()-

(-)

mode
? (Vibration)

, (
)
, ,




, disturbance
(

disturbance ) disturbance-

derive
-

boundary condition

-

 L (x,y,z ) n

, n
- n

, (1) , n

f f+ df
n
n
(
(x,y,z) sign
(x,y) sign )

 (2) / f f+ df

, -
x

 xy
xz

,
2
, f f+ df

, V = L3

 ()-
(-)

-
-
continuous
(frequency)

( ) -
( )

- -
,

(Ultra-violet)

(Ultra-violet catastrophe)

 (Wien)

,
(cavity)

, , (cavity)

 - ,

E=nhf
derive

-

,
f (f+ df)
(modes) -

, f (f+df)- ,

 ()-
(-)


-

-

-

,

,
, x = hf/kT => dx = hdf/kT

 -
,

( )

 analytically numerically solve

-

( )
()

[ ]
phase velocity

Eulerformula

partial derivative
ordinary derivative

 (
-
)






-

 (1) -

(k=2/) (w=2f)

, B

(2)

,

group velocity

 phase velocity group velocity

Phase velocity , group velocity
Envelope

Phase velocity ? phase

phase velocity group velocity

, ,

() :

(stationary or

stable)

,

,

 (1)

(3)

 (ground state) bound state

n (4)
n
, - ,
E = hf

quantum jump

ground state (n=1)

 (n=2)

(n=3)
(Infra-red)
, , n

(5)

 (5) ,

,

empirical formula
(derive)




, fine structure

 Semi-classical
Model

()





(Photoelectric Effect)

 (Metal)

(Instantaneous)


( )

- ;
(

)

-

-
(Threshold
frequency)

-
, -
,

, -
,
, , -


- ,
-

 , -

-
-

-
for his services to Theoretical Physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

, ,
continuous ,

E =nhf.
, h n
,
-

-

-

- = + -
Or, hf = m v(max)^2 + W,
, v(max) , W-
, W=hf(0) ; f(0) (f(0) f
0 )
, hf = m v(max)^2 + hf(0)
-

=> (f- f(0))= K(max)/h, K(max)

=>h = K(max)/(f- f(0))

()-

(Electromagnetic radiation)


- ,
(E=hf)
( ) ,
(Elastic)

,

(scattering)

,
(E=hf) ,

(E=hf),
- (EE=K)

-
, ,

 =
=> E E = K
=> hf hf = K (1)
, ,
E = pc
=>hf = pc
=>p = hf/c
,
,
,

,
= +

hf/c = hf/c cos + p cos

=>pc cos = hf hf cos -(2)

, ,
= +

o = hf/c sin p sin

=> pc sin = hf sin (3)
, [(2)^2 + (3)^2 ]=>
(pc)^2 = (hf)^2 + (hf)^2 2 (hf) (hf) cos (4)
,

E = K + mc^2
E= (m^2c^4 + p^2c^2)^1/2
K + mc^2 = (m^2c^4 + p^2c^2)^1/2
=> (K + mc^2)^2 = m^2c^4 + p^2c^2
=>K^2 + 2 K m c^2 = p^2 c^2 (5)
(1) (hf-hf)^2 +2(hf-hf)mc^2 = (pc)^2 -(6)
(6) (4) (hf)^2 + (hf)^2 2(hf)(hf) + 2*(hf-hf)mc^2 = (hf)^2 + (hf)^2 2
(hf) (hf) cos
=>2(hf-hf)mc^2 = 2 (hf) (hf) (1- cos )

=>(mc)/h * {(f-f)/c} = (f/c) * (f/c)*(1- cos) ; [ 2h^2c^2

]
=>(mc)/h {(^-1) (^-1)} = (1- cos )/
c/ ]

; [ , c =f => f =

=> - = h/mc * (1- cos ) (7)

, (c) = h/mc = 2.426 * 10^-12 m =2.426 pm (1 pico
meter = 10^-12 meter)
, (7) - = (c)* (1- cos )

()- -
- ()

,

, ( )
-
,
(Planetary Model of Atom)

(Electron orbiting in some certain orbits)



,
- (wave-particle duality)
Duality /
wave-particle duality -





,,

, -
-

,

,
E = pc

- E =hf
, pc = hf
=>p = hf/c
=>p= h/ (1)
,

- (hypothesis) ,

, 40 kg 1
meter p = mv = 40 kgms^1.

 , h=6.626 * 10^-34 Js.

, = h/p = 6.626 * 10^-34 kgm^2s^-1/40 kgms^-1 = 1.565 * 10^35 m.

(1)

, -
, - ,

, ?

-

, - -

, ,
(Z=1) -

r=5.3 * 10^-11 meter.

, (circumference),
2r = 33 * 10^-10 meter.
Hence, = 2r
, , -

,
?

, ,

,

, - hypothesis

()-

(wave function)

, =(r,t)
( (E),
(p), (L))
(Linear operator)
, -

- :-

, - - -

, (1)-

- -

, (3) x (
x t partial derivative
) -

 (5) -

(4) x -

, (3) t -

(8) -

(
), () -

, (6) (9)

-

, (7) (8) (10) -

- -

(11) (Schroedinger
equation)
, (- -, , - ) , -
, -

, T(v) - V(x) -

, , (7) (8) -

- , -

Time-dependent Schroedinger Equation

,

, -

 (12) -

(8) -

(14) Eigen-value Equation

(measurement)

E
, (measured value of
energy measurement of the quantum system,.)

title - Quantization as an
eigen-value problem..

Wave-mechanics

 ,
stationary state
, TimeIndependent Schrodinger Equation

- ,

Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation
Equation

Eigen-value

, ,
,

 () -

?
- /
field (- -, -, )

. Time dependent (r,t)

Time-independent (r)

.
. single valued

. (continuous) derivative

. boundary condition ( -
- (x)
boundary boundary (x)=0
. (r,t) , x->infinity , (r,t)->0

?
, ,
, (observable
quantity ) (E), (p), (L), etc .
?

,

 (Probability)

, statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics

,

Normalization Born rule

 Probability Amplitude
, Probability Density

Probability Amplitude Probability Density
Probability Density Probability.

- ?
,
(exactly)

H =E - ,
(,

commute )

E
-
,


(-
) -

, ( )
(
Expectation value )


( (E), (p), (L), etc .)
-

Normalised -