fN!

;sl oHdj

;rx. yd tAjdfha fh

fuu mdvu yeoEfuka miq j Tng"

;rx. W;amdokh" m%pdrKh yd ;rx.hl .=K"

m%Odk ;rx. wdldr" O ;rx. j." tuska we;s jk n,mE"

jks ;rx. m%pdrKh" jksfha ,dlaI l .=K iy O ix.S;

NdKav iqir lsu yd tys Nd;hka ms<sn| j
wkafIKh lsug wjYH
ksmqK;d ,nd .ekSug yelsjkq we;'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

1'1 ;rx. W;m

a dokh" mp
% drKh yd ;rx.hl .K
=
.=jka ,s ;rx." rEmjdyskS ;rx. yd jks ;rx. wmg tfk ;fha
yqremqre h' 2004 foien ui 26 jeks k uq f,dj u lmd lrjQ iqkd
;;a;ajh Tng u;l we;s' th id.r m;af,a is jQ N+ lmkhla fya;=fjka yg.;a
;rx. fYaIhla ksid we;s jQjls' mDfha kaf.a meje;au i|yd w;HjYH
idOlhla jk iQh Yla;sh o fmdf<djg ,efnkafka ;rx. wdldrfhks' ffhda
;rx." q ;rx." c, ;rx. yd N+ lmk ;rx. kg;a wm okakd wfkl=;a ;rx.
f'
;rx. yg.kakd wldrh
uqyqfoa fyda c, ;gdlhl fyda c,h u;=msg we;s jk ;rx. Tn oel we;' ksi,
c,hg hula is lsf " c,fha fndagqjla .uka lsf isjk c, wxY+kaf.a
lmkfhka - fkdtfia k le,ulska c, ;rx. we;s jk nj oel.; yels h'
lmkhla hkq wp, ,CIHhla yryd oauhdkql+, j fomig is jk p,s;hls'
tfukau th wdj;Sh fyj;a kej; kej; is jk (periodic) p,s;hls' lsh;a
;,hl lmkh" iriq,l lmkh iy ksi, c,hg isria f,i .,la uQ g is
jk c, wxY+kaf.a p,s;h" wmg tfk yuq jk lmkj,g ksoiqka lsysmhls'
l%shdldrlu 1'1
ksi, c,h iys; nklg .,la oukak'
isfjk foa ksCIKh lrkak'
c, mDIaGh u; jD;a;dldr /<s;s f,i
yd l%u-l%ufhka uy;a jk j< f,i c,
;rx. me;sfrk whqre lsh yels h'
fuhska wm ksCIKh lf<a c,h
;=< we;s jQ ;rx.hls'
tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg lsish udOHhla ;=<ska fyda wjldYhla yryd
fyda .uka lrk wdj;Sh p,s;hla ;rx.hla f,i ye|skah yels h'
ksi, c,hg .,la fuka c, wxY= lmkh f' th le,Uqula f,i wmg
fmfka' ka tu le,Uqu jD;a;dldr /<s;s ^;rx.& f,i bka Tng m%pdrKh f'
fuys ;rx.h m%pdrKh jk udOHh jkafka c,h hs'
tfkod ;fha wmg yuqjk ;j;a ;rx. j.hla ykd.ekSug my; 1'2
ls%hdldrlfuys fhfouq'
l%shdldrlu 1'2
oHd.drfha we;s ia,skalshla iu;, mDIAGhla u; ;nkak' tys tla
fl<jrla wp, j i lrkak' ia,skalsh tla;rd m%udKhlg weo ksoyia
fl<jr bhg yd miqmig ;ka p,kh lrkak'
2

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

wxY= lmkh

;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydj

1'2 rEmh - ia,skalshl wlaIh Tiafia we;s jk ;rx.

i,
a k
s l
a h
s l tla fl<jrl lmkhla we;s l
s fuka tys le,Uu
q la we;s l<
yels h' tu le,Uu
q o`.rj, <x yd wE;a we;s lrka i,
a k
s l
a h
s f.a mp
% drKh
jk nj fmfk'a fuys ;rx.h mp
% drKh u i|yd udOHh jf
Q ha i,
a k
s l
a h
s h's
udOHhla ;=<ska ;rx.hla m%pdrKh f udOH wxY= wdj;Sh p,khlg
Ndckh f' fuys udOH wxY= bhg fyda miq mig p,kh f' ke;fyd;a udOH
wxY= by<g fyda my<g p,kh f' ia,skalsh f.a ;rx. m%pdrKfha ia,skalsfha
or bhg yd miq mig p,kh f' c, ;rx. m%pdrKfha wxY= by<g yd
my<g p,kh f' fuu wjia:d foflys u" tu wxY= uq,a ia:dkhg kej;
mefKk ksid" udOH wxY=j, ia:dmkhla isfkd ;rx.h muKla bhg
m%pdrKh f'
;rx. mp
% drKfha tla i:
a dkhl lmkhg n`ka jQ udOH wxYj
= la B <
wxYj
= fj; Yl;
a h
s ,nd foh's tu wxYf
= jka B<`. wxYj
= g Yl;
a h
s ,ndfoh's f
wdldrhg udOHhl tla fl<jrl ig
s wfkla fl<jrg ;rx. uk
s a Yl;
a h
s
ifmI
a% Kh jk nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
udOHhla ;=<ska ;rx.hla m%pdrKh jk Ydjg idfmalaI j udOH wxY=
p,kh jk wdldrh wkqj ;rx. j. follg fnh yels h'
1' wkj
a dhdu ;rx. ( longitudinal waves )
2' ;Shla ;rx. ( transverse waves )
wkajdhdu ;rx.
;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydjg u udOH wxY=j, lmkh is jk ;rx.
wkajdhdu ;rx. k f' ia,skalshla tys wlaIh Tiafia lmkh lsfuka
ia,skalsfha we;s jk wkajdhdu ;rx. kslaIKh l< yels h' lsh;a ;,hla fyda
iriq,la fyda lmkh lsfuka o jd;fha fujeksu wkajdhdu ;rx. we;s f'
ia,skalshl yd iriq,l lmkh ksid yg .kakd wkajdhdu ;rx.
1'3 rEmfhka laf
imv
S k

wxY= lmkh

;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydj

Yla;sh ifm%aIKh jk Ydj

1'3 rEmh

r,k
;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydj
Yla;sh ifm%aIKh jk Ydj

fuys jd; wxY= <x j msysgk ;eka imSvk (compressions ) f' iriqf,a
;s <x jk g uq,ska f;rmS ;snQ jd; wxY= wE;a ula is f' fujeks ;eka r,k
(rarefaction ) f,i yekaf' m<uq wjia:df imS; j ;snQ jdhq wxY= iriqf,a
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

lmkh ksid B < wjia:df r,khla njg m;a f' jd;fha

m%;Hia:;dj ksid jd; wxY= f wdldrhg imSvk yd r,k njg m;a fjka
;rx.hla wdldrhg bhg wefoa'
;
S hla ;rx.
;rx.h mp
% drKh jk Ydjg ,nl j udOH wxY= lmkh is jk ;rx.
;
S hla ;rx. f' ki
s , c,hg .,la fuk"a lUhla tla fl<jrlk
s a w,j
a df.k
by<g yd my<g p,kh l
s fuk"a ia,skalshla tys wlaIhg ,nl j by<g yd
my<g p,kh l
s fuk"a fuu ;rx. we;j
s k whr
q e k
s CIKh l< yels h'
ia,skalshla isria j by<g yd my<g p,kh lsf iy c,fha yg .kakd
;Shla ;rx. 1'4 rEmfhka laf'
YSI

YSI

wxY=
lmkh

wxY= lmkh

ksk

ksk

c, ;rx.

;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydj yd

Yla;s ifma%IKh jk Ydj

;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydj yd Yla;s ifma%IKh jk Ydj

1'4 rEmh - ;Shla ;rx.

l%shdldrlu 1'3
l%shdldrlu 1-1 fuka c,h l,Ujd tA u; l=vd lvis Trejla fyda Rcqf*da
lene,a,la fyda ma,diala fnda,hla fyda ;nd kslaIKh lrkak'
fuys c, ;rx.h c, mDIaGh f.a m%pdrKh jk kuq;a mDIaGh u; we;s
lvis Trej c, ;rx.h iu. bhg .uka fkd lrhs' tfy;a th by<g yd
my<g muKla p,kh f' tA wkqj c, ;rx. m%pdrKfhaa c, wxY= Bg ,nlj
by<g yd my<g lmkh jk nj meye,s f'
wms ka c,fha u;=msg we;sjk c, ;rx. ms<sn|j kej; i,ld n,uq' c,
;rx.hl u,
q a my
s
s f ig
s by<g we;s jk Wmu ,lI
a h Y
S I (crest ) f,i o my<g
we;s jk Wmu ,lI
a h k
s k ( trough ) f,i o ykj
a h's ^1'4 rEmh& ;rx.hla
mp
% drKh f k
s khla j ;n
s Q c, mDIG
a h lu
% fhka tys kY
s p
a , my
s
s u miq lrka
f.dia Y
S Ihla njg m;a f' tA iu u l,k
s a Y
S Ihla j ;n
s Q c, mDIG
a h my;g je
k
s khla f' f wdldrhg Y
S I yd k
s k we;s lrka ;rx.h bhg wefo'a
;Shla ;rx.hla ksrEmKh jk wdldrh 1(5 rEmfhka laf'
i;
a drh

;rx. wdhduh

wxY=
p,;
s h

Y
S I
uOHkH my
s
s u

k
s k
;rx. wdhduh
1'5 rEmh - ;Shla ;rx.hla ksrEmKh lrk wdldrh

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

;rx. wdhduh (wave length)

tl u msysu yd p,s; Ydj olajk wkqhd; wxY= foll mr;rh ;rx.
wdhduh k f' fuh ;rx.hl imQK pl%hla ksrEmKh lrhs' ;rx.hla hkq
fujeks pl% .Kkdjlska iuka; jQjls' ;rx.hl ;rx. wdhduh l ^,evd&
j,ska ykajkq ,ef' th uksk iu; tAllh g (m) f'
ia;drh (amplitude)
uOHkH msysf isg wxY=jl is jk Wmrsu ia:dmkh tys ia;drh k
f' th uksk iu; tAllh o g (m) f'

ixLHd;h (frequency)
;;amrhl we;s jk lmk .Kk fyda ;;amr tll we;s jk mQK
pl% ixLHdj tu p,s;fha ixLHd;h (f) k f' ixLHd;h uksk tAllh yia h
(Hz). tla lmkhla we;s f tla mQK pl%hla we;s f'
;rx.hl f.h (speed of a wave)
;rx.hla tla ;;amrhl .uka lrk r tys f.h hs (V). ;rx.hl ;rx.
wdhduh (l)" ixLHd;h (f)
yd f.h (V) w;r inkaO;djh my;
ilrKfhka fokq ,ef'
V = fl
fuh ;rx.hl f.h i|yd ilrKh hs'
f.h ukskq ,nk tAllh m s-1 f'
i ksoiqk(

ixLHd;h 512 Hz jQ iriq,la jd;fha lmkh l< g we;s jQ ;rx.fha

;rx. wdhduh 0'65 m f' jd;fha jksfha f.h fidhkak'
iu (iriqf,a ixLHd;h
= 512 Hz
;rx. wdhduh
= 0.65 m
V
= fl
=

512 0.65

332.8 m s-1

1-2 ;rx. j.
wdf,dalh" jksh jeks fndfyda Yl;
a s fYI
a mp
% drKh jkf
a ka ;rx. wdldrfhka
nj wms ka oku
s 'q jks ;rx. mp
% drKhg udOHhla wjYH jj
q o i
Q hhd yd
;drldj,k
s a kl
s ;
= a lrk wdf,dl
a yd ;dm Yl;
a k
S a m:fhka f;dr wjldYh yryd
;rx. wdldrfhka mDhg <`.d f' wNHjldY.; hdkdj,k
s a ,efnk ffhda yd
rEmjdyk
s S ;rx. o fufia fmdf<djg ,ef' l;
a hla ;<
= k
s a jj
q o m%pdrKh ug
yels fujeks ;rx. oHq;a pqnl ;rx. f'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

;rx. m%pdrKh jk udOH wkqj wm wjg mirfha we;s ;rx. m%Odk f,i
j. follg fnh yelsh'
1' hdka;%sl ;rx.
2' oHq;a pqnl ;rx.
;rx.
oHq;a pqnl ;rx.

hdka;%sl ;rx.

^m%pdrKhg udOHhla wjYH f&

wkajdhdu ;rx.

;Shla ;rx.

^m%pdrKhg udOHhla wjYH fkdf'&

;Shla ;rx.

hdka;s%l ;rx.
;rx.hla m%pdrKh u i|yd m:uh udOHhla wjYH jk ;rx. hdka;%sl
;rx. .Khg wh;a f' tA wkqj jks ;rx." N+ lmk ;rx. iy c, ;rx."
hdka;%sl ;rx. .Khg wh;a f'
jks ;rx.
ksiqkaf.a lgy~" i;=kaf.a kdo" r:jdykj, k<d y~" iSkq kdo wmg tfk
wefik Yo f' fuys Y%jK ixfok we;s lrk Yla;s fYaIh jksh hs'
jksh ksl=;a lrk m%Nj jks m%Nj k f' jks ;rx. fhd.kska wm
myrKh lrk ;dlaI l fuj, rdYshla u ksmojd we;' iajrd,h yryd we;s
iajr ;ka;% lmkfhka ksid fukau wfkl=;a fndfyda i;a;= o Yoh we;s
lr;s' tlsfkld w;r woyia yqjudre lsf jksh b;d jeo.;a f' jksh
m%pdrKh jkafka wkajdhdu ;rx. f,i nj Tn Wf.k we;'

N+ lmk ;rx.
ij
a dNdl j u mD wNHk;
a rfha we;s jk mm
s
s fyda mD wNHk;
a rfha
ij
a Ndl j mj;k
s N+ ;e w;r isjk .e fy;
a f
= jka N+ lmk yg .k'S N+ ;,
.ef lI
a l Yl;
a s fudp
a khla we;s f' tg we;s jk N+ lmk ;rx. mD
u;m
= g
s olj
a d b;d f.fhka me u ki
s d N
+ lmd ;;;
a j
a we;s f' N
+ lmdjla
mD mDIG
a h u; kE u ;ekl - ^f.dvu fyda uy
q q m;f
a ,&a is h yels h'
N+ lmdjla yg.kakd ia:dkh kdNsh k f' kdNsfha isg fowdldrhl ;rx.
ksl=;a f' tA mDIah ;rx. yd foay ;rx. jYfhks' mDIAh ;rx. mD mDIaGh
Tiafia .uka lrka ydks we;s lrhs' tAjd ;Shla ;rx. f'
foay ;rx. m%d:l yd oa;Shsl ;rx. f,i foj.hls' m%d:l ;rx. b;d
f.fhka m%pdrKh jk wkajdhdu ;rx. jk w;r oa;Shsl ;rx. f.h ;rula
wvq ;Shla ;rx. f' fujeks ;rx. j,g mD wNHka;rh yryd .uka lsf
yelshdj we;' N+lmk udk u.ska fuu foay ;rx. j, meKSu myiqfjka
ykd.; yels h' mD wNHka;rh yeoEug fjd Wmld f'
6

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

c, ;rx.
ksi, c, nklg .,a leghla uQ g ;rx. we;s jk nj ka wms oksuq'
fjd c, wxY= lmkh jk Ydjg ,nl j .uka lrk ;Shla ;rx. f'
fkd.eUqre c, ;rx.
c, ;rx.hla fjr<dikak fkd.eUqre c,fha we;s jk g pl%hla imQK
u wmyiq ksid b,smaiSh yevhla .kS' tg u;=msg c,fha wl nEjqula yd
ke`.Sula tlajr u we;s f' fug .eUqr wvq jk ia:dkj, ;rx. ;j rg;a
.uka fkdlr fmK k.ska f|a'
iqkd ;;a;ajh o we;s jkafka fkd.eUqre c, ;rx. u`.sks' id.r m;=f,a
m%n, lmkhla we;s jQ g yg .kakd c, ;rx. fjr< olajd me u ksid
iqkd ;;a;ajhla we;s f' .eUqre uqyqfoa fjdfha ;rx. wdhduh lsf,dag ish
.Kkla . h' tfy;a ia;drh b;d wvq h' tA ksid tAjd m%pdrKh jk g tys
Yla;sh ydks jkafka iq jYfhks' tfy;a wvq .eUqrla we;s fjr< wdikakfha
;rx. wdhduh wvq fjhs' th g 10la fyda Bg je Yd, ia;drhla we;s r<
l|la njg m;a f.dv u foig lvd j'
N+ lmk" .sks l msms" kdh hE" uqyqo hg w;ay ne,S ksid we;s jk
msms yd W,aldmd; wdh iqkd ;;a;ajhka we;s ug fya;= f'

1'6 rEmh - by<g ke`.=Kq iqkd c, r<

oHq;a pqnl ;rx. (electro - magnetic waves)

;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydjg ,nl j tlsfklg ,nl ;, foll lmkh
jk oHq;a yd pqnl fCIa;% iys; ;rx. oHq;a pqnl ;rx. f'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

Y
E

O
Z

B
B

1'7 rEmh - oHq;a pqnl ;rx.

ksrEmKh

X,Y,Z tlfklg wNs,n ;,

B - pqnl lafIa;%h
E - oHq;a lafIa;%h
O-X ;rx.h m%pdrKh jk Ydj

oHq;a pqnl ;rx.j,g O ixLHd; mrdi yd ;rx. wdhdu we;' ta

wkqj tAjd O .=Kj,ska hqla; f' kj ;dlaIKfoh Wmfhda.S lrf.k
ksmojk O fuj, Nd;fha oHq;a pqnl ;rx. nyq,j Wmfhda.S lr.kS'
ffhda yd rEmjdyskS" iQCIu ;rx. Wka" wfOdarla; ;rx. Nd; jk leurd"
wNHjldY hdkd" ffjoH WmlrK ta i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhls'
(m)

1'8 rEmh - .= ;rx. wdhdu yd fl ixLHd; mrdij, isg fl ;rx. wdhdu iy je

ixLHd; mrdi olajd jk oHq;a pqnl ;rx.

oHq;a pqnl ;rx.j,g fmd ,dlaIKsl .=K iuyrla my; laf'

! ifm%aIKhg udOHhla wjYH ke;'
! tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg Yla;sh ifm%aIKh lrhs'
! ;Shla ;rx. f'
8
-1
! la;fha 3 10 m s f.hlska ir, fh j .uka lrhs'
! oHq;a yd pqnl .=K we;'
! mrdj;k yd j;k kshuj,g tl`. f'
! wdfrdamKhla rys;h'
ffhda yd rEmjdyskS ;rx.
fjd oH;
q a p
q nl ;rx. w;ka Yd,;u ;rx. wdhduh iy;
s ;rx. f' fuu ;rx.
.j
= ka ,s rEmjdyk
s S lgh;
q = iy cx.u rl:k lgh;
q = i|yd fhd .k'S kHz mrdifha
;rx. AM ^i;
a dr uQPk& ffhda ;rx. f' MHz mrdifha ;rx. FM ^ixLHd;
uQPk& ffhda ;rx. f' rEmjdyskS ldY ;rx. o MHz mrdifha tAjd h'
iQlaIau ;rx. (micro waves)
oHq;a pqnl jKdj,sfha .=jka ,s iy rEmjdyskS ;rx. ixLHd; mrdihg jvd
by< ixLHd;hla we;s ;rx. iQlaIau ;rx. f' fjd ikaksfok yd fvd
WmlrKj, Nd; f' b;d uE; ld,Sk j fuu iQlaIau ;rx. Nd; jkafka
iQlaIau ;rx. Wkaj, h (microwave ovens) ' tys iQlaIau ;rx. u`.ska wdydrh
;=< u ;dmh ksmojk ksid msis j" tfuka u fmdaIl ydksh wvq fkdjk m
ldhlaIu j wdydr msi.; yels h'
8

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

wfOdarla; lsrK (Infrared rays)

il
Q I
a u
a ;rx.j, ixLHd;hg jvd by< ixLHd;hlk
s a h;
q a wfOdral;
a lrsK ;dm
lrslj, we;s mO
% dk lrsK j.h f' ;dmh ydks f fuu lrsK mg
s f' hula
WKi
q
q
f fuu lr
s K thg wjfYdI
a Kh f' i
Q h ;dmfhka
jH r;a f wfOdral;
a lrsK tu jH u`.k
s a wjfYdI
a Kh lr.k'S wfOdral;
a ixf
leurdj," ri:
a md,lj, yd ffjoH oHdf fuu lrsK mf
% hdc
a khg .k'S
oDYH wdf,dl
a h (visible light)
wmf.a tfk lgh;
q = i|yd Nd; lrk oDYH wdf,dl
a h wmg fmfkk
tlu oH;
q a p
q nl ;rx. fYI
a hh's oDYH wdf,dl
a h jK 7 lk
s a iuk
a ;h' o'
bk
a f.d"a k,
s "a fld<" ly";e,"s yd r;= tu jKh's tj
a dg fjkia ;rx. wdhdu we;'
mdrcnq, lsrK (ultra violet rays)
fuu ;rx.j, ixLHd;h oDYH wdf,dalfha ixLHd;hg jvd by< h' fuu
lsrK" ksis m%udKfhka ,enqKq g wmf.a ifuys gka D ixYaf,aIKhg Wmld
f' iu jK .ekau o lrhs' tfy;a fuu lsrKj,g je jYfhka ksrdjrKh
jk g iug yd wefia oDIa ;dkhg thska ydks ish yelsh' tA wkqj f
uska cdk lD;s u yd if ms<sld jqj o we;s h yelsh'
m%;sma; myka ;=< we;s jdhq ;=<ska ,sh .uka lrk g mdrcnq, lsrK
we;s f' tu lsrK m%;sma; ixfhda. u; m;s; jQg oDYH wdf,dalh we;s f'
fyd| ,siSula we;s lsu i|yd iuyr m%;sma; ixfhda.j,g jKl j. Y% lr
we;' jHdc uqo,a fkdagq fidhd .ekSug fuka u jia;=j, msmsre b;e,S fidhd
.ekSug o fuu mdrcnq, lsrK fhd.kS' iuyr fr fidaok l=vqj, o m%;sma;
ixfhda. wvx.= we;'
X lsrK (X-ray)
b;d by< ixLHd;hlska hq;a ;rx. j.hls' wl Yla;shla we;s ksid isrer
kso hEf yelshdj we;' tA ksid ffjoH lghq;=j, frda. ksYaph i|yd
Nd; f' X lsrK uska ,nd.kakd PdhdrEm fijKe,s rEm f' X lsrKj,g
yiqjkafka wia fyda jK .eka jQ mgl fyda muKs' m:fha mrudKq is we;s
rgd fiug fuka u ly,aj, f,day mEiaiqj, m fiug o X lsrK
PdhdrEm fhd .efka' X lsrKo cdk lD;s yd ms<sldj,g fya;= h yelsh'

1-3' jksh
jksh .uka lrkafka wkajdhdu ;rx. f,i nj o" jksh we;s ug
lmkhla we;s h hq;=
nj o" fuhg by; wms bf.k .;suq'
jeis iys; kj, wyi .s.=re fok y~ weiSug iaj,am fudfyd;lg
fmr ,s t<shla gq nj Tng u;l we;' tA ,s flu yd f.ru we;s jQfha
wjia:d foll o@ ke;sk tl u fgl o@ ,s flul wdf,dalh yd
.s.sre y~ we;s jkafka tl u fudfyd;l h' tfy;a wdf,dalh wm fj;
b;d blaukska <`.d jk w;r wmg Yoh wefikqfha ;;amr lsysmhlg miqj h'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

' mejreu 1
jeis iys; fkl ,s flu yd f.ru we;s lrk j,dl=<lg we;s r
fiug Tng yels o@
,s flu gq fudfydf;a ld,h igyka lrkak'
.s.=re y~ weiqKq fudfydf;a ld,h igyka lr.kak'
jd;fha Yofha f.h 330 m s-1 f,i i,ld j,dl=<g we;s r fidhkak'

jks ;rx. m%pdrKh

jksh tla ;efklska ;j;a ;eklg .uka
lsrSu jks m%pdrKh hs'
jkh
s .uka l
s ug udOHhla wjYH o @
f ms<sn|j fidhdne,Su i|yd my;
lafjk mlaIKh islruq.

rn m
,s iemhqu

,s
ik
S j
q
>KG
a d
irdj

1'9 rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg >KAGd

irdjla ;=< isyska l u`.ska ,s iSkqj
t,a,d we;' irdj ;=< we;s jd;h la;
fmdmh k jQ WmlrKh u`.ska bj;a l<
yels h'

la; fmdmh

s ug
s .uka l
1'9 rEmh - jkh
udOHhla wjYH nj fmkau

iSkqj kdo ug i,iajd la; fmdmh u`.ska jd;h bj;a lrk g iSkqf y~
l%ufhka wvq f.dia wjidkfha th kEiS hhs' tfy;a ;jrg;a iSkqj l%shd
lrkq lsh yels h' fuys jd;h bj;a fuka miq lmkh ug jdhq wxY=
fkdue;s u ksid jkshg .uka l< fkdyels h' kej; l%ufhka jd;h we;=
lrk g iSkq y~ l%ufhka weiSug mgka.kS' la;hla yryd jksh .uka fkd
lrk nj;a" jksh .uka lsug udOHhla wjYH nj;a f wkqj meye,s f'
jksh" j ;=<ska o >k ;=<ska o .uka lrhs'
jd;h" c,h yd jdfka ;=< jksfha f. fufia h'
jd;fha jks f.h
c,fha jks f.h
jdfka ;=< jks f.h

= 330 m s-1
= 1461 m s -1
= 5000 m s -1

mejreu 2
>k" j" jdhqj, wxY= ieleiau yd tu udOH ;=< jks m%pdrKh
w;r inkaOhla f.dvkkak'
10

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

jks ;rx. mrdj;kh

l%shdldrlu 1'4
ldfnda ng fyda PVC ng folla fyda imhd
.kak' tAjd rEmfha lafjk m iudk
wdk;shlska ;sfnk fia iu;, mDIaGhla u;
;nkak' Bg ,nl j ;j;a ;srhla (C)
;nkak'
A ys jhska lrk w;a Trf,daiqjla
B
;nd Byss nghg lk ;nd th iSre udre lrka A
C
ijka fokak' tla wjia:djl Trf,daiqf
1'10 - rEmh'
la la y~ fydka wefia' fuhg fya;=j A ys
Trf,daiqfjka ksl=;a jQ y~ re mDIaGfhka mrdj;kh B lrd me uhs'
fodaxldrh'
.,a mj;hla fyda l.eghla fyda fj;g f.dia Bg ;rula wE;ska isg yQ
y`vla ke`.+ g" tu y`v ksl=;a iq fudfyd;lg miqj tu y`v kej; wefik
wdldrh Tn w;al ;sfnkakg mqjk' fuu ixisoah fodaxldrh (echo) f,i
yekaf' fodaxldrhg fya;=j jrla weiqKq Yoh wE;ska msys ndOlhl .e
mrdj;kh kej;;a wdmiq wmf.a lk fj; meKSuhs'
h Yohla wmg weiqKq g th wmf.a lk ;=< ;;amr 1$10 l muKl
ld,hla / mj;S' tuksid fodaxldrhla we;s ug k uq,a Yoh iy tys
mrdj;kh w;r ld,h ;;amr 1$10 lg jvd jeh hq;= h'
jd;fha jks m%f.h } 330 m s-1 k
;;amrhla ^1 s& ;=< jd;h ;=< jksh .uka lrk r } 330 m
1 $10 s ;=< jd;h ;=< jksh .uka lrk r } 330 1$10 = 33 m
f wkqj fmfkkafka fodaxldrh weiSug k mrdj;kh jQ jksh wm lrd
meKsh hq;af;a g 33 l .uklg miqj njhs' 3 3
=
= 16 . 5
tu ksid m%Njfha isg mrdj;k mDIaGhg
2
;sh hq;= wju r
= 17 m ^wdikakj&
uq,a Yofha ixfokh uelS hdug m%:u tys mrdj;s; Yoh wfma lk
fj; meKSfuka tlu Yoh lk ;=< > f,djla / ;sfnkakd fia fka'
fuu ixios
a h m;
% k
s doh ^reverberation& f,i yekf
a '
iu
q g mDIG
a j,k
s a jkh
s tl
a dldrj mrdj;kh jk w;r r mDIG
a u.k
s a tl
a dldrj
mrdj;kh fkdf' tneka Yd,djl ;;
a s r lsfuka fodxaldrh wvq lr .; yels h'
ksia lk ixfjk jks ;rx.j, ixLHd; mrdih 20 Hz - 20"000 Hz
f' 20"000 Hz g jvd by< ixLHd;hla we;s ;rx. ksidg fkd weiqk o
iqkLhka jeks i;=kag wefia'20"000 Hz ixLHd;hg by< jks ;rx. w;sjks
;rx.(ulta sound) f,i yekaf'
fodaxldrh m%fhdackhg .ekSu
uqyqfoa .eUqr uekSug" uqyq n;a jQ kej, iqkanqka fidhd.ekSug " h hg u;aiH
?ka fidhd.ekSug" h hg hk iueka hd;%dj,g ke .,amr yd fjk;a ndOl
u`. yeug" f;,a ks wkdjrKh lr.ekSug fodaxldrh Wmfhda.S lr.efkhs'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'
11

1'11 rEmh - fodaxldrh Wmfhda.S

lrf.k uy
q foa .eUr
q ueku
S

f i|yd m%;sjksudkh (Echosounder) k

WmlrKhla Nd; lrhs' thska w;sjks
;rx. ksl=;a l< g tAjd w< jia;=j u;
m;s; mrdj;k tk ;rx.h wdhlh
k WmlrKhl iajhxl%Sh j igyka f'
c,h ;=< jksfha f.h okakd neka
fodaxldrhg .; jQ ld,h uek .ekSfuka
kef isg jia;=jjg we;s r fih yels h
^rEmh 1'11&'

mejreu 3
iskudYd,d iy kdgHYd,d ;=< fodaxldrh we;s u je<elaug wkq.ukh
lr we;s Wml%u fidhd n,d jd;d lrkak'
jjq,d wf mshdir lrk g b;d l=vd
ndOlhla jqj o u`. yhs' tys W!
uqLfhka w;s jks ;rx. ksl=;a lrhs'
th bfhys we;s ndOlj, .e
mrdj;kh jk w;r tys fodaxldrh
.%yKh lr.ekSug jjq,dg mqjk'
bfhys we;s ndOl u yer mshdir
lsug jjq,dg yels jkafka tA wkqj h
^1'12 rEmh&'

1'12 rEmh - jjq,d ndOl

u.yer mshdir lsu

jks ,dCIl
wm wjg mirfhka wefik y~ O h' wyi .=.=rk y~ ier h'
flu isyska y~ls' ms lgy~ r h' .eyekq lgy~ uD h' ix.S; iajr Wia
yd my;a h' f ish foa jksfha ,dlaI l .=K ksid we;s f'
jksfha m%Odk ,dCIl .=K ;=kls'
1' ;dr;dj (pitch)
2' yf ier (loudness)
3' jks .K
= h (quality of sound)
f ,dlaI l .=K .ek wms uid n,uq'
;dr;dj
;dr;dj jks ;rx.fha ixLHd;h u; r|d mj;S' ixLHd;h je
jk g ;drd;dj o by< h' thska woyia jkafka yf` ;shqKq nj h' ixLHd;h wvq
g ;drd;dj o my;a h' tk y~ f.dfrdaiq h' lsish iajrhl ;dr;dj tys
ixLHd;h u; r|d mj;S'
12

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

yf ier
fnrhlg fiuka ;gq lrkak' kej; tu jdr .Kk u ;ka ;gq
lrkak' uq,a y~g jvd fojeks jr y~ ier h' lk fj; jks ;rx. u.ska f.k
tk Yla;s m%udKh u; yf ier r|d mj;S'
we we;s ;ka;=jla ;ka fmE g bka ksl=;a jk y~ ier h' ;ka
fm<Sug ;ka;=jg je Yla;s m%udKhla h hq;= h' tg ,efnk ;rx.hg o je
Yla;s m%udKhla ,ef' ;ka;=jla fyda mg,hla o f wdldrhg wE;g weKq g
tys ia;drh o yf` ier o je f'

yf ier wvq h
yf ier je h
1'13 rEmh - lmk ;rx.j, ia;dr wkqj yf ier wvq je u'

jks m%Njhlska ksl=;a jk y~" wE;g h;a u weiSu wvq f' thg fya;=j jks
;rx.h .uka lrk r je jk g l%ufhka ;rx.fha ;SjDr;dj wvq u hs' yf
ier jks ;rx.fha ia;drh u; r|d mj;S' ia;drh je g yf ier o je
f'
jks .=Kh
;dr;dj yd yf ier tl u jqj o" ix.S;
NdKav fjka lr ykd .; yelafla jks
.=Kh ksid h' tl u iajrhla NdKav
follska jdokh lrk g we;sjk ;rx.
rgdj fjkia ksid jks .=Kh k .=Kh
wkqj ;rx. rgdj fjkia f' iajrhl
;rx. yevh lef;dav lsrK foda,fkalaIh
(cathode ray oscilloscope) k
WmlrKfhka kslaIKh l< yels h'
jdokh jk NdKavh by; i|yka
WmlrKhg inkaO lr we;s
uhsfl%df*dakhg <x l< g ;srh u;
;rx. yevh iajhxl%Sh j igyka f'
fuu jks .K
= h ix.;
S NdKv
a ii
q r l
s f
m%fhdackj;a f'

iriq,

mh
s dfkdj
a

jh,k
S h
1'14 rEmh - O jks ;rx. rgd

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

13

ix.;
S NdKv
a
ksid muKla fkd j i;=ka mjd ix.S;hg we lrk nj Tn okS' we;e g
lr
= e,,
a kf
a .a kdoh mjd ix.;
S hla fuka wmg wefik g th fl;r wdij
a dockl
o@ jdokfha lkg ys iajr rgdjla we;s l< yels O NdKav ksmoug
ksid iu;a we;' tAjd ix.S; NdKav k f'
ix.S; NdKAv wdldr ;=kla my; oelaf'
1'
2'
3'
lmkh jk jdhq

lmkh jk jdhq l`oka iys;

lmkh jk ;ka;= iys;
lmkh jk mg, iys;
l`oka iys; ix.S; NdKav

fjd Y=Isr NdKav k f' jd; l|la lmkh lsu

rEmh - lmkh jk jdhq
u.ska fuu NdKav j, y`v Wmojhs' lmkh jk jd; 1'15
l|ka iys; ix.s; NdKav
lf|a . wvq je lsuka O iajr rgd we;s lrhs'
'

kosik
q a (- ngk<dj" imk
s dj" fydrKEj" ieli
a f*dk
a h
"
A
l%shdldrlu 4
ngk<djla idouq'
20 mm IalNh we;s PVC nghla fyda ng,Shla fyda imhd .kak'
ng,Shla k th .skafkka ;jd.; hq;= h' rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg tys
IAlNh 8 mm la jk isre o .kak' isre folla w;r mr;rh 22 mm
h hq;= h' A isrg lsgq jrh jikak' bka miq A isf rh yryd mska
y~ kexh yels hs n,kak'

;;a iys; NdKav

jh,Skh" uekav,Skh" nekafcdaj" is;drh" .sgdrh jeks ix.S; NdKav f i|yd
ksoiqka f'
f iEu NdKv
a hl u ;k
= S oejfhka
;ekQ fmhla jekakla we;' th jks
fma ldj ^ sound box& k f' ;;a
fm<Sfuka we;s jk y~ fmaldj u`.ska
jOkh lrhs' tfia jkafka ;;a lmkh
jk g tA wkqj fmaldj ;=< we;s jd;h
o lmkh jk neks' tA wkqj jks
fmaldj u; ;;a inkaO lr we;s w;r
;;j
a , wd;;h
s ^weu& ki
s s m ilia l
s ug
weK i lr we;' fia;=j ^ bridge & ksid
;;a" fmaldf fkd .Ef' wjia:djg
wkqj jdokh lsug ;;a u; kak ^ bow&
msueu fyda ;;a fm<Su l< yels h'
1'16 rEmh - ;;a iys; ix.S; NdKav
14
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

mg, iys; ix.S; NdKav

fuu NdKav iud>d; NdKAv f,i
yekaf' fnrh" rndk" Wvelalsh" ojq, jeks
NdKAvj, we mg, tlla fyda folla fyda
we;' tu mg,j,g ;gq lsu fyda myr u
fyda u`.ska lmkh lrkq ,efuka y~
Wmojh's fjd fhd.kf
a ka ;d, ;eug h'
mejreu 4
bj; ouk X - lsrK mg, uska o
mg, iys ; ix.S ; NdKa v hla ;ekS u g
W;aidy lrkak'

1'17 rEmh mg, iys; ix.S; NdKav

ix.S; NdKav iqir lsu

ix.;
S NdKv
a hla jdokh i|yd ij
a r ki
s s m kl
s ;
= a jk wdldrhg tu
NdKavh ilia lsu 'iqir lsu' (tuning) k f' fuu iqir lsu tla tla
NdKavh wkqj fjkia f'
;;a NdKav iqir lssf tys we;s lj,ska kef`.k iajrfha ,dlaI l fjkia
lsfuka iqir lrkq ,ef' O iajrj, ;dr;d ix.S;{hskaf.a lkg yqre h' tA
ksid Tjqyq Y%jK ixfokhg wkqj ix.S; NdKavh iqir lr;s'
;;l ;dr;dj
1' ;f;ys yrialv j.M,h ^>klu&
2' lmkh jk fldgfiys . ^iM, .&
3' wd;;sh hk lreKq u; r|d mj;S'
;;l IalNh je k ;dr;dj wvq h' wd;;sh je g ;dr;dj by< h'
. je g ;dr;dj wvq h' fujeks ;;a NdKavj, we;s ;;a O f,dayj,ska
ksujd we;' tfuka u tAjdfhys ;;a lsysmhla u fhd we;s w;r tu tla tla
;f;ys IalNh tlsfklg fjkia h' lmkh jk mg, iys; NdKav iqir
lrk whqre Tn l ;sf o@ .no m%foaYj, ux.,H W;aij wdfha ;a wjqre
ld,fha ;a rnka jhkq Tn l we;' tfuka u ` .dhkd lrkakka l=vd rndkla
jhk whqre o Tn l we;'
rndkl we;s mg,h fndfyda g t iuls' jdokhg fmr rndk
r;a lrkq ,ef' r;a lrk g mg,h he<S yelsf<hs' kuq;a mg,h rndfka
rduqjg ;ka i lr we;s ksid yels<sh fkdyels j weu fya;=fjka tys wd;;sh
je f' tg Wmk iajrfha ;dr;dj by< hhs' ojq,la iqir lrkafka jrmg ;o
lsfuks' jrmg hkq is,skavrdldr l=yrfha ndysr .ej,g inkaO jQ /yeka h'
ojq,l fomi we;s mg, fol ^weia& >kl follska hqla; h'
/yeka fyda jrmg fyda ;o l
s fuka tu mg,j, wd;;h
s je f' mg,j,
>kl fjkia ksid iajr folla tljr kexh yels h' Wvelalsh jdokh lrk
w;r u jrmg ;o lsu yd nqre,a lsu u`.ska fjkia iajr kxjhs'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'
15

wNHdi
1'

Tnf.a mirfha isjk

,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

p,k

2' my; i|yka m%ldY y k

idudkH

p,k

,l=K o je/ k

i.

ksidg kE u ixLHd;hl Yo ;rx. wefia'

ii.

w;sjks ;rx.j,ska ksid m%fhdack .kS'

ii.

ffhda ;rx.j, oHq;a yd pqnl .=K we;'

iv.

.eUqre uqyqfoa iqkd ;rx.j, ia;drh

yd

lmk

f,i

,l=K o fhdokak'

wvq jk w;r fjr<g mefKk g ia;drh je f'

v.

jksfha m%f.h je jk wkqms<sfj< >k" j" jdhq f,i f'

3' ,s flu l ;;amr 4 lg miq ksil=g .s.=re y~ wefia' ksid yd ,s

flu we;s jQ wdfrdams; j,dl=< w;r r fidhkak' ^jd;fha jks m%f.h
330 m s-1 nj i,lkak&

4'

fndagqjlg i lr we;s fidakd WmlrKhla u`.ska ksl=;a jQ Yofha

fodaxldrh ;;amr 0'3lg miq wefia' fndagqj yd Yoh mrdj;kh l<
-1
mDIAGh w;r r fidhkak' ^c,fha jks m%f.h = 1460 m s nj i,lkak)

5'

my; we;s ysia fldgqj,g .e<efmk ms<s;=re ,shkak'

la

;rx.

m%pdr
K
wjY hg udO
Hhl
H ke
a
;'

f .=K
we;'

,
g
dj s'
a Y rh
fh a l
x. uk
;r Y= .
wx

II

nl

;rx
wxY .h Y
= .u djg
ka l
rhs'

OHh
hg ud
m%pdrK '
h
wjYH

kosik
q a

1'
2'
16

kosik
q a

ksoiqka

1'
2'

1'
2'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'