Comprehensive Siiyeluwall Miva VolumeChapter CONTENTS 1. ROLLING LOADS. LL 1.2. Introduction Simply Supported Beams 2._INFLUENCE LINES 0000 BB 22 Introduction 48 22. Definiti I a 2.8, Getting the Influence Lines 24, Using Influence Lines.. 2.5. Influence Lines for Overhanging Beams 2.6. — Influence Lines for Forces in Truss Members 81 Problems. 92 3. INFLUENCE LINES FOR INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES 94-122 3.1. Introduetion .. 3.2, Muller Breslau Principle 3.3. Application of Muller Breslau Principle to Determinate Structures 3.4. Muller Breslau Principle Extended to Indeterminate Structures 3.5. Indirect Model Analysis Problems .. 4, ARCHES 4.1. Introduetion .. 4.2. Hinges .. 4.3, Transfer of Load to Arches 44, Linear Arch... 4.5. Hinges in an Arch 4.6. Arch Action 4.7. Horizontal Foree 4.8, Three Hinged Arch ssecssre sven 1274.9. Circular Arches... 410, Springs at Different Levels .. 4.11. Influence Lines for Three Hinged Arches. 4.12, Maximum Bending Moment Diagrams, 4,13, Two Hinged Arches... 4.14, Influence Lines for a Parabolic Two Hinged Arch with I =I, sec 4.15. ‘Temperature Stresses in Arches 168 4.16, Two Hinged Circular Arches 171 4.17. Fixed Arches 172 Problems... 5. CABLES AND SUSPENSION BRIDGES 181—223 6. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 6.1. 6.2. 6.3, 6.4. 7. SPACE TRUSSES Introduction Passing the Cable Over Pylon wuss Reactions, Tension and Length of Suspension Cable Effect of Change in Temperature in Suspension Cabl Stiffening Girders—Necessity and Influence Line Diagram for Cables with Three Hinged Stiffening Girders Two Hinged Stiffening Girders 0. Influence Lines for H and w Influence Lines for M, and 8, Problems... Introduction Solving for Moment, Shear and Torsion Sign Convention. Circular Beam on Several Supports Problems... Introduction Basic Forms.. Tension Coefficient Method of Tension Coefficients. weneesn Extension of Tension Coefficient Method for Space Trusses ... Analysis Procedure Using Tension Coefficients—2D Frames7.7, Analysis Procedure for Space Frames ...sssssssisssscesesssenneessseee 7.8. Guidelines on Joint Forces Problems... 8. PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES. ' 8.1. Introduction 8.2. 8.3, 8.4. Methods of Plastic Analysis 8.5. Load Factor .... Problems .. BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I! {a) ©) Max negative SFD © @ Fig. LI (b) Maximum negative shear at X Negative shear occurs at X when the load is on AX (a < x) and We F.=-Ry=-—+ a3) The maximum value of R, occurs at X, whena =~. This is seen in Fig. 1.1(c). Maximum nogative shear, F, .., is then ~ % From the above 2 cases, we can conclude that the maximum positive shear occurs at a section X when the load is on the section and just to the right oft. Its vaineis ~"—” The maximum negative shear at X occurs when the load is at X (and just to the left of X). Its value a. Wer is =.CHAPTER 1 ROLLING LOADS 1,1__INTRODUCTION In Civil Engineering structures, loads can change their positions. In such a case, certain load positions can be critical to certain parts or components of the structure. Shifting of load positions is common enough in buildings. But they are more pronounced in bridges, over which vehicles keep rolling. Certain wheel positions can be again crucial. We should be able to iden- tify such positions and their influence on structural members. In this chapter we will consider beams and try to evolve criteria for load positions causing maximum bending moments or maximum shears. 12 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS 1.2.1 Load Categories ‘We can consider 5 categories of loads on beams : 1. Single concentrated loads. 2. udl longer than the beam span. 3. udl shorter than the beam span 4, two wheel axles separated by a distance 5. multiple wheel axles (train of loads). 1.2.2 Simply Supported Beam with a Single Concentrated Load W Moving From the Left End to the Right As aload W moves from the left support A to the right we will try to get the maximum positive shear force, maximum negative shear force and the maximum bending moment at any typical section X, at a distance x from A. We will call the distance of the load from A asa. (see Fig. 1,1). (a) Maximum positive shear at X For any load position (for any a), r (when a x (when W is on XB), SF at X is equal to R, and is positive.) Wl-a) SF at X, Fy= Re (LD The maximum value of F, occurs when ¢ =x wd-2 and Fae = (.2) This is plotted in Fig. 1.1 (c).ROLLING LOADS 3 (c) Absolute maximum shear (F,,,, mex) ‘To get this, we can vary to get Fross ase’ we-o F = =W, whenx=0 (4) whenx=1 = (L.5) Fao, + and F,,,,~ are plotted in Fig. 1.1 (6) (c) Maximum Bending Moment diagram toad on AX M,=Ry.(¢-a)= M2 d-a3 +6) Here, the max value of a is x Mau 2 ME U-2) AD (i) load on XB M,=Ryr= 2429 (1.8) ‘The maximum value of this occurs at a = x and its value is Wii-x) L max ™ = oo (L.9) Obviously, 1.7 and 1.9 happen to be identical. It represents the bending moment at X when the load is at X (a =x) When we plot 1.7, we get the diagram of maximum bending moment at X, when x vari- ous from 0 to /. This is a parabola, (Fig. 1.1 (d)) and its maximum value occurs at x = : and Moar maz = =, this being the absolute maximum bending moment in a SS. beam duc to a moving load W. For Maar mux t00220r, the load postion is, = + and the section is atx = £ 1.2.3 8.8. Beams With a Moving udl Longer Than The Span This happens when long trains traverse small span bridges. The train wheels if they are close enough can be treated as transmitting a udl to the bridge girder, Again we will consider the load front to be at a variable distance ‘a’ from the L.H. sup- port A, Let us conaider a typical section X, ata distance x from A. (a) Maximum positive shear at X When the load head H is left of X, section X will have only negative shear, equal to Ry. mae positive shear, the tail of the load T, has to be at a variable distance 6 from A. 12a!4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-U (c) Max BMD Fig. 1.2 @b x need not be considered (¢)Maximum negative shear By the reasoning made in section (a) above, the maximum negative shear at X occurs when the load head H is at X. Its value is d—2)- Fynm =~ By 2 SEED e111) As ‘a! varies from 0 to 1, F, varies parabolically from 0 to ~ a This is also plotted in Fig. 1.2 (0). (c) Maximum bending moment @) load head H on AX. (a x) =R, 2) 2 M,=Ry -2) z w.a*(l-x)_ w(@-x)* M, 2 +(L.13) To maximize M, lot us equate 9M tn oro. a=I,whenx +0 Hence the load shall cover the entire span, aut wU-x)* _ws(l-2) My mac ® “Gd-2)- BS eR wf.) ‘This will have a maximum value when x =f . a) i (since 2 aes =— 2 4 ane =0 and =-4)6 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II And Mua, mee = a, and occurs at mid span when the load covers the entire span, It 20 happens that the max BM diagram is also the same as the BMD when the entire span is londed uniformly. 1.2.4. 8.8. Beams with a moving udl shorter than the span This situation occurs in long span railway bridges. This would give rise to more number of load positions than in the Jong udl case, Let us assumea udl of intensity w and length. The load head His at a distance ‘a’ from the left end A of the span. Let us consider the shears and bending moments at a typical section X, distance x from A. (Fig. 1.4) (a) Positive shear force F (a (I -c), the SF, will be given by equation 1.10 (for loads longer than). x=Oto(l—c) f, x=(l-c)tol F, (d)Maximum bending moment (G) Load head on AX. M, =By.-z) M, =“ (e-g}a-» (Gi) Load tail on XB. we c M, = Raz =" (1-0-£)s (iii) Load head on XB. Load tail on AX. X divides the load in 2 parts. (Fig. 1.5) 2 ™, oR, SES = (t-a- cc) whr-b)? T $)s- 2 ew (1,18) This is the value of M, (at a chosen section X), We ean choose the valua of b (the load position) to maximize M,. , 2Me oom oe web) Hence ee (1.19) Equation 1.19 means that X divides the span in the same ratio (3) asit divides the load ()-mhat represents the load position for maximum beading moment atX. M, .,.i8 obtained by substituting the value of b from 1.19 into equation 1.18.10 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II (® Absolute maximum bending moment : Moe men” a and it occurs at mid span when the load is at mid span, 100 (20) Maar max = 222) = 500 kN (ii) Absolute maximum positive shear force = W = 100 kN. This occurs at A. Ina simply supported girder AB of span 20m, determine the maximum. bend- ing moment and maximum shear force at a section Sm. from A, due to the passage of a uniformly distributed load of intensity 20 kN/m, longer than the ‘span. 1, Maximum bending moment Since the udl is longer than the span, the criterion for maximum bending moment ata section is that the whole span should be loaded as shown in the Fig. 1.7. 20kNm. 4 Bending moment at x = 5 m = Ry @- 2S = M,=750 KN m 2. Maximum shear force (8) Maxtmum negative shear force : Maximum negative shear force at a section occurs when the head of the load reaches the section (ie. when the left portion AX is loaded and the right portion XB is empty) 20kN/n Head of the load Maximum negative shear force = R= .2 = 12.5 kN Maximum negative shear force = — Ry = — 12.5 kNROLLING LOADS W (i) Maximum positive shear force : Maximum positive shear force occurs at X when the tail of the load is at X as it moves from loft to right. (i. AX is empty and the portion XB is loaded) Maximum positive shear force = Ry Tail of the load. Fig. 19 @-x) U-x)_ 20x15 x15 1 2 20x2 ‘Maximum positive shear force = R, = 112.5 KN. A uniform load of 40 kN/m run, 6m long crosses a girder of 30m span. Calcu- late the maximum shear force and bending moment at sections 5, 10 and 15m from the left hand support. Construct the maximum shear force and bending diagrams. Min DE B 40 kN/m 10m R,y=w = 112.5KN Fig. 1.10 c=6m; l=30m; x=5m,1l0m& 15m. Let “a” be the distance of load head from A Let “x” be the distance of the section X at which SF and BM are considered. 1. Maximum shear force (a) Negative shear force Maximum negative shear force at a section occurs when the head of the load is at the section as it traverses from left to right. (a) (é) whena <6 40 kN/m Fig. 1.1112 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I Maximum negative shear force at X = — Ry 2 ae? R= “Bo gy since =z seve (1.22) As equation 1.22 contains an x? term, Ry is a parabolic function of x. (i.e. Ry varies parabolically when x s 6) Ata = 5m, maximum negative shear force = - Rg = 022,406" __ ag e7 En emer BI 2x Atx = 6m, (x = a) maximum negative shear force = - Ry wa? 25x (6)? Rt 2x30 This value is needed for plotting the max SFD (i) when 26m Maximum negative shear force at X = - Rp, =-24kN Taking moments about A, e R,.t-w -e(«-g)-0 Maximum negative shear force = Ry = B(x :) vee (1.28) Equation 1.23 is a linear function of x forx » 6m Atx= 6m, maximum negative shear force 40x6(, 6 -Rg= “3% (s-$)=-24% Atx= 10m, maximum negative shear force 40x6(,, 6 ~ R= - 325 (10-8) «-s6KN Atx = 15 m, maximum negative shear force - =~ 828 (15-$) .-s6xn Ra= "30 2 Atx= 30m, maximum negative shear force, 40x6(,, 6 -Ry= - 0% (00-§) --n6mrROLLING LOADS 13 (6) Positive shear force Maximum positive shear force at a section occurs when the tail of the load is on the section as the load traverses from left to right. (@) when (1-2) $6 m (or) x2.24m Maximum positive shear force = Ry Fig. 1.13 R= w(l-x)* As the above equation contains an x” term, R, is a parabolic function of x for(/ —x) <6 m. At x= 30 m, maximum positive shear force = Rq = 0 40(30- 24) _ 720 _ Atx = 24m, Maximum positive shear force = 0 80 24kN (6) Gi) when(J-x)26m (ie) x<24m 40 kN/mn. (l-x)26 Rp R, varies linearly with x 40xK6 Atz=0, axs Atx=5m, Atz= 10m,14 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Atx=15m, Ate =24m, xinm 216 KN s24kN | Parabolic 16.67 kN Linear 216 kN Shear Force Diagram. 2. Maximum bending moment diagram For getting the maximum bending moment at a section, the load should be placed in such a way that the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span. G)At x=5m, (ie) atc; 40 kNim Fig. 1.16 Aw _AC_5 1 BC BC 25 5 A,C=1m, CB, =5m Hence,a = 10m Reactions at A and B: we c)_ 40x6 6 Ryo (448) S0%8(448) seen Ry =56KN R, = Total load - Ry = 40 x 6 - 56 Ry = 184KNROLUNG LOADS: 1s ‘ Bending moment at C= Ry (AC) -w AHS 7. BI, = 194 (6)- 2 «990 kvm ii) Atx = 10 mie. atD Fig. 1.17 ‘To find the critical position of the load ADL Ap 10 BD ED “20 AD-2m B,D=4m Reactions at A ond B: R= 2 ((ap-ap)s R,=88kN R, = 152kN 40(6) 6 oe (00 2)+8).~ asin &: ape = 152 (10)— Sor Bending moment at D = R,(AD)— w (BM), = 1440 kNm Gii) Atz = 15 mie. atE: 18 ALE, AB 15 BE BE 16 So, AE=BE=3m16 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 Reactions at A and B : Ry Ry = 120 KN (by symmetry) 2 Bending moment at E, (BM)p = Ry (15)— wae 2 = 12015) - 299" = 1012.5 kNm. (BM), = 1620 kNm Fig. 1.19, Shows the maximum b.m diagram. An udl of 10 kN/m and 4 m long roils over a girder of 10 m span. Find the absolute maximum bending moment in the span. 10kNim om 10m Ry Rp Fig. 1.20 Since the beam is subjected to udl shorter than the span the absolute maximum bend- ing moment will occur at the centre when the udl is symmetrically placed at centre.ROLLING LOADS Ww R,=R, =20kN From equations (1.20) wer c Ma a-(t-2) ‘This is a parabola with the central ordinate 48 Magy mar 10(2)” Mosemx at e=R,(5) 2 Myer mex = 100 = 20 = 80 kNm. A simple girder of 20 m span is traversed by a moving udl of 6m length with an intensity of 20 kN/m, from left to right. Find the maximum bending mo- ment and maximum positive and negative shear forces at sections 4m from left support and 6m from right support. Aiso find the absolute maximum bend- ing moment that may occur any where in the girder. 20 kN/m ™ A B 20m) Fig. 122 Cage L Section at 4 m from loft support : (a) Maximum bending moment : x Fig. 123 In this case, the length of udl is shorter than the span. The maximum bonding moment at a given seetion occurs when the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span. AC LAC 4 BC B,C ~ 16 Hence, A\C=12m,B\C=4.3m18 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II moments about B, Ry(20) - 20x 6 x (112+8) <0 R, = 85.2 kN Maximum bending moment at XK = Ry (4) — 20 x 1.2 x 0.6 = 85,2 (4)~ 14.4 Mygx = 326.4kNm. (6) Maximum positive shear force Maximum positive shear force occurs ata section when the tail of the load is placed on the section. Fig. 1.24 ‘Maximum positive shear foree = reaction at A= Ry ‘Taking moments about B, R, (20)— 20 «6 x (10+. 3) =0 R, = 78 KN = Maximum positive shear force at XX. (c) Maximum negative shear force ‘Maximum negative shear force occurs at-a section when the head of the load is placed on the section, 20 KN/m- lem Fig. 1.25 Maximum negative shear force = Reaction at B= Ry Taking moments about A, Ry (20)-20x4x2=0 R, = 8 KN = Maximum negative shear force at XX. Case Il. Section at 5 m from the right support (a) Maximum bending momentROLLING LOADS 19 AC AC_1s BC BC 5 A,C= 45m, B,C = 1.5m ‘Taking moments about A, * R, (20)- 20% 6 x (105+¢}=0 Ry=81 kN 15 Maximum bending moment at yy = Rp (5) — 20 x 1.5 x =~ = 81(6)- 22.5 2 Mage Atyy = 982.5KNm (6) Maximum positive shear force Maximum positive shear force occurs when the tail of the load is placed at the section. 20m Fig. 127 Maximum positive shear force = Reaction at A = Ry ‘Taking moments about B, +R, (20) - Ry= 12.5KN Fogg += 12.5kN (c) Maximum negative shear force Maximum negative shear force occurs when the head of the load is on the section. 20 x(5)" 2 0 Fig. 1.2820 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-H Maximum negative shear force = Reaction at B = Ry Taking moments about A, Ry (20)- 20 x 6 x (0 Ry=72kN Fae Case IIL. Absolute maximum bending moment Mya aux: Moax maz Would occur at mid span whon the load is symmetrical. y= By = cok M, pow 60 10~20 x3 x 2 = 510kNm. 1.2.5 5.5. Beams With Two Concentrated Loads This case of loading arises in bridge girders traversed by two-axle vehicles. This also occurs in gantry girders. For the loading case to make any meaning, the spacing of the axles has to be smaller than the span in question. SK Fig. 1.29 Fig. 1.29 shows a pair of rolling loads W, and W, traversing a spant. We will investigate the SF and BM at X, x from A. We can readily identify 3 casos. (@) a x and (a ~c) <, when the loads are on cither side of X, and (ii) (a ~c) > x, when both loads are to the right of X. We can now discuss the maximum shears and maximum bending moment at X. (a) Maximum positive shear at X. (@) When a 2 anda < (+e)ROLLING LOADS a F,=R,-W)= W, l-a) | Wy (c-a) 7 W,G-a) , Wy-ate) t t Fe When W, is just to the left of X, ¢ =, and Fae Ytl-s) +N of.24) The second part of the RHS is negative. So F, will be positive when the W, related part is small, The values of F,, are plotted in Fig. 1.30. (é) When both loads are on XB. a > (x + c) Fy2R, = od in, Madaare .(L.24a) Obviously F, will be maximum when the negative quantity ‘a’ in equation 1.24 is least. ie. whenag=x+c Wi l-x+0) Tad x) Fy nar™ at —— --(.25) may if plotted in Fig. 1.31 (a), The plot is in 2 parts ‘The W, part ranging from ~c to -0 adhe W, part from 0 to/. (6)Maximum negative shear F,. This obviously would occur in either case (i) or case Giin@) (i) When both W, and W, are on AX, We _W,le-0 = s-—s R-=-Rg=-—} 7 This gets its maximum negative value when a is maximum. (i.e.) when a =x Feng" * Was We (zc) (1.28) Z ‘This is plotted in Fig. 1.31 (6). The W, part ranges from 0 to! and the W, part from c to Ure). (ii) When W, and W, are on either side of X. F,=-Ry+W, p= Malena), Wail=w Fig. 1.30 F, would be max negative only if W, is dominant and whena has the highest value ;i.e. a =x, The plot will be similar to Fig 1.30 and is not of much significance. (iii) When both W, and W, are on XB. There will be no negative shear.| 22 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Fig. 1.91 (a) Max Positive SF dingram, F, max is the bigger of F, and F, A c B Wy, wyl- 0) ~T Fig. 131 (6) Max Negative SF diagram. (c) Maximum bending moment at X @a-e=xand Gi)a=x fd B a Fig. 1.82 Fig. 1.32 is the typical shape of the BMD when there are two loads on aspan. Depending on the magnitudes of W, and W,, the peak bending moment will either be under W,,, or under W, and no where else. When we want M, ,,,,, at x, we keep either W, or W, at X and choose the bigger value of M, as M, ....- @ W, one: valid forx=c tox =i Ma =o(=2) 27) Gi) W, on: (a-e) =x; valid for = Otox=(I-e) xo Mala» (1.28)ROLLING LOADS 23 Tt is again obvious that among M,, and M,, above, the bigger value will be the one occurring under the larger load between W, and W,. However, at some regions in the beam, BM under the smaller load can be more. So when it comes to designing the beam, we may have to super pose M,, and My, and draw the envelope of the two curves in Fig. 1.89 and 1.34, Pig. 1.94 Two wheel loads of 80 KN and 160 RN cross @ span of 10 m from left to right. The 80 KN wheel is 2 m ahead of the 160 KN wheel. Find the following force values and their locations. 1. The absolute mavimum positive shear 2. The absolute maximum negative shear 3, The absolute maximum bending moment. ‘We can directly plot the maximum shear force diagrams based on equations 1.25 and 1.26,24 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II AN (©) Max negative shear Fig. 1.35 F,, ax i5 the bigger of F, and Fy, 1, Absolute maximum positive shear occurs at A. Its value is ww, + SUE? - 160 464= 242 EN 2, Absolute maximum negative shear occurs at B, Its value is wee = 60 + 128 = 188kN 3, Absolute maximum BM occurs either under W, (80 kN) or under W, (160 kN) =A), 9-2 e=2m1=10m, W,=80kN, W,=160kN 80. x(0- 3), 260(z -2) (10-2) Mawi= "9 * 10 Mags 1 = 80x ~ 8x2 — 16x? + 192s — 320ROLLING LOADS 2 This is maximum when 2Mam 9; 4a 4.97220; 2 =5.67 m. Myer mart = 445 Nm sins Ow, x= Magara = Wy + Wy OE ot 2d? aM sat = 224-48x=0 ax x= 5.67 Mosse mar “522.67 KN m ‘This occurs at x = 5.67 m, under the 160 kN load. 1.2.6 Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load (EUDL) ‘As discussed carlior, moving live loads on a structure are of five types. They may also be combination of distributed and concentrated londs. Such loadings involve tedious computa- tions to determine the required stress components. A given system of loading crossing a girder/ structure can always be replaced by a. uniformly distributed load, longer than the span, such that the bending moment or S.F. due to this static load, every where, is at least equal to that caused by the actual system of moving loads, Such a static load is known as equivalent uni- formly distributed load. This practice is often adopted in the specifications for railway loads in order to simplify analytical computations. ‘The EUDL is derived by equating the maximum bending moment (or) shear force due to actual loading to the bending moment (or) shear force in the same span due to a fictitious udl covering the entire span, The EUDL may be different for bending moment and shear force for the same span, and depends upon the span and the disposition of actual loading. ‘The bending moment diagram for EUDL will be a parabola and this must completely envelope the maximum bending moment diagram due to the given moving load. ‘The EUDL for bending moment will be denoted by w,,, and for shear force will be de- noted by w,- Generally, the EUDL of bending moment will be obtained by equating the Musa due to the given lond system and the max. Bending moment due to EUDL as, 8M, Mon a Wy = (1.29) hoexmaz 0“ em P ‘The EUDL for few cases of loading are obtained as below : (i) Single concentrated load EUDL for bending moment Due to a single concentrated load, W on a span! Maximum bending moment, Me: gaz" 4 2 ‘Maximum bending moment due te EUDL = “en 8 Equating the two, W_q, WE a 4’ Vem = ++(1,90)26 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS«I EUDL for shear force: Maximum shear force due to a single concentrated load, W = W Maximum shear force due to EUDL = “+ 2 Equating the two, Hence, in the case of a single concentrated load, the EDUL for bending moment and shear force are the same. (i) UDL shorter than the span (a) EUDL for bending moment Maximum bending moment at the centre of the span, in a beam of span and subjected toa udl shorter than the span and of length c, Mamma “E('-$) Maximum bending moment at the centre of the span due to Wem t? EUDL= Se Equating, +f,81) (b) EUDL for shear force Maximum shear force at the supports due to udl shorter than the span = wy t Maximum shear force due to EUDL = TT Equating, In this case also, the EUDL for bending moment and shear force are the same.ROLLING LOADS Ped Find the equivalent uniformly distributed load corresponding to (ia single rolling load of 100 kN erossing a girder of 20m span. (ii) uniform load of 25 kN Im, 6 m long crossing a girder of 30m span. ‘Case (é) Single concentrated load W= 100KN,/=20m Way = tog = 2Y, trom (1.80) = = =10kNim ‘Therefore, Equivalent uniformly, distributed load w, = 10 kN/m ‘Case (ii) UDL shorter than the span : w = 25 kN/m Length ofthe udl, ¢=6m,/=30m a wy 2"(1-2), from (1.31) 2x25x6 aor (9) 8k Therefore, equivalent uniformly distributed load =9 kN/m. Two point loads of 40 kN and 60 kN, spaced at 6 m apart cross a girder of 16 mm span, from left to right, the 40 RN load leading. (a) Check the possibility of the max shear force occurring between the loads, (b) Construct the maximum shear force and bending mament diagrams. en (a) Equation 1.24 says Fy Tee ee, when W, and W, are on either side of X. Equation 1.24 (a) gives Fygz MEET E-8., BAER) non W, and W, are to the right of. UR, > Es Wd-» , Wele-2) 1 W(l-2-0) | Wi-+) i This gives the condition Wal W, . Wel | 60x16 In this example e=6m; Wey WwW,” 100 79828 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Hence, max positive shear will not occur when the loads are on either side of X. B 40 6m Al 60x uso 2375 (a) Negative shears oo (b) Positive shears Fig. 1.36, Maximum SF diagrams. (b) @ Maximum negative shear (F,,,, __will occur under the 40 kN, ‘shten tia just to the Ieft ofa section X. The diagram is as shown in Fig. 1.36 (a), corresponding to equation Fy .=-SE- Wee -2 = 40; W, =60; t= 16; es6 Absolute max F- occurs at B and is 77.5 KN o (i) The maximum positive shear (F,,,, ,) |, Will occur under the 60 KN load when the load is just to the right of X. The dia- gram, Ets ronding to equation 1.25 is given in Fig. 1.36 (5) F, = Mae - =) Mae ) {Use (1.95) Absolute maximum F4 occurs at A and is 85 kN. (b) Gif) Meximam bmd ‘The maximum bending moment will occur under either W, or W,. The diagrams, corre- sponding to equations (1.27) and (1.28) are shown in Figs. 1.97 (a) and (). (@)BM under W,ROLLING LOADS 29 (b) BM under W, Fig. 1.37. Max BM diagrams, My= Peas-29+ SP e-ous =) Mg= 42ec0- —x)4+ Beas- -) ” My is a combination of 2 parabolas. The parabola due to W, (the 40 kN load) has a range of 16m. Its mid ordinate = 42 x8 x8=160kNm ‘The second parabola due to W, ranges from x = 6 to x = 16, The max ordinate occurs at x=llm Ite mid ordinate = $2 x5 x5 =93.75 kNin ‘The ordinates of these 2 parabolas are added up and shown as curve (iii) When we differentiate M,, and equate to zero, we get the value of x that gives max M,, (under the 40 KN load) This gives 12.62 = 122.5 = 9,8, This is where M,, is maximum My, max = 240.25 KNm M,, is again a combination of 2 parabolas. The curve due to the 60 KN load ranges from 0 to 16. Its mid ordinate = x88 =240kNm ‘The second parabola duo tothe 40 KN lend ranges between x = ands = 10 Its mid ordinate = 8 455 =625kNm These 2 parabolas are superposed to give My.30 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II . To get the location of maximum M,,, we differentiate M,, and equate this to zero. This gives, 12.5% = 85 x = 6.8. This is the position of maximum M,, Mya mar = 289.0 KNin, 1.2.7 8.8. Spans With Multiple Wheel Loads This loading case of multiple wheel loads is very common in road and rail bridges. We can not adopt the same procedure as we did for 2 concentrated loads for the simple reason that it is arduous. To make things tractable, we have to evolve some guide lines. (a) Bending moments Guide line 1. The maximum bending moment will occur under one of the wheel loads and not between loads. This is obvious from Fig. 1.30, which can be extended to more than 2 concentrated loads. Guide line 2. When a train of wheel loads move on a S.S. span the maximum bending moment occurs under a load when the mid span section divides the distance betwecn that load and the resultant of the load train equally. (vide Fig. 1.38) ‘The meaning of the statement is as under. If R is the resultant of the n loads on span AB, maximum bending moment will occur under W, when mid section € is right in the middle of resultant R and lond W,. R R Ra Fig. 138 Proof: Let R, be the resultant of loads to the right of R Let R, be the resultant of loads to the left of R aandé aredistance of R, and R, from R. Cis the distance of X the location of the critical load W, from R. xis the distance of W, from mid span C. For a given loading train, a, b and c are con- stants, x decides the position of the load train from mid span, Now, RR, (-2+2) M, the bending moment at X is given by w,eR, (E+2}-Ryo+0ROLLING LOADS at t 1 men(S-2+<)(L+2) mere aM, For M, tobe the maximum , 7 #=0 -2x+c=0; xeci2 So C is mid way between the resultant and the critical load W,. So guideline 2 has been proved valid. But we still have a problem. How to decide which load is critical ? That takes us to guide line 3. Guide line 3. The critical load, when moved from left of a beam section to the right, can change the average intensity on left side (compared to the average intensity on right side) from a higher value to lower value. We need a numerical example to explain this point. Fig. 139 When W, is to the left of X. 40 tuys average load on AK = 42*502 20-440 99 iim +20 w, = average load on XB = 42*22 . 19 N/m ; w,>w, Let us now move the train to the right so that W, moves to the right of X. (shown dotted on Fig. 1.39) ‘After shifting aye O28 Skin 4 vo, = 2240420 67 evn Now w, is smaller than w, Shifting W, to the right of X has done the trick. It has changed, w, from the higher (than w,) to lower (than w,) value. So, W, is the critical load, Now we can use guide line 2 to fix the position of X, where the bending moment is highest in the span. (8) Shear forces For a load train like in Fig, 1.39 to cause the maximum positive shear at X, we would expect all the loads to be right of X, the last load just to the right of X. Then R, is the shear at X (Fig. 1.40(a)).32 STRUGTURAL ANALYSIS-I We Ws We Ww, rN x B (b) Fig. 1.40 Let us try moving the train left of X. There will be 2 effects. (i) The shear F, drops by W, (i) The reaction R, increases. This continues till W, comes just to the right of X. By now the train has moved through a distance d. The change (increase) in F, is a AF, =AR,-Wy=R.5-Wy where R is the resultant. If4F, works out to be positive, then our move (to the left) is right and W,, is the critical load. We may have to continue this to check on W,. But usually A is the candidate for maximum F, and W, shall be at A, just to its right. For maximum negative shear F, at X, try Fig, 1.40(b), with W, just to the left of x. The trial movements shall be to the right. A girder of 16 m span is traversed by a moving load as chown in Fig. 141. Determine the maximum bending moment at D, 7m from the left hand sup- port. Ws Ww. Ws Wa 1SOKN 150KN 150KN 150kN Pig. 141ROLLING LOADS 33 |» Maximum Bending moment ‘Maximum bending moment at D occurs under a critical load W, which when moved from left to right of D changes the sign of E, where ‘To find the critical load W,, let us try with W,. Firstly keep this 150 kN load to the left of D, ‘Why, = 150 + 150 + 150 + 150 = 600 KN 10 x 4.5 = 270 kN xo7m ea Mien _ Weems = lax E = 51.96 (positive) Now, move W, to the right of D, Wier _ = ROR ETE OEIC = 11.78 (positive) E=+1178 ‘There is no change in the sign of E. Hence the maximum bending moment at D does not occur under W, Let us try with W,, Firstly keep We to the left of D. Wan 150+ 150+ 160 _ 150 +270 _ 11 78 (Positive) x [nx T 8 Then move W, to the right of D Win _ W, 160+150 150+ 150+270 “2 ts. 7 °&48 Since the sign of E changes, W, is the critical load. Maximum bending moment at D occurs when W, is placed at D. ‘Taking moments about A, = 28.39 (negative) —Rg(15) + 150(8) + 150(8 + 2)+ 150(8 + 2+ 2)+ 150(3 +242 +2) + 60x45 x w-48 =O z Ry = 469.5 kN Ry = Total load — R, = 150 + 150 + 150 + 150 + 270 - 469.5 R, = 400.5 EN Maximum bending moment at D = R4(7) ~ 160(4) - 150 (2) = 400.5 (7) — 600-300 (BM)p = 1903.5 kN. A system of moving loads crosses a girder of 36m span simply supported at its ends, The loads and the distance are as follows : Wheel load (kN) 1 100 100 200 200 16034 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Determine the maximum bending moment in the girder. 1O0KN 100KN = -200KN-200KN 160 kN We We Ws WwW, Ws A c B 18m 18m Pa Fe Fig. 1.42 1. To find the location of resultant of loads Taking moments about W,, 100 x 3 + 200 (7.5) + 200 (11.5) + 160(15) = 760 © ¥=8.55m from W, 2, Maximum bending moment Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load, (W, = W,) is nearest to the resultant R, when W, and R are at equal distance from the centre of span (C). In this case W, is nearest the resultant R. Hence bending moment under W, is the maximum bending moment Distance between C and W, = Distance between C and R. Distance between Cand R= } (Distance between W, and R) = } (1.05) = 0.525 m. Fig. 1.43 gives the load position to produce max bending moment (under W,) Woo Ws PSM We We Fig. 1.43 ‘Taking moments about A, R=760kN, Rx 18.595 - Ry x 36 =0 Rg = 391L.14kN Ry = 968,86 kN42 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Distance between C and W, = Distance between C and R = 14 (Distance between W, and R) = 0.165m Reactions: R=450kN ‘Taking moments about A, Ry x 18-Rx 9.165 =0 Ry = 229.21 KN Ry = Total load - Ry Ry = 220.79 kN Bending moment under W, = R, (8.895) - 100(3) = 220.79 (8.835) - 300 Fig. 1.55 Distance between C and R = Distance between C and W, R= 450kN Fig. 1.55 shows the load position corresponding to this. Distance of R from C = 2.335 m Reactions at A and B have to be determined. Taking moments about A, 18 Ry = R x 6.665 R, = 166.71 kN Ry, = 283.29 kN Maximum Bending moment under 50 KN load = + R, (6.665) Mgae= + 1111.12 kN. By A system of & wheet toads 80 kN, 140 kN, 160 kN, 60 RN and 40 RN crosses a beam of 15 m span with the 60 RN load leading. The distances between the loads are 2.4 m, 3.0 m, 2.4 m and 1.6 m respectively. Find the absolute maxi- mum bending moment.ROLLING LOADS . Resultant of the load system 40 KN 50 KN 160 kN 140 KN Ws We wy, basse} aes a | 522m Fig. 1.56 ‘Taking moments about W,, 40(0) + 50 (1.6) + 160 (4.0) + 140 (7.0) + 80 (9.4) = (40 + 50 + 160 + 140 + 80) = = = 5.22 m from W,. The load nearest to the resultant load Ris 160 KN (W,). ‘To get the absolute maximum bending moment, the load system. should be placed in such a way that the resultant load, R and the load nearest to R are at equal distance from the contre of the span. Then the absolute maximum bending moment is equal to the bending moment under the load nearest to R (i.e.) the bending moment under Wy. 2. Absolute maximum bending moment 12.11m Fig. 1.57 Distance of 160 KN from R= 1.22 m ‘When R and W, are at equal distance from C ; (centre of span) distance of R from C = 122 C=z——-e Z 70.61 m.44 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-l To find Ry: ‘Taking moments about B, R,(15) = 40 (12.11) = 60(10.51) = 160(8.11) = 140 (6.11) = 80(2.71) = 0 9299.7 Re Absolute maximum bending moment = bending moment under 160 kN load. Absolute maximum bending moment = R, (7.5 — 0.61) = 40 (4.0) = 50 (2.4) M, = 1208.10 kNm. = 215.98 kN hoax mex Using an analytical method, find (i) the mazimum bending moment, (ii) the maximum positive shear force and (iii) the maximum negative shear force at a section 4 m from left support A of a simple girder of 10 m span when. 4 wheel loads 10 kN, 15 kN, 30RN and 30k N spaced at 2 m, 3 m and 3 m respectively with 10 kN load leading, traverse the span. 30 kN 30 KN SKN JOKN 10kN SKN 30 kN ‘30KN 3m 3m 2m 2m 3m am Wa Ws W. W, Ws We W, We ‘(= : Ay Ry 10m Fig. 1.58 earron 1, Maximum bending moment Maximum bending moment at a given section occurs when the critical load, which when moved either from left to right or from right to left changes the sign of the differential loading rate L,, is at the section. Wren We Bere, ee Ts Bending moment under that load will be the maximum bending moment at that section. ‘Let us try if Ws is critical. To verify that, let us move W, (= 30 kN) just to the right of C and then just to the left of C. If thesign of changes, it will indicate that W, is the critical load. 30 KN S0KN 15 kN 1OkNROLLING LOADS as ‘The load system can traverse the span either from left to right or from right to left. But to get the maximum bending moment the load system should traverse from left to right with 10 KN load leading. Because when the load system moves from right to left and to have the 3rd 30 KN load at C, 10 kN load goes out of the span, Hence the bending moment is lesser than in the case which includes all the loads within the span. Place W, just to the left of C ; then, Wien Wriee 90+80_15+10 60 25 = - 4 10-4 = @ 710.83 (Positive) ‘Then place W, just to the right of C. Ls Nee - ques = Bowes to =~ 1.67 (negative) ‘As the sign of L, changes, maximum bending moment occurs at C when W, is placed on the section C. ‘Maximum bending moment = bending moment under W, = R, (4) ~ 30 (3) To find R,, take moments about B, R, (10) 10(1) — 16 (3) 30.(6)- 30 (9) =0 Ry, = 50.5 kN Muagy = 50.5 (4)— 903) M,,,, = 112 kNm 2. Maximum positive shear force Maximum positive shear force occurs when the loads are at the right of the section and the load aystem traverses from left to right. To get the maximum positive shear force, place W, as shown in Fig. 1.60. Ww Ws We, w 30 KN 30 KN 415KN 1OkN Fig, 1.60 Maximum positive shear force = Ry To verify the validity of the above positive shear force, move the W, with the load train through to get W, on C. If the sign of S, (the shear inerement) is negative, it will indicate that W, should not have been maved to the left but should be to the right of C. Wd Here,S; = Tr ‘W,, where W is the total load on the span and W, the load passing the section C.46 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I In the above expression for S; W = total load on the span = 30 + 30 + 15 =75 = distance through which the load is moved = 3m ‘W, = the load passing the section (30 kN) Hence, Wa 15x3 Si M9 Hence W, should be to the right side of C. ‘To find R,, take moments about B, R, (10) ~ 16 (0) 30(3) ~ 80 (3+3)= 0 R= 27 kN Hence the maximum positive shear force at C = 27 kN. 3. Maximum negative shear force Maximum negative shear force occurs when the loads are ta the left of C, while travers- ing from right to left. To got the maximum negative shear force, W, would be on the section C as shown. +80 =-7.5 (negative) Fig. 1.61 ‘To verify the occurrence of maximum negative shear force, move W, just to the right of C through a distance of 3m. If the sign of S, is negative it indicates that W, should not be moved to the right. 60xd 10 We _w,= Hence W, should to the left of C. Maximum negative shear foree = Reaction at B ‘To find Rp, take moments about A, R, x 10-30 x 4-20%1=0 Ry = 15 KN = Max negative shear force at C. PROBLEM: 1, Asingle rolling load of 20 KN rolls along a girder of 25 m span. Draw the diagrams of maximum B.M. and maximum S.F. positive and negative. What will be the absolute maximum (+)S.F. and BM.? [Ans. S.F.= +20 KN, BM. = 125 kNm) - 80 =~ 12 (negative)ROLLING LOADS ar 2. A simply supported beam of span 10 m is subjected to a uniform dead load of 60 kN/m and a uniform live load (longer than the span) of 100 kN/m. Determine the maximum and the mini- mum shear forces at the left hand quarter point ; and the range over which the shearing force may have only positive or negative values. (Ans, Maximum shear = 431.3 kN (-ve) Minimum shear = 118.7 KN (-ve) Range : Middle 2.4m] A live load of 20 kN/m, 6 m long moves on a simply supported girder of 10 m span. Find the maximum bending moment that can occur at a section 4 m from the left ond. [Ans. 201.6 kNm] ‘Two wheel loads of 20 KN and 10 kN spaced 3 m apart cross a girder of 10 metres span, with the 10 KN load leading, from left to right. Draw the maximum shear foree and bending moment diagrams. fAns. F.., (+¥6) = 27 KN F,.,, (~ve) = 24 kN Moser mar = 60:75 kNm at 4.5 m from the loft end] A system of moving loads cross a girder of 36 m span which is simply supported at its ends. The loads and their distances are as follows : Wheel toads (kN) 10 10 20 20 16 Distance between Centres (metres) 3 45 4 35 Determine the maximum bending moment at the left and right quarter span points. For each case, make a sketch of the girder showing clearly the section where the maximum ‘bending moment occurs and the corresponding position of the loads. [Ans, M,,,. at left quarter span = 373.8 kNm. Muay #¢ right quarter span = 396.8 kNml A train of concentrated loads shown in Fig. 1.62 move from left to right on a simply supported girder of span 16 m. Determine the absolute maximum shear force and bending moment devel- oped in the beam. 21KN = GOKN BO KN 40kN Fig. 162 (ANS. Fy. mex ™ 166.25 KN (4¥0) Myc, max ™ 651.624 kNm} . A UDL of 10 kW/m, 4 m long rolls over a girder of 10 m span. Find the Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load (EUDL) (Ans. 6.4 kN/m] A girder having a span of 20 mis simply supported at the ends. Itis traversed by a train of loads as shown in Fig. 1.63. The 100 kN load is leading. Find the EUDL. 250KN 50KN S00kKN 100 KN Fig. 1.63 fAns. 77.75 KN/m]CHAPTER 2 INFLUENCE LINES 2.1. INTRODUCTION Ifyou are working in a design office analyzing and designing bridge girders for rolling wheel loads, your life will be made much easier if you use the concept of influence lines, Influ- ence lines are graphs drawn with the structure axis as X axis and taking on the Y axis any desired force quantity like reaction, thrust, internal shear, support moment, internal bending moment, ete. You can also think of influence lines for displacements (including slope) though these are rarely used. In an influence line diagram the ordinates show the BM, shear, reaction, etc., at a chosen point in the structure say P and the abscissa (x co-ordinate) represents the point X on the structure where we keep a unit load. Thus, in an influence line diagram for bending moment at P, y the ordinate at X is the bending moment at P due to a unit load at X. It shows the influence of a unit load at any x on the bending moment at P (or shear at P ar any force quantity at P), 2.2 DEFINITION AND ILLUSTRATIONS ‘An influence line is a graph showing, for any given beam, frame or truss, the variation of any force or displacement quantity (such as shear force, bending moment, tension, deflec- tion) for all positions of a moving unit load as it erosses the structure from one end to the other. For statically determinate structures the ILD for force quantities are made up of dis- placed configurations of the underformed parts of the structure. For example in Fig. 2.1, (6) is the LL for R,. (c) is the IL for bending moment at P. (d) is the IL for Ry. 1 32 P A FE B (@) vi 1 —_ TE Yo 1 2 O) % — 3 © —_—_——— @ Fig. 2.1INFLUENCE LINES 49 Influence lines are very useful in quickly determining the force component at any given point due to set of moving loads. Thus in Fig. 2.1 (6), y, is the reaction at A due toa unit load at 1. y, is the reaction at A due toa unit load at 2. And (W,y, +W,y,) is the reaction at A due to loads W, at 1 and W, at 2. Extending this reasoning, 7, is the bending moment at P due toa unit load at 3. W, x yy is the bending moment at P duo to a load W, at 3. 2.8 _GETTING THE INFLUENCE LINES 2.3.1 Reactions ina SS Beam External forces like reactions are the easiest force components for which influence lines can be sketched easily. W=1 P &) Fig. 2.2 Let us try to get the IL for R, for the beam AB in Fig. 2.2 (a). Let a unit load act at P, distance a from A. Then (=a) R= 2.1) When we plot equation 2.1, that is the influence line for R, Fig. 2.2. (b) As simple as that. ‘We will extend this reasoning to R, and land at Ry = $ (2.2) plotted in Fig. 2.2 (c)sO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II [ © ada ore . () Fig. 2.3 23.2 Reactions in a Cantilever Let us try to sketch the ILD for reactions R, and M, in a eantilever in Fig. 2.3. R, due a load 1 on the span is 1 irrespective of the load position a. Hence Fig. 2.3 (b) gives the ILD for Ry. M, due to a unit load at P, ‘a’ from the free end is My = (!—a) (2.8) Fig. 2.8 (c) plots this curve. 2.3.3 ILD For Internal Shears and Bending Moments (a) 88 beams (é) Let us investigate the SF and BM at X, at distance x from A. Let a be the coordinate position of a unit load. Fora s, 1- F,= Ry= ta (2.5) (ii) For a <3, M,= Ry x@-2) = U2) (2.6)INFLUENCE LINES: 51 Wet ® a x (i — a) ) ' © wa Pig. 2.4 For a>z, M=RXx, Me S52, In the plots in Fig. 2.4 (b) and (c), ‘a’ varies from zero tox in AX and (J =a) varit to @~x) in XB. These plots are the influence lines for F,, and M, respectively. (6) Cantilevers Wet = | | | Fig. 2.5,52 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I @) Shear force at X, x from A, when W= 1 acx, F.=0, a>x, Fal (2.8) (ii) Bending moment at X, x from A when W = 1 az, M,=(a-2) (2.9) ‘The above shear force and bending moment at X due to a travelling unit load at ‘a’ are plotted in Fig. 2.5 (6) and (c). (c) Overhanging beams Overhanging beams are not very common. But we do come across them in balcony beams, balanced cantilever bridge beams, ete. In buildings, over hangs are considered as space you get free. Let us investigate a beam with double overhangs as in Fig. 2.6. Let us try sketching influence lines for Fx, Mx, Ry, Roy My, Mg for the 3 zones a < 0; O & Ry T © 4 7 teh A, i (g) Fig. 26 Fig. 2.6 (c) shows this influence, (iii) Reactions R, and Ry. We know that a unit load at B produces unit reaction Ry. A load at C produces zero b reaction at B and a unit load at D produce: 78s in Eq. 2.10. This gives sufficient data to plot 2.6 (P and 2.6 (g), the influence lines for Ry and Re. 2.4 USING INFLUENCE LINES In Chapter 1, we dealt with rolling loads without the benefit of influence lines, That was like going to a warfront without guns. We found the going difficult as we had to plod through several possibilities. Now, we will experience the pleasure of putting influence lines to work. Influence lines duly plotted can help us get the total influence of all the loads on a span in inducing shear or bending moment at @ point, or a support reaction or a support bending moment. They can also help us decide upon the strategic load positions to create maximum shear or bending moment at a given section for which the ILDs are drawn. The italicized phrase is a limitation. It may require some effort to locate the critical point for which we shall construct the influence line, Example 2.1 illustrates the use of influence lines. pl A single rolling load of 100 kN moves ona girder of span 20m. (a) Construct the influence lines for (i) shear force and (ii) bending moment for a section 5m from the left support. (b) Construct the influence lines for points at which the maximum shears and maximum bending moment develop, Determine these maximum values.54 ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II (a) To find maximum shear force and bending moment at 5m from the left support ; l-x_ 20-5 20 For the ILD for shear, IL ordinate to the right of D = =0.75 IL ordinate to the left of D = z.5 = 0.25 100 KN tH ehS }— 5 m4 $$ 15 nm (@) 0.25 ILD for S.F at'D’ (b) ILD for B.M at 'D" () Fig. 2.7 For the IL for bending moment, IL ordinate at D= = 3.75 m. x(l-x) _ 5x15 20 i) Maximum positive shear force ‘By inspection of the ILD for shear force, itis evident that maximum positive shear force occurs when the load is placed just to the right of D. Maximum positive shear force = load x ordinate = 100 x 0.75 At D, SF,,,.+ = 75 KN. Gi) Maximum negative shear force ‘Maximum negative shear force occurs when the load is placed just to the left D. Maximum negative shear force = load x ordinate = 100 x 0.25 At D, SF,,,,— = 25 KN. (ii) Maximum bending moment Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is placed on the section D itself, Maximum bending moment = load x ordinate = 100 x 3.75 = 375 KN m.INFLUENCE LINES 8s (6) Maximum positive shear force will occur at A. Maximum negative shear force will occur at B. Maximum bending moment will occur at mid span. The ILs are sketched in Fig. 2.8. ILD for positive S.F at ‘AY @ ILD for negative S.F at 'B’ () aA ILD for BM at midspan (oI Fig. 28 () Positive shear force Maximum positive shear force occurs when the load is placed at A. ‘Maximum positive shear force = load x ordinate = 100 x 1 SFacemer + = 100KN (ii) Negative shear force Maximum negative shear foree occurs when the load is placed at B. ‘Maximum negative shear force = load x ordinate = 100 x (— 1) SFpgemaz =~ 100 KN (ii) Maximum bending moment Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is at midspan ‘Maximum bending moment = load x ordinate = 100 5 = 500 kNm. Draw the ILD for shear force and bending moment for a section at 5 m from the left hand support of a simply supported beam, 20 m long. Hence, ealeulate the maximum bending moment and shear force at the section, due to an uni- formly distributed rolting toad of length 8 m and intensity 10 kN/m run.56 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II 10 kN/m conotenennncns jan A f t 5B 5m—>#-—_—___—15 20m: ‘The influence line diagrams are already found in Figs. 2.7 (b) and (e). (a) Maximum bending moment Maximum bending moment at D due to a UDL shorter than the span occurs when the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span. (Fig. 2.9). k#-——— sm —_- 10 kN/m A, 8, Fig. 2.9 figure, “22 = 42 D BD In the above figure, B15 “Bp = 025, A,D=2m, B\D=6m Ordinates: 375 Ordinate under A, = => x 8 = 2.25INFLUENCE LINES aT Maximum bending moment = Intensity of load. x Area of ILD under the load (3.75 +2.25)x8 oe AtD, Mya = 240 KN m. (b) Maximum positive shear force Maximum positive shear force occurs when the tail of the UDL is at D as it traverses from left to right (Fig. 2.10). jm +e 7m 4 Fig. 2.10 Ordinate under B, = on x (16 = 8) 50.35 Maximum positive shear force = Intensity of load x Area of ILD under load =10x (Ors sabix8 SF,.¢+ = 44KN m. (c) Maximum negative shear force ‘Maximum negative shear force due to an UDL occurs when the head of the load is at D as it traverses from left to right. (Fig. 2.11) Fig. 2.1158 ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-Il ‘Maximum negative shear force = Intensity of load x Area of ILD under the load = 10(} x 0.25 x 8) Negative SFy,, = 6.25 KN, Two point loads of 100 kN and 200 kN spaced 3 m apart cross a girder of span 15 m from left to right with the 100 RN load toading. Draw the influence line for shear force and bending moment and find the value of maximum shear force and bending moment at a section D, 6 m from the left hand support. Also, find the absolute maximum bending moment due to the given load system. (@) Maximum bending moment 200 kN 100 KN 3am Fig. 2.12 Max. ordinate of ILD = a2 = “ =3.6m. Maximum bending moment at D occurs under the critical load. This load, when it moves from left to right or from right to left of ‘D’ changes the sign of L,, the differential loading rate, where, Wren _ Wright Ly Toe Now, let us try with 200 kN load. Firstly, keep this 200 KN load to the left of ‘D’. 200 6 -2 = 22.22 (+ve)INFLUENCE LINES 61 Maximum ordinate of ILD (:e.)ordinate under 200 kN Toad = “=? 3.799 m Ordinate under 100 kN load = 22% . 9.489 Absolute maximum bending moment, Mya, mz = 2 (Load * ordinate) = 200 x 3.783 + 100 x 2,489 = 995.6 kNm iim A train of 5 wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam of span 22.5 m. Using influence lines, calculate the maximum positive and negative shear forces at mid span and absolute maximum bending moment anywhere in the span, 120KN 160KN 400KN 260KN 240 KN asm 25m] 25m] 25m }&-——————_ 22.5m a | Fig. 2.16 (a) Maximum shear force @ Positive shear force Wyo We, Ws We, 120 KN 160 kN 400 KN 260 KN 240 kN WoW, WW; Wy, We 120 KN. 160 kN 400.kN 260 kN 240 kN A c B &) ‘Fig. 2.17, ILD for shear force at ‘C’.62 ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II To determine the load position to get the maximum positive shear force, let us keep all the loads to the right of C. Then move Ws load to the left of ‘C’ by 2.5 m. If the sign of shear increment S; is negative, it will indicate that W, shall be retained at C. oT, W = Total load on the span = 120 + 160 + 400 + 260+ 240 = 1180 kN ¢ = Distance through which the load train is moved = 2.5 m S= ees 120 = 11.11 (+ve) Since S, is positive, the shear force increases due to the shifting of W, to the left of C. Again, let us move W, to the left of C by 2.5 m to check whether the shear foree further in- creases or not. 3, = Ne —w, - FEES _ 160 = -28.89 ve) Since S, is nogative, it indieates that to got maximum positive shear force, W, should stay just right of C. Ordinates of ILD Ordinate under W, = Toe" x (11.25 2.5)=~ 0.99 Ordinate under W,= =5= 342 205 Ordinate under W,= 3055 » 8.75= 0.89 Ordinate under W,= 713s * 6.25= 0.28 0.5 Ordinate under We= ip95 * 8.75 = 0.17 ‘Maximum positive shear force = E (Load « ordinate) = 120 (0,39) + 160 (0.5) + 400 (0,39) + 260 (0.28) + 240 (0.17) AGC, SF age + 302.8 KN, (i) Negative shear force 12OKN 160KN 400KN 260KN 240KN 25m | 25m / 25m | 25m A 8 11.25 m 11.25m Fig. 2.18 To determine the position of loads to get the maximum negative shear force, move the loads one by one to the right of C and computer the value of §,. If 5; becomes negative, it will indicate a decrease in negative shear force due to that movement. First let us move the leading W, to the right of ‘C’ by 2.5 m and calculate S,.INFLUENCE LINES: 63 5-4 _w, Wee emo KN jd =2.5m 1180x25 S,-—Ggg ~ 240 = — 108.89 ve) Since &, is -ve, it indicates that W, should stay just to the left of C. Ordinates of ILD; = _ 1125 Oraimatencer a= a * #05 » (11.25 — 2.5) = 0,89 Ordinate under W, = its ‘Ordinate under W, x (11.25 -5.0) = 0.278 sas ‘Ordinate under W, = og * (11.25 - 7.5) = 0.167 Ordinate under W, = ——3> pop * C11. 25 — 10) = 0.056 Maximum negative shane! force at C = 240 (— 0.5) + 260 (— 0.89) + (400 (— 0.278)) + 160 (— 0.167) + 120 (- 0.056) Fae = 366,04 KN (b) Absolute maximum bending moment (i) Position of resultant of all loads Taking moments about W,, 120 (0)+ 160 (2.5) + 400 (6.0) + 260 (7.5) + 240 (10.0) = Riz R= 1180kN = = 5.72 m from W, Gi) Location of absolute maximum bending moment Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load, which is nearest to the resultant 'R’. (In this problem, W, is nearest to the resultant ‘R’). The distance between C and Rand the distance between C and W, shall be equal. Distance between R and centre of span (C) = % (0.72) = 0.36 m. Fig. 2.19 shows the IL for bending moment at the critical spot D, 10.89 m from A.64 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II 120KN 160kN 400KN 260KN 240 kN 072m 1.78m Fig. 2.19. ILD for bending moment at ‘D’. Ordinates of ILD: Maximum ordinate of ILD x(l=x) = 10.89(22.5 - 10.39) (e.) ordinate under W;= T 225 5.62 Ordinate under W,= i *839= 4.33 Ordinate under We we x 5.89 = 8.04 Ordinate under Wy= 72 x9.11=4.41 Ordinate under W,# 2 x6.61=3.20 Absolute maximum bending moment = 120 (3.04) + 160 (4.33) + 400 (5.62) + 260 (4.41) + 240 (8.2) Moy max = 5220.2 kN m. Agirder having a span of 18 mis simply supported at the ends, It is traversed by @ train of loads as shown in Fig. 2.20, the 60 kN load loading. Find the mazimum bending moment which ean oceur (i) under the 200 RN load (ii) under 60 RN load, using influence line diagrams (ILD).INFLUENCE LINES. 6s JOOKN = 200KN — 100KN- SO KN. . }--—- 16 n ——_______ Fig. 2.20 (a) Maximum bending moment (@ Under 200 RN load ‘To get the maximum bending moment under W,, the resultant (R) and W, should be at equal distances from the centre of the span (C). For that, the point of action of resultant (R) should be determined first. (a) Resultant of loads : R=450kN ‘Taking moments about W, 200 (3) + 100 (3 + 2) +50 (3 +248) = 450 F = = 3.93 m from W,. (&) Bending moment under 200 kN load 0.165 m 100 KN 200kKN 100 KN 50 kN 5.835 m 3m 3m 4.165 m A é B gm gm (f@ 8.835, 9.165 ) Fig. 2.21 Distance between C and 200 kN load = Distance between C and R= 0.33 /2= 0.165 m.66 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II x=8335m ILO under W,= x 5.835 = 2.97 m 46 aaa ILO under W, ayes **4100- 352m ILO under W, = ae x 4,165 = 2.05 m Bending moment under the 200 KN load = 200 (4.5) + 100 (2.97) + 100 (8.52) + 50 (2.05) = 1651.5 kNm, (i) Bending moment under 50 kN load ‘To get the maximum bending moment under W,, W, and ‘R’ must be at equal distances from the centre of span (C). Distance between C and R= Distance between C and W, = %(2=0.33 + 3) = 4 (4.67) = 2.335 m. 0.33.m 1OOKN 200KN 100KN SO KN c 2.335 7 2.335 gm gm (@) 11.335, 8.935 6.335 6.665 (b) Fig, 2.22 Ordinates of ILD: 1LO under W, = 0-2) _ 11895 £6665 18 420INFLUENCE LINES 67 42 11335 42 11336 ILO under W, = TE 9.895 = 1.24 Bending moment under the 50 kN load = 4.2 (50) + 9,09 (100) + 2.95 (200) + 1.24 (100) = 1113 KN m. Using the relevant influence line diagrams, find (@ the maximum bending moment, (ii) the maximum positive and negative shears at 4 m from the left support A of a SS girder of span 10 m, when a train of 4 wheel loads of 10 kN, 15 kN, 30 kN and 30 kN spaced at 2m, 3 mand 3m respectively cross the span with the 10 kN load loading. ILO under Wy = * 8.335 = 3.09 m ILO under W, = x 6.335 = 2.35 ‘The influence line diagrams for bending moment and shear are sketched below (Fig. 2.23) Ww Ws WwW. Ww, SO0kN 30KN 15KN 10KN 3m 3m 2m 10 kN 15 KN 30 KN 30 KN 2m 3m 3m ao B 4am 6m @) 06 A B a4 ) Fig. 2.23 7 ILO at C for shoar right of C = = 5, =06 ILO at C for bending moment is 22 ois =24m TLO at C for shear leno = =0468 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II (a) Maximum bending moment occurs at C when the critical load is placed at C. The critical load is that which when moved from left of C to the right changes the sign of the loading rate L, given by ‘The load system can traverse the span either from left to right or from right to left, But to get the maximum bending moment, the load system should traverse from left to right, with W, leading. (Otherwise, with W, at C, W, will be off the span). ‘When W, is at C Gust to the left of C), W, rae) 2% ~ 10:88 (eve) 67 (-ve) ‘Lr changes sign when W, crosses C. Hence, W, is critical and should be placed at C for maximum bending moment at C. Fig. 2.24 shows the load positions and the corresponding influence line ordinates (ILO). Fig. 2.24 Mags at C = 30 (0.6) + 30 (2,4) + 15 (1.2) + 10(0.4) = 112 kNm, 2, Maximum positive shear force ‘The ILD for shear is shown in Fig. 2.25. Maximum positive shear force occurs when all the loads are to the right of the section and the load system traverses from right to left. 0KN 20KN {SKN 10KN We am Wy am __{Wo2m_JW% 06 © [INFLUENCE LINES 69 To get maximum positive shear force, place W, as shown in Fig. 2.25. To ascertain that this is the load position for maximum positive shear force, move W, to the left through a distance of 3 m so that W, is at C. If the sign of shear increment S,, given by "4 _ wm is indicates that W, should be at the right of ‘C’. (W,, is the load moved to the other In the above expression, s, -t -W.= Be = 90=-7.5(-ve) ‘The shoar increment happens to be nogative. Hence, W, should not be moved to the left. Ordinate under W, = 0.6 Ordinate under W, = “8 ¥3=03 Ordinate under W, = 0 Maximum positive shear force = 0.6 (30) + 0.3 (30) = 27 KN. 3, Maximum negative shear force Maximum negative shear force occurs when the loads are to the left of the section while traversing from left to right. JOKN 1S KN SOkN S0KN _ To ascertain if this is the maximum negative shear force position, move W, to the right of C through a distance of 3 m. If the sign of S, is negative, it indicates that the W, should not be moved, wa 603 “P ~Wi= jg -30=- 12 ve). Since the sign is negative, W, should stay at the left of ‘C”. 8,= Ordinate under W,= 4 120. Ordinate under W, = 0.4 Maximum negative shear force = 0.1 x 90 + 0.4 x 80 = 15 kN.INFLUENCE LINES ” 4: Ordinate under Ge Bieta Ordinate under Hw4e yons6m Ordinate under Ts # x7.6=3.0m Bending moment at D =£ (Load x ordinate) for point loads + (Load intensity x area of ILD below UDL) = 150 (3) + 150 (4.2) + 150 (4.4) + 150 (3.6) + 60 (1/2 x 7.5 x 3) = 2955 KN m. () Shear force at this section 160 160 150 150 60 kN Ordinates of ILD: Maximum positive ordinate of ILD = Ordinate under E = =o x6==0.25 Ordinate under F = “4 xT=~ 0.35 Ordinate under G= g «11=0.55 Ordinate under H = ¢ x9= 0.45 Ordinate under I= eA x75 20.3872 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II Shear force at D for the given load arrangement = E (load x ordinate) + (load intensity x area of ILD below UDL) = 150 (~ 0.25) + 150 (~ 0.35) + 150 (0.55) + 150 (0.45) + 60 (1/2 x 7.5 x 0.38) = 145.5 KN SF, 2.5 INFLUENCE LINES FOR OVERHANGING BEAMS Drawing influence lines for beams with overhangs does not need any new principles. ‘We need extend the concept we are already familiar with. Loads on overhangs can produce downward reactions at supports. a b A T B © c (o 1 = o) ‘ aa a $—*+— 2} = @ 7 Jase — a ® Fig. 2.90 ‘These in turn can produce hogging bending moments. We need be, therefore, careful about the sign of the influence line ordinates. For the beam ABC in Fig. 2.30 (a) the influence line for R, is shown in Fig. 2.30 (6). ‘There is a negative partin the overhang BC. This of course means, that a load on BC produces a negative (downward) reaction at A. Fig. 2.30 (c) is the influence line for bending moment at D on segment AB is just like the one for a SS beam. For the overhang, when the unit load is at x from B, x Fi Hence at C, wherex = 0 the ordinate is— = Regarding bending moment at B, we can use the same formula as for a cantilever. ax R,=-1 My =Ry.a=-FAbout the Authors Dr. R. Vaidy. Dr. R. Vaidya g Professor of Civil Engineering, Mepeo Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi was formerly Principal of Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, Hehas been teaching Civil Engineering for over four decades. After his retirement from Government service, he served in various capacities such as Advisor, Principal & Director in Private Colleges and has now chosen to revert to Civil Engineering as Visiting Professor. He graduated from A.C. College of Engineering and ‘Technology in 1959 and took his Master degree in Structural Engineering from College of ering. Guindy where he was also teaching. He did his doctorate in the area of Shell Structures from IIT, Chennai inthe early Seventies. Dr. R. Vaidyanathan, has published several Technical Papers, organized Technical and continuing education programmes, guided U.G. and master projects and produced three Ph.Ds. He has been a consultant on diverse Civil Engineering problems ranging from Conerete Technology, Rehabilitation of Structures, Construction of shell Structures, Vibration Problems, Non-Destructive field testing etc. This book is the culmination of his long felt urge to write books that would directly address the students’ intellect. Dr. P. Perumal Dr. P. Perumal, the first and proud Doctoral candidate of Dr. R. Vaidyanathan, originally started his career with a Diploma in Civil Engineering in 1974. He graduated from A.C. College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi in 1981 and took his M-E. (1987) and Ph.D. (1995) from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore. After a short period of field work, he entered Polytechnic Teaching and served for 7 years. For the past 21 years he has been teaching Civil Engineering in Government Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu. He has authored 6 Technical papers of which 4 are along with Dr, R. Vaidyanathan, He has attended conferences & short term courses, convened several Ph.D. Committee meetings and acted as member of boards of studies. He has acted as Assistant controller of Examinations in GCT, Coimbatore and as the first Zonal Officer of Anna University for Tirunelveli zone covering 29 Engineering colleges, This book is the outcome of his longing to put in print his class room work with several batches of students, Presently he is guiding six Ph.D. Scholars. His areas of interest are Ferrocement, Concrete, Shell structures and Finite Element Analysis. ISBN 81-7008. IITA A ] | | | | |