odyfvdkuf&ygonf? vm&ef wyf c sKyf } uD ; ES i f h 'k c sKyf } uD ; wd k @ u trS m
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12
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13
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k rl sm;udk axmifcs

14
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

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q&m wpfa,muf ajymykHrSm rif;wdk@ t&nftcsif;eJ@ &Sdygawmhonf? Ô

15
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

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Akdvfoef;a&$. vufcsufyifjzpfygonf? 4if;onf
,cif pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; t&m&Sd (Psychological
Warfare Officer) vkyfcJhzl;onf? 'gayrJh xufxuf
jrufjrufawmh r&Sd? tawG@t}uHK awmh &Sdonf? 4if;
tm%m&Sifjzpfcgp tpG,frxGufao;I bDvl;rSef;
rod=uao;? wyfrawmftwGif;Yyif jynfolokd@
tm%mjyefv$Jay;rnf[k ,Hk=unfqJ &Sd=uonf?
tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf pdwf"mwfppfqif
a&;ynm (Psy-War) Y tvGefawmfol jyef=um;a&;
'k0ef}uD; vkyfcJhaom AkdvfrSL;}uD;(a[mif;) odef;pdefESihf
owif ; xk w f j yef a &; tzG J @ acgif ; aqmif Ad k v f r S L ;
ausmfqef; wkd@udk wm0efay;I pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;
t}uD;tus,f vkyfcJh=uonf? wyfrawmftwGif;Y
Psy-War enf;jytqifh oifwef;ESihf wkdif;tqihf
wkdufyGJ0if pnf;&Hk;a&; rGrf;rHoifwef;rsm; zGihfI
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; jyKvkyfcJh=uovdk uujynfXme
zGJ@pnf;yHkudk pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; pum;vHk; jznhfpGuf
wkd;csJ@+yD; ±kyfjrifoH=um; Zmwfvrf;rsm;Y 'Drkdua&pD
qef@usifa&; Zmwfvrf;rsm; &dkuful;um 0g'jzef@
onf? owif;pmapmifrsm;Y emrnf0Sufrsm;jzihf
a&;om;um vlxkudk 'Drkdua&pD qef@usifa&;0g'
jzef@=uonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if

16
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
rsm;jzih f oa&mf a vS m if a jymif xnh f = uonf ?
tar&duefoH&Hk;a&S@wGif “jynfytm;udk; ykqdef±kd;/
jynfwGif;a&;udk pGufzufwJh jynfyEkdifiHrsm;tm;
qef @ usif = u” qk d a om +cd r f ; ajcmuf o a,mif
pmom;rsm; yg0ifonfh qdik ;f bkwf rsm;tm; “ay:wif”
axmif=uonf? ppftm%m&Sifwkd@onf 'Drdkua&pD
qkdonfudk ±kyfqkd;atmif a=umufvef@zG,fjzpfatmif
trsdK;rsdK; wifjy 0g'jzef@cJh=u&m tawmfxda&mufr_
&SdcJhonf? A±kwfokuQ 'Drdkua&pD/ aZmufxkd;rkd;arSsmf
'Drkdua&pD[k tykwfcsum emrnfwyfypfvkduf=u
ao;onf? 'Drkdua&pD&&ifyJ jynfaxmifpk +ydKuGJ
ra,mif/ z,f'&,fuikd &f ifyJ cGx J u G f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
&Sdovdkvdk zefwD;ay;=uonf? e*dkurS rqvacwfY
arG;I rqv0g'jzef@r_ atmufYom }uD;jyif;cJh=u+yD;
Ekikd if aH &;tjrif vH;k 0 &Sio
f efciG rfh &So
d rl sm;udk 'Drudk a&pD
t"dy`m,f/ tESpfom&rsm;tm; pl;prf;avhvmcGihf
r&Sad pbJ tqk;d jrif qef@usib f uf&a_ xmihrf S oGwo f iG ;f
cJh=uonf? “o&Jqdkwm bmrSef; rodrjrifzl;aom
17
vl}uD;wpfOD;u uav;i,fudk o&J}uD;qkd+yD; ajcmuf
vSef@xm;jcif;” ESihf wlayawmhonf?
xk d t cg wyf r awmf o m;rsm;onf
ppftm%m&Si}f uD;rsm; tyif;oGi;f aq;xk;d xm;aom
tyifukd pm;aumif;aomufz, G f xifI rpl;prf;awmh
bJ o'<gpdwfoufoufjzihf pm;rd=uonf? 'Drdkua&pD
udk igwkd@twGif;usus od&efrvdk (odzkd@vJ r}udK;pm;)/
'Dru
dk a&pDqw dk m raumif;qk;d yg;/ wk@d Eidk if t H wGuf vH;k 0
roih f a wmf / e,f c sJ @ vuf o pf r sm;. e,f c sJ @ &ef
pum;vHk;/ 'Drdkua&pDatmfol 'dk@&efol[k rSm;,Gif;pGm
xif j rif v m=uawmh & m 'D r k d u a&pD a wmif ; qk d o l
jynf o l v l x k E S i h f wyf r awmf w d k @ tjrif r wl & mrS
qef@usib f uf jzpfvm=uonf? xk@d tjyif wyfrawmf
om;rsm;. wyfz@JG pw d Ef iS fh aygi;f rdaomtcg wyfrawmf
onf 'D r d k u a&pD qef @ usif a &;tif t m;pk r sm;
jzpfoGm;awmhonf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

'Dru
dk a&pDudk &efvyk f ppfacgi;f aqmif&UJ twGi;f o½kyf
AkdvfrSL;ausmfausmfcdkif

wpfcsdefu z,f'&,frludk wyfrawmfu jzpfonf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESihfvnf; oufqdkif

rvdkvm;ovdk ,ck 'Drdkua&pDudk rvdkvm;r_ jzpfvm onf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;. wyfjyify rdb/ aqGrsdK;
onf? aoaocsmcsm ar;vSsifawmh ajcajcjrpfjrpf om;csif ; / ol i ,f c sif ; rsm;ES i h f v nf ; qk d i f o nf h
rod? =um;yif r=um;zl;aom olrsm;yif aw@G&zl; EkdifiHa&;udpP jzpfI 'Dae&mrSmawmh udk,fydkifOm%fESihf
onf? xkdokd@ wyfrawmftwGif;Y rSm;,Gif;onfh pl;prf;avhvmum owdxm;qifjcifoihfonf? EdkifiH
pdw"f mwf toGi;f cH&jcif;onf Ekid if aH &;Y wyfrawmfEiS fh a&;onf }uD;rm;us,fjyef@+yD; wkdif;jynftwGuf
jynfov l x l k xdyw f udk jf zpfae&jcif; ta=umif;wpf&yf ta&;}uD ; vS o nf ? ppf a &;onf Ed k i f i H a &;xJ r S
jzpfygonf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfvdk wpd w f w a'oom jzpf o nf ? Ed k i f i H a &;onf
onfrSm ukd,fudk,fwkdif aumif;pGmrod/ rcHpm;zl; ppf a &;xJ r S wpd w f w a'o r[k w f a y? 'gud k
aom t&mudpw P pfcu k kd ppftm%m&Sirf sm;ajymwkid ;f &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfxm;&ayrnf?
rsufpdpHkrSdwfum rpl;rprf;/ rqifrjcif raumif;jrif
jcif;/ zifyw d f jiif;qkad ejcif;rsm;onf oihaf wmfr_ &Syd g&@J rd r d w d k @ . aus;Zl ; &S i f t ppf j zpf a om
vm;? ydEo JM ;D (od@k ) 'l;&if;oD; qkwd m ql;awGe@J u/G txJ rd b jynf o l r sm;ES i h f ouf q k d i f a eI rw&m;aom
rSmvJ tqdyf&SdrSm aocsmw,f? rpm;eJ@ qkdvSsif trdef@/ ppfa&;ppf&m r[kwfonhf trdef@rsdK;ukdrl
udk,fwdkif rpl;prf;ravhvmbJ/ rodbJ/ [kwfrSmyJ/ 'g rdrdwdk@ ukd,fydkiftodOm%f/ owdjzihf qifjcifoHk;oyf
raumif;wJh toD;}uD;uG/ rpm;=ueJ@vdk@ ajymae=u oihfonf? a&$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;uJhokd@ tjzpf
rSmvm;? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;=unfh =uapcsifyg tysufrsdK;wGif wyfrawmfom;rsm; taeESifh 0denf;
onf? ppfr_a&;&m udpP&yf rsm;wGifawmh ppfom;qdk vG w f vk y f o ih f v S s if vk y f & rnf ? vuf e uf i ,f
onfrSm trdef@udk ajr0,frus emcH& ayrnf? enf;ynmvdk ajymif;&if; tjypf/ usnftdrf tHrus/
usnu f ef@vef@c/H usnf “t” pojzihf qifajcay;um
odk haomf ,ck 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qkdonhf a&S m if E d k i f o nf ? jynf o l v l x k u d k o m umuG , f
udpPonf EdkifiHawmfukd tE W&m,fusa&mufrnhf apmifha&Smuf&rnf?
ppf a &;ppf & mud p P vH k ; 0r[k w f ? jynf o l v l x k E S i h f
oufqikd af om us,jf yef@ta&;}uD;onhf Edik if aH &;udp/P vuf e uf u k d i f &ef o l r sm; r[k w f y gbJ
jynfo@l tm%mESifh oufqidk af om udpjP zpfonf? Edik if H jynfol vlxx k J ypfcwfcikd ;f onft h rde@f ? &[ef;oHCm
awmf. tm%mydkif&Sif tppfonf jynfolvlxkom rsm;ukd ¶kdufESufqJqkd ypfcwfckdif;onhf trdef@rsdK;ukd
jzpf o nf ? ol @ tm%mol jyef a wmif ; jcif ; om jywfjywfom;om; qef@usif&ef vdkonf? wpfb0

18
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

omru b0oHo&m tqufqufEiS fh qkid af om udpP ppfwyfudk toHk;cs+yD; wkdif;jynftm%m

jzpfonf? “wyfrawmforkid ;f / wyfrawmf*% k o
f u d mQ / (jynf o l @ tm%m)ud k vk , l c sKyf u d k i f x m;aom
tpOftvm”ESiq fh idk af om udpv
P nf; jzpfonf? ,cif ppftm%m&Sif (,leDazmif;0wfrsm;) wpfpkonf
qdkAD,ufwyfrawmf/ xkdif;wyfrawmfwkd@udk erlem rnfonfhudpPrqdk tusdK;ukdom ajymwwfonf?
,loihof nf? olw@kd onf tm%m&Sit f wGu/f rw&m; ta=umif;w&m;udk b,fawmhrSrajym? ta=umif;
r_twGuf jynfolvlxkbufokd@ aoewfajymif;udk w&m;ukv d nf; taotcsm pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;vnf;
rvSnhfcJh=uay? qdkAD,ufwGif ppfwyfu rESdrfeif;I r&Sd? rwwfomI ta=umif;w&m;udk ajym&vSsif
qkdAD,uf +ydKuGJjcif;r[kwf? ol@orkdif;ESihfol &Sdonf? vnf; tm%m&Siw f @dk udk rxdcu
kd af tmif rrSerf uefEiS fh
tm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;jcif;/ uGefjrLepfpepf usqHk; tay:,Hom vdrn f majym=uonf? xkpd pftm%m&Sif
jcif;om jzpfonf? rsm;a=umihf jrefrmhEikd if aH &; “wkid yf wf”ae&jcif; jzpf.?
ta=umif;w&m;ukd rSefuefpGm avhvmajz&Sif;vdkuf
vSsif EkdifiHa&;rSm vG,fulpGm &Sif;vif;oGm;Ekdifonf?
t&m&m ajzmifhjzL;oGm;Ekdifonf? EdkifiHwumESifh
,SOfum wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;oGm;Edkifrnf?

ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u pnf;pdrftm%m
,pfrl;+yD; rdrdwkd@om jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tawmfqHk;/
twwfqHk;[k b0ifjrihfum b,fawmhrS EdkifiHa&;udk
ajyvnf a tmif aqmif & G u f c sif = uonf r [k w f ?
Adkvfoef;a&$ =unhfyg? aoonftxd tm%m&Sif
vkyfcsifonf? “igaorS ighae&m&rnf” [kyif rqkd?
“igao&ifawmif ighae&m ig,loGm;rnf” qkdaom
vl p m;yif ? Ek d i f i H a &;ajyvnf I 4if ; wk d @ tm%m
jynfolbuf &yfwnfwJh xkdif;ppfwyfukd
vuf v $ w f & rS m pk d ; &d r f o nf ? jynf o l @ tm%m
jynfolu }uKdqkdaeykH
ouf a &muf a om 'D r k d u a&pD vk y f x H k ; vk y f e nf ;
(usihfpOf) udk ta=umuf}uD; a=umuf=uonfrSm
,ck tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf jynfolvlxk ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. twGif;o±kyfyif jzpfonf?
udk ypfcwfowfjzwfaom ppfwyfrSm urBmay:wGif
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; w±kwEf iS fh jrefrm ESpEf idk if o
H m &So
d nf? “tm%m&Si&f v dS sS if jynfov l x
l Yk tm%m
&Sufp&maumif;vSonf? rSefuefaom todOm%f r&Sd/ 'Drkdua&pD r&Sd”/ “jynfolvlxkY tm%m&SdvSsif
&SdvSsif xdk,kwfrm±kdif;pkdif;aom vlowfr_/ &mZ0wfr_ 'Drdkua&pD&SdvSsif tm%m&Sif r&SdEkdif”? xkd@a=umihf
rsKd ;ukd usL;vGe&f rJ nfr[kw?f tu,fpifppf vlowfr_ ,leaD zmif;0wf tm%m&Sif Akv d o f ef;a&$w@dk 'Dru
kd a&pD
udk ay:ay:xifxif jyKvkyfjcif;jzpf./ ppf&mZ0wf ukd &efvyk af ejcif; jzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDukd a=umufae
aumifrsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdap.? =ujcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyfudk toHk;cs tumtuG,f
,l+yD; tm%m&Sif toufqufzkd@ tuGufqifum
etz zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ukd twif;t"rR
twnfjyKaejcif;jzpfonf? Ô

19
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

tmPm&Siu
f dk umuG,af e&wJh wyfrawmf&UJ tjzpfq;dk
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

ppftm%m&Sifrsm; ajymovdk EkdifiHa&;/ vlvlcsif; tESdrfcH/ tzdESdyfcH b0rS jynfolvlxk}uD;

pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkonfh tjrif (4) &yf ud k , f w k d i f tm%m&d S a paom/ jynf o l @ tm%m
jynhfpHkygonfqkdvSsif wyfrawmfrSxGufI 'Drdkua&pD
usihfpOft& a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHEkdif
=uonf? 4if;wdk@ t&nftcsif;&SdvSsif jynfolvlxku
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrSm aocsmonf? xkdokd@vnf;
4if;wkd@ owdWr&Sd=u? v$wfawmfrSm wyfrawmft&m&Sd
rsm;taeeJ h 25µ ,lxm;aomfvnf; pdwfrcsao;bJ
}uH@zGH@awGudk trmcHxm;um ygwD (3) ygwD zGJ hpnf;
csKyf u d k i f u m ta&G ; cH & ef jyif q if a e=uygonf ?
v$wfawmfrSm ppfwyfudk trmcHjyKum tm%mudk
tvG,fwul csKyfudkif+yD; vlrkdufqefqef vkyfae
jcif;om jzpfonf? wyfrawmfonf jynfolvlxk
tcGet f crsm;jzihf aexkid f pm;aomufa&;/ use;f rma&;
ponfh tcGihfta&;rsm; pHpm;ae&onhf jynfol@
0efxrf;rSsom jzpfonf? jynfolvlxktay: ydkI
opPm&Sd&rnf? jynfolvlxk. taptyg;om jzpf&
rnf ? xk d @ a=umih f wyf r awmf o nf Ed k i f i H a wmf
OD;aqmifr_tcef;Y tcsdeftwdkif;twm wpfckom
ygoifyh gonf? Edik if aH &;rSm ygvv kd sS if ,leaD zmif;c|w+f yD; bmomw&m;ukdif;¶_dif;wJh xkdif;ppfwyf
0efxrf;b0 pGef@um 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif¶Hkom&Sdonf?

wu,f a wmh 'D r d k u a&pD q k d o nf r S m
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wpfckom jzpfonf? jynfolvlxl.
tm%m oufa&mufaom usihfpOfjzpfonf? vlwdk@
onf ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwf/ oufOD;qHydkifacwf/
u|eyf ikd af us;ykid af cwf ponfh acwfrsm;udk jzwfoef;+yD;
ouf a &muf a paom usih f p Of u d k }ud K ;pm;zef w D ;
wnfaqmufcJh=ujcif;om jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh
jynfol@tm%m oufa&mufapaom pepfwpfckrSm
b,fEdkifiHu vmonfjzpfap usihfoHk;tyfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pDusihfpOf rusihfoHk;EdkifIom

20
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
aoqkdao&/ &Sifqdk&Sifae&aom tm%m&Sifpepfqkd;
&Sdae&jcif; jzpfayonf? &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom
vufeufudkif tm%m&Sifwpfpk &SdaeI 'Drkdua&pDr&Sd
qdwfokOf;&jcif; jzpfonf? “'Drkdua&pDonf jrefrm
EdkifiH/ jrefrmjynfolvlxk/ jrefrmhwyfrawmf tm;vHk;
twGuf tvGef vdktyfaeonf”? oufOD;qHydkif
tm%m&Sifpepfqdk; &Sdaeoa&G@ jrefrmjynfolvlxkESihf
jrefrmhwyfrawmf ydI k ydI
k edru
hf sqif;&J pkwjf ywfowf
aerSm jzpfonf?
bkef;}uD;awGu jyefuefawmh&wJh jrefrm ppfwyfESifh &J
'Drdkua&pD awmif;qkdqENjyr_rsm;/ vlxk
awmfveS t f ºkH uGrr_ sm;/ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;rsm;
vnf; qufvuf&adS erSm jzpfonf? tm%m&Sirf sm;u
4if;wkd@ tm%mwnf+rJzkd@ ppfwyfudk toHk;cs ypfcwf
owfjzwfcidk ;f aerSmvnf;jzpfI wyfrawmfEiS fh jynfol
pdw0f rf;uG=J u&ayOD;rnf? uk, d w
fh ikd ;f &if;om; nDtudk
rsm;tcsif;csif; wkdufcdkufae=u&OD;rSm jzpfonf?
Tjy\emtm;vH;k ajyvnfapa&;onf ppftm%m
&Sifukd z,f&Sm;ypfrSom +yD;qHk;Edkifayrnf? xkd@a=umihf
'D r d k u a&pD &&S d a &;ord k i f ; (od k @ ) jynf o l @ tm%m
21
jynf o l o k d @ jyef v nf t yf E S i f ; &ef }ud K ;yrf ; &mwG i f
wyf r awmf o nf jynf o l v l x k E S i h f yl ; aygif ; yg0if
vufwGJoihfonf? tm%m&Sifpepfukd umuG,fae
aom/ tm%m&Sifudk OD;xdyfyef wyfrawmf rjzpfoihf
awmh a y? 'D r k d u a&pD q k d a om pum;vH k ; rS m
jynfolvlxk. =oZmtm%monf tkyfcsKyfa&;Y
tjynfht0 &Sdaponhf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; (odk@r[kwf)
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufr_ yHkpHudk emrnfay; uifyGef;wyf
xm;jcif;om jzpfonf?
vl r sm;wG i f [k d v l / 'D v l [ k rajymbJ
armifoef;a&$/ r}udKif}udKif[k emrnfwyf ynwfay;
um ac:a0:&ouJhokd@ jzpfonf? a=umufvef@p&m
pum;vHk;/ t"dy`m,frJhonhf/ tESpfom& r&Sdonhf
pum;vHk; r[kwfacs? t"dy`m,f tESpfom& jynhf0
onf? jynfolvlxkonfom t&Sifocif jzpfonf?
'Drkdua&pD vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;a=umihf oufOD;qHydkifr&Sd?
u|ef p epf r &S d ? tm%m&S i f r&S d ? vuf e uf u d k i f I
ta=umufw&m;jzihf t"rR cdkif;aprnhf tzGJ@r&Sd? &J/
ppfom; jrifvSsif a=umufae&wm r&dS? }uH@zGwf/ pGrf;
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
tm;&Si/f t&H rD;owfyif a=umufae&wmrsKd ;/ Oya'rJh
{nh f p m&if ; ppf / jcif a xmif v S e f c H & wmrsd K ; r&d S ?
c&D;a0;oGm;+yD;vkd@ rdbtdrf/ ukd,fhtdrfukd,fh,m
jyefvm&ifvnf; &yfuGufaumifpDukd owif;ykd@&ef
rvkd/ w&m; Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ tjynfht0 &Sdonf? vlwkdif;
w&m;Oya'ukd av;pm;vdkufem&onf?
'Drdkua&pDwGif orRwonfyif w&m;pGJqkd
cH&Edik o f nf? ay;tyfcx H m;&aom vkyu f ikd af qmif&uG f
Ekid rf _ twkid ;f twmudk ausmv f eG vf yk u
f ikd yf gu jynfol
vlxkrS vGwfvyfpGm a0zefajymqkdjcif;/ z,f&Sm;jcif;
jyKEkid o f nf? “jynfov l x l o
k nf Oya' abmiftwGi;f
rS vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;jcif;/ ajymqkjd cif;/ awG;ac: jcif;/
qENjyjcif; pojzihf vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEkdifr_
tjynfht0 &Sdonf?” rw&m; zrf;qD;/ ypfcwf/ owf
jzwfjcif;/ rw&m; uef@owfcsKyfcs,f wm;jrpfjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfI r&? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSmvnf;
jynfov l xl }k uD;uyif a&;qG+J yD; jynfov l x l }k uD;uyif
twnfjyK ay;xm;&onf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'yg twkdif; jynfolvlxk}uD;u av;pm;pGm
vdkufem=u&onf?
jynfolvlxk}uD;u vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufEkdifcGihf &Sdonf? tusOf;csHK;I wifjy&vSsif
,ae@ jrefrmEdkifiH ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfyHkESihf &mE_ef;
jynfh qef@usifbuf jzpfygonf? emrnf ynwfonf
t"dur[kwfbJ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tESpfom&om
t"du jzpfonf? xkd@a=umihfvnf; ,ae@urBmwGif
'Dru
kd a&pD0g' xGe;f um;&jcif; jzpfonf? Tusipfh Ofudk
'Drdkua&pD[k emrnfray;bJ tjcm;emrnf ay;xm;
vS s if v nf ; t"d y ` m ,f t ES p f o m& jynh f 0 aom
22
vkyfenf;vkyf[ef jzpfojzihf vdkufemusihfoHk;oihf
onfom jzpfonf? rnfonhfEdkifiHrS ay:xGef;vm
onf qdkonfrSm t"du r[kwfyg? Oyrmwpfckjzihf
qkyd grnf? jrefrmjynfonf ,Ofaus;aom/ Ak'b < mom
xG e f ; um;aom wk d i f ; jynf [ k qk d & mwG i f Ak ' <
bmomonf tdE, dN Y pwif xGe;f um;cJoh nf? oD[Vdk f
(ac: ) oD&dvuFmY xGef;um;cJhonf?
xkdrS jrefrmjynfokd@ Ak'<omoem a&muf&Sd
xGef;um;cJhonf? tdENd,rS pwifapumrl opPmxkduf
ojzihf (trSew f &m;udk jzpfapojzif)h jrefrmwk@d vufcH
usihfoHk;=u&onf? jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef vkyfI r&
paumif ; ? tm%m&S i f r sm;u pnf ; urf ; &S d a om
'D r k d u a&pD v k d @ uif y G e f ; wyf v k d u f = uao;onf ?
uk d , h f E k d i f i H uk d , h f v l r sd K ;twG u f oih f a wmf + yD ; /
tusdK;&SdvSsif vufcH usihfoHk;=u&rnf jzpfayonf?
etzonf trSefwu,f pdwfxm;rSef+yD; apwem
tjynfht0&SdcJhvSsif 'Drdkua&pD vkyfenf;vkyf[efudk
avhusihfjyKpk ysdK;axmifay;EkdifonfrSm tESpf (20)
cef@&Sd+yD; jzpfvdrfhrnf? 1988 ckESpfarG; vli,frsdK;quf
wpfqufyif 'Drkdua&pDukd aumif;pGm od&Sdem;vnf
usihfoHk;rnhf rsdK;qufrsm; jzpfavmufay+yD?
“T tESpf (20) cef@onf wkdif;jynft
wGuf vGefpGm qHk;¶H_;epfemcJh&ay+yD?” ,ckrl jynfol@
tm%m oufa&mufr_ r&S/d ppftm%m&Si. f &ufpuf
,k w f r maom tm%muom jynf o l v l x k a y:
oufa&mufaeI jynfolvlxkrSm udk,hftm%m
tvkcHxm;&onfhtjyif oufOD;qHydkifacwf/ ya'
o&mZfacwf/ aus;ydik u f |eyf idk af cwf/ zufqpfacwfrsm;
odk@ jyefvnf a&muf&Sd 'kuQcHae=u&onf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
&ykid cf iG rhf sm; epfemqk;H ½I;H ae&wJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f
xkt
d m%m&Sif pepfa=umihf jrefrmh Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ tusihfp&dwW/ w&m;pD&ifa&;
tbufbufrS qkwf,kwf ysufpD;+yD;&if; ysufpD;ae
onf? zGH@+zdK;wkd;wuf&ef rnfonhftcgrSs vrf;prjrif
Ed k i f ? xk d qk w f , k w f y suf p D ; ed r f h u sr_ r sm;onf
wyfrawmfYvnf; }uHKawG@cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? ppf
tm%m&Sifwpfpkom vkyfydkifcGihf/ cHpm;cGihf aygif;pHk &&Sd
cHpm;/ pHpm;ae=u+yD; t&m&S/d t&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;
tm;vHk;rSm wefzkd;rJh aiGpuULrsm;pGm oHk;pGJI vpmrsm;
ukd wkd;jr‡ifhay;xm;aomfvnf; awmufajymifr_r&Sd/
=uyfwnf;oxuf =uyfwnf; vmae=u&onf?
23
wef z k d ; rJ h wk d ; jr‡ i f h v pmrsm;rS m tm%m&S i f r sm;.
aus;Zl;&Siftjzpf txifcHvdkr_ESihf pnf;¶Hk;vdkr_a=umihf
om jzpf.?
trSefpifppf xkdokd@ wkd;jr‡ifhay;jcif;rSm oJxJ
a&oGefudpPom jzpfa=umif; tm%m&Sifrsm; od+yD;jzpf
.? wu,fawmh jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; at;csrf;
om,m0ajymygrS/ wkd;wufzGH@+zdK;ygrS jynfol@0efxrf;
rsm; b0vnf; wkd;wufzGH@+zdK;EkdifrSmjzpf.? a&jrihfrS
=umwifh Edik yf grnf? wyfrawmfvnf; acwfrt DS iftm;
awmifw h if;vmygrnf? vltiftm;/ vufeuftiftm;
b,favmuf jznhfwif;jznhfwif; acwfrSDtiftm;&Sd
aom wyfrawmf jzpfrvm? ,cifu w±kwf/ tdENd,
rSvGJI ywf0ef;usif EkdifiHrsm;udk *±krpkdufaomfvnf;
,ck b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS a&a=umif;pdefac:r_udk xdyfwkduf
r&ifqkdif&JwJh jzpfpOfu oufaojyaeonf? 2002
ckESpf wmcsDvdwf+rdK@ay: xkdif; F-16 wkdufav,mOf
jzwfysHjyjcif;u av,mOfypfzkd@ ajrjyifrS a0[ifypf
'Hk;ysHrqkdxm;ESihf F-7 w±kwwf u dk af v,mOf r,SOEf ikd f
vd@k Power uGmaer_rSm odomvSygonf?
vlwpfO;D csi;f 0ifaiG=unhv f sS if vlO;D a& (65)
oef;&Sdaom xkdif;onf GDP per capita (PPP) $
4000/ vlOD;a& (153) oef;&Sdaom b*Fvm;a'h&Sf
onfyif $ 500 cef@EiS fh vlO;D a& oef; (50) cef@&dS jrefrm
onf $ 239 cef@om &Sad yonf? Government Type
onf ppftpk;d & (Military Junta) yHpk H jzpfonht f jyif
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
ppftm%m&Sif}uD;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; pGrf;&nf
nHhzsif;r_a=umihf jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk z,f
&Sm;+yD; Ekid if aH &;pepf ajymif;vJEidk rf S zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufaom
EkdifiH jzpfygrnf? EdkifiHESihf jynfolvlxk zHG@+zdK;wkd;wufrS
wyfrawmfvnf; wkd;wufygrnf? a&jrihfvSsif =um
wihfonhf oabmjzpfonf?
4if;tjyif t&m&Sd/ ppfonfrsm;taeESihf
wyfwiG ;f tajctaersm;udv k nf; jyefo;kH oyf=unfah p
vdkygonf? qENaz:xkwfyJG('gbm)wGif vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf wifjyEdkif=u&J@vm;? 'gygyJuGm[k ajym=u&
onfr[kwfygvm;? wkdifpma&;om; wifjyEdkifcGihf r&Sd?
'kuQa&mufEkdifojzihf ypfpmudpP ay:aygufvmonf?
tr_wpfckjzpfvmvSsif tjrifuwfyk'fr/ yk'fr (65)
ppfpnf;urf; azmufzsufr_onf rnfokd@rSs tjypf&Sm
r&ygu tcsdefra&G; ta&;,lEdkifonhf yk'frjzpfaom
a=umihf tenf;ESihftrsm; jypf'%fpD&ifcHae&ygonf?
yk'fr (65) jzpfapumrl Oya'a=umif;t& w&m;cH
bufrS t&m&Sx d m;ay;aomfvnf; tusKd ;cHpm;cGirfh &?
ppfw&m;¶Hk;jzihf ta&;,lcH&aom tr_
95µ rSm uGif;vHk;u|wfvGwfajrmufzkd@ tvm;tvm
rjrifyg? jypfr_pGyfpJGcsufudkvnf; tr_}uD;onfxuf
}uD;atmif vkyfEkdiforSs qGJxnhfyk'frrsm; wyfum *Gif
qifavh&Sd.? csrSwfrnhf jypf'%frSmvnf; tm%m&Sd
ol. }udKwifowfrSwfay;onhftwdkif; ppfw&m;¶Hk;
rsm;u zwfjy¶Hkom jzpfonf? Ttusihfqkd;rsm;rSm
ppftm%m&Sirf sm; jynfo@l tm%mudk vk,o l rd ;f yku
d f
I ppftkyfcsKyfa&; pwif&mrS e,fbufw&m;¶Hk;rsm;
Yyg ul;pufoGm;awmh.? T tusihfysuf tusihfqkd;
rsm;a=umihf w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwpfcv k ;kH ysuqf ;D ae+yD
jzpfonf? jynfolvlxkrS tm%mjyefvnf v$rf;rkd;
EkdifrSom ('Drkdua&pD &&SdrSom) w&m;rSswaom
w&m;pD&ifa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyefvnf
wnfaqmufEkdifrnf jzpfonf?
Ak d v f c sKyf w pf O D ; qk d v S s if wyf r rS L ;b0u xkwfa&mif;ae=u+yD; vlrrmrsm;udk aq;ay;cef;rS
t&m&Sw
d pfO;D onf 4if;0ifvmcsed w f iG f ausmay;vSsuf
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dk cf sKyf
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trSs tm%m&Sifjzpfvmum ppfacgif;aqmifb0
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us,af om av;pm;zG,af umif;onhf q&morm;rsm;
ESihf pDeD,m}uD;rsm; &Sdonfukdvnf; todtrSwfjyKyg
onf?
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t+idK;taw;/ rmefrmet& tm%mjzihf tjypfay;
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rsm;udk w&m;¶Hk;OuUÏu zwfjy vufrSwfxkd;jcif;om
&Sdonf? pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdI ppfr_xrf;aqmif=uaomf
vnf; pmcsKyfoufwrf; jynhfaomfvnf; tvG,f
wul wyfrS xGufcGihfray;? +cdrf;ajcmufcHxm;&onf?
tcsK@d usawmh wyfom;opf b,fEpS Of ;D pkaqmif;ay;rS
&rnf[k tnpfcH&onf? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;/ Oya'
t& aqmif&GufEkdifcGihf/ tusdK;cHpm;cGihfvnf; vHk;0
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vufrSwfom xkd;=u&.? rnfolrSs ta&;w,l r&Sif;
jyonhftjyif vufrSwfa&;xdk;oluvnf; trSef
wu,f rodem;rvnfacs?
4if;tjyif a,musFm;vkyfolwpfOD; ppfr_
xrf;vkyfonfESihf ZeD;/ rdom;pkwpfckvHk; ,ck rsuf
arSmufacwf wyfrawmfY u|efjzpf&awmhonf?
tajymuawmh wyf r d o m;pk / &J a r? wu,h f
wu,fu v,fpdkuf/ aumufpdkuf/ vkyftm;ay;
aygif;pHk vkyfcdkif;wm[m vufawG@ trSefwu,f
jzpfaewmawGrdk@ vufvGwfpy,f vspfvsL¶_zdk@ roifh
yg? ,ae@wyfrawmf atmufajcwGif ppfum;rsm; &Syd g
vSsuf tusdK;cHpm;cGihf aumif;pGmr&? "mwfqDom
24
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

ppfaq;¶kH/ aq;wyfokd@ vrf;avSsmufoGm;cdkif;onf? ajym&vSsifawmh wyfrawmfrSm rjzpfoihfwmawG

b,folrS wkdifI r&? jzpfae&wm rsm;pGm &Sdonf? t+rD;tarmuf rwnfh
wm rsm;pGm &Sdonf? Todk@jzpf&aom wyfwGif;
wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf ppfa&;ppf&m ppf tajctaersm;rSm tm%m&Sipf epfEiS fh vH;k 0 oufqidk f
avhusihfr_eJ@ roufqkdifaom xif;ckwf/ rD;aoG;zkwf/ onf? rif;pdwfayguf ¶l;oGyfae=ujcif;ESihf oufqkdif
k /f ppftm%m&Sif ,=wmtwGuf =uufqyl if/ onf? tu,fI jynfolvlxk tm%m&Sdaom pepf
tkwzf w
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rsm;jzihf tcsdefukef=u&onf? bmrSajymcGihfr&Sd? usih f p Of w G i f pnf ; urf ; &S d r _ / w&m;rS s wr_ / Oya'
vpmudk oabmwlnDr_r&SdbJ twif; pkaqmif;cdkif; v$rf;rdk;r_/ pepfwus&Sdr_/ vl@ tcGihfta&; jynhf0r_rsm;
onf? bmrSrajymEdkif? “cGihf”ESihfqkdifaom vkyfxHk; &So
d jzihf jynfovl x
l }k uD;omru wyfrawmftwGi;f &Sd
vkyfenf; tcGifhtvrf; &Sdaomfvnf; “cGihf”ray;=u t&m&S d / ppf o nf / ppf r _ x rf ; rsm; tm;vH k ; vnf ;
- ponfjzihf tcGifhta&;rsm; ydwfyifcHxm;=u&.? xkdtusdK;aus;Zl;udk &&SdcHpm;Ekdif=uayvdrhfrnf? Ô

25
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
'Dru
dk a&pDEidk if &H dS ppfrx
I rf;rsm;&JU b0
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f
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ppfwyftygt0if jynfolvlxktm;vHk; zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'yg Oya'/ pnf;urf;rsm;udk wduspGm
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vnf; a=umufp&mrvdk awmif;Edkif/ pHpm;Ekdifonf?
vGwfvyfpGm wifjyajymqdkEkdifonf? Oya'tusdK;
cHpm;cGifh tjynft h 0 &So
d nf? ukvor*~rmS 'Dru dk a&pD
EkdifiHrsm;rS apv$wfaom wyfrawmfom;rsm;rSm
tusK;d cHpm;cGi/fh epfemcGirfh sm; jynfwiG ;f rSm xrf;aqmif
onfxuf ykdrdk tcGihfta&; ay;=uonf? ol&Jaumif;
rsm;ozG,f }udKqkd=uonf? jynfwGif;rSm xrf;aqmif
&mwG i f v nf ; wm0ef a usEk d i f a p&ef ryl r yif /
ra=umifhrus oufomacsmifcsda&; jynhfpHkaumif;rGef
atmif pDpOfay;onf? owfrSwf ppfr_xrf;csdef t&G,f
a&mufolrsm; jiif;qkdcJhyguvnf; rkd[mruftvD
uJhokd@ wduspGm tjypfay; axmifcscJhonf?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwGif ppfr_xrf;rsm;onf
(ppfa&;ppf&m udpPrS vGJI) rdrd. tcGihfta&;twGuf
rdrdyGihfvif;pGm wifjyta&;qdkEdkifonf? rw&m;r_rsm;
rcHpm;&? ppfa&;ppf&mr[kwaf om uk, d af &;uk, d w
f m
udpPrsm;wGif cs,fvS,fjcif; rcH=u&? 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHwGif ppfr_xrf; rsm;b0rSm pdwfcsrf;ajr@p&m
aumif;vSa=umif; avhvmawG@&SdEdkifayonf? rdrd
,leaD zmif;c|wI f jyifya&mufvsS ivf nf; xk'd rD u
dk a&pD
t&omudk jynfol vlxkwpfOD;taeESihf &&SdcHpm;Ekdif
onf? e,fbuf tm%m&Sirf sm;/ ppfbuftm%m&Sif
26
rsm; r&SdI rsufESmi,fp&m rvdk? ('Drkdua&pD r&SdvSsif
awmh t&ifqHk; &ifqdkif&rnfrSm &,u tm%m&Sif
ti,fpm;av;rsm;jzpfonf r[kwfvm;) t&m&Sd}uD;
rsm; jzpfcJhvSsifawmh [ef@pm;/ a[mufpm; Edkifao;
onf? ppfwyfjyifywGif &Sdaom rdbaqGrsdK;rsm;vnf;
'Drkdua&pD t&om cHpm;Ekdifonf? jynfol@tm%m
&Sdaom usihfpOfjzpfI ‚if;wkd@vnf; tm%m&Sdonf?
,ck wyfjyifywGif &Sad om wyfrawmfom;
wkd@. rdb/ aqGrsdK;om;csif;/ taygif;toif; rdwfaqG
rsm;udk ar;=unhfyg? ¶Hk;jyifuEMm;qkdvSsif roGm;&J=u?
rnfolrSvnf; roGm;csif? [dkvlua[muf/ 'Dvlu
a[muf tm;vHk;udk a=umufae&.? ,kwfpGtqHk;
taygufapmihfukdyif a=umuf&.? TudpPrSm &ifem
p&m aumif;vS.? 0efxrf;[lorSs jynfolvlxk.
tcGeftcrsm; &&SdcHpm;=u&jcif; jzpfonf? EkdifiHawmf
twGuf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd jynfolvlxku
‚if;wk@d u, kd pf m; vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
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yif jynfol 0efxrf; a&G;cs,af vhusiafh &; tzGJ q h o
dk nf
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aygufpav;rsm; arG;xkwfjcif;r[kwf?” 0efxrf;[l
onf jynfol. taptyg;/ u|efozG,fjzpfonf?
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
jynf o l v l x k . =oZmtm%m ouf
a&mufaom vltcGihfta&; jynhf0+yD; vGwfvyfr_&Sd
onhf 'Drkdua&pD EdkifiHrsm;. 0efxrf;rsm;udk awG@}uHK
cHpm;vSsif rdrdEdkifiH 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf tD;ESihfeHom/ a&ESihf
qDuJhokd@ uGmjcm;vSonfukd odjrifEkdifonf? tpkd;&
0efxrf; qko d nfrsm;ukd awG yh if rawG ch siaf wmh? “&J”
jrifvSsif tvdkvkd a=umufae&onf? &,u udk
omru t&efrD;owf/ }uH@zGH@ tukefvHk;udk a=umuf
ae&onf? ae&mwum vmbfay;ae&onf? {nhf
pm&if; wdkif&ifawmif aiGay;&+yD; {nhfpm&if;ppfqdk+yD;
jcifaxmifvSefwmudkvnf; cHae&.? olcdk;u vl[pf
w,f qdkovdk jzpfaeonf? ,kwfpGtqHk; jynfol
vl x k r S m t&H & J q k d a om qd k u f u m;orm;uk d y if
a=umufae&onhf tajctae/ b0qkd;rsKd;ukd 'Duae@
ezl;awG@ 'l;awG@ }uHKawG@ae=u&&Sm+yD? ta=umif;udpP
&SdvSsif b,fol@wkdifI b,fol@ tm;udk;&rvJ rod?
27
rdrdomvSsif ppfwyftm;udk;jzihf wyfxJY &SdI jyify
tajctaeud k rod j cif ; jzpf a yonf ? rd r d w yf u
xGufvSsifvnf; }uHK&ayOD;rnf? TonfrSm jynfol
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vnf; odEdkifaom enf;vrf;&Sdygonf? jynfwGif;Y
xkwfae=uaom owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;/ ±kyf&Sif
rsm;udk aocsmpGm =unhf+yD; oHk;oyf=unhf&if EkdifiH&yf
jcm;ESihf rdrdEkdifiH ynma&;/ vl@tcGihfta&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ vGwfvyfI
w&m;rSswaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/ vl}uD;vlaumif;
qefaom vkyf&yfrsm; pwmawGudk Ed_if;,SOf=unhfyg?
rdrdwdk@EkdifiH. tpp t&m&m nHhzsif;edrfhusyHkrsm;udk
wa&;a&; odvm&ayvdrhfrnf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

Ekid if t
H usK;d ? jynfot l usK;d ukd
trSeo
f ,fy;dk Ekid of nfh 'Dru
dk a&pDusiphf Of
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

wyfrawmfom;rsm; tygt0if jynfol tus,f t 0ef ; rS m jynf e ,f (50) ES i h f

jynfom;wdk@ xkdokd@EkdifiHa&; tjrifus,fus,fESihf a'o}uD ; wpf c k tygt0if 9,826,630 sq.km
(includes only the 50 States and District
=unf¶h o
_ ;kH oyfwwfa=umif; etz ppftm%m&Si}f uD;
Columbia) &Sd.? vlOD;a& - 303˜ 824˜ 640 (2007
rsm; odoGm;vSsifyif pme,fZif; rSeforSs ydwfyifcH&
est) &Sd.? tcsdK@jynfe,fonf jrefrmjynfwpfckvHk;
rnfrSm rvGJay? xkwfyif xkwfa0&Jawmhrnf r[kwf
xuf }uD;+yD;/ xkda'orS xGufaom qefpyg;onf
yg?
jrefrmvlxktm;vHk;ukd aumif;pGm au|;arG;xm;Edkif
onf qkdonfudkrl wifjy=uonfr[kwf? EdkifiHESihf
okd@aomf wpfckawmh owdjyK&ayrnf?
vlO;D a& tcsK;d tqt& &SEd ikd o f nhf jypfrt _ ajctaeudk
ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. Psy-War ynmjzihf 0g'jzef@
odaptyfonf? jynfe,f (50) ausmf jzihf zGJ@pnf;
aqmif;yg;rsm;tm; 0g'jzef@csif r_id ;f wdu k cf sivf eG ;f I "rR
xm;onfh tar&dueftaejzifh xkdjynfe,f/ vlxk
pmapmif/ tm;upm; *sme,frsm;Yyif xnhfoGif;ae
tcsKd ;tqESifh xkjd ypfr(_ wEdik if v H ;kH )avmufawmh &Sad y
jcif;udku rlrrSefIjzpfa=umif; odtyfonf? 'Drkd
vdrfhrnf? ‚if;EdkifiH}uD;rsm;. rzG,fr&m r*~Zif;/
ua&pDEkdifiHrsm;. owif;qkdvSsif ppftm%m&Sifpepf
pmapmif/ ±kyf&Sifrsm;ukdawmh 'Drdkua&pD&vSsif 'Dvdkjzpf
ES i h f qef @ usif b uf j zpf I az: jy&rS m aorwwf
oGm;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufjy=uonf? TudpPonf
a=umufonf? tar&duefqv dk sS if tedÏm¶Hrk sm;udo k m
'D r d k u a&pD u sih f p Of E S i h f rqk d i f ? ‚if ; wd k @ . rl v AD Z
a&G ; xk w f a zmf j y=uonf ? aumif ; a=umif ; rsm;ud k
,Ofaus;r_yHkpHESihfom qkdifonf? vltrsm;. vufcH
rajym&J? tar&duefwGif wpfae@ bmjypfr_ b,fESpfr_
usihfoHk;r_ESihfom qdkifonf?
&Sdonf? wpfESpf b,frSs&Sdonfudkawmh olwkd@ ajym
rnf? okd@aomf xkdtar&duefjynf. tus,ft0ef;/
‚if;tjyif 'Drkdua&pDonf tm&S vlaer_
jynfe,frsm;/ vlOD;a&wkd@udk tcsdK;tq xnhfrajym/
p¶dkuf/ "avhxHk;pH/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESihf tH0if*Gifusr&Sd
rodcsifa,mifaqmifjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfrnf? Oyrm
[k q d k u m od r f ; oG i f ; jyef o nf ? 'D r k d u a&pD o nf
wifjyygrnf? tar&duef. Government Type rSm
taemufEdkifiHxkwf tm&SESihf roihfonhf wifoGif;
Constitution onf BASED FEDERAL
ukefwpfckr[kwf/ jynfolvlxk tkyfcsKyfa&; enf;pepf
REPUBLIC; STRONG DEMOCRATIC
TRADITION jzpfonf?
ppfppf jzpfonf? jynfolvlxkESihf ywfoufaom udpP
t00ukd jynfolvlxku pDrHtkyfcsKyf vkyfudkifaom
pepfjzpfI ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ vkdcsifovdk jyKjyif

28
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
ajymif ; vJ usih f o H k ; Ek d i f o nf ? tm%m&S i f r &S d I
uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; r&Sd? etzatmfaeovdk
“pnf;urf;&SdI pepfusaom” 'Drdkua&pD[k atmfae
p&m rvd k a cs? xd k o d k @ atmf j cif ; rS m 'D r k d u a&pD
toHaumif;[pfum w&m;0if tm%m&Sif vkyfEkdif
a&;om jzpf o nf ? Tok d @ ppf t m%m&S i f w k d @ .
pnf;urf;&Sad om 'Dru dk a&pD acgi;f pOfwyfvu dk jf cif;jzifh
Ek d i f i H w umwG i f jynf o l v l x k od u Q m usatmif
vkyfvkdufovkd jzpfoGm;onf? 'Drkdua&pD usihfpOf
onf pnf ; urf ; &S d + yD ; jzpf o nf ? Etiquette ac:
avmu0wf&Sd+yD; jzpfonf? jynfolvlxkudk,fwdkif
oabmwlvufcH+yD;rS pDrHcef@cGJxm;I pepfuse+yD;
jzpf.? Oya'udk vltrsm; em;vnf oabmayguf
um av;av;pm;pm; vdkufem aqmif&Guf=u+yD;om;
jzpfonf? Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdovdk vltrsm; vlyDopGm
vGwfvGyfvyfvyf ta=umufw&m;r&Sd v_yf&Sm;/
vkyfudkifaexkdif oGm;vmEdkif=uonf? etzvdk txl;
atmfae&ef rvdk?
urBmwGif t,Ofaus;qHk; wkdif;jynf[k
aºuG;a=umfaeaom &[ef;oHCmowf etzuJhokd@
yg;pyfu bk&m;bk&m;/ vufu um;,m;um;,m;
r[k w f ? 'D r k d u a&pD E k d i f i H r sm;wG i f uav;rsm;yif
pnf;urf;&S. d ? vlusi0fh wf (Etiquette) ukd em;vnf
.? xkd@a=umihf urBmay:wGif ‚if;wkd@udk,f ‚if;wkd@
EdkifiH}uD;om;[k armfºuGm;Edkif=u.?
y&dw&f w G v
f sS if a&qlaom csi;f awmifwef;
omoemjyK q&mawmf “OD;OwWrom&” . uHESihf
uH.tusKd ; (od@k ) a&qly&dwaf wmf w&m;acG§pmtkyf
wkd@ukd zwf¶_em;axmifvdkufyg? qGpfZmvefEdkifiH.
pnf;urf;&Sdr_/ uav;utp vl@usihf0wf odr_rsm;udk
tenf;tusOf; jrnf;prf; =unhfEdkifonf? yef;+cH
twGi;f uav;rsm;yif yef;rcl;=u? we*FaEG vltrsm;
. tm;vyf&ufwGif tdrftjyif t0wfvSrf;jcif;/
t0wfcgoH qlnHoHrsm; rjyK=u+cif; ponfjzifh twk
,lp&m rsm;pGm&Sdonf? tm%m&Sif}uD;/ tm%m&Sif
av;rsm; cs,fvS,fcHae&aom u|efawmfwkd@ jrefrm
29
jynf}uD;wGifrl bmomw&m;. aumif;rGefaom
tqH;k trrsm;atmufwiG f &Syd gv#uf avmueDwrd sm;/
bk;d olawmf OD;Ek qH;k rpmrsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm; &dyS gvsS uf
acwfpepfq;kd . 'g%cf suaf =umihf yg;pyfroS m urBmrSm
t,Ofaus;qHk;[k qkdEkdif=uawmh.? vufawG@ESifh
E_dif;,SOf =unfh=uygukef?
urBmh 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;okd@ xGufcGmvm
onfEiS fh u|eaf wmfw@kd vrl sKd ;rsm; t&if awG@}uHK&onf
rSm 'Dru dk a&pDEiS fh rxdawG@z;l I jyKjyif,&l aom tusifh
qk;d rsm; jzpf.? Etiquette enf;yg;jcif;/ Oya' rodjcif;/
pnf;urf;ukd vpfovdk azmufwwfjcif;/ uwdrwnf
jcif;/ tcsdef rav;pm;jcif;/ Free ¶dkuf tD;av;qGJjcif;
rsm;ukd renf;azsmuf=u&onf? wvGJqHyif aumif;
jcif;/ av}uD;avus,f ajymjcif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rdef@=um;ovdk Arm˜ Armcsif;qkd cscsif=uw,fqkdwJh
twkdif; Zmr%Dusihf usihf=ujcif;/ (vlowfr_rsm;yif
jzpf=ujcif;)/ uk, d of d uk,
d w f wf ud, k q f &m}uD;rsm;yif
vk y f v k d j cif ; / b0if j rih f j cif ; ES i h f 0d k i f ; 0ef ; yl ; aygif ;
vkyfaqmifwwfr_ enf;yg;jcif;/ wpfOD;ausm wpfOD;
"m;ESihfxkd; tusihfqkd;rsm; &dSjcif;/ aiGukdomjrif+yD;
wpfO;D ESiw fh pfO;D apmif;ajrmif;jrifjcif;/ av;pm;r_ ray;
Edik jf cif;ESifh twif;tzsi;f wkwjf cif; paom olrsm;Edik if H
wGif rawG@&onhf p¶dkuftusihfrsm;ukd jyif=u&ao;
onf?
xd k t usif h q d k ; rsm;rS m wyf r awmf x J u
ppftm%m&Si}f uD;vnf; ydik q f ikd yf gonf? vGwv f yfpmG
ajymqkda&;om;cGihf/ a0zefydkifcGihf/ zJG@pnf;EdkifcGihf paom
vl a er_ b 0 0ef ; usif r sm;ud k 'D r k d u a&pD p epf j zih f
jyefvnf&,l+yD;rSom 'Drdkua&pD tavhtusihfukd
i,fpOfuav;b0rS pwifjyKjyif ajymif;vJ,+l yD;rSom
vSsif p¶dkuftusihfrsm; aysmuf+yD; EdkifiH}uD;om; yDo
aom vlrsdK;tjzpf jyefvnf a&muf&SdEdkifayawmhrnf?
aemifrsdK;qufrsm;wGif rlvwef;rSpI 'Drkdua&pD
tavhtusihf/ vl@tcGihfta&;/ Oya'/ avmu0wf
rsm;ukd tqihfqihf txufwef;ausmif;xdwkdif ydk@cs
aqG;aEG;oihfayonf?
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
Edik if o
H m;wkid ;f vl@prG ;f tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;
jzpfI pufr_vufr_ESihf pkdufysdK;a&; ynm&yfrsm;udk
vnf; oif=um;avhusihf ay;xm;oifh.? txuf
wef;ESihf ausmif;xGufonhfwdkif pufr_ txufwef;
ausmif;tqihf/ pdkufysdK;a&; txufwef;ausmif;
tqifh/ pufr_vufr_§pkdufysdK;a&; twwfynm/
Etiquette vl@tcGihfta&;ESihf Oya'todrsm; &Sdae
vSsif tqihftwef; todynm jrihfrm;onhf EkdifiH
tjzpf a&muf&SdapEdkif+yD; urBmwcGif b,foGm;oGm;
EdkifiH}uD;om;tjzpf wihfw,f *k%f,lEdkifrnfjzpfay
onf?
Todk@ jzpfvm&efrSm tm%m&Sifpepfudk
zsufodrf;+yD; 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&mufvmrS jzpfEkdifvdrhf
rnf? tcsKyftm;jzihf qkd&aomf 'Drdkua&pD[k ac:qkd
aom jynfolvlxk tusKd;twGuf jynfolvlxk
udk,fwdkifu jynfol@tm%mudk tjynfht0 toHk;jyK
I aqmif&u G af om usipfh Of/ jynfo@l tm%m jynfoYl
wnfaom usihfpOfonf ,ae@urBmwGif vufcHxGef;
um;aejcif;onf todOm%f uif;rJhaoma=umihf
r[kwf? 'Drkdua&pD usihfpOf pwifvmolrsm;onf
ppftm%m&Sif Akdvfoef;a&$vdk OD;aESmufr&Sdolrsm;
r[k w f ? jynf o l v l x k t usd K ;ud k trS e f w u,f
aqmif&GufEkdif+yD;/ jynfolvlxku tm%mydkifaom
a=umihfom urBmwGif acwfpm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,ck
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG vf nf; 'Dru
kd a&pDusipfh Of tvGef vdt
k yf
aeonf? jynfolvlxktwGufomru wyfrawmf
30
twGufvnf; vdktyfonf? 'Drdkua&pD ta=umif;udk
vnf; avhvmtyfonf? od&SdrS vdkcsifrnf? vdkcsifrS
&,lcsifpdwf &Sdrnf? &,lcsifrS &atmif vkyf,l=uay
vdhrfrnf?
'Dru dk a&pDa&; }udK;yrf;aeaom rdbjynfol
rsm;udk wyfrawmfonf umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf=u&
rnf? rESdrfeif;oihfay? xkdolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;jcif;onf
rdrdukd,fudk tm%m&Sifpepfqkd;atmufY qkd;usdK;
qufvufcHpm;ae&ef jyKaejcif; jzpfonfudk owdjyK
oihfygonf? ukd,hfvnfyif;udk,f }udK;uGif;pGyfjcif;ESihf
wlygonf? rdrdukd,fwkdifvnf; 'Drkdua&pDa&; }udK;yrf;
r_udk tm;ay;oihfovdk t[ef@twm; jzpfaeaom
ppftm%m&Sifqkd; wpfpkudkvnf; z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifa&;
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;ESihf }udK;yrf;oihfonf? 'Drkdua&pD
&&Sdjcif;a=umifh 'kd@wm0efta&;oHk;yg; rxdcdkufEkdif?
jynfaxmifpk r+ydKuGJEdkif/ wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;
nDnw G rf _ r+yKd uJEG ikd /f tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwchH ikd +f rJ
r_ rxdcdkufEdkif? ppftm%m&Sifrsm; 0g'jzef@csufonf
ckwf&mwvGJ/ &S&mwjcm;om jzpfygonf?
xk d @ a=umif h 'D r d k u a&pD E d k i f i H a wmf } uD ;
ppftm%m&Siaf tmufY r&Sb d J vGwv f w G v f yfvyfEiS fh
ay:xG e f ; vma&;twG u f wyf r awmf o m;rsm;
wwyfwtm; }udK;yrf;yg0ifoihaf =umif; wifjyvdu k &f
ygonf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

Ekid if aH &;ESihf 'Dru

dk a&pD\ t"dyg¶ ,f
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

“Ekid if aH &;qko
d nfrmS u|Eyfk w
f @dk ae@pOfEiS t
fh rSs vl@avm [l a om trsKd ; om;acgif ; aqmif } uD ; Ad k v f c sKyf
uwG i f awG @ }uH K ae&aom ud p P y if jzpf a yonf ? atmifqef;. aemufxyf pum;wpfcGef;rSmvnf;
wenf;tm;jzihf qkad omf Ekid if aH &;qko d nfrmS vl@upd [ P k rSefuefvGef;.? ,ae@ u|efawmfwdk@ vufawG@usus
qkd&ayrnf? u|Ekfyfwkd@ pm;r_aomufr_/ aer_xkdifr_/ tjzL/ trJ ,SOfwGJ oHk;oyfEkdif=uygonf?
oGm;vmr_ tpkpkonf EkdifiHa&;yif jzpf.? u|Efkyfwkd@
onf Ekid if aH &;udk rqifjcif/ rawG;awmrdapumrl Ekid if H vlom;tm;vH;k . ta&;udp/P Edik if w
H pfcv
k ;kH
a&;onf u|Ekfyfwdk@ESihf t+rJwap qufoG,fae.” udpP/ EdkifiHwumESihf oufqkdifaom udpPvnf; jzpfI
EdkifiHa&;rSm us,fajymvGef;vSygonf? vlom;wkd@.
Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ta&;udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Gufae=u&ojzihf jynhfpHk+yD
[lI r&Sdyg? oufOD;qHydkifacwf/ aus;ydkifu|efydkifacwf/
¶d;k om;&Si;f vif;vSonfh Adv k cf sLyf. Edik if aH &; ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfrsm;ukd ausmfjzwf+yD; vlwdk@
qdkaom t"dy`g,fudk vlwdkif; em;vnfapvdkygonf? ta&;twGuf }uHpnfawG;awm&if; qkd&S,fvpf/
u|efawmfwdk@ jrefrmEkdifiHom; tm;vHk;onf ae@pOf uGefjrLepf/ t&if;&Sif ponfh pepftrsKd;rsKd;vnf; ay:
EkdifiHa&; vkyfudkifae=u&ygonf[k qkdvSsif rSm;rnf xGuv f mcJyh gonf? ok@d aomf vlom;wk@d twGuf b0if
rxif? okd@ayr,fh trsm; odae=uonfrSm EdkifiHa&; rusEkdifao;yg?
pum;vHk;rsm; ajym+yD; wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;/ EkdifiH
wuma&;&mrsm;udk ywfoufvkyfudkifrSom EkdifiHa&; avmb/ a'go/ arm[ESihf “ig” [laom
[k owfrSwfae=ujcif;yif? 'dXdwdk@ v$rf;rdk;xm;aom vlom;wkd@. tawG;tac:
om jzpfI bk&m;a[mvdk xm0& rSefuefjcif; r&SdEdkif?
“EkdifiHa&;onf vlr_a&;rSsom jzpfonf? ol@acwf ol@tcsdeftcg ol@tajctaewpf&yfYom
Ekid if aH &;udk u|Eykf wf @dk em;rvnfEikd pf &m r&Sad cs?” wef vufcHEkdif.? xkdtxJrS ESpfaygif; (2000) ausmf
zdk;&SdvSonfh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; pum;yifjzpfonf? tqihfqihf wkd;wufrGrf;rH+yD; vltrsm; vufcHvm
xk@d a=umihf “Edik if aH &;” qko d nhf pum;vH;k ESifh “Edik if aH &; aom 0g'rSm “'Drkdua&pD0g'”yifjzpf.? tb,f
orm;” [k ac:a0: jcif;udk ra=umuf&ef vdkygonf? a=umihq f adk omf vltrsm; aumif;usKd ;ukd yk*K~d vfp/JG qEN
Edik if t
hH a&;udk pdwaf umif; apwemaumif;ESifh vkyjf cif; pGJrsm; rygbJ aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaoma=umihf jzpf.?
onf rGefjrwfaom vlr_a&;vkyfief; jzpf.? “EdkifiHa&; u|eaf wmf aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;vmawmh b0a[mif;u
udk npfywfatmif vkyaf eolrsm;om npfywfonf” rdwaf qGrsm;/ tcsKd @aemifawmf}uD;rsm;u apwemESifh

31
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

today;.? ppfom;§ppfom;a[mif;awG EkdifiHa&; “u|efawmfwkd@[m 'Drkdua&pD0g'udkom

vkyfvSsif omrefvlrsm;xuf ydkI tjypf}uD;Ekdifonf acwfpm;atmif vkyf&r,f? tJ'D 0g'rsKd;t&om
[l.? EdkifiHa&;t"dy`m,fudk oabmaygufatmif vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif }udK;pm;&
avhvm=uapcsifyg.? r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if u|efawmfwkd@ jrefrmjynfu
vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? u|efawmfwkd@wkdif;jynfukd
u|efawmf EdkifiHa&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;ol vnf; urBmu =unhfaevkd@ r&wJhwae@ *syefeJ@
awmhr[kwyf g? rw&m;r_rsm;/ &ufpuf,w k rf mvGe;f r_ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD; tESdrfcH&ovkd tESdrfcH&r,fqkdwmukd
rsm;/ etz. tm%m&Sifpepf oGwfoGif;r_ESihf jynfol owd&Sd=uyg? 'Drkdua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ qD
vlxkbufrS rcHcsifr_rsm;a=umihf u|efawmfhrSmvnf; avSsmfw,f? 'D0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f”
wm0ef&adS eonf[al om tvdv k kd toda=umihf wwf tJ'D AdkvfcsKyfpum;twdkif; u|efawmfwdk@vlrsKd;
EdkiforSs aqmif&Guf&ef }uH&G,fcJhjcif;om jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf tckawmh AdkvfcsKyfajymovdk
'Drdkua&pD&vSsif 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;ukd xdcdkufEkdif tESdrfcHb0 a&mufcJhyg+yD?
onf/ jynfaxmifpk +ydKuGJEdkifonf [laom olwkd@.
pk;d &drrf u_ kd av;pm;ovdk 'Dru kd a&pDEiS fh xku d pd P a=umif; 'Drdkua&pD. oabmt"dy`m,fudk trsKd;
usK;d qufpyfru _ v kd nf; &Si;f vif; wifjycsiaf oma=umihf rsKd; zGihfqkdxm;aomfvnf; tajccH oabmw&m;rSm
Todk@ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;wifjy&jcif; jzpf.? twlwlyif jzpf.? 'Drdkua&pDonf - vltrsm;
aqmif;yg;rSsomjzpfI +yD;jynhfpHkjcif;awmh r&SdEkdifacs? twGuf vltrsm;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ jynfolvlxk
(Demo)/ tkyfcsKyfjcif; (Croatia) EdkifiHtm%mudk
xk@d jyif Ekid if aH &;orm;[k udv k edk eD ,fcs@J acwf jynfolvlxku xdef;csKyfvSsuf vGwfvyfaom a&G;
rS ,ae@wkdif tqkd;jrifbufrS tajymcHvm&ojzihf aumufyGJpepfjzihf tpkd;&zGJ@pnf;jcif; (Democracy)
Edik if aH &;pum;vH;k ESifh jynfov l xl uk a0;uGmcJ&h ovdk ponfjzihf EdkifiHa&;a&;&m udpPt00Y jynfolvlxk
ppftm%m&Siw f @kd . t=urf;zuf ESyd u f yG rf r_ sm;a=umihf }uD; tm%moufa&mufr_ &Sdapjcif; oabmobm0
EdkifiHa&;orm; qkdolwkd@udkvnf; taygif;toif; ukd azmfjy=u.? jynfolwpfOD;csif;u tm%m&Sdovdk/
rvk y f & J o nf t xd jzpf v mcJ h = uonf ? Ak d v f c sKyf jynf o l v l x k } uD ; wpf & yf v H k ; u tm%m&S d o nf ?
atmifqef; rde@f =um;csurf sm;udk =unhyf g? vlwidk ;f Edik if H xkd@a=umihf tm%m&Sifr&Sd/ tm%m&Sifpepf r&Sd/
a&;[lonhf EdkifiHESihfywfoufaom ta&;t&m/ udpP rw&m;trdef@ r&Sd/ tm%mvufeufESihf tEdkifusihf
rsm;udk wpfenf;wpfzHk vkyfudkifae=uI vlwkdif;onf tkyfcsKyfol r&Sd?
EkdifiHa&;orm; jzpfygonf? EkdifiHa&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;
ol[k rnfonhftcsdefu pac:=uonfudk rodaomf jynfolvlxktwGuf jynfolvlxku tkyf
vnf; 2004 ckESpfcef@u Voice of Burma pmapmif csKyfjcif; (okd@) vltrsm;twGuf vltrsm;u tkyfcsKyf
wGif EdkifiHa&;orm;[k rac:bJ EdkifiHa&; wufºuG jcif;qk&d mY xko d @dk jynfov l v l x
l k trsm;§tm;vH;k u
v_y&f mS ;olrsm; (od@k ) tjcm; oihaf wmfovdk ac:a0:ay; tkyfcsKyfonhfoabm yg0ifap+yD; jynfolvlxkwpf&yf
=uyg&ef t}uHjyKwifjycJhzl;ygonf? vltrsm;udk,f vHk;u jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;twGuf udk,fpm;
pm; udk,fusdK;pGef@ v_yf&Sm;ae=uolrsm;udk wufºuG wm0ef,lrnhf tzGJ@udk oabmwl a&G;cs,fay;=u
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;[k ac:a0:onfrSm tvGefyif oihfjrwf onf? xkdtzGJ@u jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; ukd,fpm;
vSygonf? jynfol@qENt& jynfolvlxk (odk@) EkdifiHawmfukd tkyf
csKyfay;&.? xkt d zG@J rmS Edik if aH wmfwiG f jynfov
l x
l uk
wm0efay; tyfcHxm;&aom tjrihfqHk; jynfol@

32
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

0efxrf;tzGJ@ jzpf.? xkdtzGJ@}uD;udk tpkd;& (Govern- ,ae@ pwif taumiftxnfaz:rnhf t}uD;wef;

ment) [k ac:qkad yonf? rsKd;qufrsm;uvnf; pHerlemjy jzpfoihf.? AdkvfcsKyf
}uD;a[mif; ol&wifOD;onf jynfolvlxka&m wyfr
Edik if aH wmfrmS us,jf yef@onht f wGuf xyfrH awmfuyg cspfcifav;pm;r_udk cHcJh&onhf yk*d~Kvfjzpf
I a'orsm;/ tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfr_ vG,ful onhftjyif Oya'/ EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;wdk@wGif tawG@
ap&ef cJGjcrf;um tqihfqihf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukd azmf t}uHK rsm;jym;ol jzpfonf? pdwfapwem aumif;rGef
aqmif=uonf? jynfe,frsm;/ wkdif;rsm;/ +rdK@e,frsm;/ +yD; wyfrawmfY &Jabmf&b J ufrsm;ukd om;orD;ozG,f
&yfuGufrsm;/ aus;&Gmrsm;[lI tqihfqihf &Sdonf? apmihfa&SmufEdkifr_a=umihf wpfcsdefu wyfrawmfom;
tpkd;&tzJG@rsm;onf 0efxrf;rsm;om jzpfI jynfol tm;vHk;. zcifozG,f jzpfcJhonfudk ,ae@ wyfr
vlxktusKd;ukd tpGrf;ukef aqmif&Gufay;=u&.? awmf rsKd;qufopfrsm; rodEkdifcJh=u? ppftm%m&Sif
aqmif&Guf&mwGif jynfolvlxk qENt&om aqmif }uD;rsm;. rvdkwrm zHk;zdxm;r_rsm;ukd wyfrawmf
&Guf&.? jynfolvlxk. oabmqENudk ausmfvGefI om;rsm;tm; trSeftwdkif; odjrif=uapcsifygonf?
r&? okd@aomf jynfolvlxktwGif;wGif qENoabm
xm;rsm; trsKd;rsKd; &SdEkdif=uonf? xkd@twGuf trsm;pk a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; vlxk
qENudk OD;pm;ay;&aom yHkpH jzpfvm&.? u|efawmf }uD;wpf&yfvHk;u vufcHonhf t&nftcsif;&Sdaom
yGihfyGihfvif;vif; a&;&vSsif “vlrsm;vSsif acs;rsm; acgif;aqmifaumif; jzpf.? xkdyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;onf
onf” [laom jrefrmtcsK@d vufo;kH pum;rSm tjrif jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;Y aumif;pGm toGiful;ajymif;
usOf;+yD; toHk;rusaom tajymjzpfonf? tm%m ay;Edkifonfukd ,ae@ rsKd;qufopf wyfrawmfom;
&Sif pdwf"mwfudkvnf; azmfjycsifwm jzpfonf? rsm; oabmayguo f ihaf e+yD jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sif
jynfolvlxk trsm;pk qENudk taumiftxnf azmf rsm;. r[kwfrw&m; odrfzsif;pGm ESdrhfcsajymqkd 0g'
jcif;onfom rSefuefonf? jzef@r_rsm;udk azmufxGif; =unhf¶_wwfzkd@ vdkaeay
onf? wzufowf ¶_jrifaejcif;udk qifjcifzkd@ vdkyg
Tonf y if “'D r k d u a&pD ” jzpf o nf ? onf ? ppf t m%m&S i f r sm;onf 'D r k d u a&pD u k d
okd@aomf jynfol@qENudk tav;xm;&rnfjzpf&m a=umuf&GH@onf? ,ae@ ‚if;wkd@. &ufpuf,kwfrm
jynfolvlxkbufrSvnf; vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdvmyg vGef;r_rsm;a=umihf ykda=umufae&onf?
onf? EdkifiHa&;Y tjrifus,fjcif;/ wufºuGjcif;/ urBmh
a&;&mrsm;Y pdwf0ifpm;I A[kokw rsm;jym;jcif;/ “'Drkdua&pD&SdvSsif tm%m&Sif r&SdEdkif/
ynmt&nftcsif; jrifhrm;jcif;ESihf tawG;tac:/ tm%m&Sif&SdvSsif 'Drkdua&pD r&SdEdkif”? xdk@a=umifh
tusipfh m&dw/W avmu0wf (Etiquette) ac: avmu ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk w&m;0if owfrSwfEdkif&ef jyif
eDwdrsm; em;vnf vdkufemusihfoHk;jcif;/ oabmxm; qifaejcif; jzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD vkdvm;olrsm;udk
}uD;jcif;/ pdw&f n S o G Ef ikd f tykwfcsenf;/ ao;odrfapenf; ponhf [pfwvm
f nf;cHjcif;ESifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
jcif;/ apwem aumif;ovkd pdwfaumif;vnf; &Sdzk@dvdk pdwf"mwf ppfqifa&; enf;rsm;jzihf 0g'jzef@ ¶_wfcsae
jcif; ponhf t&nftcsif;rsm; jynhf0zkd@ vkdonf? jznhf jcif;om jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pD azmfaqmifay;Ekdifonhf
qnf;zkd@ vkdonf? xkdyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;onf tm%m&Sifrsm;uJhokd@ xm0&
tm%m&,l xm;rnho f rl sm; r[kwI f ppftm%m&Sif
u|eaf wmft h jriftm;jzihf vmrnhf rsK;d quf rsm; 0g'jzef@ovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkifiH
opfrsm;udk aumif;aumif; avhusihfynmay;jcif; jcm;om; wpfOD;ukd vufxyfcJhrdjcif;jzihf EkdifiHawmf
(Education) udk i,fpOfuyif vkyf&rnf jzpfovkd/ ta&;Y yg0if y wf o uf & ef cG i h f r jyKEd k i f q k d o nf r S m

33
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

t"dy`m,frJhaom qifajcqifvufrSsom jzpfonf? tm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; 'Dru

dk a&pD
,ck olr. trsKd;om; uG,fvGef+yD;oGm;csdefwGif Ekid if H xlaxmifEidk yf grS T rormr_/ jcpm;r_/ &rf;um;r_
ykdIawmif ‘axmuf’jyp&m jzpfaeonf? rsm;/ Oya'txuf tEdik t f xuf usirfh r_ sm; yaysmuf
Ekid af yawmhrnf? “'Dru dk a&pD” qko
d nfrmS qk&d , S v
f pf
ta=umif;jyjcif;ESifh tm¶Hv k aJ$ ejcif;om jzpf pepf/ uGefjrLepfpepfwdk@uJhokd@aom pepfqdkonfh
onf? ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ ESdyfuGyfxm;aom xkdyk*d~Kvf (-ism)wpf&yf r[kwfyg? pepf(-ism) qkdonfrSm
rsm;onf 'Drkdua&pD oabm/ 'Drkdua&pD wefzdk;ukd rl0g' a&;&mrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ ‚if;rl0g'rsm;
aumif;pGm odem;vnfxm;=uolrsm; jzpf.? jynfol@ t& taumiftxnf azmf&rnhf pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;/
qEN . ta&;ygyH k u k d od x m;=uol r sm; jzpf . ? tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm; yg0ifonf?
wkid ;f jynftwGuf apwemaumif;ESifh aqmif&u G rf nhf
olrsm;om jzpfonf? 'Dru dk a&pD vkyef nf;usipfh Oft& txl;ojzihf uGefjrLepfpepfonf 'Drkdua&
xkdyk*~dKvfrsm;onf jynfolvlxk qENoabmxm;udk pD (odk@) jynfolvlxk tkyfcsKyfr_yHkpHukd vufcHEkdifonhf
ausmfvGefI r&Ekdifacs? xkdyk*~dKvfrsm; &SdpOftcsdefwGif pepfr[kwf? yg;pyfu jynfol@tm%mqkdaomfvnf;
'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHtjzpf tqifajyajy ul;ajymif;Ekdif&ef tjyif;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf yHkpHwpfrsKd;om jzpfonf?
,ae@ wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf jynfolvlxkESihf yl; wcsdefu Auy (ac: ) Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
aygif;yg0ifI tm%m&Sifwpfpkudk wkdufzsufay;&ef (epfjzL) ESihf uGefjrLepfygwD (Armjynf) (epfeD) wkd@rSm
wm0ef&Sdaeonfukd oabmayguf em;vnfoihfyg qkdAD,uf/ w±kwf/ tdENd,uGefjrLepf =oZmcH+yD; yHkwl
onf? tm%m&Sifqkd; Akdvfoef;a&$ vGefoGm;vSsif ul;cszl;onf? vdkufem taumiftxnf azmfcJhzl;
aumif ; vmrnf [ k a wmh ajymr&yg? tm%m&S i f onf? jzKwf/ xkw/f owfvrf;pOf/ tazu om;owf/
topfrsm; ay:aygufvmayvdrfhOD;rnf? om;u tazowf “bmoma&;onf bde;f ” [laom
armfpw D ;kH 0g'udk vdu
k ef m+yD; ouFe;f rsm; xrdecf sKyf 0wf
jynfolvlxkrSmvnf; qif;&JwGif; eufo zl;onf? Ak'<qif;wk ±kyfyGm;awmfrsm; ¶dkufcsdK; zsufqD;
xuf euf+yD;/ t&H&Jqkdaom qkduUm;orm;/ pGrf;tm; um vrf;cif;zl;onf?
&Sif vlrdkufrsm;/ tvkyfvufrJh uavuacs t&HrD;
owfrsm;rStp tm%m&Sif todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udkyg xkda=umihf jynfolvlxkonf teDa&mif
a=umuf&GH@&r_ oHo&mwGif epfrGef;aeygOD;rnf? aemif rajy ESihf yef;a&mifyif vufrcHcJh=uacs? qkdAD,uf
wufvmrnhfol[k cef@rSef;aom Akdvfa&$ref;onf tm%m&Sif “pwmvif” u w±kwfuGefjrLepf armfpD
ol.nD “Adkuf}uD;” qdkonhf &JrSwfwrf;0ifonfh wke;f udk cseaf u&Sw d rf sm;tm; eefpjD rpf wbufurf;xd
ol t m; vk y f c sif & mvk y f umuG , f a y;xm;onf ? om wkduf&ef !¸ef=um;ovkd/ armfpDwkef;uvnf;
xdkAdkuf}uD;onf ol@ZmwdY opfarSmifcdkum;rsm;ukd Auyrsm;udk !¸ef=um;csufrsm;ay;onf? ‚if;wkd@
vlru kd *f %
dk ;f zG@J um aiGawmif; zsu hJ jl zpf+yD; ,cktcg tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufom jzpf+yD;/ uGefjrLepfpepf
H sco
wkdufrsm;/ um;rsm;/ r,m;i,frsm;ESihf }uD;yGm;ae¶HkrSs twGuf r[kwfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? xkda=umihf
ru e,fajrtm%mydkif qkdolrsm;u pD&ifqHk;jzwf& pepfrsm;onf yHkwlul;csI r&ovdk xm0& ukd;uG,f
rnhf udpPrsm;udkyif ol@tm; tpD&ifcH wifjy+yD;rS ,Hk=unf&ef rvdkay? Ô
aqmif&Guf&onftxd jzpfaeav+yD?

34
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

'Dru
dk a&pD tpk;d &ykpH rH sm;
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

'Drkdua&pD 0g'rSmrl pepf (-ism) wpf&yf qufvuf+yD; 'Dru dk a&pD&mZ0iftusO;f udk

r[kwfacs? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; wpfck jzpfonf? usihfpOf tenf ; i,f azmf j yvd k y gonf ? *&d + rd K @}uD ; rsm;Y
wpfck jzpfonf? jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk; c&pfawmfray:rSD ESpfaygif; 4500 (BC 400 to BC
jzpf&ef zefwD;aeonhf vlr_a&;usihfpOfwpfck jzpf 500) cef@up+yD; “atoif 'Drkdua&pD” (Athenion
onf? tm%m&Siu f kd tvdrk &S?d jynfov
l x
l o
k nfom Democracy) udk pwifEkdifcJh=uonf? *&dwkd@onf
y"me? jynfol@tusdK;om t"dujzpfonf? jynfol ,Ofaus;r_/ tawG;tac:rsm;Y tvGefjrihfrm;ae+yD
vlxku pkaygif;I aumif;pGm yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif=u jzpf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDonf EdkifiHa&;pepfudk &nf!¸ef;=u
onf? xkd@a=umihf 'Drkdua&pD usihfpOfrSm ESpfaygif; onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; jynfolvlxk. tusKd;
(2000) ausmfonhfwkdif &Sifoef}uD;xGm;vmjcif; udk tpGrf;ukef aqmif&GufEkdif&ef &nf&G,fcJh=uaomf
jzpfonf? vnf; vl@tcGihfta&; t"dy`m,fudk/ zGJ@pnf;pka0;jcif;
rsm;udk aumif;pGm raz:Edik af o;ovdk zG@J pnf; pka0;jcif;
'Drkdua&pDonf vlwdk@ vdktifrsm;ESihftnD rsm;ukd tvGef xdef;csKyfcJh.? rJay;EdkifcGihf r&Sdaomol
taumif;qHk; jznhfqnf;ay;Edkif&ef tqihfqihf jyKjyif rsm;jym;.?
ajymif;vJ wk;d wufrrG ;f rH&if; &Siof efvmcJ&h .? vlw@dk .
wkd;wufr_/ vkdtifqEN rsm;jym;r_ESihftwl 'Drdkua&pD xk@da=umihf vlxkwpf&yfvHk;wGif tm%m
onf +yD;jynhfpHkEdkifjcif; r&SdEdkifao;acs? “Armjynf trSerf &S=d uao;acs? vlwpfO;D csi;f pDtwGuf vGwv f yf
vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg wkdif;oljynfom;awGomvSsif cGifh (Civil liberties) ukd tpk;d &u umuG,af y;Ekid f
t"du vdkvm;+yD; wkdif;jynf wnfaxmifcsifw,fqkd jcif; r&Sd? “EkdifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'” awmh
&if 'Drkdua&pDpepft&rS jzpfEkdifr,f? 'Drkdua&pD &S d y gonf ? ok d @ twG u f vpf b &,f rusaom
t&if ; cH y J ? qk d & S , f v pf 0 g'/ uG e f j rLepf 0 g' 'Dru
dk a&pD (Liberal Democracy) rvGwv f yfaom
qkwd mawG[m pifppfawmh 'Duae jzmxGuo f mG ;wm 'D r k d u a&pD [ k ac:+yD ; rl & if ; 'D r d k u a&pD jzpf o nf ?
yJ? b,f[mrS 'Drdkua&pD rppfao;bl;? EdkifiHa&;wif wkduf¶dkuf'Drkdua&pD[kvnf; ac:a0:=uygonf? xkdrS
ru/ pD;yGm;a&;yg ygrS 'Drkdua&pD ppfEdkifr,fvkd@ 'Drkd wjznf;jznf; acwfpepf tajctaersm;tay: vdkuf
ua&pD oabmw&m;awGudk vdkuf&Sm+yD; vkyfae=u +yD; wkd;wuf jyKjyifajymif;vJum 'Drkdua&pD vkyfxHk;
jcif;om jzpfw,f” AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;. 'Drkdua&pD vk y f e nf ; rsm; acwf p m;vmcJ h j cif ; jzpf . ? tcsKd @
oabmw&m;rsm;rS m rS w f o m;p&mrsm;ES i f h o m 'Drdkua&pDpepf[k ac:a0: wifpm;vmcJh=uonf?
jynfhESufaeayonf? ,ae@ 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;onf ae@csif;ncsif;

35
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

'Drkdua&pDenf;pepfrsm;ukd usihfoHk;cJh=ujcif;r[kwfbJ 1? wk d u f & d k u f 'D r k d u a&pD (Direct

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wjznf;jznf; jyKjyifajymif;vJ&if;/ Democracy)
wkd;wuf&if;ESihf pwifcJh=u&.? 2? rJqENe,fajrtwGif; aexkdifol rSeforSs
yg0if§qHk;jzwfEkdifatmif txl; OD;pm;ay;
+AdwdefEkdifiHqkdvSsif ESpfaygif; &mpkESpfausmfcJh xm;onhf 'Drkdua&pD (Participatory
+yD;jzpfonf? jynfolESihf tpkd;& oabmxm;&ihfusuf Democracy)
+yD; 'Dru
dk a&pDudk aumif;rGepf mG usio fh ;kH Edik jf cif;a=umihf 3? jynfolvlxktwGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom
zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' r&SdbJ Magna Charter ac: rl0g'rsm; cs+yD; usifhoHk;Edkifzkd@ wkduf¶dkuf 'Drkd
jynfolESihf tkyfpkd;ol bk&if/ rSL;rwfrsm;u oabmwl ua&pDEiS fh ud,
k pf m;jyK 'Dru dk a&pD pepfEpS cf k
pmcsKyf csKyfqkdum tkyfcsKyfcJhonfrSm ,ae@wkdifyif rSswpGm a&maESm usihfoHk;onhf 'Drkdua&pD
jzpfygonf? (Deliberative Democracy)
4? qk&d ,
S f 'Dru
dk a&pDEiS fh wl§rwl tjiif;yGm;r_
ygvDrefpepfjzihf tkyfcsKyfojzihf ygvDref 'Drkd &Sdaeonhf qkd&S,fvpfyHkpHyg 'Drkdua&pD
ua&pD[k ac:onf? (Democratic Socialism)
5? ud,
k pf m;jyK 'Dru
dk a&pD (Representative
'D r k d u a&pD tpk d ; & yH k p H r sm; Democracy)
(u) 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;aqmif ygvDref
qk&d ,
S f 'Dru
dk a&pD (Social Democracy)/ 'Drkdua&pD
vpfb&,f 'Drkduu&pD (Liberal Democracy)/ (Parliamentary System)
jynfol@'Drkdua&pD (People's Democracy) ponf (c) orRwOD;aqmifaom pepf
jzihf rdrEd ikd if t
H oD;oD;ESifh udu k nf aD om Edik if aH &; tawG; (Presidential System)
tac:rsm;ESihf txl;jyKxm;aom 'Drkdua&pDrsm;/ (*) orRwESihf 0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@
rsm;jym;vSaom yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; yg0ifonhf vlxk}uD;ESihf tm%mcGJa0 usihfoHk;aom
udkufnDatmif rGrf;rHxm;aom uGefqdkpDa&;&Sif; 'Dru
dk a&pD (Semi-President-
'Drkdua&pD ponfjzihf &Sd=uaomfvnf; atmufyg ial System)
tajccHrl (2) &yfuawmh yg0if+rJjzpfonf - (C) +AdwdefuJhokd@ 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;aqmif ygvDref 'Drkdua&pD
tajccH r l (2) &yf ? ? yxrrlrSm jynfolvlxk}uD; (Westminster System)
twG i f ; &S d vl w k d i f ; ud k , f p D Y (Ed k i f i H ) tm%mud k (i) uae'g uJhokd@ bufrvdkuf
wlnDrSswpGm qufpyfxm;&rnf (odk@) yg0ifusihfoHk; ygvDref 'Drkdua&pD
EdkifcGihf &Sd&rnf? 'kwd,rlrSm jynfoljynfom;wkdif; (Consensus Governm-
urBmu vufcHxm;aom (odk@) urBmhukv or*~. ent)
vl@tcGihfta&; a=unmpmwrf;yg vl@tcGihf ta&;ESifh 6// vlxku a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufaom
vGwfvyfr_udk cHpm;Ekdifap&rnf? EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ(Head of State) &S/d
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk w&m;pD&ifa&;rS
xkdokd@ tajccHrl (2) &yf jynfhpHkap+yD; tjrihfqHk; jzpfaom jynfol@ygvDrefpepf
urBmu vufcHusihfoHk;aeaom 'Drkdua&pD tpkd;& (Republican- ism Democracy)
yHkpHrSm (8) rsdK;cef@ cGJjcm;Edkifonf -

36
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

7// vlxku vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk usus aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ESihf vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;/

rJay;a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufcGihf &Sdaomfvnf;/ ajymqk/d pnf;¶H;k / azmfxw k cf iG rfh sm;onf T uk, d pf m;jyK
Edik if H a&;&mrsm;Y yg0ifq;kH jzwfciG fh rjyKaom 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf tvGefvdktyfonf? jynfolvlxk
'Dru dk a&pD (Totalitarian Democracy) u Edik if aH &;tod jrifrh m;+yD; aumif;pGm qifjcifo;kH oyf
rJ q EN a y;Ek d i f & ef jzpf o nf ? 'D r d k u a&pD u sif h p Of u k d
8// tcGefaumufjcif;/ umuG,fa&;ESihf usihfoHk;&mY at;csrf;wnf+idrfpGmjzihf nDwlnDrSs
vHk+cHKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mrSsESihf aygif;zufaexkdifjcif;/ Oya'a&S@arSmuf tcGihfta&;
jynfolvlxktay: apmfum;r_ rjyKEdkif nDrSsjcif;/ epfemqHk;¶_H;r_rsm;udk wifjyawmif;qkdydkifcGihf
apjcif;rSsom tm%m uef@owfay; &Sdjcif;ESihf w&m;Oya't& cHpm;ydkifcGihf§&ydkifcGihfrsm;udk
xm;aom yHkpH (Monarchism) wkd@ tpkd;&u av;pm;vdkufem usihfoHk;jcif;/ vlwpfOD;
jzpfonf? csi;f pD. vGwv f yfciG rfh sm;/ vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;/ yk*v~ ud
vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf; u¾rsm;ESihf zGJ@pnf;cGihfrsm;
rnfokd@yifjzpfap tajccHrlESpf&yfESihf jynhfpHk vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ usihf0wfrsm;
ap+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; ponfwkd@jzihf wnfaqmufxm;=uonf? txl;
tm%moH;k &yfurkd l rSswatmif xde;f odr;f aqmif&u G rf _ ojzihf w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;r_rSm tpkd;&ESihf jynfolvlxk
(Check and Balance;;;) ukdawmh wdwdusus tay: oufa&muf&.?
jyXmef ; aqmif & G u f = u&onf ? tpk d ; &onf
jynfolvlxkudk wm0efcHay;&onf? jyÏmef;xm;onhf Oya'rsm;ukd tpk;d &a&m/
jynfolvlxkuyg av;av;pm;pm; vdkufemusihfoHk;
trSwfpOf (1) rSvGJI udk,fpm;jyK 'Drdkua& =u&.? Tod k @ qd k v S s if 'D r d k u a&pD o nf vl w d k i f ; /
pDyHkpH jzpf.? a&G;aumufyGJrsm; ta&;}uD;+yD; t+ydKif wyfrawmfom;wdkif;twGuf tvGefyif vdktyfvSay
tqkdifjzpfjcif;/ w&m;rSsw rSefuefjcif;/ vufawG@ a=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odEdkifavmufayonf? Ô

37
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

avmuygvw&m;eJY 'Dru
dk a&pD
AkdvfrSL;ausmfausmfcdkif

Tae&mwGif A[kokwtaeESihf 0ef}uD; r&dSaom EkdifiHrSm vljzpf&jcif;onf a*G;oif;cHxm;

csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek. 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m; (7) csuf &aom EG m ;ES i h f twl w l j zpf o jzih f 'D r d k u a&pD u d k
ukd a&S;OD;pGm wifjyvdkufygonf? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHonf zsufqD;olrSeforSstm; rkcs cHcs&rnf [lI jzpfonf?
vlwpfpkydkif ypPnf; r[kwf/ EdkifiHol EkdifiHom;tm;vHk; ‚if;tjyif 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHrsm;udk tuJjzwfEkdifatmif
ydkifqdkifonf? wkdif;wmaom enf;udkvnf; jyoxm;cJhygonf?
tpkd;&u jynfolvlxkudk b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfovJ?
xkd@a=umihf EdkifiHol/ EkdifiHom; trsm;pku wk d i f ; ol j ynf o m;rsm; vl . rl v tcG i h f ta&;
=unf=unfjzLjzL a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onhf b,favmuf&SdvJ? xkdtcGihfta&;rsm; xdyg; vmygu
yk*v ~d f (od@k ) tzG@J uomvSsif Ekid if u
H dk tkycf sKyfEidk o
f nf? jynfolvlxku bmvkyfEdkifovJ? pm;0wf aea&;
tkyfcsKyfonhftcg xifovdk t&rf;tkyfcsKyfvdk@ r&bJ b,f a vmuf jrif h v J / ed r f h v J ? jynf o l v l x k .
jynfolvlxku =unf=unfjzLjzL a&G;cs,f ay;xm; udk,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omr_ b,fvdk&SdvJwkd@ jzpfonf?
onhf trwfrsm;u a&;qGt J wnfjyKxm;aom Oya'
t&om tkycf sKyf&rnf? t&G,af &mufow “wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDqkdwm EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;
l ikd ;f rJay;ydik f
cGihf &Sd&rnf? jynfolvlxktrsm;pk. axmufcHr_ r& t& jynfolawG&J@tusdK;twGuf jynfolawGu
aom tpkd;&tzGJ@onf tvkdtavSsmuf &mxl;rS wifajr‡mufwJh jynfolawG&J@ tpkd;& jzpf¶HkeJ@ r+yD;ao;
E_wfxGufay;&rnf? bl;? tJ'D tpk;d &[m jynfoal wG&@J vufiif; pD;yGm;a&;
tqihftwef;udk tcGihfta&; wef;wl&EkdifwJh tajc
jynfolvlxkonf *k%foduQm&Sdonhf vl taexd jr‡ihfwifEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;rS wu,hf
rsm;vdk aexkdifEdkifatmif vGwfvyfpGm a[majymcGihf/ 'Drdkua&pDtxd wufvSrf;Edkifr,f”
udk;uG,fcGihf/ pD;yGm;&SmcGihf/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;ukd Oya'
t& wdkufzsufydkifcGihf/ ckcHykdifcGifh tp&Sdaom jynfol Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;
vlxk. arG;&myg tcGihfta&;rsm;ukd cdkifcdkifvkHvHk
tmrcHxm;aom Oya' &Sd&rnf? T t"dutcsuf AdkvfcsKyf.rdef@cGef;udk zwf¶_avhvm=unfh
rsm;udk vufcHEdkifaom oabmw&m;onf w&m; yg?
rSswjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDrSsjcif;wnf; [laom
avmuygv w&m;rsm;udk tajccHxm;jcif;jzpf+yD; ,ae@ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&; tqifh
Toabmw&m;rSm 'Drdkua&pDjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD twef;udk wef;wlr&Edkif? xdyfydkif; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;

38
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
uom csKyfuikd +f yD; Edik x hf ufp;D eif; w&m;vGwf jyKrlum
ud,
k u f sKd ;rSv&JG if jynfov l xl rk suEf mS udk vH;k 0 r=unfh
aoma=umifh wyfrawmfwGif;rSmyif atmufajcY
qif;&JwGif;eufvSayonf? 'Drkdua&pDonf jynfol
vlx. k tm%m ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;atmif usio fh ;kH aom
enf;vrf; jzpf.? Edik if aH wmftqihf tkycf sKyfciG &fh o dS rl sm;
(odk@) tpkd;&/ jynfe,ftpkd;& ponhf tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%m usih f o H k ; Ed k i f o l r sm;onf jynf o l v l x k r S
wm0efay;tyfcHxm;&aom 0efxrf;rsm;om jzpf=u
onf ? 'D r k d u a&pD usih f p Of t & Ed k i f i H a wmf t m;
trSefwu,f OD;aqmifolrsm;rSm jynfolvlxkom
jzpf&.? jynfolvlxk. qENt&om xkd jynfol@
0efxrf; tqihq f ihuf taumiftxnfazmfay;&jcif;
jzpf.? xkd@a=umihf tm%mydkiftppftrSefrSm jynfol
vlxkom jzpfayonf?
“tpkd;&qkdwm jynfolvlxkqENeJ@ udkuf
nDr,fh wkdif;jynftusdK;ukd aqmif&Gufzkd@ tcsdefuef@
owf apcdik ;f xm;wJh opPmt&dq S ;kH jynfo@l 0efxrf;yJ”
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf . xd k r d e f @ =um;csuf o nf
tvG e f rS e f u ef v S a yonf ? od k @ rS o m wd k i f ; jynf
twGuf tusdK;&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifayawmhrnf?
Edik if aH wmf OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾Y wyfrawmfyg0ifa&;
qkdonfrSm 'Drkdua&pDoabmt& t"dy`m,f vHk;0r&Sd
acs? OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾rSm jynfolvlxk. u¾
jzpfonf? Edik if aH wmftqihf tpk;d &wm0ef xrf;aqmif
rnho f rl sm;/ tqihjf rihq
f ;kH 0efxrf;yif OD;aqmifru _ ¾
r[kwfacs?
jynfolvlxk w&yfvHk;. vdktifqENESihf
tnD jynfolvlxk tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&Gufay;&rnhf tm%moHk;&yfukd
pepfwus pDrHcef@cGJ oHk;ydkifcGihfjyKxm;onfh tqihfjrihf
qHk; jynfol@0efxrf;u¾ qkdvSsifawmh toHk;tE_ef;
39
oihaf vSsmaf yvdrrhf nf? 'Dru
dk a&pDusiphf Oft& tm%m
[lorSs jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;ouf&atmif jyKvkyf&
avonf?
jynfol@qEN oabmxm;omvSsif y"me
usonf? 'Dru dk a&pDwidk ;f jynfrsm;Y qENjyjcif;qko d nf
rSm xkd tkycf sKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm; (od@k ) tpk;d &u tajccH
Oya'udk csK;d azmufonf (od@k ) vkyyf ikd cf iG u
fh kd ausmvf eG f
vkyfonf (odk@) jynfol@qENudk vpfvsL¶_onf[k
xifjrif,lqvSsif jynfolvlxk. rlv tcGihfta&;
t& Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS qENoabmxm; xkwjf yef
=ujcif;om jzpfonf? “Oya'abmif ausmv f eG f qENjy
t"du±k%f;jzpfaprSom Oya'ESihftnD t"du±k%f;
ESdrfeif;cGifh&Sd.” xkdt"du±kef; ESdrfeif;a&;Oya'rSm
vnf; jynfov l x
l uk tajccHOya'Y ay;tyfxm;jcif;
t&om jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pD &ihfusufaom EkdifiH}uD;
rsm;. ygvrD efvw $ af wmfrsm;Y trwfrsm; &efjzpfavh
r&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKd@ygvDrefrsm;Y trwfrsm; &efjzpf
avh&Sd=uojzihf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ygvDrefpepf
qkd;uGufrsm;tjzpf axmufjycsif=u.?
vGwv f yfpmG a0zefciG /fh vGwv f yfpmG qENjyK
cGihfrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pD vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;jzpf.? trwf
rsm; &efjzpfjcif;rSm vlrsdK;p¶dkufESihfvnf;aumif;/ ygvD
refwGif; Oya'ESihfvnf;aumif;/ 'Drkdua&pD qkd+yD;
wvGJqHyifaumif;r_rsm;om oufqkdif.? vl}uD;
vlaumif;qefjcif;/ &ihu f sujf cif;rsm; &Szd @kd v+kd yD; ud,
k x
f d
vufa&muf jyKrljcif;rsm;udkrl wm;jrpfzkd@vdk.? txl;
ojzihf rdrdwkd@ jrefrmvlrsdK;pdwf"mwfa=umihf ykdI vkd
onf? T vGwfvyfpGm qENazmfxkwfjyo a0zef=u
jcif;onf ,ae@ etz ppftm%m&Sirf sm;tm; jynfol
vlxku raumif;qkd;0g;ESifovdk ESifxkwfyHk/ qENjy
yHkESihfawmh vHk;0 uGJjym;onf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

zGpUJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'ESihf jynfov
l x
l l
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

'Drkdua&pD vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;t& vGwfvyf xktd cg rdrwd @kd . ud,

k yf ikd t
f m%mESifh tcGifh
pGm pka0;cGihf/ +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjycGihf/ ajymqkd a0zef ta&;tcsKd@udk xkdtpkd;&odk@ ay;tyfvdkuf&onf?
aqG;aEG;cGi/fh a&;om;xkwaf 0cGi/fh zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifciG /fh xdk@a=umifh vufwef; xkd;ay;Ir&? xkdolrsm;onf
owif;pm rD'D,mrsm; vGwfvyfcGihf ponfwkd@udk tm%m&Sif/ oufOD;qHydkifrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
vnf; txufyg enf;rSDI odoihfonf? xkd vGwfvyf pnf;rJhurf;rJh vkyfEdkifonf? xkd@a=umihf Oya'uef@
pGm qkdonfh pum;rSm 'Drkdua&pDY pnf;rJhurf;rJh owf/ owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzihf jyÏmef;twnfjyKay;
Oya'rJhjcif;rsKd;udkvnf; rqdkvdk? tajccHOya't& vkdufonf? TonfrSm “zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'”
Oya'abmiftwGif;rS jynfolvlxk. vkyfydkifcGihft& jzpfonf? Ttcsufudk =unhfvSsif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH
om jzpf.? xkdokd@ qkdvSsif jynfol@tm%m b,fvdk Oya'onf jynfolvlxktm;vHk;ESihf oufqkdif+yD;/
ouf a &muf a prnf e nf ; ? vl w k d @ onf wpf O D ; jynfolvlxk (odk@) jynfolvlxku ay;tyfaom
wpfa,mufwnf;/ wpfrdom;pkwnf; aeIr&yg? udk,fpm;vS,fu wm0ef,l a&;qGJ=u&rnf?
xkd@a=umihf &yfuGufaus;&Gm +rdK@jyEdkifiHrsm; wnf
aqmuf+yD; pkpnf; aexdkif=u& onf? jynfolvlxku ausauseyfeyf vufcH
twnfjyKay;&rnfrSm aocsmvSonf? jynfol@qEN
nD!Gwfjcif;onftiftm;/ pnf;vHk;jcif; yg0if=u&rnf? ,ck etzu udk,hfbmom udk,fa&;/
onftiftm; qko d uJo h @dk vlrsKd ;aygi;f pH/k wkid ;f &if;om; ukd,hftajccHOya' ukd,fvkyf/ udk,hfbmomudk,f
aygif;pHk pkpnf;aexkdif=u&onf? xkd@a=umihf trsm; twif;t"rR twnfjyKjcif;rSm 'Drkdua&pD vkyfenf;
qEN oabmxm;rsm;/ trsm;. &ydkifcGihf/ vkyfydkifcGihf/ vkyf[efr[kwfa=umif; wyfrawmfom;wkd@ oabm
qEN oabmxm;/ "avhx;kH pH ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udv k nf; aygufEkdif+yD jzpfonf? xkd@a=umihf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH
todtrSwfjyK&onf? }uD;rm;us,f0ef;aom e,f Oya'onf jynf o l v l x k E S i h f Ed k i f i H a wmf t wG u f
ajra'oudk apmihfa&SmufI vHk+cHKr_ay;&ef/ wkd;wufI tonf;ESvHk;yrm y"meusvSa=umif; awG@&ayrnf?
om,m0ajymaom EkdifiHwpfckjzpf&ef/ vltrsm; pm;
0wfaea&; zlvrkH u _ kd ajz&Si;f Edik &f ef/ Oya' pd;k rd;k r_ay;&ef jynfolvlxkonf Oya' oabmw&m;
&nf&G,fcsuf trsKd;rsKd;jzihf Twm0efrsm;udk vlxk rsm; em;vnfjcif;/ ynm&nf jrihrf m;jcif;/ Ekid if aH &;tod
ud,k pf m; xrf;aqmifay;rnho f rl sm; (od@k ) 0efxrf;rsm; ynm A[kokw rsm;jym;jcif;/ pdwfxm; &ihfusufI
(odk@) tpkd;&ukd a&G;cs,fcef@tyf wm0efay;=u&onf? oabmxm; rSefuefjcif;/ yl;aygif;vkyfudkif aexkdif
aygi;f oif;wwfjcif; ponfjzihf jynh0f aezk@d vdak yonf?

40
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

xk@d a=umihf +yD;cJah om aqmif;yg;rsm;Y tESpf rif;}uD;/ &Jrif;}uD; paom rk;d rjrif avrjrif rmef0ihaf p
(20) cef@ 'Drkdua&pD oabmw&m;rsm; jynfolvlxk rnhf pum;vHk;rsm; roHk;oifhay? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH
okd@ etzrS ynmay;r_ rjyKcJhjcif;udpPESihf aemif Oya' qko d nfrmS Edik if aH wmf zG@J pnf;r_EiS fh tajccH&rnhf
rsKd;qufrsm;wGif rlvwef;rSpI avhusihfynmay; Oya'rsm;udk owfrSwf twnfjyK jyÏmef;xm;jcif;
oif=um;arG;jrL=uzk@d ta=umif;ukd a&;om;wku d w
f eG ;f jzpfonf?
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Oya'qkdygu jrefrmvlxkonf
vlqkd;vlrkdufrsm;twGuf[kom tvkdvkd oGm;jrif=u tajccHOya'udk avhvmvSsif EdkifiHawmf
onf? a=umuf&G@H=uonf? vd k t yf c suf t & ygvD r ef (Parliament) ac:
v$wfawmf zGJ@pnf;r_/ EdkifiHawmftpkd;& trsKd;tpm;/
[pfwvm/ armfpDwHk;/ pwmvif/ crmeD EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHk/ jynfolvlxktwGuf vl@tcGihf
yd@k aygt
h pk;d &/ etz ppftm%m&Sif ponfjzifh Edik if o ta&;ESihf tajccH tcGihfta&;rsm;udk t"du tajccH
H m
uG J j ym;rnf ? jynf o l v l x k pd w f q if ; &J r _ r S m awmh a&;qGJ=uygonf? ygvDref (odk@) v$wfawmfudk tar&d
twlwlyif jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifwkdif;u tm%m uefY uGefu&uf (Congress)/ *syefY 'dkif;,uf
wnf+rJa&;ESihf olwdk@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf Oya' (Diet) [k ac:onf? v$wfawmfYvnf; wckwnf;
qkdonfudk vGJrSm;pGm toHk;jyKcJh=uaoma=umihf jzpf xm;aom wpf&yf v$wfawmf (Uni-Cameral
onf? jynfolvlxku Oya'A[kokw/ todynm Parliament) ESihf v$wfawmfESpfckxm;aom ESpf&yf
r&Sdaoma=umihfvnf; jzpfonf? etz Oya'qkd+yD; v$ w f a wmf (Bi-cameral parliament) [l I
vd k o vd k tEd k i f u sih f / trd e f @ rsm; xk w f a ejcif ; uk d ud, k Efh ikd if EH iS u
fh ,
dk f nDatmif xm;=uonf? v$waf wmf
vufawG@ jrifEdkifonf? trSefawmh “tajccHOya' rSm Ekid if aH wmf Oya'jyKa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifonf?
qko d nfrmS jynfov l xl . k &ydik cf iG /fh cHpm;ydik cf iG fh ponfh
tcGihfta&;trsKd;rsKd; yg0if&+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; 0efxrf; Edik if aH wmfwpf&yfY tkycf sKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&if
rsm;twGuf vkyfydkifcGihfudk uef@owf jyÏmef;ay;xm; a&;/ Oya'jyKa&; tm%moHk;&yf &SdonhftwGuf
jcif;” jzpfonf? jzpfonf? txufv$wfawmfwGif jynfe,ftpkd;&
(odk@) jynfe,fygvDrefrsm;u ta&twGufwl a&G;
wenf ; tm;jzih f tk y f c sKyf r nh f o l E S i h f cs,f apv$wfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifonf?
tkyfcsKyfcHolrsm;t=um; “rl” wpfck nd‡E_dif;owfrSwf atmufv$wfawmfY a'otoD;oD;rS vlOD;a&ESifh
oabmwl = u&jcif ; om jzpf o nf ? Tae&mwG i f rJqENe,ftoD;oD;rS vlO;D a&ay: rlwnf+yD; rJqENe,f
“tm%mydkif” [k roHk;vkdyg? tm%mydkiftppfrSm toD;oD;rS jynfolvlxku pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fay;
jynf o l v l x k o m jzpf o nf ? emrnf y nwf t ay: aom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifonf? xku d ,kd pf m;vS,f
om,m,pfrl; rmefwufwwfaom p¶dkuf&Sdolrsm; rsm;tm; a&G ; cs,f r J a y;aom a&G ; aumuf y G J u d k
twGuf aemifwGif pum;vHk; a&G;cs,foHk;oihfonf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ [lI ac:qkdavonf? Ô
Oyrm- qdyfurf;tm%mydkif qkdaom pum;vHk;rsKd;/

41
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
qifjzLrsuEf mS qifrrJ Munf0h hH
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f
EdkifiHawmftpkd;& zGJ@pnf;&mwGif orRw
OD;aqmifaom tpk;d &(orRwOD;aqmif 'Dru dk a&pD) ESifh
0ef}uD;csKyf OD;aqmifaom tpk;d & (0ef}uD;csKyfO;D aqmif
'Drkdua&pD) [lI urBmY ESpfrsKd; usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonf?
pepftvdkuf tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csuf trsKd;rsKd;
&S=d uqJ jzpf+yD;/ tcsK@d Eikd if rH sm;u ud,
k Efh idk if EH iS fh avSsmn
f D
atmif yHkpHajymif;vJ wDxGifaygif;pyf usihfoHk;r_rsm;
vkyf=uonf? trsm;tm;jzihf orRwpepfY orRwukd
jynfolvlxku wkduf¶dkuf a&G;cs,f wifajr‡muf+yD;/
tar&duefY orRw a&G;cs,af &;tzG@J =um;cHxm;um/
tm%moHk;&yf oD;jcm;pDjyK+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk
om orRwukd ay;tyfxm;avonf? tm%m&Sif
rjzpf a pa&;twG u f xd e f ; nd ‡ r _ (Check and
Balance) pepf vkyfxm;jcif; jzpf.? 0ef}uD;csKyfpepf
Y ygvDref(v$wfawmf)u 0ef}uD;csKyfudk a&G;cs,f+yD;
0ef}uD;csKyfu ygvDrefxJu tpkd;&tzGJ@wGif ygrnhf
0ef}uD;rsm;udk a&G;onf? ygvDrefonf tpdk;&tzGJ@udk
a&G;cs,Ef idk +f yD; t,Htk =unfr&St d qdk wifoiG ;f jzKwfcs
Edkifonf?
xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxkonf v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif rSefuefpGm a&G;
cs,fEkdifzkd@ ta&;}uD;onf? rSefuefpGm a&G;cs,fEdkif&ef
rSm jynfolvlxkbufuvnf; EdkifiHa&;todtjrif
us,fjyef@I A[kokw rsm;jym;r_/ EdkifiHa&; tod
pdwf"mwf Edk;=um;r_rsm; &Sdae=u&rnfjzpfonf?
42
ppftm%m&Sirf sm;u Ekid if aH &;tjrifrsm;udk
ydwfyifxm;jcif;/ rD'D,m/ pmay e,frsm;Y csKyfcs,f
xm;jcif;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;wufºuGolrsm;udk
a=umufvef@I rw&m; jypf'%frsm; csrSwfaejcif;wdk@
rS m rd r d E d k i f i H u d k urB m h t v,f Y 0if r qef @ apbJ
acsmufxJwGef;csaejcif;om jzpfayawmhonf? v$wf
awmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/
Oya'jyKa&; tm%mrsm;udk jynfolvlxkudk,fpm;
usihfoHk;I Oya'jyKjcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf=urnfjzpf&m
EdkifiHtwGuf/ jynfolvlxktwGuf udk,fpm;vS,f
a&G;cs,fjcif;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf r[kwfyg
avm? tajccHOya' a&;qG&J mwGif wpfO;D wpfa,muf/
tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck/ vufeuf tm;udk; ta=umuf
w&m;jzihf a&;qGJr_rsm;onf w&m;r0ifacs? jynfol
vlxk. vdkvm;csufqENrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'Y tjynfht0 yg0if&rnfom jzpfonf?
odk@rSom jynfolvlxkrS tm%m trSef
wu,f qif ; ouf v mrnf jzpf o nf ? zG J @ pnf ; yH k
tajccH Oya't&om jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,fay;
vdkufaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m usihfoHk;Edkifolrsm;
(tpkd;&)u vdkufem usihfoHk;ay;&ayrnf? tpkd;&
[lonf tm%mydkifr[kwfacs? tm%mydkifonf
jynfolvlxkom jzpf&rnf? TonfrSm 'Drkdua&pD
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; jzpfonf?
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm; a&;qGJ+yD;ygu
vnf; jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; od&Sdap&ef &Sif;vif;
wifjyjcif;/ a=unmjcif;/ rD', D mrsm;rS xkwv f i$ w
fh ifjy
jcif;/ bmompum; toD;oD;jzihf a&;om;jyefqdk jzef@csd
jcif; ponfwdk@udk rysufruGuf jyKvkyfay;=urS 'Drdku
a&pD vkyfenf;vkyf[ef rSefuefayrnf? okd@rSom
jynfolvlxku t}uHjyKwifjy jyifqifjcif;/ y,fzsuf
jznhpf u
G jf cif;/ twnfjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyEf ikd =f uayrnf?
TrS s qk d v S s if etzppf t m%m&S i f r sm;
bma=umihf 'Dru dk a&pDudk a=umuf&@HG rsurf ek ;f usK;d ae&
ovJ/ jynfolvlxktwGuf 'Drdkua&pD vkyfxHk;vkyf
enf;rSm b,favmuf ta&;}uD;ovJ/ jynfolvlxk
twGuf Edik if aH &;todOm%f jrihrf m;&ihu f surf _ tb,f
rSs ta&;ygovJ/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om; ajymqkd azmf
xkwfcGihf/ zGJ@pnf;cGihf/ +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjycGihf/ a&;om;
xkwfa0cGihf ponfh tcGihfta&;rsm;/ jynfolvlxkY
&Sdoihf/ r&Sdoihf qdkwmudk wyfrawmfom;wkd@taeESifh
ta=umif;tusKd ; qufpyf jrifEidk =f uay+yD? wyfrawmf
om;wdk@taejzifh trSefwu,f wdkif;cspfjynfcspf
pd w f " gwf & S d y g vS s if 'D r d k u a&pD E d k i f i H a wmf u d k
xl a xmif o if h y gjyD ? jref r mh ' D r d k u a&pD t a&;ud k
tm;ay;ulnDoifhay+yD?
,ae@ ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. 'Drdkua&pDudk
vSnfhzsm;aer_tm; em;vnf=u&ayrnf? EdkifiHawmf
zG@J pnf;r_ yHpk H (State Formation) rSm Edik if aH wmf pwif
yHkpHcs&ef tajccHtkwfjrpftqihf jzpf.? yHkpH ESpfrsdK;om
&S d o nf ? wjynf a xmif p epf (Unitary) ES i h f
jynfaxmifpkpepf (Federal) qkd+yD; zGJ@pnf;=uonf?
wjynfaxmifpepfudk t"dutm;jzihf vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;
wnf;om &Sdonhf EdkifiHrsm;u oHk;pGJ.? A[kdtpkd;&Y
om tcsKyftjcmtm%m tjynft h 0 &So d nf? tqihf
qihaf om a'oE W& tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;u vdkufvH
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G =f u&+yD; tm%moH;k
pGJr_ vGefuJygu tm%m&Sifrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdif
onf?
43
ok@d aomf a'oqkid &f m tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J rsm;
(od@k ) a'oqkid &f m tpk;d &rsm;ok@d aumif;rGerf sS waom
tm%mrsm; cGJa0ay;xm;ygu wjynfaxmifpepf[k
qkdaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpkoabm ouf0ifygonf?
vlrsK;d pkrsm; rsm;jym;pGm&Sad om Edik if rH sm;Yrl jynfaxmif
pkpepfukd oHk;pGJ=uonf? Oyrm =opa=w;vsEdkifiH.
tpkd;&yHkpH (Government Type) rSm Federal
Parliamentary Democracy jzpfI tar&duef
(Government Type) rSm Constitution-based
federal republic, strong democratic tradition
jzpf+yD;/ ±k&Sm; (Government Type) rSm Russian
Federation jzpfonf?
jynfaxmifppk epfudk Union (ok@d ) United
States (od@k ) Federal (odk@) Federation ponfjzihf
pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;aom§ jynfaxmifpt k "dym` ,f &,l
um trsKd;rsKd; ac:a0:oHk;pGJ=uonf? t"dy`m,frSm
jynf a xmif p k y if j zpf I (Union) ,l e D , H a c:ac:
(Federal) zuf'&,fac:ac: tac:ta0:onf t"d
ur[kwf/ omrnomjzpfonf? Tpum;vHk;rsm;udk
&J&JawG; &J&JajymEkdif&rnf?
zuf'&,fudk r=um;&J/ roHk;&J jzpfaeonf
rSm ppftm%m&Sifrsm;yif jzpfonf? ta=umif;&if;
&SmazGonht f cg zuf'&,fukd jynfaxmifpk +ydKuGaJ &;rl
tjzpf ta=umif;jy+yD;/ ygvDreftpkd;&acwf 0ef}uD;
csKyf OD;EkqrD S Akv d cf sKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppfaumifpD
u tm%modrf;cJhzl;aoma=umihf jzpfonf? qifjzL
rsufESm qifrJr=unhf0Hh qdkovkd etzppftm%m&Sif
rsm;uvnf; rsuEf mS ajymifajymif/ t&Surf phJ mG jynfol
vlx. k tm%mudk qufvuf odr;f ydu k x
f m;I ,ae@
xufwkdif zuf'&,fqkdaom pum;udk roHk;pJG&Jacs?
'Drdkua&pDusihfpOfESihf jynfaxmifpkrSmvnf; jrefrm
Ek d i f i H t zk d @ ta=umif ; tusKd ; quf E G , f a eonf ?
tm%m&Sifwdk@u wyfrawmftwGif;Y zuf'&,f[l
onf jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&; [laom tjrifudk ¶dkuf
oGif;xm;onfrSm tvGefrSm;,Gif;onf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

z,f'&,feYJ wyfrawmf
Ad k v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

rsKd;qufopfrsm; todºuG,f tjrifus,f ua&pDenf;us aqG;aEG;=ujcif;om jzpfonf? 0ef}uD;

apzdk@ z,f'&,feJ@ywfoufwJh wifjycsufudk 'Dpm csKyf OD;Ek udk,fwkdifa&; twˆKy`wWdjzpfaom “wmaw
tkyfrSm qufvuf wifqufvdkufygw,f? ta[mif; paeom;” pmtkyfY yg0ifaom tcsufrsm;udk =unhf
udk topf rjzpfapcsifaomfvnf; orkdif;pmrsufESm vSsif cGx
J u G af &; &nf&,G cf suf ryg0ifa=umif;/ jynfe,f
t& trSefw&m;udkawmh ajymqkd vufcH=u&ayrnf? acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh OD;Ek rnfrsS &if;ES;D u|r;f 0if+yD; rnfrsS
1962 ckESpfY 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku jynfaxmifpk jrefrm yGifhvif;a=umif;ESihf OD;Ek. apwemudk awG@jrifEdkifyg
EdkifiHudk ydk+yD; pnf;vHk;oxuf pnf;vHk;apcsifaom onf?
apwema=umihf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk
vkdtyfovkd jyifqif&ef oihfawmfaom tqkdrsm; “tpnf;ta0; +yD;wJhtcg &Srf;jynfe,f
wifoGif;zkd@ jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;udk uruxjyK OuUÏ pyfcGefrsKd;eJ@ u,m;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyf0Àwkd@
pwif zdwfac:cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? [m 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@twl 0if'grD,m0if;twGif; 0ef}uD;
csKyf aetdrfodk@ vdkufvm=uw,f? pyfcGefcsKdu p+yD;
jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm; taeESihf wpfOD; 0ef}uD;csKyfudk 'Dvdk ar;w,f”
csi;f (od@k ) tzG@J vu
kd f w}udrwf cgrsS TudpP awmif;qkd
jcif;/ t}uHjyKjcif;yif r&SdcJhacs? jynfe,f&awmhrnfh “0ef}uD;csKyf/ u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ ywfoufwJh
rGef/ &cdkif acgif;aqmifrsm;/ csif; txl;0daoowdkif; aumv[mv owif;awGudk =um;+yD;+yDvm;”
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &Srf;/ ucsif paom jynfe,facgif;
aqmifrsm;u awmif}uD;Y }udKwif aqG;aEG;+yD;/ t}uH “=um;+yD;+yD”
jyKaqGaEG; wifjy=ujcif;jzpfonf? xkdwifjycsufudk
zuf'&,frl [kac:onf? “'Daumv[mv owif;awGudk r,HkygeJ@
0ef}uD;csKyf”
t=urf;zsi;f yg0ifaom tcsuf (3) csurf mS
Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwpfck owfrw S af y;&ef/ vlrsKd ;pk “pdwfcsaeyg csKd/ u|efawmf 'gawGudk r,Hk
v$waf wmfEiS fh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfukd tm%mwl owf ygbl;”
rSwfay;&ef? vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfY jynfe,f/ wkdif;
trwfOD;a& nDwlnDrSs jzpf&efwkd@ jzpfonf? cGJxGuf “u|efawmfwkd@ 0ef}uD;csKyfudk t=uyfudkif
rnfqkdaom pum;vHk; wpfvHk;rSs ryg0ifacs? 'Drkd csif&if 1948 ckeJ@ 1949 ckESpfawGwkef;u t=uyfudkif

44
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

Ekdifygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; t=uyfrudkifcJhzl;bl;? u|efawmf awG;=unhfw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh bm

aemifusawmhvnf; wcgrS rudkifcJhzl;bl;” twG u f 'D v d k rrS e f o wif ; jzef @ aew,f q k d w m
u|efawmf pOf;pm;vdk@ r&bl;” Tonfudk =unhfvSsif
“csKdwkd@udk u|efawmf ,Hkygw,f” xkdtcsdefu tqkdjyKaqG;aEG;cJhaom zuf'&,frlonf
wkdif;&if;om;csif; ydkrdk cspf=unfa&;ESihf ,Hk=unfr_ yGm;
“aus;Zl;wifygw,fcifAsm;” rsm;apa&; jzpf a omf v nf ; cG J x G u f a &;rl t jzpf
aumv[mv xkwfolwkd@uvnf; xkwfae=uonf
“u|efawmf xifwmuawmh csKdwdk@ 'Dudk rSm bma=umihq f odk nfukd orkid ;f u jyqkcd +hJ yD; jzpfonf?
vmwm[m u|eaf wmf&h @J zdw=f um;csut f & vmw,f
qkw d mudak wmhaumv[mv v$iw fh o
hJ al wG rodb;l eJ@ okd@aomfvnf; wbufu ta=umif;jy
wlw,f” p&m jzpfavmufatmif jynfov l x
l k awGa0p&m jzpf
avmufatmif tajctaersm;uvnf; &Sad eonfukd
“tJ'gawmh aocsmygw,f” awG@&.? ya'o&mZf qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJ0ifaeol
rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; ya'o&mZf apmfbGm;tcsKd@
“u|ef a wmf w k d @ buf u tqd k j yKcsuf tm%m&,lvrkd /_ uGejf rLepfpepf }uD;xGm;rvmapa&;
wpf&yf wifoGif;&rSm jzpfayr,fh tJ'Dvdk wifoGif;¶HkeJ@ twGuf qDwkd;ppftkyfpku jrefrmEdkifiH &Srf;jynfe,f
0ef}uD;csKyfu u|efawmfwdk@tvkdudk vkdufavsmw,f ta&S@ydkif;/ awmifydkif;/ u,m;/ u&if/ weoFm&D
vdk@ rajymqkdEdkifygbl;? tcktqkdjyKcsufu aemufxyf wavSsmuf wyfjzef@xm;+yD; w±kwf armfpDwkef;uGefjrL
aqG;aEG;&OD;r,fh udpPwpf&yf jzpfygw,f” epfrsm;udk wkdufaeonhf csefau&Sdwf w±kwftpkd;&
wyfrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufulnDaer_/ qDwkd;ppftkyfpkudk
“tJ'ge@J ywfoufv@dk wckck vkyEf idk &f ifawmh rSD+yD; EkdifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfvkdolrsm; &Sdr_ESihf zqyv
aumif;ygw,f? rvkyfEdkif&ifvnf; udpPawmh r&Sdyg uGJ+yJum tcsif;csif; aqmfae=ur_/ ppfwyftwGif;
bl;? ab;z,fxm;vdu k f ¶Hak ygAh sm” “u|eaf wmht f aeeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf ppfAkdvfrsm; xdyfydkif;Y }uD;pkd;aer_ paom
awmh 0ef}uD;csKyf&J@ qHk;jzwfcsuftwkdif; vdkufemygh ta=umif;w&m;rsm;udkvnf; pDppfawG@&SdEdkifayonf?
r,f” rsKd;qufopf aemifvmaemufom;wdk@ od&SdrSwfom;
um trdjrefrmEdkifiH tusKd;twGuf o,fydk;aqmif
OD;Eku “wckawmh&Sdw,f csKd&J@? 'Daumv &GufEdkif=uygap? Ô
[mvawG u d k b,f o l a wG jzef @ aewmvJ q k d w m

45
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;eJY wyfrawmf
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f
ordkif;a=umif;udk jyef=unfhvSsif awmfvSef
a&;aumif p D r S 1962 ck / rwf v (2) &uf a e@
tm%modrf;yGJonfom yxr trSm;ESihf tu,fI
ta=umif;jyovdk@ rSefuefcJhyguvnf; EdkifiHawmf
wnf+idraf tmif jyKvkyI f tm%mudk jyefvjJ$ cif;rjyKbJ
xm0& odrf;ydkufum ppftm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif
vkdufjcif;onf 'kwd, trSm;om jzpfacsonf?
jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpfpepf qkdonfrSm
vnf; rl0g'taeESihf ±kyfjyaumif;atmif uGefjrLepf
ysufrsm; jzpfaom pma&;q&m udkudkarmif (ac: )
OD;cspfvd_if/ OD;apmOD; wkd@. EdkifiHa&;ynmrsm; &,l+yD;
ygwD y d k i f ; taeES i h f Ak d v f & J x G É f / ocif w if j rwk d @ u
oHk;pJGum a&;qGJcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf?
xl;jcm;onfrmS jrefrmhq&dk , S v
f pf vrf;pOf
ygw. D aumif;rGeaf om oabmw&m;usr;f [k cs;D usL;
=u&onhf “vlESihf vl@ywf0ef;usif tnrn oabm
w&m;” usrf;onf bmomrJh uGefjrLepf}uD;rsm;u
Ak'<w&m;awmfrsm;rS rZÆdryÉdy'g usihfpOf/ yÏmef;
a'\emawmfrS a=umif;usKd;qufEG,fr_ oabm
w&m;rsm;udk xkwf,loHk;pGJxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH taeESihf udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@rsm; vufatmuf
rusa&muf cJhvSsif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; tm;vHk;
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; wufnDvufnD &SdcJhvSsif tcsif;csif;
oHo,ryGm;bJ ,H=k unfcspcf ifr_ &Sad ecJ=h urnf qkvd sS if
tiftm;&Sdaom wjynfaxmifpepfudk xlaxmifEdkifcJh
p&m ta=umif;&Sdonf?
46
okd@aomf +AdwdoSsudkvkdeD vufatmuf
ESpfaygif;wpf&meD;yg; aecJh=u&csdefwGif awmifay:
ajrjyef@ oGm;vmqufqHa&;udk Oya'jzihf wif;wif;
usyfusyf uef@owfcsKyfcs,f cHcJh&r_/ EkdifiHa&;/ vlrsKd;
a&;/ bmoma&;t& aoG;cGt J yk cf sKyfc&H r_/ vGwv
f yfa&;
&,l+yD;aemuf vlrsKd;pkrsm; txiftjrif vGJrSm;I
tcsif;csif; jy\emrsm; ay:aygufcJh+yD; oHo, }uD;
xGm;vmcJhr_rsm;/ txl;ojzifh etzppftm%m&Sifwkd@
wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD!wG af &;udk pdw&f if;apwem
aumif;jzihf rSeu f efpmG tifwu dk tf m;wku d f aqmif&uG f
&rnhftpm; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;a&;ukdom odompGm
vkyfaqmifaer_rsm;a=umifh wjynfaxmifpepfonf
jzpfEdkifp&m r&Sdao;acs?
ppftm%m&Sifrsm; jyKr_yHkrsm;rSm pOf;pm;
wwf v S s if oH o ,&S d p &m tcsuf j zpf . ? ‚if ; jyif
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; rsm;jym;+yD;
vlrsK;d pk}uD;rsm;Yvnf; vlrsK;d pki,fav;rsm; &Sad o;jyef
&m vlenf;pkrsm; tcGihfta&;twGuf xda&mufpGm
aqmif&GufEdkifzkd@ jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;jcif;onfom
t"dym` ,f &Sad yrnf? od@k aomf ,ae@txd ppfreS o f nfh
jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;r_rsKd; r&Sdao;ovdk 'Drdkua&pDudk
rsufuG,fjyKxm;I wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwdk@t=um;
oHo,om }uD;xGm;aeayonf?
1947 ck / arv zqyvnD v mcH Y
trsKd ; om;acgif ; aqmif Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; u
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

“wjynfaxmifpepf wnfaqmufrvm;/ 'grSr[kwf jynfov l x

l k tm;vH;k yg0if+yD; ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG; oabm
jynfaxmifpk pepf wnfaqmufrvm;” [k pwif wl csrSwf&rnf” jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pD oabmt&
ar;jref ; cJ h + yD ; / “u|ef a wmf w k d @ [m wk d i f ; &if ; om; jynf o l v l x k q EN o nf o m y"me jzpf o nf ?
vl e nf ; pk a wG & J @ tcG i h f t a&;ud k umuG , f z k d @ jynf a xmif p k p epf u k d taumif t xnf azmf & Y
oih f a wmf p G m xd e f ; csKyf =uyf r wf x m;wJ h (Federal) zuf'&,f qko d nfuv kd nf; awG@&ayrnf?
jyÏmef;csuaf wGe@J jynfaxmifpw k pfpk xlaxmif&r,f? “zuf'&,f”rSm a=umufp&m r[kwfyg?
'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@dk [m yl;aygi;f +yD; vJusomG ;wmrsK;d
rjzpf a p&bJ pk p nf ; nD ! G w f r _ e J @ }uh H } uH h c d k i f wef;wlnDrSsr_ &Sda&;onfom t"duusyg
x&yfwmrsKd;jzpfatmif owdjyK=u&r,f” [kvnf; onf? Tonfudk txl; owdxm;&rnfjzpf+yD;/
apwemrSefpGm tqkdjyKcJhygonf? a=umufp&m aumif;onfrSm xkd “rl” udk wifjya&;
om;aom olrsm;om jzpfonf? “rl” . aemufu, G f
TrS s qk d v S s if zuf ' &,f q k d o nf jynf Y t}uHqkd; Om%fqkd;rsm; &Sdr_/ ckwHk;vkyfI cGJxGuf&ef
axmifpk +ydKuGJa&;r[kwf/ 'dk@wm0ef ta&;oHk;yg;udk }uHpnfr_wkd@om jzpfonf? a&S;ya0o%Dumvuyif
vnf; xdcdkufp&m r&Sda=umif; ,ae@ wyfrawmfom; wkdif;jynfae&mtESH@ vlrsKd;pkaygif;pHk jzef@usufaexkdif
taygif; pdwfcs,Hk=unfEdkifavmufyg+yD? trSefawmh vSsuf&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHuJhokd@aom wkdif;jynfY rnf
wjynfaxmifjzpfap/ jynfaxmifpkjzpfap wef;wl olrsS tarGcqJG if;I rjzpfovdk tcGit fh a&; rnDrsS jcif;/
nDrSsr_udk jzpfap+yD; tm%mudk aumif;pGm jzef@a0Ekdif wef;wlnDrSsr_ r&Sdjcif;wkd@vnf; &SdaevSsif rjzpfEkdifay?
jcif; qdkonfh tESpfom&onfom t"du jzpfay
onf? jynfaxmifqadk omfvnf; a'oqkid &f m tkycf sKyf r,H k o uF m jzpf j cif ; / rk e f ; wD ; jcif ; rsm;
a&;tzG@J (jynfe,ftpk;d &)rsm;ok@d tm%mrsm; aumif; azsmuf I ±k d ; om;rS e f u ef a om pd w f a pwemES i h f
f sS if jynfaxmifpk oabmom “wdkif;jynftwGuf” [laom OD;wnfcsuf wpfck
pGm jzef@a0cGaJ y;xm;Edik v
jzpf.? wnf;udo
k m pGu
J ikd u
f m nDn!D wG ! f w
G f wnfaqmuf
oGm;=u&rnf jzpfonf? ,ae@ wkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@
jynfaxmifqkdaomfvnf; jynfe,ftpkd;& tpnf;rsm;&Sd acgif;aqmifydkif;onfvnf; urBmESihf
rsm;ok@d aumif;pGm tm%mjzef@a0 cGaJ y;xm;r_ r&Sv d sS if ,SOfI tjrifus,fvm+yD; jzpfonf? acgif;aqmif
vnf; wjynfaxmifoabmom ouf0ifonf? rsKd;qufopfrsm;rSm acwfynmwwfrsm; jzpf=u+yD;
‚if;tjyif owdjyK&efrSm tm%mcGJa0r_ rsm;vGef;vSsif urBm&h mG (Globalization) ukd em;vnf=u+yD; jzpf.?
A[kdtpkd;& tm;enf;+yD; rvdkvm;tyfaom jy\em pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;/ wef;wlnDrSsa&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESihf
rsm; &SdEdkifovdk/ A[kdtpkd;& csKyfudkifr_ rsm;vGef;u wkdif;jynfwpfckvHk;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;
vnf; tm%m&Sifp¶dkuf 0ifEkdifjcif; ta=umif;w&yf qkdaom tawG;tac:rsm; &Sd=uonfudk olwkd@pum;
jzpfayonf? jynfaxmifpkpepfukd “wkdif;&if;om; rsm;u az: jy+yD;=uav+yD? Ô

47
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

vlxak cgi;f aqmif rsK;d qufopfrsm;ESihf 'Dru

dk a&pDEidk if H
Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif vuf&SdtzGJ@rsm;xuf
u|efawmfwdk@taeESifh rsufuef;rsdK;cspfrsm;
jynfolvlxk. qENonf t"dujzpfonfudkvnf;
vkyfaeI r&awmhyg? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhokd@
vufc&H ayrnf? Ekid if aH wmftm; aumif;pGm OD;aqmifr_
pHjy 'Drudk a&pD zuf'&,f Ekid if }H uD;yifvsS if pwifz@JG pnf;
ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdygu rnfonhfvlrsKd;pkrqkd EdkifiHawmf
umpu zuf'&,fjzpfaomfvnf; jynfolvlxktm;
orRw§0ef}uD;csKyf ae&mY cef@tyfjcif; cH&ayrnf?
vHk; wpdwfw0rf;wnf; jzpfvm+yD;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;
Armwkdif;&if;om;r[kwfI rjzpf&[k r&SdEdkifacs?
a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;rsm; wnf+idrfI aumif;rGef
wcsed f u Edik if aH wmforRw pyfa&$ou
kd /f ref;0if;armif/
wk;d wufvmaom tcsed Yf jynfaxmifpq k adk omfvnf;
qrm; 'l ; 0g; qif 0 g;aemif (&nf & G , f + yD ; ) wk d @
jynfe,frsm; tm%m&Sdr_udk rysufapbJ A[kdtpkd;&
&SdcJhzl;ygonf?
tm%mudkvnf; wjynfaxmif[k urBmu xifrSwf
&avmufatmif xm;&Sad pcJo h nfukd wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J
xkd@twl jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;vnf; jynf
acgif ; aqmif r sm; tygt0if jynf o l v l x k } uD ; u
e,ftwGuf oihaf wmfI jynfov l x
l u
k a&G;cs,yf gu
awG@jrif=u&rSmjzpfygonf?
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&rSm ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;
vlrsKd;pkrsm; jzpfEkdifovdk &cdkifjynfe,ftpkd;&rSmvnf;
trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wkdif;&if;
rGef/ Arm/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if jzpfEdkifonf? &cdkifjynf
om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;ESihf pyfvsOf;I xm;&Sdaom
e,frkd@ &cdkifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;jynfe,frdk@ &Srf;vlrsdK;[k owf
oabmxm;udk A[kokwtjzpf wifjycsifygonf?
rSwfI r&ay? TonfrSm 'Drkdua&pD jzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmfonf tm&Stv,fyikd ;f
jynfolvlxk. qENoabmxm; y"me jzpfonf?
ukef;ajcrS qif;oufaygufzGm;vm=uonhf wkdif;&if;
t&nftcsi;f ukd t"duxm;aom vlra_ &;pepfvnf;
om; vlrsKd;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;jzihf aygif;pyfzGJ@pnf;xm;
jzpfonf? tar&duefEikd if YH ,ae@ zcif uifnmvlrsK;d
aom Edik if w
H pfEikd if H jzpfygonf? ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/
ESifh rdcif tar&duefrS arG;aom rpPwm tkb d m;rm;u
csif;/ Arm/ &cdkif/ &Srf; tp&Sdonhf wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;
orRwjzpfvmonfudk twk,l jrifawG@Ekdifonf?
rsm;/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;. trdajronf jrefrmEdkifiHomvSsif
urBmw0Srf;vHk;u *k%f,lcsD;usL; axmyem jyK=u&
jzpfayonf?
onf ? 'D r k d u a&pD usih f p Of u d k aumif ; pG m
&ih f u suf a om oabmxm;rsm;ES i h f
odk@jzpf&m vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;ESihfwpfrsKd;/ vlrsKd;pk
jyKpk y sKd ; axmif E d k i f c J h = uIom Ttajctae
wpfpkESihfwpfpkwkd@onf tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfr_ &Sd=u
jzpfay:vm&jcif;jzpf.?
48
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
&ef wef;wl&nfwl qufqH=u&ef ta&;}uD;ayonf?
vlrsK;d }uD; vlrsK;d i,f [laom jy\emrsm;/ awmifay:
ajrjyef @ [l a om tpG J t vrf ; rsm;ud k t+yD ; tyd k i f
azsmufzsu+f yD; jynfaxmifpw k pfct
k wGi;f rS ayguzf mG ;
vmaom nDtudk wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tjzpf pG+J rJpmG cH,l
tyfayonf? Toabmxm;udk vufawG@ taumif
txnf azmfay;rnfh 'Drdkua&pDudk wnfaqmufrnf
jzpfaom trsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk wdkif;&if;
om; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u ,Hk=unfpGm wcJeuf
axmufcHrJ ay;cJh=uygonf?
od k @ aomf v nf ; ppf t m%m&S i f w d k @ u
tm%mudk vufeuftm;udk;+yD; odrf;ydkufxm;onf
rSm ,ae@wikd yf if jzpfonf? etzu jrefrmjynfow l @kd
onf 'Dru dk a&pDEiS fh rxku d w f efao;[laom pum;ESifh
tjrifrSm tm%m&Sifrsm;. tm%m qufvuf
ydik q
f idk f odr;f ydu
k x f m;Edik af &;twGuf ta=umif;jycsuf
rSsom jzpfonfudk ,ae@rsKd;qufopf wyfrawmf
om;taygif; odapcsifygonf? ,ae@ rsKd;qufopf
wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;taeESifh rSefuefaom
vrf;udk a&G;cs,f=u&ayawmhrnf?
rvGJraoG ppftm%m&Sifwpfpkudk z,f&Sm;
um wkdif;jynfodk@ tm%m jyefvnf tyfESif;&ayvdrfh
rnf? toGiful;ajymif;umvwavSsmuf xkdrsKd;quf
opf wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifrsm;u Edik if aH wmf wnf+ird f
a&;twGuf tcef;u¾wpfckrSs tcsdeftwdkif;twm
w&yftxd yl;aygif;yg0if wm0ef,lay;+yD; wyfrawmf
49
rlvwm0efudk jyefvnf xrf;aqmif&ayvdrfhrnf?
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif wyfrawmfwpf&yfom &Sd&rnfrSm
trSefyif jzpfonfudk vufcH=uygonf? tcsdefrsm;pGm
r&Sdawmh+yDjzpfI Twm0efudk jywfjywfom;om;
&,l&ef vkdtyfaeay+yD?
xkd@a=umifh ppftm%m&Sifwpfpk z,f&Sm;
a&;/ wkdif;jynfudk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtjzpf aumif;pGm
toG i f u l ; ajymif ; ay;Ed k i f & ef t wG u f OD ; wif O D ;
(AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&wifOD;)ESihf a':atmifqef;
pk=unfwdk@ OD;aqmifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDESihf qufpyf
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;/ xkad cgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;. ab;
tE W&m,f vHk+cHKa&;/ jynfolvlxk. tm;ay;axmuf
cHr_ &&Sda&;ESihf &yf&GmvHk+cHKa&; ponfwkd@udk r[mAsL
[mwpf&yf a&;qGJI tjrefqHk; taumiftxnfazmf
&ef wkdufwGef;vdkayonf? jynfolvlxktaeESihf
vnf; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; uHaqmifcJh=uonhf
enf;wl ppftpk;d &udk pkaygi;f uHaqmif=uzd@k tcsed w f ef
+yD jzpf.?
ppfwyfudk jynfolESifh aoG;cJGxm;aom ppf
tm%m&Sifwpfpk&JŒ twGif;o±kyftm; uGufuGuf
uGi;f uGi;f od+rif=u+yD; wyfrawmf(=unf;§a& §av)
t&m&S d § t&mcH / t=uyf § wyf o m;rsm;taejzif h
jynfolvlxkESifh yl;aygif;zdk@ tcsdefusa&mufae+yD
jzpf a =umif ; wif j yvd k u f & ygonf ? xd k @ xuf y d k I
ppftm%m&Siftdkwpfpk vufatmufrS vGwfajrmuf
a&; wyfrawmfY wm0ef&Sdonf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

ppftmPm&Sit
f w
dk pfpk vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;
wyfrawmfü wm0ef&odS nf
Ad k v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f

“awmfveS af &;qdw k m t=urf;ywrf; wdu k cf u

kd wf hJ udpP jynfolvlxkudk &efolvdk@ jyefjrifaeol awGawmif
udkrS awmfvSefa&;vdk@ qdkvdkwmr[kwfbl;/ vuf&Sd jzpfae&yg+yD?
pHepfa[mif;udk awmfvSef+yD; pHepfopf bGm;ueJ
ay:aygufvmwmudk qdkwmyJ” u|efawmf wifjycJhwJh jynfolŒarwWmudk
cH , l E d k i f w J h “jynf o l Œ wyf r awmf ” b0qd k w mud k
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ taygif;tyg ppftm%m&Sifwpfpk
vufatmufrSm wyfrawmf&Sdaeoa&G@awmh b,f
1988 ckrwdkifrD umvtxd wyfrawmf aomtcgrS jyef&=urSm r[kwfyg? ajr}uD; vufcwf
onf jynfov l xl &k @J arwWmudk tawmftwef cH,El ikd f &ifom vJGoGm;ygrnf? 'Dpum;u vHk;0 rvJGyg? wyfr
cJh=uygao;onf? 'gawmif EdkifiHa&;t& jynfolvlxk awmfudk jynfolvlxkESifh &efoltjzpf xdyfwdkufjzpf
taeESifh cHpm;csufawG trsm;}uD;&Sdaeonfh tcsdef oGm;atmif zefw;D cJo h ol nf ,kwrf m¶dik ;f pdik ;f aumuf
jzpfygonf? a&SŒwef;u jyefvmvSsif &yfrd&yfz/ +rdKŒol uspfvGef;aom “Adkvfoef;a&$” onfom t"du
+rdKŒom;rsm;u udk,fh&JŒ om;orD;/ tudkarmifawG w&m;cH jzpfygonf? jynfolvlxkudk &efoltjzpf
tdrfjyefvmovdk 0rf;yef;womjzifh yef;ukH;rsm;pGyf tjrifajymif;oGm;atmif ppfwyfudkomru pokH;vkH;/
}udKqdkcJh=uaom jrifuGif;[m warSsmfwac: owd& tusOf;OD;pD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;upvdk@ 0efxrf;rsm;udkyg
p&m jzpfc&hJ ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd rsupf x d wJ iG f xdjk rif rusef pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&; enf;rsm;udk ok;H pJcG /hJ aoG;cGcJ hJ
uGif;udk ,ae@xd vGrf;arm jrifa,mifaeqJyif jzpfyg ygonf?
onf?
wu,fawmh Adkvfoef;a&$. pdwf"gwfppf
'Dae@ tajctaet&yf&yfudk zefwD;EdkifcGifh qifa&; enf;vrf;rsm;onf tvGefatmufwef;us
vufxJrSm&Sdaeaom pDeD,m t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ oli,f aom enf;vrf;rsm;om jzpfygonf? vlom;rsm;.
csi;f rsm;ESihf ausmif;qif;bufrsm; aumif;aumif;od=u jzLpifaom/ vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm pOf;pm;qifjcif arSsmf
ygonf ? 1988 ck aemuf y d k i f ; t&m&S d p pf o nf jrifwwfaom pdwu f kd ajymif;vJomG ;apygonf? ud, k hf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh od[efrwlyg? olwdk@ EdkifiHudk umuG,fzdk@ EdkifiHcsif; ppfjzpf&ifom okH;oifh
uawmh tJ'DtcsdefrSm uav;b0 (odk@) 'dk@ta&;rSm aom enf;vdk@om tusOf;csKyf ajym&rSmjzpfygonf?
yg0if z l ; ol a wG o m jzpf y gvd r f h r nf ? tck a wmh jynfov l x l . k pdw/f todtjrif/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;
ppf w yf x J r S m OD ; aES m uf taq;cH & +yD ; tcsKd Πqd k ESifh 0efxrf;toD;oD;.pdwf todtjrifrsm;udk Psy-

50
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

War enf;rsm;ESihf ok;H pJ+G yD; tawG;tac: ajymif;vJap uvnf; &ifxJrSm xm0& uAsnf;xdk; rSwfwrf;wif
jcif;onf tvGef ,kwfrmvGef;vSygonf? =urSmyg?

tajymif;vJc&H olu ud, k uhf u

kd ,
kd f ajymif; tvsOf;oifhvdk@ wifjy&&if tcsKd@aom
vJaew,f qdkwmudkvnf; rodvdkufbJ cHvdkuf&wm u|efawmfwdkΠjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; onf;cHwwfykHu
rsKd; jzpfygonf? “wyfrawmfeJ@ 0efxrf;awG[m tpdk; th H = oavmuf y gonf ? orD ; awmf u d k pd e f a wG
&wpf&yfeJ@ jynfolvlxk xdyfwdkufjzpfvm&if b,f c&pfprwf opfyifvdk qifxm;w,f ajymawmh 'gu
olŒtay: opPm&Sd&rvJ” qdk+yD; ar;cGef;xkwfum jrefrmtpOftvm om;orD;udk qif=uwmyJwJh?
“jynfolvlxktay: opPm&Sdzdk@vdka=umif;” oifwef; Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ aumufuspf&ufpufrSKawG ajymawmh
wpfckrSm ydk@cscJhwJh enf;jywpfOD;onf tckawmh &Jwyf igwdk@vnf; ol@ ae&ma&muf&if olŒvdkyJ vkyfrSmyJwJh?
zJG@rSm t&m&Sd}uD; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf jynfolvlxkudk cH,cl suaf wG tawG;tac:awG tvGef ae&mvGrJ mS ;ae
ESdyfuGyfaewJhol jzpfaecJhyg+yD? =uyg+yD? 'gudkokH;oyf=unf@vSsif u|efawmfwdk@wawG
wdkif;jynfudk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&mrSm tajccH
ppftm%m&Sifrsm; csrSwfaom ay:vpD jzpfwJh pdwf"mwf/ pnf;urf;/ ynma&;/ bmoma&;
wdik ;f onf olw@kd . ud, k uf sKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf tm%mudk csKyf txdef;tuGyfawGudkvnf; rsm;rsm;avhusifh ynm
udkifxm;Edkifa&;rSm t"du jzpfygonf? ,ck Adkvf ay;oifhw,fqdkwm rarh=uapcsifyg?
oef;a&$. ajymqdk vkyfudkifaeorSs tm;vkH;onf
v,fjyif qifoGm;aeovdk &Sif;aeygonf? ppfwyfudk ppfacgif;aqmifawGtaeESifh wyfrawmf
vk;H 0 csKyfuikd x
f m;jcif;rSm ppfwyfukd cspv f eG ;f vd@k / wdik ;f tay:rS m awmif apwem rS e f u ef y g&J Πvm;?
jynfudk cspfvGef;vdk@ r[kwfwm aocsmvGef;vSyg wyfrawmf (=unf;§ a&§av) wyfrawmfom;rsm;.
onf? qif;&J=uyfwnf; 'kuaQ &mufaeaom tajctaeawG
onf wyfcsKyf}uD;. vkyfykHudkifykH/ apwem rrSefuef
em*pfrkefwdkif;0ifcsdef aoa=uysufpD; 'kuQ ykHudk jyoaewmjzpfygonf? 'D&mxl;udk 'Dtouf
twd a&mufaeaom jynfolvlxktay: jyKrlcJhonfh t&G,fxd rpGef@bJ tm%m&Sif vkyfaewmudku ol@&JŒ
vl,kwfrm.pdwfudk urBmuawmif odjrifcJhyg+yD? rrS e f u ef a om pd w f x m;jzpf y gonf ? a&wyf E S i f h
vl}uD;vlaumif; r[kwfwmudkvnf; odcJh+yD;=uyg+yD? avwyfwdkŒonfvnf; 'Dtm%m&Sifpepf &dSaeoa&G@
olwdk@u r&Sufwwf=uayr,fh wyfrawmfom;awG }uD;xGm;wdk;wufrvmEdkifa=umif; oabmayguf
tzdŒk &Supf &m aumif;vSygonf? apwDawG wnfjy+yD; =urSmjzpfygonf?
bmoma&; vkyfygw,fqdkwmxuf bk&m;pum;udk
em;axmifwmu ydkaumif;ygonf? bk&m;uvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh tm%m&Sifwpfpkonf
'gudkyJ csD;usL;rSm jzpfygonf? olw@kd .tm%m wnf+rJa&;twGuf enf;vrf;aygi;f pkH
okH;pJGum usm;uefxm;=uygonf? ykHrSefenf;rsm;u
tvum;&xm;aom pdefawGxJu em*pf awmh “&ef o l j yenf ; ” jzpf y gonf ? 'D e nf ; ud k
'kuQonfawGudk pdefwpfvkH;zdk; vSLzl;ygovm;? wdkif; tm±kHv$JzdkŒESifh wyfudk pkpnf;zdkŒ tokH;jyKjcif; jzpfyg
jynft}uD;tuJvkyf&if jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiHtusKd; onf? jynfwGif;aomif;usef;r_/ aomif;usef;ol/
udk apwemygyg aqmif&GufwmurS ukodkvfvnf;& olyek q f w
kd mawGEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd rf sm;udk
0rf;vnf;0rSm jzpfygonf? jynfolvlxkESifh wkdif;jynf !¸ejf yygonf? wu,fawmh ta=umif;&if;udk &SmazG
&Sif;vdkuf&&if tapm}uD;xJu +yD;jywfEdkifaom udpP

51
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

jzpfygonf? 'Dvdk r&Sif;jcif;onfvnf; r&Sif;csifvdk@ wu,f a wmh tm%m&S i f r sm;onf

r&Sif;wm/ tm%mudk qkyfudkifxm;csifvdk@ r&Sif;wm olwdk@. t}uHtpnf/ olwdk@. trSm;/ tm;enf;csuf
om jzpfygonf? rsm;/ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; umuG,faeonfrsm;udk trsm;
rjrif a tmif zk H ; uG , f v d k u f j cif ; om jzpf y gonf ?
ppf t m%m&S i f r sm;u wd k i f ; &if ; om; wyfrawmfatmufajcrS t&m&dS/ ppfonfrsm; T
vufeufudkifrsm;. olykefxjcif; qdkaom vwfw y&d,m,fudk rjrifEdkifcJh=uyg? Oyrmqdk&vSsif rSsm;ypf
avmtjrif “tusKd;” ay:rSmom vufnd‡K;xdk;jycJhyg aom rkqdk;udk &efol[k rjrifbJ rSsm;wHudkom &efol
onf? aemufawmh jynfyppf arSsmfrSef;ygonfwJh? xif+yD; vdkufae=uovdk jzpfaeygonf? aemufqkH;rSm
jynfyppftwGuf jynfyu usL;ausmfrnfh &ef bmrS awmh tm%m&Si}f uD;rsm; xd;k jyxm;aom &efoo l nf
r&Sdyg? usL;ausmfvm&ifvnf; &ifqdkifEdkifpGrf; trSef jynfolvlxkom jzpfaeygawmhonf? ppfwyfudk
wu,f r&Sdyg? ppfwyfudk pGrf;&nfwdk;wufatmif vnf; cg;ydkufaqmif csKyfudkifEdkifzdk@ jynfolvlxkbuf
vkyfae=u&wmawmh EdkifiHwdkif;&JŒ ykHrSef orm;¶dk;us ygroGm;zdk@ “avS}uD;ay: avSi,fqifh” tcGifhxl;cH
tvkyf jzpfygonf? ppfwyf vlwef;pm;wpf&yfudk arG;xkwfvdkuf=uyg
onf? Ô

52
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
jynfov
l x
l u
k dk a&vkd vvkd usi&hf rnfh wyfrawmf
Ad k v f r S L ;ausmf a usmf c d k i f
“ppfwyfonf jynfolvlxkeJ@ roufqdkif/
jynfolvlxk&JΠtxufu/ jynfolvlxk qdkwm ppf
wyfavmuf todtjrife@J Edik if cH sppf w
d f r&S/d Edik if aH wmf
udk umuG,af ewm ppfwyfyJ &Sw d ,f/ tm%m jynfol
vlxkvufxJ a&mufoGm;&if EdkifiH +ydKuJGoGm;r,f/
ppfwyfuom xdef;csKyfxm;rS &r,f? ppftm%m&Sif
awG[m 'ga=umifh touf}uD;wmawmif aumif;
aumif; tem;r,lEdkifbJ wdkif;jynf}uD;twGuf apw
emAvmAGeJ@ ae@rtm; nrem; oem;pzG,faumif;
atmif vkyfaqmifae=u&w,f? ppfwyfu b,f
awmhrS jynfolvlxkudk tm%mjyeftyfvdk@ r&bl;?
jynfolvlxkvufxJ tm%mv$JwmeJ@ jynfwGif;ppf
jzpfr,f? wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkifawG wdkuf=u
r,f? jynfe,fawG cJGxGufr,f” qdkaom rSm;,Gif;
onfh tawG;tac:rsm;tm; ppfwyfxJwGif ¶dkufoGif;
xm;cJh=uygonf? ,ck 0efxrf;awGyg rusefap&
atmif ¶dkufoGif;xm;jyefygonf?
wdkufyJG0if pnf;±kH;a&;oifwef;ausmif;ESifh
tjcm; wyfwGif;oifwef;rsm; qdkwmawGonfvnf;
TuJhodk@ trdkufarSmifawG oGwfoGif;ay;aeaom
ae&mrsm; jzpfaeygonf? wyfrawmfwGif Tausmif;
rsm;onf 0efxkyf0efydk;}uD; wpfckyrm jzpfae&yg
onf? acwfpum;ESihf ajym&vSsif “ppfwyf&ŒJ cs;D xky”f
yg?
,ae@ wyfrawmftm; jyef+yD; cJGjcrf;pdwf
jzmvdkufvSsif udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh tm%mtwGuf
rl0g'awGudk csrSwfaeaom tm%m&Siftdk}uD;wpf
oduk Ef iS hf atmufajcu ud,
k uhf u
kd ,
kd f igw@kd Edik if aH wmf
udk umuG,faeygw,f[k ¶dk;¶dk;om;om;xif+yD; rsuf
aphvnfum wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfrawmf
om;xk}uD;udk (2) ydkif; uJGjym;pGm awG@ae&ygonf?
tm%m&SifESifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; &Sdae
oa&GΠwkdif;jynfESifh wyfrawmfwGif TuJhodk@ tjzpf
qd;k rsm; &Sad eOD;rSmyif jzpfygonf? wyfrawmfEiS jhf ynfol
&efolozG,f xif+yD; a0;uGmae=u&OD;rnf? jynfol@
arwWmudk cH,lEdkifrnfh jynfolŒwyfrawmf jyefjzpfvm
rSmr[kwfay? Ttajctaersm;udkvnf;aumif;/
'Dae@ EdkifiHESifh jynfolvlxk. qif;&JrJGaw 'kuQa&muf
+yD; edrfhusaeaom todtjrif/ tawG;tac:/ tusifh
pm&dwWrsm;udkvnf;aumif; jyefvnf+yD; aumif;rGef
wd;k wufatmif xlaxmif=urnfqv kd sS if T raumif;
qdk;0g; ppftm%m&Siftdk}uD;wpfpkudk &onfhenf;ESifh
z,f&mS ;&ygawmhrnf? raumif;aom tem ydik ;f jynf
ykwfawGudk azmufxkwfovdk okwfoifypf&ygawmh
rnf?
ppftm%m&Sirf sm;tm; z,f&mS ;wduk x
f w
k f
&ef enf
; vrf
; rsm;pG
m &S y
d gonf
? taumif;qk
;
H uawmh
“rwdkuf&bJ atmifyJG&wm” jzpfygonf? Ttajc
taeudk zefwD;EdkifcGifhonf ppfwyf. vufxJrSmyif
53
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

&Sdygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ acwfuvdk jynfy vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf u,fwifapmifha&Smufzdk@

xGuf/ ppfynmoif/ vlolvufeuf pkaqmif;zdk@ rvdk 'Dae@ wyfrawmf&JΠwm0efom jzpfaey+yD? wm0ef
awmhyg? vltiftm;/ vufeuftiftm;/ cJ,rf;tif auszdkΠvdkaeyg+yD?
tm; tpp wyfqif+yD; toifhtaetxm; &Sdaeyg+yD?
TuJhodk@ tcsdeftcg/ tcGifhtvrf; jynfh0
urBmESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajctaeu aeaom tcgor,rSm wyfrawmftaeESifh u,f
vnf; u,fwif&SifrsKd;udk vufcH arSsmfvifhaeaom wifr_ rjyKcJh&if aemif b,fawmhrS jynfolvlxk.
tcsdef jzpfygonf? TtcsdeftcgrsKd; t+rJ r&Edkifyg? &ifciG x f J jyefa&mufz@kd r&Sad wmhyg? jynfoŒl arwWm cH&zd@k
ig u,fcsifvdkufwmqdk+yD; u,fcsifwdkif; u,fvdk@r& r&Sdawmhovdk jynfolvlxkt=um; rsufESmi,fae
yg? ,ck u,fcsifvSsif u,fEdkifaom tajctae =u&rSm jzpfygonf? wyfrawmf. w&m;aom ppf
tcGifhta&; tjynfht0 &Sdaeyg+yD? u,fwif&Sifrsm; qdkonfrSmvnf; &SdawmhrSm r[kwfyg? wyfrawmf
twGuf ywf0ef;usif &moDOwku om,maeyg+yD? taeESifh udk,fh&JΠ&nf&G,fcsufu bmqdkwmawmif
odEdkif=uawmhrSm r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxkr&SdbJ wyfr
acwf t quf q uf Ad k v f } uD ; 0if ; Ak d v f / awmf r&SdEdkifvdk@ jzpfygonf? jynfolvlxk. axmufcH
Akv k }f uD; tk;H ausmjf rifh ponfjzifh csu/f tm;ay;r_rsm; r&Sb
d rf LS ; 0if;Ekid af usm/f Adv d J atmifyrGJ qifEikd vf @kd yJ jzpfyg
vlodwma&m rodwma&m jynfolbuf &yfwnfcsif onf? wdkif;jynfwpfckwGif jynfolvlxkom y"me
aom ppf o m;aumif ; rsm; ay:xG u f c J h z l ; ygonf ? usygonf? jynfolvlxkonf wyfrawmfom;rsm;.
tawG@t}uKH rsm;pGmudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; wdus trdtzrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? jynfolvlxk. om;
vSsifjref aocsmpGm aqmif&Gufzdk@ vkH+cKHr_&Sd&SdESifh orD ; awG u yJ wyf r awmf o m;awG / 0ef x rf ; awG
jywf j ywf o m;om; aqmif & G u f E d k i f z d k @ om vd k y g jzpfvm=uonf r[kwfygvm;?
awmhonf?
“ppfatmif&maom ta=umif;}uD;rsm;”
wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf wdkif;jynfESifh rSm jynfolvlxk. yg0ifaxmufcHtm;ay;r_ yg0ifae
jynf o l v l x k t wG u f touf p G e f @ aqmif & G u f & ef a=umif; wyfrawmfom;wdkif; odem;vnf=uygonf?
t"dXmef jyKxm;olawG jzpfygonf? a&SŒwef;wGif &ef “jynfov l x l u
k kd a&vdk vvd”k qufq&H r,f qdw k myJ
olESifh wdkuf+yD; wdkufyJGuswmudk ra=umuf=uyg/ &Sdygonf? ppfonfawmfusifh0wf (60) xJu jynfol
a&SŒwef;ppfajrjyif r[kwfaomfvnf; aemufwef;rSm vlxt k ay: jyKusi&hf rnfh usi0fh wfuv kd nf; vufawG@
a&m wdkif;jynfESifh jynfolvlxktusKd;twGuf aqmif usifhEdkif=uzdk@ vdktyfygonf? t}uD;tuJtay: awmf
&Guf&if; usqkH;rSmudk a=umufaezdk@ vdkygovm;? wnfhrSefuefpGm opPmapmifhzdk@yJ ygygonf? awmfwnfh
rS e f u ef p G m qd k + yD ; xnf h a &;xm;jcif ; onf tvG e f
tajctae zefwD;EdkifcGifh vuf0,fa&muf t"dy`g,f&dSygonf? t+rJ opPm&Sd&r,f[k rqdkvdkyg?
&S d a eaom wyf r awmf r S pD e D , mt&m&S d } uD ; rsm;/ t}uD;tuJonf azmufvJGazmufjyef jyKvmvSsif
ausmif;qif;bufrsm;/ oli,fcsi;f rsm;udk txl; wdu k f 'guakd wmh opPmapmifah e&r,f[k rqdv k xkd m;yg? tck
wGe;f vdyk gonf? jynfoŒl om;aumif;rsm; ay:xGe;f vm ppftm%m&Siftdk}uD;rsm; wdkif;jynfESifh jynfolvlxk
zdk@ vdktyfaeyg+yD? tcsdeftcg usa&mufaeyg+yD? tay: azmufvJGazmufjyef jyKaecJh=uaom tajc
wyf r awmf o m; tm;vk H ; ud k =unf ; §a&§avyg taerSm wyfrawmfonf jynfolvlxkESifh wdkif;jynf
rusef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf? jynfolvlxkESifh EdkifiH tay:udkom opPmxm;&rnfh tcsdefjzpfa=umif;
awmf}uD;udk ppftm%m&Sifwpfpk vufatmufrS wyfrawmfom;wdkif; od&Sdem;vnfxm;&ygrnf?

54
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

rSm vkH;0 wm0ef&Sdaea=umif; xyfrHtoday; wdkuf

jynfolvlxkESifh wdkif;jynfudk opPmxm;+yD; wGef;vdkufygonf? =unf;§a&§av wyfrawmfom;
u,fwifapmifha&Smuf&efrSm =unf;§a&§av wyfr tm;vkH; “jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz” aqmif
awmfom;taygif;. wm0ef jzpfaeyg+yD? wyfrawmf yk'fudk udkif+yD; jynfolŒarwWm cH,lrnfh om;aumif;
rsm;b0udk jyefvnf cH,lEdkif=uygap? Ô

55
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
wyfrawmf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
Lt.comet
(±k&mS ;jyef wyfrawmft&m&Sw
atmufajcppfom;rsm;qdkaom toHk;
tES K ef ; u Ad k v f r S p I &J a bmf t xd yg0if y gonf ?
tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf Ad k v f } uD ; jzpf o G m ;ygu
Adkvf}uD;rsm;rSm wyf&if;. OD;/ a&;/ axmuf (ppfqif
a&;/ tkyfcsKyfr_eJ@ oufqdkifaom ppfa&;eJ@ ppfaxmuf
udpP&yfrsm;) ponfrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&aom
t&m&Srd sm;jzpfonfh tm;avSsmpf mG tcsK@d t&m&Srd sm;rSm
vmbfpm;rSLrsm;udkyg yl;aygif;yg0ifI }uHpnf=u&
aom t&m&Sdrsm;tjzpfodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; ‚if;wdk@
onfvnf; rdrd. tdwfu'fxJokd@om xnfhaom
olrsm; b0odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfwdk@EkdifiH&Sd ppfonf (ppfonfqdk
onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;rS &Jabmftxd oHk;E_ef;aom
ppfoHk;pum; jzpfygonf) tiftm;rSm 4 odef; &Sdonf
[k trsm;jynfolawGudk a=ujimxm;aomfvnf;
uu(=unf;)wGif trSefwu,f&Sdaom ppfonftif
tm;rSm 2 odef;ausmfrSsom &Sda=umif; od&ygonf?
xkd@tjyif trSefwu,f ajrjyif(wyf&if;)wGif&Sdaom
tiftm;rSm 2 odef;yif rjynfhyg?
tb,fodk@aom ta=umif;a=umifh uu
(=unf;)pm&if;wGif 2 odef; &Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;
oenf;qdkaomf atmufajc wyf&if;rsm;onf rdrd
wyf&if;twGif;Y &Jabmfrsm; xGufajy;rSLrsm;udk
csucf si;f ta=umif;r=um;bJ &Jabmfrsm;. vpmrsm;
udk wyf&if;rSL;rsm;xHodk@ qufo=u&aoma=umifh
ppfonftiftm; xdkodk@ uGm[csufrsm; jzpfay:vm
56
d pfO;D )
&ygonf ? xk d @ tjyif wyf & if ; wpf & if ; Y &S d & rnf h
zG J @ pnf ; yk H (W.E) t& tif t m;rS m 700 OD ; cef @
&S d & rnf q d k a omf v nf ; tck vwf w avm&S d a om
tiftm;rSm 150 OD; &Sdaom wyf&if; 50 &if;cef@
&SdrnfqdkvSsifyif tawmfuav; uHaumif;aom
wyf & if ; rsm;[k ajym&rvd k jzpf a eyg onf ?
wyf & if ; rS L ;rsm;onf v nf ; rd r d t d w f u 'f x J o d k @
xnfhvdkuf&aom aiGrsm;rSm =um&SnfrcHyg? tb,f
a=umihfqdkaom wyfrwck. vufatmufY wyf&if;
10 &if;&Sdygonf?
wyf&if;rSL;rsm;onf wyfrrSL;. tdrfodk@
wpfvvSsif qef 1 tdwEf iS hf qDy;kH 1 yH;k yHrk eS f ay;=u&yg
onf? Tonfum; yHkrSef qufo&aom quforSL
rsKd;jzpf+yD; ppfqifa&;umvrsm;Y wyfrrSL;xHodk@ oGm;
a&mufum a=u;}uD; quforSLrsKd;vnf; jyKvkyf=u&
jyefygonf? xkdodk@jyKvkyfjcif;rsm; r&Sdygu ,if;wyf
&if;onf qdk;oGrf;vSaom ppfqifa&;e,fajrodk@
a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf?
wcsKdŒaom wyf&if;rSL;rsm;rSm rdrd&Jabmf
rsm;tm; oem;csifoa,mif &Sdaomfvnf; wu,fh
vufawGŒwGifrl rdrd.toufESifh rdrd. pnf;pdrfrsm;
&mxl;tm%mrsm; qufvuf &Sifoef&eftwGuf
wyf&if; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;xJrS aiGrsm;udk toHk;jyKI
wyfrrSL;rsm;udk qufoae=u&ygonf? wyf&if;rSL;
rsm;onf TuhJodk@aom quforSLrsKd;udk jyKvkyf=u
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

ouJhodk@ wyfrrSL;rsm;onfvnf; wdkif;rSL;rsm;ESifh usifh0wfqdkaom pmyk'frsm;onf pmxJYom&Sd+yD;

txufAv dk cf sKyf}uD;rsm;xHo@dk tvm;wl quforSLrsK;d tjyifb0wGif xdkrludk rltaeeJ@omxm;I vlawGu
rsm;udk jyKvkyf=u&ygonf? xkd@twl tcsKdŒwyf&if;rSL; vk y f c sif & mud k o m vk y f a e=uaom ppf w yf .
rsm;onf wyfrrSL;rsm;ESifh oifwef;wpfywfpOfwnf; oabmw&m;rsm;ud k trsm;jynf o l od & S d a p&ef
qif;rsm; jzpfaeygu ‚if;wyf&if;onf rnfhonfhudpP a&;om;vdkuf&ygonf?
udkrS *±krpdkufbJ ,if;wyf&if;rSL; tdwfu'fxJokd@om
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57
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58
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60
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62
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63
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65
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66
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awmf&JΠxkH;pHtwdkif; igvnf; 'Dvdk ae&ma&muf&if vJv@kd ar;p&m&Syd gw,f? u|eaf wmfvnf; Final year
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69
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ti,f b 0rS m wk e f ; u F inal Year
Appointment awG[m tcsi;f csi;f odycf sp=f uwmyJ?
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emrnftvGef}uD;wJh SI (Senior Instructor)
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70
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vpfvyfIjzpfap rdrd&,lvdkaom vdkif;cef;ae&m +rdKŒESifhuyf+yD; aeae&aom avwyfom;

twGuf aqmufvkyfa&;wm0efcH t=uyf}uD;ESifh wdk@tzdk@ rdrdtdrfodk@ {nfhonfvmrSmudkyif &Sufrdyg
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t&mcHAdkvfrsm;jzifh tqifhtvdkuf/ vdkif;tvdkuf tdkrif; a[mif;EGrf;aeaom vdkif;cef;rsm;udk zsufodrf;
ae&mcsay;aom tcgwGif }udKwif ay;urf;xm;ol cGifh usonfhwdkif rzsufao;bJ topfaqmufcGifh
twGuf taumif;qkH; vdkif;cef;udk vSnfhywf &&Sdapyg usonfh bwf*sufaiGrsm;/ jyifqifp&dwfrsm;onf
onf? wyfrSL;/ wyfa&;rsm;ESifh tqifajyolrsm;u vnf; tkycf sKyfa&;wyfrLS ;/ aqmufvyk af &;0efaxmuf
oifh&moifh&m &=u+yD; omrefppfonfrsm;tzdk@rl rsm;ESifh avwyfpcef;rSL;wdk@. tdwfxJodk@om a&muf
a&G;bkd@ useftcef;rsm;om &=uygonf? 'Dvdkjzpf& ukef=uygonf? ppfonfrsm;. vdkif;cef;rsm;om
jcif;rSm wyfwGif; vdkif;cef;rsm;. wnfaqmufykH r[kwfyg? t&m&Sdvdkif;rsm;vnf; xdkenf;wlpGm jzpfyg
pepfrusjcif;ESifh jyifqifxdef;odrf;r_ r&Sdjcif;u pjcif;

77
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

onf? rD;vdkif;/ a&vdkif;/ oG,fwef;r_ tm;vkH;onf trSefwu,f om,mEdkifygrnfavm? wyfrdom;pk

rdrdp&dwfjzifhom jzpfygonf? rsm;taeeJ@ &duQmE_ef;xm; avSsmhay;vmr_a=umifh
,cifvdk aps;r&awmhovdk ukefaps;E_ef; }uD;jrifhr_
trd;k tum&Sad om tdrt f vGwf wpfv;Hk udk a=umifh vpmuvnf; ravmufiSEdkif=uawmhyg?
om cHpm;&&Sdovdk jzpfaeygonf? tdrfaxmifonf wyfrawmf pnf;¶Hk;a&;aumfrwDawG pnf;urf;xdef;
rsm;omr[kwfbJ vlysKd&dyfomonfvnf; xdkenf; odr;f a&;awG&ŒJ rlrmS rdom;pk0ifawG tvkyt f udik f &&Sd
vnf;aumif;yif? aomuf&ef xkwfay;onfqdkaom a&; aqmif&u G af y;&ef[k yg&adS omfvnf; vufawG@rmS
Army Rum rSm wyfodk@yif a&mufrvmyg? &dyfom tvky&f mS ay;zd@k xuf tJ't D pnf;ta0;awG oifwef;
tydkaqmif;a=u;[kqdkum wpfvvSsif tenf;qkH; awGeJ@wif rdom;pk0ifawGrSm &Sd+yD;om; tvkyfawmif
3000 usyf xyfaqmif;pm;&onfhwdkif tom;[if; cGifh,l&vGef;vdk@ jyKwfvkvk jzpfae=uolawG &Sdygonf?
wpfeyfyif tEdkifEdkifyg? a&rD;udpPvnf; tqifajyap
&ef pkaygi;f ajz&Si;f =u&ygonf? 'gbm (ac: ) qEN azmf rdom;pk ppfynmoifwef;upvdk@ oif
xkwfyJGrsm;wGif tcuftcJudk wifjy&ef }udK;pm;rdol wef;aygif;pkHudk wifjyvdk@aumif;atmif zGifhaewmrSm
onf r=umrD wyfajymif;a&$Œjcif; (odk@r[kwf) pdkufysKd; vlukefvdk@ 2 cg 3 cgru wufae=u&vnf; zGifhaeqJ
a&;§ arG;jrLa&; vkyif ef;rsm; &S&d mod@k acsmifx;kd cH&jcif; yif jzpfygonf? 'Djzpf&yfawGukd avwyf&@J acgi;f aqmif
jzpfygawmhonf? ydkif;uawmh wpGef;wp odavmufygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ om;rufawmf AdkvfrSL;csKyf
&duQmu'faygifjcif;/ vpm}udKwifa&mif; odef;Edkifudk,fwdkif r*Fvm'kHavwyfpcef; XmecsKyfrSL;
jcif;/ Duty tiSm;apmifjh cif; paom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh taeeJ@ &Sdaeavawmh etzrSm ti,fqkH;xJygwJh
ppfonfrsm;. pm;0wfaea&; jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f udkjrwf[def;vnf; EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ rsufESmndK
ae&jcif;udk Edik if aH wmft}uD;tuJ[k uifyeG ;f wyfxm; atmif b,fvkyf0HhyghrvJ? ‘tm;vHk;aumif;ygonf’
olrsm; od&Sd&ef rnfolrSs rwifjy&Jyg? wyf&if;&HykHaiG yJaygh?
odef;rnfrSs&Sdonf/ wyfoufom acsmifcsda&;twGuf
rnfrSs axmufyHhEdkifonf/ pnf;§aumfudpPrsm; rnfrSs nDaemifrsm;cifAsm; æ u|efawmfhtaeeJ@
atmifjrifonf paom av;vywfwdkif;wGif rsufESm odjrif=um;orSs jynfolxHwifjy&if; wyfwGif;u edrfh
&&efom On Paper Work rsm;jzifh *k%f,lwifjyae usaom b0rsm;pGmudk azmfxkwfay;cJhyg+yD? tjcm;
=uaomfvnf; wu,fwrf;wGif wifjy=uonfh T aom odjriforSs b0rsm;udkvnf; nDawmf/ aemif
jzpfpOfrsm; trSefr[kwfyg? awmfwdk@rS qufvuf ajymjyay;=uygOD;Asm? Ô

trSm;wifjyol/ trSm;udk vufcHolESifh

trSefw&m;udk jrwfEdk;olwdk@. avmu}uD;onf

78
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
cGuaf ysmuf ppfAv
dk rf sm;ESihf ra&&maom avwyf
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u|efawmfhacgif;pOfav;u ±kdif;rsm;aer
vm;yJ? 'gayr,fhvnf; wu,fcHpm;ae&olrsm;
udk,fwdkifu 'DvdkyJ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ ac:ae=uyg
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tjzpfrsKd;awG &SdcJhw,fvm;vdk@aygh? [kwfuJh wu,f
yg? &Sdygw,f? vloufao/ ypPnf;oufaoawGeJ@yg?
“u|efawmfwdk@ rw&m; cHae&ygw,f” vdk@ atmfp&m
ae&mr&Sdovdk/ wifjyjyef&ifvnf; tjrifuyfyk'fr
yk'fr (65) wyf+yD; a&a&vnfvnf ESdyfuGyfcH&rSmrdk@
ZeD;r,m;/ orD;om; iJhn‡mum “ikH;ql vlrod”
wd w f w d w f a v;yJ &if z G i f h & S m =u&ygw,f ? wm0ef
t&SdqkH;qdkwJh avwyfOD;pD;csKyfuawmifrS pOf;pm;
ray;wm/ b,f o l u igwd k @ tjzpf u d k rsuf p d x J
xm;rSmvJvdk@ qdk=u&Smygw,f?
79
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uJ æ cGufaysmufwm bmudk qdkygovJ/
avwyfxJrSm t&m&Sdtkyfpk}uD; (2) ck &Sdygw,f? av
ol&JeJ@ pufr_vufr_yg? avol&J trsm;pku DSA
qif;awGyg? tvkyfoifeJ@ OTS qif; tywfpOf (2)
ck avmufuawmh tenf;pkayg?h avol&rJ mS Fighter,
Transport, Helicopter qdk+yD; uJGjym;ovdk pufr_
vufr_rSmvnf; 1999 rSm DSTA tywfpOf (1)
rqif;ciftxd OTS qif; BE bJG@a&m/ BSC bJGŒ&yg
ac:+yD; tif*sifeD,m/ vSsyfppfESifh csdefcGuf/ a&'D,dk§
a&'g/ vufeuf qdk+yD; (4) XmecJGygw,f? OTS qif;
tawmfrsm;rsm;[m avwyfudk rvmvdkygbl;? ppf
vuf±kH;a&G;cs,f&mrSm qENrjyKaomfvnf;bJ cJGwrf;cs
ac:,ljcif;cH&olrsm;[m 1995 rSmqif;wJh OTS – 91
tywfpOfrSm tawmfrsm;cJhygw,f? avwyfudk vm
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

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azmif;awmif tqifoifh r&Sad o;vd@k tpdr;f 0wfe@J jzpf
aecJhygw,f? odk@aomfvnf; xm;&mae/ ap&mvkyf&
r,fh b0a&muf+yDrdk@ bmrS rwwfEdkif&Smawmhygbl;?
awmxJ awmifxJrSm udk,fvJ'kuQa&muf
olrsm;vJ 'kuQay;&wJhb0 r[kwfwmyJqdk+yD; ajzodrfh
vdkuf=uygw,f? 1999 rSm olwdk@wawG Adkvf}uD;
jzpf=uygw,f? aemuf (5) ESpfae&if tjypf uif;uif;
aewJ h o l u Ad k v f r S L ;jzpf + yD a ygh ? =unf ; §a&§av
rcJGjcm;yJ wpfckwnf;aom “acwfrD zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf
aom wyfrawmf” wnfaqmufaew,f qdkwJht
tawGŒt}uKHrsm;pGm &Sdae+yD;aom pufr_vufr_ Xme
cJGrS omrefbGJ@& t&m&Sdrsm;pGm. b0ESifh aqmif&Guf
csurf sm;twGuf rsuu f ,
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toufuef@owfcsufjzifh wyfrawmfrS xGufcGm&ol
rsm;wGif pwif ouf0ifvm&m OD;pD;csKyf(av) rsucf ;Hk p
v_yfcJh&ygawmhw,f? pufr_vufr_rS OD;pD;(y)rsm;ESifh
vkyif ef;rsm;udk trSewf u,f OD;aqmifaeaom tqifh
wd;k ray;yJ csexf m;cH&ol tawmf rsm;rsm; ygomG ;ovdk
usefaeolrsm;uvnf; pdwfempGmjzifh tvkyfwuf±kH
rSsom aqmif&Gufvm=uygw,f? vSsyfppf§csdfefcGuf/
a&'D , d k § a&'g/ vuf e uf r S OTS – 91 qif ;

wGuf t&ifvdk =unf;wyfeJ@ &mxl;&wm ruGmjcm;yJ omrefbJG@& t&m&Sd trsm;pk[m ,ck 2009 ar
igw@kd b0 atmifjrifawmhr,f qdwk hJ arSsmvf ifch suaf wG umvwdik af tmif Adv
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ckquD kd DSTA qif; BE rsm; a&mufvmcsed w f iG af wmhjzifh avwyfrS vGwf&m vGwfa=umif; }udK;pm;ygaomf
vufwef; rl0g'wpfcku arSsmfvifhcsuf b0rsm;pGmeJ@ vnf; Tvlrsm;r&Sdu avwyfyJGysufrnf a=umuf
avwyf&JΠtem*wfudk pwif zsufqD;vdkufygawmh onfh OD;pD;csKyf(av)u vGw&f muGsw&f m ay;roGm;&m
w,f? olw@kd [m cHjyif;r_rsm; ydv
k mygawmhw,f? txl;ojzifh
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'guawmh “pufr_vufr_&JŒ XmecJG (4) ck t&m&Sdrsm;tm; tqifhwdk;ray;ygu 4if;wdkŒaemuf
jzpfaom tif*sifeD,m/ vSsyfppfESifhcsdefcGuf/ a&'D,dk§ wGif 2004 rSm qif;onfh DSTA tywfpOf (6) rS
a&'g/ vufeufrS t&m&Sdrsm;udk B.E bJG@& r[kwfu t&m&Sdrsm;om &Sd&m AkH;wefrsm;pGmudk rnfodk@ xdef;

80
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

odr;f rnf qdo k nfh ta&;rSm &ifav;p&m jzpfvmOD;rSm cJhaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk zwf+yD; oifa&m
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qd k a yr,f h t&m&S d w d k i f ; [m tqif r ajyygbl ; /
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rsm;/ bmrSrwwfaom t&m&Sdrsm; rdrd&z@dkudkom awG trsm;}uD ; yg/ tqif r ajyr_ a wG qd k w mu
odaomt&m&Sdrsm;om &Sdae+yD; Hour ukefcgeD; jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkif;&J@ udk,fcE<mrSm arG;uwJu
av,mOftrkd sm;ESihf vpmravmufaom ppfonfrsm; uyfvSsufygvmwmyg? ppftm%m&Sif txufydkif;
jzifh wyfrawmf (av) . tem*wf=uD;onf rD;Zm awGu vGJ&ifaygh?
ukev f v
k k jzpfaeonfukd rod&mS aom Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;
onf av,mOfxkwf&ef wGef;tm;ay; aejyefygw,f? 'gqdk bmvdk@ +idrfcHaevJvdk@ ar;p&m&Sdyg
oem;pzG,fyif? bdk;awmf=uD;[m pufr_Zkef*spfuJhodk@ w,f? jrefrmjynf txl;ojzifh ppfwyfxJrSm vlwdkif;
av,mOfxw k &f ef vG,rf nf[k xifae&SmykH &ygw,f?f tvG,fwul Internet rokH;Edkifygbl;/ jyifyqDudk
av,mOf xkw&f ef rvG,o f vdk UAV udk vltiftm; tckvdk qufoG,f azmfjycGifh rvG,fygbl;? wyfxJu
tvk;H t&if;jzifh &Sr;f wJ avwyfpcef;wGiyf if armif;ESif wu,fh tjzpfawGudk vlxkqDydk@zdk@ cufygw,f?
prf ; oyf a eaomf v nf ; Control Programme olwdk@vnf; 'Dpepfqdk;}uD;udk aysmufuG,fapvdkol
a&mif;csonfh w±kwu f rk % ` u D enf;ynm ray;ojzifh awGxJrSm &Sdaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh b,fvdk yl;aygif;=u
tcuf}uKHae&ygw,f? rvJ/ bmvkyfay;&rvJ qdkwJh ar;cGef;rsm; &Sdvmyg
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jyif O D ; vG i f & S d Ad k v f c sKyf p d e f 0 if ; OD ; pD ; wJ h vpm/ pnf;§aumf qdkwJh wyfwGif; pnf;¶Hk;a&;
enf;ynmokawoeXmecsKyfwGif ajrmufudk;&D;,m; aumfrwD tvkyfawGeJ@ &Sd&SdorSs txufvl=uD;
a&wyf r S vma&muf y d k @ csaom Fire Control uawmf a wG t wG u f oeyf c g;aoG ; / xrd e f a vS s mf /
Computer oifwef;odk@vnf; 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wpfOD; [ef v k y f rsuf E S m csd K aoG ; / trav; u|ef 0 ,f & m
acgif;aqmifum avwyfrS t&m&Sdrsm; apv$wf tqpfyg b0udk trSefwu,f &GH@rkef;ae=uyg+yD?
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qdkwmudk odavmufa&maygh? uJ u|efawmf wifjy

81
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

oifwef;rsm;? trIrsm;ESihf vk;H vnfcsmvnfvu

dk af eaom
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onf? wyfrawmfudk jynfol@bufu &yfwnfyg[k wufa&mufapum ppfwdkuf&efr&Sdu avhusifh&ef[k
qdkaeolrsm;udk today;csifygonf? atmufajc aqmifyk'f azmfxkwfcJhonf?
tqih f t&m&S d r sm;onf v nf ; Ed k i f i H a wmf E S i f h
wyfrawmf vkH;yg;yg;aeonfudk ajrvSef ajymif;vJcsif wu,f w rf ; xd k o if w ef ; rsm;onf
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rsm;u wyHkwyif? b,fvdk yl;aygif;rSmvJ/ bmvkyf &aom t&m&Srd sm;tzd@k oifwef;a=u;u 0efxyk 0f efy;kd
ay;rSmvJ? Adv k cf sKyf=uD;cifneG @f awmif b,fb0 a&muf jzpfvmcJh&m aiG&vrf;rsm; &Sm}uH=u&ygawmhonf?
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okH;um t&m&Sdrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&; jzpfpOfESifh uif;uGm twGufudk eif;uefac:cJh&m tacsmufrsm;vnf;
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oifwef;rsm;/ ppfausmif;}uD;rsm;. ajcvsifwyfcJGrSL;/ avwyfodk@ DSA 41§ 42 rS pwifum
wyfpkrSL; oifwef;rsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;ausmif;rsm;rS wywfpOfvSsif avol&J 300 pDac:cJh&m ,cktcg
wyfa&;Adkvf}uD;/ wyfaxmuf Adkvf}uD;/ pm&if;udkif &Sdonfhav,mOfESifh avol&J rrSs±kHomru bmcdkif;&
'Dyvdkrm/ Oya' 'Dyvdkrm/ ppfbufOya' paom rSef;rod jzpfaeaom tajctaewGif &Sdygonf?

82
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armif;p&m av,mOfr&Sdonfhtcg avol&Jtzdk@ wyf r S L ;rsm;uvnf ; Oya''D y vd k r m

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wd k ; wuf a om enf ; ynmavh v m&ef Internet td;k rJow
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=unfh&efrSmvnf; avwyfwckvkH;wGif Internet xJrSm uawmfawGuvnf; wrsdK; xl;ygao;onff?
wyfqifcGifh&xm;jcif;r&SdyJ/ MIG 29 av,mOftkyf u|ef0,f&m tqpfyg qdkovdk xm;&mae/ ap&moGm;
wGio f m av,mOfqD a&mif;&aom w&m;r0ifaiGrsm; cdkif;wmvkyf&mrSm rdef;rawGyg tqpfygae&m ya'
jzifh udk,fydkifwyfqif okH;pJGr_ &Sdygonf? o&mZfacwfuvdk awmfaumufrcH&wmyJ awmfyg
ao;? Adv k cf sKyfuawmfawGvm&if oeyfcg;aoG;/ xrdef
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qif;+yD; avwyfxJa&mufonfESifh avwyf pufr_ qdw k mtjyif ud, k ahf ,musmf ;tvkyu f kd xdcukd rf mS pd;k vd@k
vufr_ausmif;odk@ wuf&+yD; avwyfqdkif&mrsm; usdwfrSdwf vkyfae=u&&Smygonf? pnf;§aumfqdkwJh
oif&aomfvnf; 4if;ausmif;wGif enf;jyt&m&Sd 2 tay:,H v_yf&Sm;r_awGuvnf; wyfrdom;pkawG
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av,mOfrsm;udk jyifqifxdef;odrf;rnfholrsm; armif; rSm wyfawGu qENrJay;ykHav;udk ajymjyygOD;rnf?
ESif=urnfh olrsm;. wu,fh tjzpfrSefyg? ydkqdk;
onfrSm ,cifu avwyf. pufr_vufr_XmewGif wyftwGuf rJ±kHu oD;jcm;jzpfygonff? rJ
&SdaeESifhaom t&m&Sdrsm;tm; B.E bGJŒr&u qifhwdk; vufrSwfawGu 2 rsdK;jzpf+yD; trSefwu,f vufrSwf
ray;[k qdu k m Adv
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enf;ynmwdk@onf tqifhjrifhvsuf&Sdae a=umif;om ajym&efEiS hf aygu=f um;ygu ppfpnf;urf;
aomfvnf; avwyfwGif acwfa[mif;u AkH;rsm;/ t& ta&;,lcH&rnfvdk@ !$ef=um;ygonf?
'kH;rsm; &Sdaeao;&m 4if;wdk@udk udkifwG,fod&Sdol
rsm;onf Adkvf}uD;tdkrsm; jzpfaejcif;u avwyfAkH; r,k H r &S d y geJ @ / qEN r J vuf r S w f a wG r S m
pwdkrsm; teD; aexdkifolrsm;twGuf rsufckH;v_yfzG,f bmawGygvJvdk@ vufwdk@+yD; ar;=unfhyg? tjcm;aom
yif? wyfwiG ;f jy\em aemufwpfcrk mS Oya'a=umif; wyfzJG@rsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl tajctaersdK;rsm;
em;rvnfaom olrsm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ppfbuf &Sdonfcsnf; jzpfygonf? ,ckwifjy&mwGif t&m&Sd
Oya' oifwef; &Sdaomfvnf; oifwef;+yD;,kHrSsom rsm;. tajctaeudkom aZmif;ay;az: jyoGm;&
avhvm=uonfu rsm;ygonf? odk@jzpf&m wpkHw&m aomfvnf; ppfonfrsm; txJwGifvnf; ,ckxuf
jypfr_jzpfygu Oya'udk em;vnfaom t&m&SdESifh ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom jy\emrsm; &Sdygonf? Ô
wyfrSL;rsm;. vSnfhuGufatmufwGif 4if;wdk@vdkvm;
csuftwdkif; vnfpif; cH&wwf =uygonf?

83
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

cGuaf ysmufppfAv
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wyfrawmf (=unf;§a&§av) ppfwyf eyfcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdae=uygonf? ydkif;avmhtkyfpkrSm

twGif;u rnDrSsr_/ 'Drdkua&pD qdwfokef;r_/ avwyf yif MI - 2 ESihf MI – 17 ±k&Sm;&[wf,mOfrsm;
xJrSmyif ppfwuUodkvf ausmif;qif; t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh twGuf &[wf,mOfarmif; ydkif;avmhtkyfpk/ G – 4/
wyfrawmf enf;ynmwuUov PC 6-7 av,mOfarmif; ydkif;avmhtkyfpk/ F – 7
kd f ausmif;qif; t&m&Sd
rsm;udk t&m&Sdcsif; twlwl tqifhtwef; cJGjcm;xm; wdu
k af v,mOfarmif; ydik ;f avmhtyk pf w k @kd tcsi;f csi;f yif
tcGit hf a&; &yHck si;f rnDrrSsS &adS e&mrS aemufq;kH ±k&mS ;rS
vd k @ tcG i f h t a&; wef ; wl r &&S d = ur_ / cG u f a ysmuf
ppfAdkvfrsm;uvnf; toufuef@owfjzifh t&yf MIG- 29 acwfrDS*sufwdkufav,mOfrsm; ay:ayguf
bufodk@ tajymif;cH&onfxuf wyfrawmfom;yDo vmjyefaoma=umihf tqkyd g *suw f ukd f av,mOfrsm;
pGm tqifhqifhaom wyfwGif; &mxl;udkom vufcH odk@ wufcGifh&wJh ydkif;avmhrsm;twGuf txl;tcGifh
xrf;aqmifcsif=ur_ pwJh ,ae@ wyfrawmfwGif;u ta&; &&SdcJhjyefojzifh rauseyfr_rsm; ydkrdk=uD;xGm;
jzpf&yfrSefawGudk qufvuf wifjyvdkufygw,f? vsuf&Sdygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap AdkvfcsKyfjrwf[def;u
awmh wifjycsuf rSeforSstm; rsufuG,fjyKum ol
29-5-2009 &ufae@u xyfrHxkwfjyef vkyfcsif&m vkyfaeqJom jzpfygonf?
vdkufaom uu (av)ESifh uu(xl;)wdk@&JΠ&mxl;
wdk;jrêifhr_ trdef@jyefwrf;wGif avwyfodk@ tajrmuf txl ; ojzif h avwyf x J w G i f t&m&S d
tjrm; ac:,lxm;cJhaom 2000 ckESpf ppfwuUodkvf tqihfwdk;ay;r_ESifh ywfoufI rrSswr_ rsm;&Sdaeonfh
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t&m&Sd (200) cef@udk AdkvfrSL;tqifhodk@ wdk;jrêifhay; onf? wyfrawmf xkH;pHt& tqifhqifh wdkif=um;r_
vdkufjyef&m avwyftwGif;rS Adkvf}uD;tqihfrSmyif vk y f & ef nG e f = um;xm;aomf v nf ; xd x d a &muf
tqifhwdk;ay; rcH&yJ usdwfrSdwfae=u&aomolrsm;/ a&muf ajz&Sif;ay;jcif; r&SdbJ trkef;om tzwfwif
k rf LS ;tqifrh mS yif &yfwef@aeaomolrsm;ESihf tqifh um ESdyfuGyfcH&ygonf? 'grSr[kwf tqifhausmfum
Adv
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rauseyfaom toHrsm; qlnHpGm xGufay:vmcJhyg vnf ; ta&;,l c H & rnf h t jyif vl } uD ; jid K jiif u m
onf? tmCmw w&m;ESifh xkaxmif;cH&rnf pdk;onfu
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avwyfrSm ydkif;avmhtkyfpk/ ajrjyiftkyfpk rauseyfcsufudk az:xkwf&ef cufcJvSygonf?
qdkjyD; &Sd&m ydkif;avmhtkyfpkudkom ae&may;&m raus

84
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
avwyfwGif pufr_vufr_XmecJGY t&m&Sd
400 cef@&Sd+yD; 300 cef@rSm wyfrawmfenf;ynm
wuUov kd f DSTA ausmif;qif; t&m&Srd sm;yif jzpfyg
onf? usef 100 cef@teuf t&m&Sd 30 cef@rSm
cGufaysmufaeaom Senior t&m&Sdrsm; jzpf=uyg
onf? a&wyfwGifvnf; xdkodk@aom jy\emrsm;
&Sdygonf? a&wyfrSm oabFmwuftkyfpkESifh ajrjyif
tkyfpk tcGifhta&;&r_ uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ &Sd&m xkxnf
=uD;rm;aom ,mOfjzpfonfh tm;avsmpf mG oabmFEiS hf
quf p yf a om ynm onf t k y f p k ajrmuf j rm;pG m
&Sdojzifh ydkrdk&_yfaxG;um cGJjcm;qufqHcHae&ygonf?
omref t&m&S d r sm;onf 2010 ck E S p f
a&G;aumufyJG+yD;u jzpfay:vmrnfh tajymif;tvJY
wyfrawmftwGuf aumif;rGeaf om acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf
arSsmv
f ifch surf sm;twGuf taumif;jrifpmG apmifah rSsmf
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jynfolwdk@. b0udk em;vnfpmemEdkifolrsm; tjzpf
vnf; awG@cJh&ygonf? rl0g'trsdK;rsdK; ajymif;vJr_.
om;aumifjzpfcJh&aom cGufaysmuf ppfAdkvfrsm;u
vnf; touf uef@owfjzifh t&yfbufo@kd tajymif;
cH&onfxuf wyfrawmfom;yDopGm tqifhqifh
aom wyfwGif;&mxl;udkom vufcHxrf;aqmifcsif
=uygonf?
85
EdkifiHwum&Sd wyfrawmfrsm;onf *suf
wdkufav,mOfwpfpif; pufcsdKŒ,Gif;I avxJwGif
jy\em jzpfaecsdefY aiGa=u;ESifhtcsdef }uD;rm;pGm
jrKyfESHavhusihf xm;&onfh vludkom wefzdk;xm;um
ydkif;avmhtm; ta&;ay:xkdifckH cvkyfudk ESdyfckdif;+yD;
tqdkygav,mOfay:rS avxD;ESifh ckefxGufcdkif;ap
ygonf? jrefrmhhwyfrawmfrSmrl vlxuf av,mOfudk
wefzdk;xm;ojzifh toufpGef@oGm;&onfh ydkif;avmh
rsm;pGm&Sd&m t&m&Sdwdkif;vdkvdk ESajrmwo jzpfvsuf&Sd
ae=uygonf?
ydkI qdk;0g;onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfcsif;twlwl
=unf;wyfu AdkvfcsKyfrsm;om xdyfydkif;ae&mrsm;Y
wef;pDydwfum ae&m,l =uxm;+yD; ordkif;a=umif;
wavS s muf =unf ; wyf A d k v f c sKyf r sm;u avwyf
AdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk oD;jcm;vlwef;pm;ESifh ynmonf
vlwef;pm; tjrifrsdK;om oabmxm;=uygonf?
avwyf A d k v f c sKyf u d k zG J @ pnf ; yH k t &om xm;&S d j yD ;
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xd k o d k @ qd k v S s if wyf r awmf t wG i f ; &S d
xdkxdkaom nDaemifrsm;twGuf wckckawmh vkyfay;
oifhygonf? vuf&SdtcsdefwGifawmh jynfolrsm;
odap&ef pmrsufESmay:wif ay;±kHrSsom wwfEdkifyg
ao;onf? xdx k ufyI kd wwfEikd af om nDaemifrsm;u
vnf; enf;vrf;jyo ulnDay;vdkuf=uyg? nDnGwf
jcif;onf tiftm;jzpfygonf? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
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txl;ojzifh u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHvdkrsdK; enf;ynm
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awmif rjzpfEdkifygbl;?
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wGif wm0ef&Sdonf” “t=uyfaumif;rS wyfaumif;
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rnf ” / “ta&S Œ awmif tm&S w G i f taumif ; qk H ;
wyfrawmf jzpf&rnf” [laom avhusifha&; ausmif;
rsm;. OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfum tavmif;rif;
w&m; OD;atmifaZ,sonfyif ,dk;',m;tm; 0g;&if;
wkwfjzifh atmifEdkifcJhonf[laom tawG;rsm;jzifh
tif t m; (50) cef @ ES i f h wyf & if ; opf r sm; zJ G @ jcif ; /
Adkvfavmif;rsm; tqrwefac:um vufndê;xdk; rvJG
aom Master bJG@/ Ph.D bJG@&rsm; zefwD;jcif; wpfck
wnf;aom wyfrawmf[k =um;aumif;atmif ajym
um av/ a&ESifh tjcm;wyfzJG@rsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk
uef@owfjcif;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufae=uaom etz
xdyfoD; acgif;aqmif=uD;rsm;tay: avwyftwGif;rS
rauseyfr_rsm;tm; wifjyygOD;rnf?
ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;ESifh ywfouf
I EdkifiHwumwGif avwyfuom OD;pD;aqmif&Guf+yD;
aemufq;Hk tqifh Point Defense udo
k m tajrmuf
wyfzJG@. ava=umif;&ef umuG,fa&; vufeufrsm;
86
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udk tokH;cs&a=umif; trSefajymrdol 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ausmfoef;rSm OD;pD;csKyfb0rS ypPnf;yif rodrf;tm;bJ
ppf±kH;udk ausmcdkif;cJh&r_udk wyfrSL;tqifh&Sd avwyf
om;rsm; trSwf&aeqJ yifjzpfygonf?
ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ ta=umif;jycsuft&
'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; ausmfoef;udk jzKwf&jcif;rSm acwfrDS
&[wf,mOfrsm; ±k&Sm;edkifiHrS 0,f,lcJh+yD;aemuf
e0wtwGif;a&;rSL; (2) 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@
tzJG@ pD;eif;aom ±k&Sm;&[wf,mOf MI-17 ysufus
cJhonfhudpP/ &[wf,mOf tydkypPnf;rsm; vdktyfaer_
udpP/ w±kwfEdkifiHrS 0,f,lcJhonfh F-7 wdu k af v,mOf
(=unf;§av) ajcvsifwifh yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;rSm
xd a &muf p G m ysH o ef ; wd k u f c d k u f E d k i f j cif ; r&S d r _ E S i f h
r=umc% ysufusaer_wdk@tm; t"dy`m,f uif;rJhpGm
ta=umif;jyonf[k ,lq&ygonf?
trS e f w u,f r l ppf t m%m&S i f r sm;u
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Edik if jH cm;aiGtm; vkaH vmufpmG csray;Edik o
f nfh tjypf
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wifOD;tm; MI-17 ydkif;avmhu ol.&[wf,mOf
pufcsKd@,Gif;aea=umif; tcsdefrDowif;ydk@csuf/ &wc
wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol&ppfarmifu um;jzifhom
oGm;&ef owif;ydk@csufESifh ±k&Sm;ppfynm&Sifrsm;u
MI-17 tm;enf;csufa=umihf r[kwfbJ puft&ef
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

ypPnf; tcsdefrD jyKjyifxdef;odrf;r_ tm;enf;csuf 0,f,ljznfhwif;ay;rnfh av,mOfrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;rS

a=umihf[k axmufjycsufrsm;udkawmh ppftm%m&Sif oGm;a&mufarmif;ESif,l&ef vufa&G;pif a&G;cs,f
rsm; jiif;Edkifrnfrxifyg? apv$wfcH&onfh avol&J aumif;wpfOD; jzpfygonf?
AdkvfrSL;vS0if;onf w±kwfjzLrsm; usL;ausmfr_udk
avwyf. v_yf&Sm;r_ rSeforSsudk =unf; ESrd Ef iS ;f onfh ppfqifa&;rsm;wGiv f nf; xl;cGsepf mG yg0ifchJ
ppfqifa&;rS rod&ydS J bmrSsrvky&f aJ tmif csKyfuikd x f m; onf h emrnf = uD ; avol & J w pf O D ; jzpf y gonf ?
r_uvnf; 1988 rwdkifrDu avwyfOD;pD;csKyfwdk@ Adv k rf LS ;=uD; pHomonf ppfvufeufypPn;f 0,f,al &;
acwfEiS hf vGepf mG rS jcm;em;aeyg+yD? tzsupf rG ;f tm;jyif; n$e=f um;a&;rSL;±k;H (uu0,f) Y wm0efxrf;aqmifchJ
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jynfolESifhvnf; ESvHk;om;csif; eD;pyfaom avwyf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l&ef }udK;pm;Edkifol jzpfygonf?
tm; ppftm%m&SifxdyfoD;rsm;u tvGef pdk;&GH@ae
=uykH&ygonf? olwdk@. vSsdKŒ0Sufppfqifa&;t& &efukef
+rdKŒ&Sd tcsuftjcmusaom ppf±kH;ESifh Xmeqdkif&m
pdk;&GH@rnfqdkvnf; pdk;&GH@avmufygonf? taqmuftOD;rsm;udk Ak;H =uJwu kd cf ukd Ef ikd &f ef }uD;us,f
&Spfav;vHk; vlxkta&;awmfyHk=uD;wGif cv&(16) onfh r[mAsL[m pDrHudef; csrSwfxm;jcif;yif jzpfyg
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;rSmvnf; Adv k rf LS ;=uD;pdejf r vdu
k rf LS ;vS0if; (av) wd@k u Adv k v f &H mS azGcyhJ gonf? xd@k aemuf axmufvrS ;f a&;rS
(rqvacwf jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;a[mif;)/ wyfom; vdkufvHzrf;qD;&rdoGm;jyD; 1990 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv
odef;zdk; (umuG,fa&; ypPnf;puf&Hk trSwf - 4)/ (10) &ufae@wGif ppfcHk&Hk; trSwf (5) rS/ yk'fr (5)n/
AdkvfrSL;=uD;pHom (uu0,f nGef=um;a&;rSL;a[mif;) yk'rf (17)(1)(2) wd@k jzifh Adv k rf LS ; *Gsevf 0S if;tm; axmif
wdk@eJ@ yl;aygif;um &efukefjrdK@&Sd ppftm%m&Sifwkd@tm; 'g%f (12) ESp/f Adv k rf LS ;=uD;pHomtm; axmif'g%f (15)
AHk;=uJwdkufcdkuf&ef txd =uHpnfv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygonf? ESpf/ wyfom;odef;zdk;tm; axmif'g%f tESpf (20)/
AdkvfrSL;=uD;pdefjrom wpfOD;wnf; xGufajy; vGwf
k rf LS ;vS0if;onf wyfrawmf(av) pwif ajrmufoGm;cJh&m rsufuG,frSm axmif'g%f tESpf
Adv
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xl;c|efI t&m&Sdtqifhodk@ wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&ol jzpfyg ygonf? Ô
onf? AdkvfrSL; vS0if;onf wyfrawmf(av) twGuf

87
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

wpfO;D wnf;ykid f wyfrawmf

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av,mOfarmif;&ef av,mOfjyifqif&ef Ttcsufrsm;udk wyfrawmfavhusifha&;

onf avwyfrS t&m&Sd§ppfonfwdk@ wm0efjzpf t&m&SdcsKyfxdyif od&Sdrnf rxifyg? wdkufcdkufa&;
ouJhodk@ a0[ifrS usL;ausmfr_rSeforSsudk umuG,f ausmif;odk@ oGm;rwufyJ avwyftwGuf tusdK;&Sd
wm;qD;&efvnf; avwyfrS t&m&Sd§ppfonfwdk@om rnfh oifwef;rsm; avwyfxJwGifyif zGifhzdk@ awmif;qdk
wm0ef&Sdygonf? EGm;udk trJvdkufcdkif;I r&ovdk cJh=uaomfvnf; tdyfrufrSsom jzpfvm+yD; wu,f
jzpfvmonfu avwyfxJ rSmvnf; tjcm; oifwef;
acG ; ud k v nf ; v,f x G e f c d k i f ; &ef r&Ed k i f o nf r S m
obm0yif jzpfygonf? avhusihfay;u &Ekdifonf[k awG xyfwuf&um 0efydkvmjcif;om jzpfygonf?
qdkEdkifaomfvnf; ol. pGrf;&nfrsm;onf wvJGawG t&m&Sdi,frsm;twGuf tkyfcJGrSL;oifwef;/ pufr_
om jzpfaeygrnf? vufr_ t&m&Sd pDrHcef@cJGr_oifwef;/ t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;
twG u f ppf O D ; pD ; wuU o d k v f r wuf r D ppf q if a &;
,ckawmh avwyfrS avol&Jrsm;/ tif*sif uGyfuJa&;rSL; oifwef;rsm; xyfwdk;vmygonf?
eD,mrsm;onf =unf;wyf. ppfenf; AsL[mrsm;jzpf
onfh (cH§cGm§csD§wdkuf) ppfenf;AsL[mawG wwf avol&Jrsm; taeESifh avwyfxJa&muf
ajrmufrS tqifw h ;kd ay;rnf[k qdo k jzifh wdu kd af &; onfESifh Pilot Course 6 v wufa&muf&+yD;
k cf u
ausmif;rsm;wGif bmrSrqdkifaom oif=um;r_rsm;udk avol&J awmifyH&+yD;aemuf oufqdkif&m av,mOf
oGm;vkyfae=u&ygonf? tkyfrsm;wGif vJ$ajymif;oifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&
ygonf ? v$ J a jymif ; oif w ef ; qd k & mwG i f av,mOf
avol&JwpfOD; taeESifh av,mOfrysHyJ trsdK;tpm;v$Jajymif;oifwef;/ enf;jyvJ$ajymif;
wpfvcJGausmfoGm;ygu vufrysuf ysHoef;jcif;ac: oifwef/ ppfqifa&; ypfcwfr_ vJ$ajymif;oifwef;rsm;
jyefvnfavhusifhr_tm; enf;jyppfaq;r_jzifh jyefvnf udk yso H ef;csed t
f vdu k f pOfqufrjywf aqmif&u G af e=u
aqmif & G u f &ygonf ? xd k @ a=umif h (4) vausmf &ygonf?
oif w ef ; oG m ;wuf c J h a om avol & J r sm;twG u f
jyefvnfavhusihf aqmif&u G af y;&r_rsm;onf avwyf od k @ rS o m avol & J . t&nf t csif ; /
twG u f 0ef x k w f 0 ef y d k ; }uD ; yrm jzpf a e&ygonf ? t&nftaoG; wdk;wufjrifhrm;ygrnf? txl;ojzifh
tif*sifeD,mrsm; twGufvnf; zwfrSwfavhvm MIG-29, F-7, A-5 wd@k uo hJ @kd *suaf v,mOf armif;
aqmif&Gufr_ rsm;onf tprS jyefvnf aqmif&Guf aeol r sm;twG u f ysH o ef ; r_ vuf r ysuf & ef r S m
ae&&m bmtusdK;rS r&Sdyg? ydkta&;}uD;ygonf? oifwef;rsm;rS jyefvm+yD; rlv

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 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

tajctae jyef a &muf & ef jyef a vh u sih f & aom tmZmenf rsd K ;cspf y k * ~ d K vf r sm;ES i f h wd k i f ; &if ; om;
avol&Ja&m avwyftwGufyg tcsdefukef vlyef; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u pwkwÎ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
ae&ojzifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. tm%mjy v$rf;rdk; twGuf touf/ aoG;acGs; ajrmufjrm;pGm paw;um
vmr_tay: rauseyf=uyg? &,lay;cJhygonf?

vkyif ef;oabmt& oD;jcm;aqmif&u G af ecJh vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhjyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@

aomfvnf; ,cktcg oufqdkif&m wdkif;rSL;wdk@. jrefrmEdkifiHonf trSefwu,fawmh rvGwfvyfcJhbJ
uGyfuJr_atmufwGif v_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufae&I wd k i f ; wyg; e,f c sJ Πxuf y if qd k ; 0g;aom jref r m
avwyfwGif tqifrajyr_rsm; &Sdvmygonf? wdkif;rSL; jynfom; ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. tEdkifusifhr_atmuf
. vkyfydkifcGifh tkyfcsKyfr_tm%m ppfa&;§ppfaxmuf wGif udk,fh=urRmudk,f zefwD;Edkifzdk@ vGwfvGwf
qdik &f m tcGithf a&;rsm;udk w&m;vGef csKyfuikd x
f m;&m vyfvyf ajymqdkaqG;aEG;Edkifzdk@ aeaeomom AdkvfcsKyf
wdkif;vufatmufcH =unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyf atmifqef; ajymcJhwJh [dkEdkifiH=uD; jzpfaecJhygjyD? jrefrmh
tm;vk H ; rS D c d k ae=u&ygonf ? trS e f w u,f wyf r awmf o nf Ad k v f a e0if ; yd k i f wyf r awmf r S
tcGifhta&;wGifawmh wef;wlr&SdyJ =unf;wyfudkom Adkvfoef;a&$ydkif wyfrawmf jzpfaecJhygjyD? vGwfvyfr_/
rsufESmomay;+yD; a&wyf/ avwyfwdk@udkawmh cdkif; w&m;rSswr_ESifh wef;wl&nfwl&Sdr_wdk@ qdkonfum;
p&m&S d r S o m wpf c k w nf ; aom wyf r awmf [ k jref r mjynf o m;rsm;ES i f h vm;vm;rS r qd k i f o vd k
ta=umif ; jyjcif ; ud k avwyf t &m&S d trsm;pk u jzpfaecJhygjyD?
rauseyf =uaomfvnf; atmifhtD;ae=u&ygonf?
ud, k w hf m0efu, kd f xrf;aqmif+yD; ud,
k w
hf yftvkyo f m “=unf ; §a&§av xk tm;rmef j yKI
udk,fvkyf=ujcif;u aumif;ygvdrfhrnf? wdk@vufjrJjrJ cdkifcdkifwJGpdk@” [k qdkcJhaom &JokH;abmfrSm
vnf; wef;aygif;pD uGif;xdyfrS ae&mz,fay;cJh&+yD;
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wnfaxmifcjhJ yD; 'kw, d jrefrm Edik if aH wmfukd wyifa&$ &SmEdkif=uygap?
xD;ESifh bk&ifhaemifwdk@u qufvuf wnfaxmifcJhyg
onf ? xd k @ aemuf wwd , jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf u d k wyfrawmf (=unf;)/ wyfrawmf (av) wd@k
tavmif;rif;w&m;=uD;u jyefvnfppk nf; xlaxmifchJ tjyif wyfrawmf(a&) vufatmufcH wyfrsm;&Sd
a=umif ; rS w f o m;od & S d c J h & ygonf ? oD a ygrif ; t&m&S d ppf o nf r sm; cH p m;}uH K awG @ &yk H tzk H z k H u d k
vufxufwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒrsm;. usL;ausmf EdkifiHawmf t}uD;tuJESifh wyfrawmf t}uD;tuJ qdk
k jf cif;udk cHc&hJ jyD; xd@k aemufwzeff zufqpf*syef olrsm; od&SdEdkifa&;twGuf jynfwGif;&SdS a&wyfESifh
odr;f ydu
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vGwfvyfaom udk,fh=urRmudk,f zefwD;Edkifaom EdkifiH wpfOD;u a&wyftwGif;u vuf&Sd tajctaersm;
awmfodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk pwif tm; wifjyxm;ygw,f? Ô
wnfaxmifcJhonfh AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifhwuG

89
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

wyfrawmftBu;D tuJrsm;xHoUdkay;pm
Ak d v f A v
(jynfwiG ;f rS a&wyfEiS ehf ;D pyfu|r;f 0ifol 'kwyf&if;rSL;wpfO;D )

u|efawmfhrSm wlwpfa,muf &Sdw,f? (a&wyfrSmoifwJh a&a=umif;oabmF armif;ESifr_

ynmawGu calculation awG science awG
olu ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif; t&m&Sd wGufcsuf&w,fwJh)
i,f AdkvfaygufpygyJ/ olu =unf;wyfrSm wm0ef
xrf;aqmifaew,f? olŒ&JŒ ppfwuUov kd f Guardian (3) t&yftarmif; udk,faeudk,fxm; wifhw,f
u navy a&wyfrS jzpfw,f? nDtpfudkvkd ae=u aumif;rGef+yD; oefoefrmrm jzpf&r,f?
awmh udpP tcuftcJ&&dS if zH;k quf/ pmyd@k / owif;vSr;f (a&wyfrSm aewJholu usef;rm oefpGrf; pdwf"gwf
ar;eJŒrdŒk ²² tJ'hD oli,fav;ajymjywJh ta=umif;awGukd aumif;zdk@ vdkvdk@wJh)
odcJh&w,f?
(4) aemuf+yD; a&wyf A[kokwqkdif&m pmayawGudk
tJ'guawmh bmvJqdk&if - b,fuprf;prf; nmu prf;prf; ESH@pyfwJhol jzpf&r,f?
(ud k , f p D ; wJ h jrif ; txD ; tr cG J w wf a tmif v d k @
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Adkvfavmif;b0 vuf±kH;0efxrf;wyfzGJŒ a&G;&muae odrSjzpfr,fwJh)
pwmvdkΠajymw,f?
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vuf±kH;0efxrf;rSm a&wyf avSsmufcsifol ppfpnf;urf; aumif;rGefolawG jzpf&r,f?
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uJ ²² txufyg t&nfcsif;awGeJ@ jynfhpHk
olrS a&wyfxJ 0ifvdkŒ&r,fqdk+yD; owfrSwfxm;cJh
(1) t*Fvyd pf mudk awmfawmfav; usrG ;f usrG ;f usiu f sif w,f?
&Sd&r,f? t*Fvdyfpm awmf&r,faygh?
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jzpfw,fwJh) Ad k v f a vmif ; ausmif ; om;av;awG [ m²² tywf
wukwf }udK;pm; tm;xnfh=uw,fwJh? 'gayr,fh
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 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

armif a wG / pmar;yG J a wG wzk H ; zH k ; us+yD ; jypf ' %f pmawG oif=u&w,f? tJ'Dusawmh t&_yfxkwfawG
t}udrf}udrf uszl;olawGu wef;pD+yD; a&wyfudk tukefay:wmyJwJh? oif&wJh pmawGu t*Fvdyfvdk
a&muf=uw,fwJh? awGqdkawmh e*dku t*Fvdyfpm tajccHu raumif;
awmh pmar;yGJawG usukefusw,fav? tJ'Dawmh
jyefqef;ppf=unfhawmh Navy family ausmif ; qif ; t&m&S d a wG [ m pd w f " gwf a wG u s+yD ;
rdk@vdk@wJh/ a&wyfrSm&SdwJh wyf=uyf}uD;awG/ t&mcHAdkvf pmxJrSmvnf; pdwfr0ifpm;=ueJΠ+yD;awmh a&wyf
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k f

pkudk odrf;usHK;+yD; rsufESmvkyf ac:oGm;wm jzpfw,f
wJh? =unf;wyfrSm tnmom; ausmufqnfom;qdk
bmjzpfaeae “tdkau” qdkovdkaygh? wu,fwrf;
wpdkufrwfrwfeJ@ }udK;pm;olawGuawmh rsuf&nf
pufvufeJ@ usefcJh=u&&Smw,f? udk,fhwlav;&JŒ
Guardian awmif bmaqGrsdK;rS a&wyfrSm r&SdyJ
tifrwef uHaumif;+yD; a&wyf &oGm;wm?
tJ ² ² ²² [k w f + yD ppf w uU o d k v f q if ; +yD ; wwf udpPr&Sdbl;wJh?
a&wyfa&mufawmh a&wyfrSm wpfESpfeD;yg; a&wyf
em/ pnf;urf;azgufwJh olu azgufeJΠtem*wf
a&wyf}uD;u tm;&p&mygwJh?
olwdk@ukd a&wyfxJbmvdk@ 0ifvmwmvJ
vdk@ ar;vdkufawmh bmjyefajymvJqdk&if a&wyfrSm
taz&Sdawmh tqifajywJhwyfrSm aumif;aumif;
aevd@k &vd@k w?hJ olwŒkd oifwef;qif;oGm;&if a&wyfpm
(a&wyfqdkif&m twwfynm) udk wwfwwf rwwf

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 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

uJ aumif;vdkufwJh cH,lcsufawG 'DvkdyHkpHeJ@ arSmifcdkypPnf; t0ifrsm;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;

tem*wf a&wyf r awmf } uD ; b,f v d k a&S Πquf vk y f i ef ; vk y f u G u f a umif ; wJ h ,d k ; ',m;eJ ΠeD ; wJ h
oGm;rvJ? +rdwfusGef;pkrSmawmh t&m&SdawG pk+yKHaewmyJ? wcsdKŒ
t&m&SdawG qdk&if Adkvfb0uwnf;u a&mufw,f?
+yD;awmh odyfr=umygbl;? oifwef;qif; ae&mu t&rf;tqifajyawmh rajymif;csif=uawmh
w,f qdk&ifyJ²² a&wyfrdom;pk (Navy family) u bl;? 'Dawmh ppf±kH;u ppfOD;pD;rSL; yxrwef; (G-1),
t&m&Sdi,fawG[m olŒtaz&JŒ ppf±kH;u &Hk;tkyf}uD; ppfO;D pD;rSL; 'kw, d wef; (G-2), ppfO;D pD;rSL; wwd,wef;
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toG,f? [dktquftoG,f 'DtquftoG,feJ@ rSmbJ qufaew,f?
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vdk ae&mrsKd ;awGukd tomav; avcseG +f yD; a&mufomG ; ,mOfrSL; jzpfonftxd uwefusGef;rSm wm0ef
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aumif;aumif; tdwfxJxnfhvdkŒ “0” +yD qdk&ifawmh
bmtquftoG,rf v S nf; r&Sw kd af wG a&wyftac: “±kduf” +yD; &efukefvdk ae&mrsdK;rSm
d AhJ v
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jzpfwJh ausmufjzL/ ppfawGu wyfawGudk a&mufukef +yD ; uwef u d k xyf q if ; OD ; r,f q k d w m weomF & D
=uw,f? a&wyfpcef;wGif aecJah om t&m&Srd sm;&JΠLong Plan
jzpfaew,f?
a&wyfrSm tJ'Dae&m b,folrS roGm;csif
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iwf r G w f a cgif ; yg;wmu wpf a =umif ; / vrf ; yef ; zdk@ubJ t"duwJh? wyfrawmf=uD; trSefwu,f
qufoG,fa&;ESifh w,fvDzHk;qufoG,fa&; tqif jzpfaewmudk t=uD;tuJawG odzdk@ wifjywmyg? Ô
rajywmu wpfa=umif;/ aemuf+yD; tck b*Fvm;
a'h&SfeJΠxdyfwkduf &ifqdkifae&awmh roGm; csif=ubl;?

92
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a&wyf&UJ qkrH w
S f
Ak d v f A v
(jynfwiG ;f rS a&wyfEiS ehf ;D pyfu|r;f 0ifol 'kwyf&if;rSL;wpfO;D )

tJ²²² aemuf &cdkifrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif =u&w,f? tJ'Dh wyfajymif; wm0ef xrf;aqmif&rJh

&wJh AdkvfawGusawmh pm;&rJh aomuf&rJh tajctae tajymif;ta&$Πtrdef@xGufrJh&ufudkyJ apmifharSsmf
eJ@ &ifqikd &f w,f? ae=u&w,f?

wyf w nf a qmuf a &;awG r S m yg&w,f / tJ ' D v d k &ck d i f r S m ae+yD ; oG m ;vd k Œ

pdwf"gwfawGus+yD; pkwfjywfowfaeatmif cH=u& uwef u sG e f ; / +rd w f u sG e f ; pwJ h ae&mav;rsm;
w,f? olwd@kusawmh 'D rGJwJh 0J*,ufxJuae ±kef;vdk@ a&mufrvm; atmufarhygw,ff? 'gayrJh uwefrSm
udk rxGufEkdifawmhbl;? Adkvfb0vnf; &ckdifrSm/ &S d + yD ; om; t&m&S d a wG u ol w d k Πae&mud k vH k ; 0
Adv z,fray;bl;? ppf±kH;u ppfOD;pD;rSL; yxrwef; (G-1)
k }f uD;jzpfomG ;jyefawmhvnf; &ckid rf mS yJ/ ppfa&,mOf
rSL; jzpfawmhvnf; &ckdifyJ jyefa&muf=uw,f? / ppf O D ; pD ; rS L ; 'k w d , wef ; (G-2) / ppf O D ; pD ; rS L ;
wwd,wef; (G-3) wdk@udk “±kduf” +yD; extension
uJ²² olwdk@udk,f olwdk@ owfaocsifpdwf xyfqGJ=uw,f?
awG ayguf u k e f = uw,f qd k w m bmqef ; vd k @ vJ ?
+y;D awmh &ckid u
f kd qd&k if uu (a&) u pressure t&rf; uwefusGef;u t&m&Sd}uD;awGudkvnf; ²²
ay;w,f? tvkyfudk EGm;eD;yg; vkyf&w,f? tJ'Dawmh “tb useG af wmf rajymif;csiaf o;bl;/ 'DrmS yJ qufae
a&wyf t&m&SdawG[m ukvm;eJ@ &ckdifawG=um;rSm csifao;w,f/ usGefawmf &cdkifa&mufrSm a=umuf
pdwf"gwfuspGmeJ@ olwdk@&JŒ ra&&mvSwJh tem*wfudk w,f²²” qd+k yD; weomF&D a&wyfpcef; 'kw, d XmecsKyf
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ac:xm;vdkΠr&bl;av? rdom;pkudk oufouf ac:
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ayghh? r&Sd&ifyJ a&wyf}uD; ysufawmhrJh yHkpHeJ@ ol@vuf
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cJ c J jzwf o ef ; ae&wmu ²² tqd k ; qH k ; ae&mud k 'ga=umifh olu [efudk,fhzdkŒeJŒ²² “XmecsKyf ppfOD;pD;rSL;
a&mufae=uw,f/ yHkrSef xHk;pHt& 2 ESpfwm0ef wwd , wef ; (G-3) vk y f a ewJ h aumif a v;u
xrf;aqmif+yD;&ifawmh wyfajymif;wm0ef xrf;aqmif vkyfwwfudkifwwfw,f rqdk;bl;/ ol@udk ighvuf

93
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

atmufrSm qufxm;r,f” qdk+yD; ppf±kH; ppfOD;pD;rSL; tJ'g uwefrSmaewJh t&m&SdawG&JŒ long

yxrwef; (G-1) xHudk zHk;qufajymay;w,f? plan yg? uJ b,favmufaumif;wJh plan vJ? olwŒkd
b0rSm jrefrmjynf urf;&dk;wef;&JΠtxufydkif; &ckdif
ppfOD;pD;rSL; yxrwef; (G-1) uvnf; qdkwm bmrSef;rodbl;? [kdif;}uD;usGef;qdkwm bmrSef;
olŒudk “±kduf” xm;+yD;om; t&m&Sdjzpfaeawmh - rodbl;? udkudk;usGef;ESifh ygvD ygvJhusGef; qdkwm ajryHk
“&ygw,f²² tb? tb²² tqifajyw,fqdk&if ac: xJrSmyJ jrifbl;w,f? tJvdkjzpfaew,f? &ckdifrSmaewJh
xm;yg? wjcm;wyfrmS vnf; vlrvdak o;ygb;l / ac:om AdkvfpkwfjywfawGusawmh tom;ta& rGJajcmuf
ac:xm;yg/ aumifav;u tm;udk;&w,frvm;” ajcmufeJ@ pkwfjywfowf+yD; vl±kyfawmifrayguf/
pojzif h twk d i f t azmuf a wG n D + yD ; t&m&S d a wG ausmufjzLrD;awmifatmufu a&wyfpcef; XmecsKyf
vmbfxdk; “¶dkuf” xm;wmawG pm;um 0g;umeJ@ rSm ylylavmifavmifeJ@ ae@pOf ±kef;uef&if; touf
tqifajyae=uw,f? quf aexdik af e&w,f?

wcsKd Œt&m&Sad wGq&kd if 5 ESpaf usmo

f mG ;wm }uH K }ud K uf w k e f ; owif ; yd k Πp&mav;
awmif vHk;0 tajymif;ta&GŒrygbl;/ “¶dkuf” csufu wpfc&k adS o;w,f? tJ'gu²²² wavmu b*Fvm;a'h&fS
urf;ukefygw,f²² ²²²wcsdKŒ Plan qGJxm;wJh vlvnf a&ydik ef ufrmS wif;rmr_awGjzpfawmh &cdik af &wyfpcef;
}uD;rsm; t&m&SdawGuawmh Adkvf-Adkvf}uD;-ppfa& u oabmFawG awmfawmfeŒJ tcsed rf D rxGuEf idk cf b hJ ;l ?
,mOfrSL;txd uwefrSm 4 ESpfausmf avmufaer,f/
+yD;&if aejynfawmfrSm vl}uD; em;ae&zdk@ “±kduf” um tJ ' guawmh t&m&S d p pf o nf a wG u d k
ppf±kH;udk ppfOD;pD;rSL; wwd,wef; (G-3) eJ@ wuf rtm;&atmif tvkyaf y;xm;wJh =uufqyl if pdu k yf sKd ;
r,f? +yD;vdkŒ officiating rSL;§Au (Adkvf=uD;rS ae&wmu wpfa=umif;/ b,ft&m&SdrS rvmcsifwJh
AdkvfrSL;tul;) udk uwefusGef;rSm jyefqif;r,f? ae&mjzpf v k d Πt&m&S d t if t m; enf ; aewmu
wpfa=umif;a=umifh csucf si;f ppfqifa&; rxGuEf idk b
f ;l
tJjyD;&if AdkvfrSL; pDeD,mjzpfonftxd jzpfoGm;cJh&w,f?
uwefrSmae+yD; ppf±kH;udk ppfOD;pD;rSL; 'kwd,wef; (G-
2) eJ Πjyef w uf r ,f ? +yD ; &if 'k w d , Ad k v f r S L ;}uD ; udk,fvnf; tifwmeufrSm b*Fvm;a'h&Sf
officiating udk uwefrmS yJ jyefqif;r,f/ +yD;&if ppfO;D rD'D,mawG a&;om;wJh pmrsufESmawGrSm zwfvdkuf&
pD;rSL; yxrwef; (G-1) eJŒ jyefwufr,f? uwefrSm w,f? jrefrma&wyfudk txifr}uD;bl;wJh/ bmvdkŒvJ
1 cg 2 cgavmufwm0ef us+yD; ppfOD;pD;rSL; yxrwef; qdkawmh olwdk@eJΠteD;qHk; ae&mrSm&SdwJh &cdkifa&wyf
(G-1) avmufq&kd if ydu k q f u H ek w
f hJ ppfO;D pD;wuUov dk f pcef; XmecsKyfrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh t&m&Sd
(Opw) rwufawmhyJ/ wyfuxGufawmhr,f qdkyJ? tenf;i,fom &Sw d ,fqw kd mudk b*Fvm;a'h&fS a&wyf
a&wyf t&m&SdwcsdKŒ&JŒ tJ'Dvdk r[mAsL[m &nfrSef; axmuf v S r f ; a&;u (axmuf v S r f ; a&;owif ;
csufudk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifzdk@ tusifhysuf jcpm; cef@reS ;f ajc tqifh c-2) owif;pHpk rf; &&Scd suu f cdik rf m
vm'fx;kd wm acwfpm;wJh uae@ wyfrawmf=uD;xJu ayw,f?
t&m&S=d uD;awGu tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f uln&D if; 0g;ap
a0pm;=uw,f ? wcsd K Œusawmh v nf ; Ad k v f } uD ; b,favmufawmifvJqdk&if &ckdifa&wyf
avmufrSm uwnf;u tqifajy+yD; wyfu xGufzdk@ pcef; XmecsKyfrSL; tqifh§emrnf/ vufatmufcH
}udK;pm;=uw,f? t&m&Sd/ t&mcH/ t=uyf ppfonf&JΠtqifhemrnf/
ppfoabmF ta&twGuu f tp b*Fvm;a'h&fS a&wyf

94
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
XmecsLyf u owif ; twd t us &&S d x m;w,f v d k @ tiftm; rsm;pGm wd;k csŒJ &ef vdt
az: jyxm;w,f? vdkygw,f?
+yD;awmh e,fpyfa'o a&ydkifeufjzpfwJh
ewfjrpf0eJΠbl;oD;awmif armif;awm jrpfacsmif;awG
xJu ppfoabFmawGrmS vnf; uGyu f rJ o
hJ l ppfa&,mOf
rSL; r&Sdygbl;? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh a&wyf&JΠt&m&Sd 3
yHk 2 yHk [m uwefusGef; (+rdwf) u|ef;rSm pk+yHKae=u
vdkŒyg? omrmef +idrf;csrf;csdefuawmh udpPr&SdayrJh
ESpfzufa&wyfawG xdyfwkduf &ifqdkifxm;csdefrSmawmh
jrefrmha&wyf[m awmfawmfhudk tajctae qdk;yg
w,f?
'ga=umifh EkdifiHawmf t}uD;tuJrsm;tae
eJΠvwfwavm &ifqdkifae&wJh b*Fvm;a'h&Sf-jrefrm
a&ydkifeufjy\em ajz&Sif;vdkΠr+yD;cif pyf=um;umv
wGif e,fpyfa'ojzpfaom &ckdifa'o&Sd a&wyfpcef;
XmecsKyfwGif t&m&Sdtiftm;/ ppfa&,mOfrSL;t&m&Sd
95
k yfa=umif;vnf; wifjy
'gu ppfa&;ESifhywfoufvdk@yg?
pdwf"gwfa&;&mESifh ywfoufI wifjy&
rnfqdkvSsif ,ck &ckdifwGif wm0ef xrf;aqmifae=u
aom t&m&Sd}uD;/ i,f/ vwf ra&G;onf tajymif;
ta&$Œudk arSsmfvifh apmifhpm;ae=uygw,ff?
'ga=umifh wm0efxrf;aqmifonfh eSpjf ynfh
jyD;olrsm;tm; ajymif;a&$Πay;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwf"gwf
rsm; jyefvnfjrifhrm;vm+yD; vkyfcsif udkifcsifpdwfrsm;
jyefvnf&&Sdvmrnf jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmf t=uD;
tuJrsm;taeeJ@ wyfrawmftwGi;f rSmyif omwlnrD sS
w&m;rS s rS s ww tk y f c sKyf E d k i f y g&ef wif j ytyf
ygw,f? Ô
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

pepfq;dk atmufu wyfrawmfom;rsm;uk,

d pf m; ay;pm
Ak d v f A v
(jynfwiG ;f rS a&wyfEiS ehf ;D pyfu|r;f 0ifol 'kwyf&if;rSL;wpfO;D )

aemufwpfcu k wqufpyfwnf;udk wifjy wlav;&JΠ*sLeD,mwpfa,muf ajymjywm

csifwm wpfck &Sdygao;w,f? 'guawmh udk,fhwl&JΠuawmh -
*sLeD,m t&m&Sdi,fav;awGyg tukefygw,f?
oifwef;umv wpfavSsmufvHk; a':vm
wyfrawmf (=unf;§a&§av) 'DarmifawG (700) eJŒyJ oHk;&w,f? wcsdKŒ oifwef;awGqdk&if 9
udk Ekid if jH cm;od@k ynmoifapv$wjf cif; cH&w,f? uHq;kd v wuf&wJh oifwef;awG &Sdw,f? ydkufqHvHk;0
wm bmvJqakd wmh Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &u ,cifuqd&k if (vHk;0) ravmufbl;wJh? EkdifiHjcm;rSm oifwef;oGm;
rnfonfhEkdifiHoGm;oGm; wpfv tar&duefa':vm wuf+yD; ynmoifolawG jzpfwJhtwGuf rdrdjrefrm
(200) vpm axmufyhHw,f? wjcm; axmufyHha=u; EkdifiHtwGuf oifwef; taxmufuljyKrJh pmtkyfawG
awGeJŒaygif;&if EkdifiHjcm;roGm;cif a':vm (700) pmayawGudk rdwWLqGJ&wmrsdK;eJŒ 0,f,l&wmrsdK;wif
eD;yg;&w,f? vpOfudkvnf; a':vm (200) &w,f? a':vm (500) avmufu ukefoGm;=uw,fwJh?
±k&Sm;qkd&if a':vm (250) &w,f? tJ'g t&ifwkef;
uyg ²² Ekid if jH cm;oGm;olawG tcuftcJr&Sd acsmifacsmif rdwWLu rqGJvdkŒrjzpfbl;av? EkdŒrdkŒqdk&if
vnfvnfeJΠoGm;Ekdif/ ynmoifekdif=uygw,f? Ekid if jH cm; ynmoGm;oifwm tvum;yJw?hJ ynm&yf/
bmom&yf wpfckrS rusefatmifawmh pkHpkHvifvif
tckawmh tJvdk r[kwfawmhbl;? rdwWLqGJ&r,f? tJ'Dawmh olrsm;EkdifiHawGu oifwef;
om;awG[m ±kH;ydwf&ufawGqdk&if udk,fydkiftcsdefrSm
±k & S m ;Ek d i f i H u vG J v d k Œ usef w J h w±k w f / rkef@pm; bmpm; tjyifoGm; vkyfEkdif=uayrJh jrefrm
rav;&Sm;/ ygupPwef/ tdENd, pwJh EkdifiHawGrSm ynm oifwef;om;awG crsmrSmawmh tdyfaqmiftcef;xJ
awmfoif oGm;olawGudk vpOfaxmufyhHwJh a':vm rSm }udwf+yD; tdrfu xnfhay;vdkufwJh ta=umfav;eJ@
(200) udk ray;awmhbl;? tJ'DhrSm jy\em pwmyJ? taygpm; aygifrkefŒcyf=urf;=urf;udk a&eJŒ rsdKcs+yD;
w±kwfEdkifiHu vGJvdk@ usefwJh EkdifiHawGrSm oifwef; tcef;atmif; ae&w,fwJh?
oGm;wufolawG[m EkdifiHawmf tpdk;&u ay;vdkuf
aom a':vmaiG rvHkavmufr_ jy\em pawGŒ&yg pmudk t"duxm; }udK;pm;wJhtcg tJ'Dvdk
w,f? taxGaxG tcufcJav;awGu taESmifht,Suf
jzpfapw,f? wjcm;ekdifiHu t&m&SdawG vlwef;aph
oHk;pGJekdifwJh tcsdefrSm jrefrmt&m&Sd oifwef;om;

96
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

awGrSm vGefpGm rsufESmi,f=u&a=umif;/ tESdrfcH& aom ekdifiHawmf ydkufqHudk pyg,f&S,f okH;jzKef;=u

a=umif;/ e*dkurS jrefrmEkdifiHudk tjypfajymcsifaewm w,ff?
rdk@ ydkqdk;ukefwmaygh? EkdifiHjcm;oifwef; oGm;wufwJh
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;rSm acgif;raz:&Jatmif jzpfcJh=u&yg (BME, Pioneer˜ DJ Bar˜ Olympic
w,fwJh? ponfh club rsm;/ 5 star hotel rsm;wGif wdkif;rSL;
om;/ wdkif;rSL; orD;/ 0ef}uD;om;/ 0ef}uD;orD;rsm;
aemufqHk;& owif;uawmh bmvJqdk&if aomif;usef;ae=uonfudk npOfvdkvdk awGŒjrifEkdif
(tukefvHk;awmhr[kwfyg) wcsdKŒaom jrefrmt&m&Sd w,ff? r,Hk&if club manager˜ hotel manager
awG[m axmufyhHa=u; ukefoGm;vdkΠoHk;p&m aiGr&Sd rsm;udk ac:,lppfaq; ar;jref; =unfEh idk o f nf) wdik ;f rSL;
awmhwt hJ wGuf ynmawmfoifomG ;wJh Ekid if rH mS 0ifaiG om;orD ; / 0ef } uD ; om;orD ; awG uawmh j zif h
tenf;i,f&aom tcsed yf ikd ;f tvkyo f rm; tvkyu f kd taysmfawG vGef+yD; oHk;jzKef;ae=uw,ff? 4if;wdkŒrSm
0ifvkyfzdk@awmif }udK;pm;=uw,f qdkwmygyJ? b,f trSefwu,f EkdifiHawmf ydkufqHESifh ruif;&Sif;=uyg?
avmuf oem;zdŒk aumif;vJ? ud, k Ehf idk if aH wmf tpd;k &u odkŒaomf EkdifiHwum a&SŒarSmufwGif wu,fwrf;
rS raxmufyHhawmhvnf; udk,fhzmomudk,f &yfwnf vufawG@usus EdkifiHawmftwGuf trSeftuef
EkdifzdkΠenf;vrf;&Sm }udK;pm;&awmhwmaygh? tJh'Dawmh tvkyfvkyfae=u&aom oifwef;om; t&m&Sdrsm;
jrefrmqdk&if EkdifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfawGu vHk;0udk txif rSmrl 'kuQawGyifv,fa0 ae=uonfudk usGefawmf
r}uD; =uawmhwmyg? wdk@. EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ wyfrawmft}uD;tuJ
2 a,muf odygavp?
'gu EkdifiHawmf tpdk;&u vpOfaxmufyHh
aeus a':vm (200) udk jzwfawmufvu kd wf hJ tusKd ; Ek d i f i H j cm;oif w ef ; oG m ; t&m&S d a wG u d k
aus;Zl; &vm'faumif;awGyg? 'Dvkd tjyifrSm tvkyf oufqdkif&m oH±kH;awGu raxmufyHhbl;vm;/ rapmifh
xGufvkyfrJh vkyf&yfrsdK;u wdkif;jynf*k%f nd_;EGrf;ap a&Smufbl;vm; qdkwJh tar; &Sdygw,f?
w,f qdkayrJh b,fwwfEkdifyghrvJ/ 'g[m tJ'D t&m&Sd
awG&JŒ tjypfr[kwfygbl;? olwdkŒrSm ppfom;jzpfae oH±kH;u ar;awmhar;&Smygw,f? 0wfaus
awmh EkdifiHawmfu ay;tyfwJh wm0ef udkvnf; wef;ausyJ “tqifajyvm;/ oifwef;rSm }udK;pm;aemf/
aus¹yGefatmif rrSdwfrokef xrf;aqmif=u&w,f? ykdufqHa&m avmufvm;²²”
&ifqdkifae&wJh aiGravmufiSwJh tcuftcJudkvnf;
rdrdzmom rdrd ajz&Sif;ae&w,f? ravmufvnf; olay;rSmrS r[kwfwm?
wu,fvdkŒ oH±kH;u ydkufqHxkwfay;w,fyJ xm;OD;?
ppf t ok H ; p&d w f u d k a wmh wyf r awmf u tJ'DhydkufqH toHk;pm&if;u jrefrmEkdifiH umuG,fa&;
EkdifiHawmfb¾meJ@ oHk;pGJ=uw,ff? EdkifiHawmfaiGudk 0ef}uD;Xmea&muf+yD; oH±kH;&JŒ pdkufaiGbwf*suftjzpf
wzufvSnfh,l+yD; csrf;omae=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfrsm; 0ifoGm;um aemufqHk;awmh ppfoHrSL;&JΠtdyfuyf
onf v nf ; rd r d o m;orD ; aumif ; pm;zd k @ usawmh xJudkyJ a&mufoGm; &wmygyJ? uJ aumif;vm;²²² ´
=unf=h uw,f? Ekid if aH wmf ydu k q f jH zifh Adv k cf sKyfom;orD;
rsm; Singapore˜ Bangkok˜ Australia pwJh EkdifiH aemufwpfcku EkdifiHjcm;&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ
awGudk taysmf shopping xGuf=uw,ff? &efukef ppfoHrSL;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf ,if;EkdifiH. jrefrm
+rdKŒ&Sd emrnf}uD; night club˜ KTV wdŒk wGiv f nf; oHtrwfeSifh tqifrajy=uonfu rsm;ygw,ff?
vl}uD;om;orD;rsm;[m ol@taz Adv k cf sKyfaw &G mS ay; bmjzpfvdkŒvJqdkwmawmh rodyg?

97
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

f nfu jrefrmppfo±H ;Hk u ±k;kH vkyif ef; t&nftcsif;&SdolESifh oifhawmfoludk a&G;cs,fapvdk

jzpfEidk o
qdkif&m pmt0iftxGufrsm; aemufusjcif;/ tcsdefrSD ygonf?
r&&Sjd cif;/ csucf si;f ta=umif;rjyefjcif;wdŒk a=umifh jzpf
a=umif; od&Sd&ygw,ff? (2) vuf&Sd a&wyfwGif jzpfyGm;aeaom ae&maumif;
rsm;&S d t&m&S d v l v nf r sm;ES i f h raumif ; aom
'ghtjyif ±k&Sm;EdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmppfoHrSL; ae&mrsm;&S d t&m&S d irG J r sm;ud k rS s wr_ & S d a tmif
ESifh arzD;vf (±k&Sm;uausmif;) ausmif;tkyf}uD;wdkŒ aqmif&Gufay;apvdkygonf? ESpfumv tydkif;tjcm;
rwnf h = uyg? &ef o l a wG jzpf = uw,f w J h ? ol w d k Πuef Πowf owf r S w f I pepf w us posting ud k
cwf=uwm =um;u ajrpmyiftaeeJΠoifwef;om; a&;qGJ apvdkygonf?
t&m&Sdrsm;rSm pmar;yGJus+yD; jrefrmjynfudk rSifeDeJŒ
jyef&wJhtxdygyJ? (3) ppfa&; tjrift& &ckdifa&wyfpcef;wGif t&m&Sd
tiftm; ajrmufjrm;pGm vdktyf vsuf&Sdaoma=umifh
oH±kH;ESifh ywfoufI owif;ydk@ wifjy& 4if;a&wyfpcef;wGif ppfa&,mOfrLS ; t&m&Sd rsm;pGmjzifh
rnfqdk vSsif wjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;rS oH±kH;rsm;[m rdrd e,fpyfa'o ydkifeufa&jyifudk umuG,f&ma&muf
Ek d i f i H o m;uk d apmif h a &S m uf w ,f f / ul n D w ,f ? / rnf jzpfygonf?
tcuftcJ&Sd&if ajz&Sif;ay;w,ff? jrefrmoH±kH;uawmh
tJvrkd [kwyf g? jrefrmt&m&Sw d pfa,muf ppforH LS ;udk (4) EdkifiHjcm;oifwef;om; t&m&Sdrsm; wef;wl&nfwl
oGm;a&muf *g&0jyKrnf qdk&ifyJ ±kH;tkyfqdkonfh tcGifhta&;&&Sd+yD;/ ±k&Sm;uJhodkŒ vpOfaxmufyhHa=u;
tjcm;tqif h wyf = uyf = uyf } uD ; vd k a umif u rsm; ,ciftcsed rf sm;uvdk jyefvnfxw k af y; axmufyHh
oifwef;om; t&m&Su d kd aumif;aumif; brain wash rnf q d k y gu ynmoif o G m ;t&m&S d r sm; pd w f " gwf
vkyfvdkufw,f? aemufqHk; oifwef;om; t&m&Sdrsm; ysufjym;jcif;rS uif;a0;rnf jzpfygonf?
rSm jrefrmoH±kH;odk@ tcuftcJ wifjy+yD; tultnD
rawmif;&J=uawmhyg? (5) ,ck tcsed w f iG f r[m&efuek +f rdKŒawmfwiG f Adv
k cf sKyf
om;orD;rsm; tvGefw&mrS qdk;0g; ae=uygonf?
u|efawmf ,ck wifjycJhwmawGuawmh²² txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyforD;rsm;rSm tqdk;qHk;jzpf=u
vuf&Sd tcsdefrSm EkdifiH0efxrf; wyfrawmfom;rsm; onf? night club rsm;/ 5 star hotel rsm;/ KTV
trSew f u,f }uHKawGŒae&onfh tcuftcJ jy\em rsm;/ pub rsm;wGif AdkvfcsKyforD;rsm;ESifh taygif;
rsm;udk²²² trSefw&m;tm; zHk;uG,f+yD; aumif;onf toif ; rsm;onf ab;ywf 0 ef ; usif tjrif r oif h
awmf o nf [ k vd r f n m cH a e&aom wyf r awmf awmfavmufatmifudk tom;ukef aomif;usef;
t}uD;tuJrsm; od&adS p&ef owif;ydŒk wifjyjcif; jzpfyg ae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfom;orD;rsm; jzpf=uaom
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98
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99
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101
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102
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103
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ygw,fqdkwm taotcsmygyJ? qduk wnf;u quf+yD; em;axmifcsipf w d u f kd r&Sad wmh
ygb;l Asm” wJ?h aumif;a&m? useG af wmfw@kd wyfwiG ;f u
wyfawGudk vl}uD;awG r=umc%qdkovdk &yfuGufxJrSm 'Dvdkvnf; wcgwav &Sdwwfygw,f?
vmppf=uygw,f? tay:,H oabmeJ@yg/ 'gayr,fh
wu,fyifyef;wm &JabmfawGyg? tbqd k w J h u|ef a wmf w d k @ wyf & if ; rS L ;
ta=umif ; A[k o k w &zd k @ ajymjyOD ; r,f ? ol [ m
emrnfaumif;&awmh wyf&if;rSL;awGyg/ ywfum; wyf&if;rSL; pjzpfuwnf;u ykHrSefwef;pD
vl}uD; vmppfr,fa[hvdk@ qdkwmeJ@ wyf&if;rSL;u vnf ; rvmawmh y g? wevF m -aom=umawmh
ysmysmovJ jzpfaecsdef &JabmfawGukd qJqkdaecsdef/ vmoif h a yrJ h rvmyg? ,m,D & if ; rS L ; taejzif h
a&mufcgpu qd&k if tpnf;ta0;oGm;wJh ae@uvJv G @kd

104
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

pae§we*F a EG a e@awG y g rusef wef ; pD y gw,f ?ay:u tyGifhav;wpfyGifh twGufayghav/ wyfrSm&SdwJh

pa&mufuwnf;u 'Dwyfudk b,fvdk aumif;atmif vltiftm;awG aiGtiftm;awG[m awmfawmfav;
vkyfay;rSm/ ppfonf &JarawG twGufu bm§ csG w f + cKH u soG m ;cJ h y gawmh w ,f ? wpf c sd K Œuawmh
b,fvekd @J vufo;D vufarmif;awGwef; vufcarmif; udk,fh0ifaiGeJ@udk,f ajyvnfatmif vkyfoGm;=uay
cwfoHrsm; qlnDpGmeJ@yJ wpfESpftwGif;rSmawmh wuf r,fh wpfcsKd Œuawmh ud, k phf ;D yGm;tjyif wyfp;D yGm;udyk g
ºuGwJh =uufz}uD; wpfaumiftvm; xif&ufp&myg? pyf w l ac:oG m ;wwf y gw,f ? tJ ² ² &_ H ; &if a wmh
wyfpD;yGm;/ jrwf&ifawmh²² [J [J ar;aphav;yGwfvdk@/
hf nf;wif tbG m ;}uD ; (wyf & if ; rS L ;uawmf ) oabmawmf
ywfum;wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf tyGiv
a&m wyfwpfckvkH; zGwfzGwfnufnuf a=uvdk@? 'DyckH; usjyDayghAsm? Ô

105
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

rodcsiaf ,mifaqmifraeygeYJ
ol & Ek d i f
(vuf&dS wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfrawmft&m&Sw
d pfO;D )

,m,D&if;rSL; b0rSm wyfxJrSm vdktyf }uD;wdk@u 75 avmufawmif okH;r,f ajymaewm

csuf&Sd&if tawmftwef jznfhqnf;ay; oavmuf taz}uD;uvnf; ²²”
ywfum; &if;rSL; jzpfwhJ tcsed f rSmawmh aqmif&u
G Ef ikd rf _
twdkif;twm[m ododomom}uD; avsmhuscJhyg toHaysmhqJGav;jzifh ajymonf?
w,f? bmjzpfv@kd ygv´J aemufxyf wqifjh rifh &mxl;
twGuf ppfOD;pD;wuUodkvf wufzdk@ aiGa=u; pwif tb - “at;av tar}uD; oabmyg
pkaqmif;ae+yD jzpfvdk@yg? wyfxJu t&m&Sd/ t&mcH/ bJumG ”
t=uyf/ wyfom;rsm; tjyif wyfapmifhewfyg rusef
atmif wyf&if;rSL;eJ@ wyf&if;rSL;uawmf&J @ vufcsuf atmifriSD; ²²²²² ukefyg+yDAsm/ wpfvudk
a=umifh pdpdnufnuf a=uaejyDjzpfygw,f? aoa&; b,favmuf/ bk&m; bk&m;? &JabmfawG =um;oGm;&if
&Siaf &;u vJ+G yD; bmrS vmrajymeJ@ 'gy/J wpfcsuv “od+yD;om;ygAsm” “[if odw,f” “odwmaygh²²
f w $ f
trdef@awmf? wyf&if;rSL; tqufquf aevmcJhwm/ enf;enf;pDyJ
uGmoGm;w,f” “Asm..” tJ'Davmufudk okH;zdk@vdk
wyf&if;rSL;=uD; (tb) eJ@ ol@uawmfwdk@ w,fayghav? &JabmfokH;a,mufrl;+yD; oDcsif; qdkum
ajymae=uyHkudk =unfhvdkufygOD;? tem;rS jzwfavSsmuf oGm;onf? “enf;awmif
enf;ao;w,f ²²² enf;awmifenf;ao;w,f”
tb - “tar}uD;a&²²”
n (10) em&DcJGae+yD? vlysdKbm;wdkufrS
tr - “ bmvJ taz}uD;&JŒ” tjyef wyf&if;rSL;tdraf &SŒrS jzwfavSsmufpOf qdik u
f ,f
ESpfpD; &yfxm;wmawG@&onf? uGsefawmfwdk@&J @ tb
tb- “ud k , f w d k @ uavmppf O D ; pD ; =uD;[m vuf0J&H§ vuf,m&Hwdk@jzifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;
wuUokdvfrSm wpfv 25 odef;avmufyJ okH;&if ae=uavmuf+yD? wyfa&;Adkvf=uD;eJ@ wyfaxmuf
aumif;r,f xifw,fu”G Adkvf=uD;udk vuf0J&H vuf,m&Hxm;um pm&if;rsm;
udk vdrf=urnf/ nm=urnf? OD;§a&;§axmufu
tr - “ td k taz}uD ; uvnf ; 50 tay:,Hom? vl}uD;awG aumif;pm;zdk@/ tm%mpuf
avmufawmh okH;rS &r,fav/ [dkbufwyfu tbdk; t"Gef@&Snfzdk@ paw;cHae&onf? odrSodp &Sdyghrvm;?
odapOD;awmh &mxl; *k%fodrfj'yfwdk@udk c0gcs Edkifrnf

106
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

[krxif? 'if;wdk@awG 'Dxuf}uD;wJh ae&mawG a&muf wyfjyefa&muf&if trqDrSm tqlcH&vdrfhr,faemf²

oGm;&if ydkqdk;tkH;rSm ygyJav? rjrifcsif a,mifaqmif owdxm;²
ae&if aumif;rvm;/ azmfxkwf vdkuf&if²rjzpfygbl;?
tJ'Dvdk jzpfrae=uygeJ@[k ajymcsifygonf? wyf&if;rSL;ta=umif;awG ajym+yD; 2IC
('kwyf&if;rSL;) awG ta=umif;rajym&if rw&m;&m
wyfawmfawmfrsm;rsm; taejzifh wyfppf usaervm;yJ/ 'gayr,fh 2IC awG[m wyf&if;rSL;awG
}ud K uf o avmuf v mppf / b,f a vmuf } uD ; wJ h avmufukd rqd;k wmyg/ wyf&if;rSL;[m 2IC eJ@ a0pm;
aumifppfppf/ wyf&if;rSL;&JŒ tvdrftnmawG rd+yD; rSspm; r&Sdoavmufyg/ ta&;}uD;wJh u¾/ aiGa=u;
jyefoGm;=u&wmyJav/ tao;pdwf rppfEdkifatmif ESifh t"duoufqdkifwJhae&mawGudk &if;rSL;rS t"du
twG u f u awmh aumif ; ayh n $ e f a yh pm;aumif ; xdef;csKyf+yD; 2IC awGudkawmh ta&;ryg/ t&m
aomufaumif;awG vufaqmify%mawG qufo ra&mufwJh vl}uD; vmppf&if tqJcH&r,fh ae&m
vdkufawmhvnf; rmefzD&muae +yKH;oGm;=uwmaygh awGudk wm0efay;avh &Sdwwfawmh rwnfh=uwm
Asm/ tyGiahf wG tcufawG}uD;av/ ydv k rd af v nmav rsm;ygw,f? vl}uD;ql&if &if;rSL; cH&wm enf;enf;/
ygyJ A sm? 'D v d k e J @ a0pm;rS s pm; wnf h a eavawmh a0pkcJG&ifawmh &if;rSL;/ jznfhawG; jznfhawG;?
wjznf ; jznf ; eJ @ jcpm;vmvd k u f w m bmrS u d k
rusefawmh oavmufygyJAsm? 'D v d k e J @ ppf O D ; pD ; (y) ae&mawG a &muf /
AsL[mrSL;awGxGuf/ wyfrrSL;jzpf+yD; wyfawGnêpf/
wyf&if;rSL;uawmf- “tr}uD;wdk@twGuf nêpfvdk@ukef&if jynfolawGbufvSnfh/ tzm;aumif;
[J²²[J²” &if qufwuf/ raumif;&if t&yfbuf/ roufomwJh
ae&mudk a&mufEdkif/ qyfrukefEdkifwJh 0ÉfaºuG; rsm;pGm
wyfrrSL;uawmf- “a=omf at; aumif; udk qxufwHydk; xrf;&Gufae=uav&JŒ?
w,f/ eifwdk@twGufaum usefao;&J@vm;”
igqw kd hJ twWwpfcu k wdik ;f jynfukd wjznf;
wyf&if;rSL;uawmf- “[kwf enf;enf; jznf; csGwf+cKHusoxufusvm/ tay:,H aumif;jy
awmh usefygao;w,f” +yD; twGif;usus vd_ufpm;aewmu etz/ tm%m
udk bk&m;wpfqlvdk udk;uG,f+yD; tm%mpuf &Snfzdk@
wyfrrSL;uawmf- “igu eifw@kd vifr,m; twGuf &JabmfawG tpaw;cHrjzpf=uygapeJ@/ zdESdyf
twGuf rusefrSmpdk;vdk@yg²²/ [Jh aemufvmr,fh vludk csKyf j c,f c H a e&+yD ; vG w f v yf j cif ; r&S d w J h b0[m
b,fvdkvkyfrvJJ” t"dym` ,fjynfph rHk _ &Srd mS r[kwo f vdk wdik ;f jynfe@J vlrsKd ;
twGuf touf pGef@w,fqdkwm tm%m wnfjrJzdk@
wyf&if;rSL;uawmf- “xkH;pHtwkdif; enf; twGuf jzpfaew,fqdkwm &Sif;aeyg+yD?
enf;awmh vdrf&rSmaygh”
'Dvq kd &kd ifjzihf rw&m;r_rsm;pGm jynfEh u S af e
wyfrrSL;uawmf “at;av tJ'guawmh wJh etztpdk;&&JŒ vufatmufrSm &SdwJh wyfrawmf
eifwdk@csif; tqifajy&if +yD;wmygyJ” [m jynf o l a wG t wG u f q d k w m jzpf E d k i f y gh r vm;/
wdkif;jynftwGuf toufpGef@zdk@jyKxm;wJh t"dXmef
tus,frzGifhvdkyg/ em;vnfovdk =unfh [m wd k i f ; &if ; om; vl r sd K ;tcsif ; csif ; wd k u f c d k u f
awG;yg/ tawG;awG rvGefrdygapeJ@/ tawG;vGef+yD; owfjzwfzdk@/ &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolawGudk ypfcwfzdk@

107
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;

r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m &J&}J uD; ,k=H unfc,H l vdu
k =f uprf;ap
csiyf g/w,f? &mxl; *k%o f rd ef @J tm%mwd@k ukd c0gcs+yD;
jynf o l Πbuf u tjrJ & yf w nf o G m ;r,f q d k & if
at;csrf;om,mvSywJh 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHopf wpfck
qDodk@ ta&muf avSsmufvSrf;Edkifygvdrfhr,f?
rodcsiaf ,mifaqmif+yD; 'Dtwdik ;f yJ arS;ae
r,f qd&k ifawmh &Jabmf²²²²²²²²² rif;[m tvGef rdu k rf o
J l
wpf a ,muf o m jzpf a eygvd r f h r ,f ? tJ ' D t wG u f
tcsdefrSD jyifqif yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uyg/ rif;&JŒ
rodcsifa,mifaqmif xm;r_awGudk trSeftwdkif;
&J&J0Hh0Hh azmfxkwfvdkufyg?
pm;usufozG,f wjznf;jznf;eJ@ vkH;yg;yg;ae&wJh
b0uae ±kef;xGuf=uzdk@ oifhaeyg+yD? wyfawmfawmff
rsm;rsm;uae wpf q if h j rif h & mxl ; eJ @ ajymif ; a&$ Œ
oG m ;=uwJ h wyf & if ; rS L ;rsm;pG m [m ae&mopf u d k
a&muf&cdS sed rf mS awmh ae&ma[mif;u pm;usuaf wGukd
arhavsmhoGm;=uygw,f? olwdk@[m 'D pm;usufav;
udk tajcjyK+yD; eif;wuf&muae aemufqkH;rSmawmh
vnf; tm%m&l;awGtwGuf ay;qyfae=u &w,fqkd
wmudk rodae&Smava&mhovm;? olŒtaeeJ@awmh
rodcsiaf ,mifaqmifjyD; aeEdik f ygvrd rhf ,f/ &Jabmf²²²²²²²
rif;taeeJ@ qdk&ifawmh ²²²²? Ô

&Jabmfw@kd [m t%m&Siaf wG tm%mpuf

&Snfzdk@twGuf oufqdkif&m wm0efuswJhwyfawGrSm

108
 trd E k d i f i H t wG u f b0ES i f h & if ; +yD ; xk q pf c J h & onf h ausmuf p mrsm;
cg;oD;wJh b0jzwfoef;rI wpdww
f a'o
ol & Ek d i f
(vuf&dS wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wyfrawmft&m&Sw
n wa&;Edk;²² usGefawmhf&ifxJrSm tawmf
yl a eonf / a&uvnf ; qmonf ? acgif ; xJ r S m u
rl;aemufaeonf? em&D =unhfvdkufawmh reuf (3)
em&Dyif xdk;ae+yD/ a&tdk;&Sd&modk@ ,drf;,dkifpGmjzihf
avSsmufomG ;+yD; ok;H cGuw f wd d qifah omuf vdu
k o
f nf?
bm;wdkufxJrSm &Jabmfrsm; tdyfarmusaeonf?
uif;orm;tm; &Sm;=unfhrdonf? rawG@? wpfaeukef
yifyef; xm;onfyJav/ tdyfygapawmh[k pdwfxJrSm
rSwfcsufcs+yD; rdrdtdyf&modk@ jyefvmcJhonf? acgif;tkH;
wpfvkH;/ zsmwpfcsyfESifh apmifwpfxnf rnfolrnf0g
vma&muf cif;usif;+yD; ae&mcsay;onfudk nuyif
rod v d k u f c J h ? xd k c grS y if “a=omf nu igvnf ;
awmfawmf rl;+yD; tdyfaysmfoGm;ygvm;” [k odoGm;
ygawmhonf?
rae@nu ppfonfwnf;cdkaqmif (vlysdK
bm;wdkuf) rSm &JabmfawGESifh pk+yD; t&ufaomuf=u
onf? wyfrawmft&uf (tmrD&rf) xkwfonfhae@
uvnf; wdkufqdkifaeonfudk;/ rdrd&&Sdonfh pau;
(cGJwrf;/ a0pk) okH;vkH;ESifhtwl &Jabmfrsm;uyg 4if;wdk@
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onf?
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tcsif;csif; at;aq;pGm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pum;
109
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onf ppfonfrsm;ygrusef vma&muf aomufo;Hk =u
ojzih f t&uf c G u f r sm;jzpf o nf h yvyf p wpf c G u f /
zefcGuf/ aºuGcGufrsm;omru ravmufiSI aomuf
a&cGurf sm;yg rcsef aomufo;Hk =uonf? aiGa=u;wwf
Edkifolrsm;taejzihf tjrnf;udk =uufOar$a=umf/
=uufawmifyHa=umf/ pGyfjyKwf ponfwdk@udk okH;pJGEdkif
aomfvnf; aiGa=u;csKd ŒwJo h rl sm; taejzihf tjrnf;udk
yJ}uD;avSm/f ajryJa=umf xd@k xufq;kd ygu qm;jzihf jrnf;
=uygonf? trsm;pkrSm aiGa=u; usyfwnf;olrsm;
jzpfI tjrnf;rpm;Edik =f uyJ t&ufuo kd m aomufo;Hk
=uonf?
tckrS pdwfylrdonf? nu &efjzpf=uao;
vm;rod? 'gayr,fh bm;wdkufxJ =unhfvdkufawmh
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tawG;pwdk@jzwfum tdyf&mjyef0ifygawmhonf?
t"d u ajymcsif w mwpf c k & S d o nf ? wyf a wG r S m u
&JabmfeJ@t&m&Sd/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if tjcm;tqifheJ@
t&m&Sd t&ufwJGraomuf&ef twlwl raomufokH;
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114
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116
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usoGm;w,f?

118
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xGuf qdkvdk@ xGufvmawmh 'gawmif vGwf&ufaphzdk@ u|efawmfeJ@ ygvmwJh tdwfeJ@bJ u|efawmfhacgif;udk
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oGm;=uw,f? uíefawmfhudk tcef;wpfcef;xJ xnfh
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tajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf+yD; u|eaf wmf vH;k 0 vufrcH nmvufrSm aemufjyefcwfxm;vdkufw,f?
Edkifygbl;Asm? trSefu 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm yef;wdkif
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ta=umif;w&m;aygh/ tusKd;w&m; r[kwfygbl;? cdkif;wmvJ” vdk@ ar;w,f? u|efawmf rajymbl;? xyf
2008 zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& 'Drdk ua&pD ar;w,f/ rajymbl;/ 'DrSmwif rsufESmudk jzwf±kduf
yef;wdkifudk a&muf&r,fqdkwm b,fjzpfEdkifrSmvJ? wm cHvdkuf&w,f? &ifbwfudk uefw,f? uíefawmf
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wifajr‡mufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGu a&;qGJr,fqdk&if vJ xyfuefcH&w,f? avmu}uD;udk b,favmuf
awmh vufcHEdkifw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ jrefrmpum;ykH =um=um arhoGm;vJrodbl;? owd&awmh acgif;pGyf
wpfck &Sdygao;w,f? “tlrawmifhrS oDvapmifh vnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? vufxdyfvnf; jzKwfxm;w,f?
k vdk uíeaf wmfawG;rdwmu jynfoal wG wudk,fvkH;vnf; t0wftpm; r&Sdawmhbl;? tcef;
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jzpfaew,f? 'Dvdkyg? uíefawmfu qENjyyGJ p+yD;
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vufxdyf cwfw,f? pm;yGJay:rSm zdkifwcsKdŒawGŒw,f?

119
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t*Fvyd pf mvk;H twdak umufawG wpfcck si;f ar;w,f? “wpfa,mufwnf;vm;”

rodb;l bJ ajzaevd@k aemufu wpfa,mufu aemuf
aphudk jzwf±dkufw,f? uíefawmfvnf; pdwfr&Snf “wpfa,mufwnf;yJ”
awmhvdk@ “cifAsm; ar;wmawG usKyfwpfckrS rodbl;?
usKyfppfr_xrf;a[mif; wpfa,mufjzpfw,f” vdk@ “vufxdyf b,fu&vJ”
ajymvdkufawmhrS uíefawmfh&JŒ udk,fa&; &mZ0ifudk
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wmvJ” aemuf jyefra&G;awmhvdk@ odrf;xm;wm”

“uíef a wmf wyf r awmf t ay: opP m vufywfem&D=unfh+yD; xjyefzdk@ vkyfw,f?

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vdkufw,f?
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wmxuf wrifoufouf n‡if;yrf;wm vkyfjywm
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&awmhbl;?

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