'

:
1) 4
4
2) ,



.

,
,
.

1) :
i)
ii)
2) :
i) ()
ii)
I)
a)
b)
II)
3) :

-OH

11 I

/
1
2
3

C=O

II

-C

II

7
8
9
10

" O H -COOH O

C- O - C- -COO - C
O
-C = N -CN
-X (F, Cl, Br, I)
CxHy


:
1)
2) ^
3)
4)
/

2V + 2

C H (

Cv H2v- 2 (

>

2)

Cv H2v-2 (v

>

3)

Cv H2v +I X (V > 1) X: F, Cl, Br, I

2v

2)

>

CAv +2O Cv H2v i OH

+

(V

> 1)

C H O ( > 2)
Cv H2v +1 - O - CI H2 I +! (v > 1,
K

C^ O (

>

2K + 2

11

>

1)

1) Cv H2v +1 CH = O (v > 0)

QH^ O ( > 3)
Cv H2v +1 - C- CI H2 I +I (V > 1,

10

C H ( > 1)

2
3

CAA (

>

>

1) CAv 1 COOH (v
+

CAA ( > 2)
CAv +1 COOCI H2 I 1 (v > 0,
+

>

1) O

>

0)

1)

1 (

CL

2
(
i

1C

2C

1
..

3C

4C

3
(
)

--

--

1
..

--

2
..

--

5C

1
.. 1 ..

--

6C

-
-


, .

1) ( , )
i)
ii)
iii)
2) ( , ,
)

.
:
)
)
) (%w/w) )
)
)


m
mRT
pRT
PV = nRT ^ PV =
RT ^ M =
^M=
r
M
PV r P
STP:
P = 1 atm, = 0o C T = 273 K
M
P=g/L
22,4
,
.
.

C4H8 + 6O2 > 4CO2 + 4H2O

C2H5OH + O2 > 2CO2 + 3H2O
3v +1

CvH2v+2 + 3-- O2 > vCO2 + (v + 1)H2O
3v
C-H2- + yO > vCO2 + VH2O

CXH + ( + y)O >
2

3v -1
C H +O2 > vCO + (- - 1)H2O
v 2v-2
2

xCO2 + y H2O
CvH2v+2
(- ^ 1)

1.
C-H2- + H2 > C-H2-+2

2.

C-H2-+1X + H2 C-H2-+2 + HX
3. Wurtz
2C-H2-+1X + 2Na - > C-H-+, - C-H2-+, +
2NaX

1.
C-H -+2 + ^-p O2 > -CO2 + (v + 1)H2O
2

2. (
Cl2 Br
CH + CL
>CH ,Cl + HCl

v 2v+2 2 v 2v+1

3.


(
,
,
, ).

 CVH2V, v > 2

1.
()
=2,3,4

2.
CvH2v+1OH - > CvH2v + H2O

CH3CH2OH C H 2 = C H 2 + H O

1.
3v
CvH2v + 4^02 > vCO2 + vH2O
2.
H (Ni, Pt Pd), X, H - X, H - OH (H+)

CH2 = CH + Br2CC^_> CH CH
Br Br
CH3CH = CH + HCI > CH CHCH
Cl
(TO
Markovnikov)

3.
3.

( \ -CH - CH vCH
Ort, ,iX + KOH ,- > + KX + H2O
2 _ CH > 1
(NaOH)
1 A Jv
CH3CH2Br + KOH > CH2 = CH2 +
(A : H,
KBr + HO
CH, Cl, CN, CH)

1.
2.

1.
2.

3.

3.

4.

5.

4.

5.

 CvH2v_2, v > 2

1.

(CvH2vX2)
CH CH + 2KOH
2HO

XX

2 2

1.
>HC = CH + 2KX + (H,v-2 + 3Vr1 O2 > VCO2 + (V - 1)^0

HC CH

2.
2CH4 > HC CH + 32

3.
CaC2 + HO > Ca(OH)2 + HC CH

2. 2
(, X, HX, HCN, H2O)
Markovnikov
HC = CH +HX > CH = CHX +HX > CH3CHX2
HC = CH + HCN----> CH = CHCN
HC = CH + HO HgH HsgoS4 > CHCH = O

3.
3HC CH 50FQeoc > C6H6
2HC = CH NCHu(g, > CH = CH C = CH

4.
CvH2v+1C CH
HC CH + Na > HC CNa + ^ t
22
HC CNa + Na > NaC CNa + ^H, t
22
HC CH + 2CuCl + 2NH > CuC CCu 1
+2NHCI


C6H6

1.
1.
&

CH ______
___> CH + 4H
C H
6 14 > C6H6 + 4H2
2.

> >

C H
6 6

2.

3.

C6H6 + Br2 Fe C 6 H 5 Br + HBr

4.

2 (78% v / v),
O (21% v / v), CO, (0,03% v / v) (Ar, Ne, 0,09% v / v).
( )

.
:
) .
.
: , NO,
SO, CO,
CxHy Pb .
) .

.
: O, CH2 = O, NO,
PAN's (..

CH3 C- O
O

NO2

Cl

CFCl3

CF2Cl2

FF
n1"

Cl
I I

I I

Cl

Cl Cl

C2F4Cl2

(Freon 11)
(Freon 12)
(Freon 114)
CFC's:
HFC's
( 25 Km )
UV.
( 0-10 Km )

.
NO > NO + O,

O + O2
O3

( )
( ).

.

.
:
CO2, CH4, CFC's,
NO, O, H2O.


CvH2v+10H, v > 1

CH3CH2OH

1.
C6H1206 > 2CH3CH20H + 2CO

1.

2.
2.

CH2 = CH2 + HO +> CH3CH2OH

3.
2 0 .
CvH2v + - 0 ^-> CvH2v+0 (

Markovnikov)

+
C ICOOH + CH, IOH ^C , ,C00CH, ,+,
v 2v+1 2+1 ' v 2v+1 2+1 2
( :

3.
CvH2v,0 + Na > CVH2V,i0Na +

4.
CvH2v+0 "^4 > CvH2v + 2

CvH2v+1 "^ > CvH2v+i0CvH2v+1 + 20

5.
1 2
C,H2I+1CH2OHC,H2I+1CH = 0L> C,H2,+ICOOH
C,H2<+2 - C- ,2+2 C v H 2 v + 2 - C- 2+1 OH
0