(Nonredox chemical reactions)

(Redox chemical reactions)


(Combination of acidic and basic compounds)
1.

(Neutralization)

H Cl Na OH Na Cl H 2 O l
HCl

NaOH

NaCl

.
,



2.

.

3

H2SO4 (-H2O) = SO3

H4SnO4 (-2H2O) = SnO2

H2SO3 (-H2O) = SO2

H4PbO4 (-2H2O) = PbO2

H2CO3 (-H2O) = CO2

H2CrO4 (-H2O) = CrO3

2HNO3 (-H2O) = N2O5

2HMnO4 (-H2O) = Mn2O7

2HNO2 (-H2O) = N2O3

,
.
(SiO2) (B2O3)

SO 3 g H 2 O l H 2 SO 4 aq

2.

()

.

2NaOH (-H2O) = Na2O
Ca(OH)2 (-H2O) = CaO
2Fe(OH)3 (-3H2O) = Fe2O3

, Li, K, Na, Ca, Ba Mg,

,
.

K 2 O s H 2 O l 2KOH aq

3.

, ,
,

Na 2 O s SO 2 g Na 2SO 3 s
SO 3 g Ca OH 2 aq CaSO 4 s H 2 O(l)

SO 3 g CaO s CaSO 4 s

4.

(NH3)
Arrhenius

NH 3 g H 2 O l NH 4 aq OH aq

(NH4OH)

NH 3 g HCl g NH 4 Cl s

2 NH 3 g CO 2 g H 2 O l NH 4 2 CO 3 aq

5.

, ,
.
:

H3AlO3

Al2O3

Al(OH)3

H2ZnO2

ZnO

Zn(OH)2

H2SnO2

SnO

Sn(OH)2

H2PbO2

PbO

Pb(OH)2

Al 2 O 3 s 3H 2 SO 4 aq Al 2 SO 4 3 aq 3H 2 O l

Al 2 O 3 s 6 NaOH aq 2 Na 3 AlO 3 aq 3H 2 O l

5.

.

.

H 2 SO 4 aq NaOH aq NaHSO 4 aq H 2 O l
( moles 1:1 )

H 2 SO 4 aq 2 NaOH aq Na 2 SO 4 aq 2H 2 O l
( moles 1:2 )

Ca OH 2 aq 2CO 2 g Ca HCO3 2 aq


(Thermal Decomposition)

.

.
Na, K, Rb Cs .

CaCO 3 s CaO s CO 2 g


.

. ,

.

NH 4 2 S s 2 NH 3 g H 2S g




,
CO2 SO2.

2 NaHCO 3 s Na 2 CO 3 s H 2 O g CO 2 g

2 NaHSO 3 s Na 2 SO 3 s H 2 O g SO 2 g

NH 4 HCO 3 s NH 3 g CO 2 g H 2 O g

, Na, K, Rb Cs,

Mg OH 2 s MgO s H 2 O g
2Al OH 3 s Al 2 O 3 s 3H 2 O g


(Nonredox displacement)


.
.

CaCO 3 s SiO 2 (s)

CaSiO 3 l CO 2 g
CO2,
78oC, SiO2 2000oC.

,

.

HgCl 4 2 aq 4CN aq Hg CN 4 2 aq 4Cl aq

HgCl 4 2 aq Hg 2 aq 4Cl aq

=2x10-16

Hg CN 4 2 aq Hg 2 aq 4CN aq

=5x10-42


(Partner Exchange)

:

.

:

,
H2S, SO2 CO2

Al2S3 s 6HCl aq 2AlCl3 aq 3H 2S g

Na 2 SO 3 aq 2HCl aq 2 NaCl aq SO 2 g H 2 O l
Na 2 CO 3 aq 2HCl aq 2 NaCl aq CO 2 g H 2 O l






. AgNO aq NaCl aq NaNO aq AgCl s

Na+, K+, NH4+

: AgCl, Hg2Cl2

: PbCl2

: AgBr, Hg2Br2, PbBr2

: AgI, Hg2I2, PbI2, CuI

: SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4 M.: CaSO4, Ag2SO4

M.: AgNO2

, ,

M.: KClO4

M.: AgCH3COO

M.: HgBr2

: Na+, K+, NH4+

: Na+, K+, NH4+, Ag+

: Li+, Na+, K+, Ba2+

M: Ca2+, Sr2+

, , ,
:

: Na+, K+, NH4+ Li+ Li3PO4

.:

E:

NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) H 2 O l

6HCl aq Mg 3 BO 3 2 s 2H 3 BO 3 aq 3MgCl 2 aq
H 2 O l

H aq OH aq

H 3 BO 3 aq 3H aq BO 3 aq
,
. ,
,

. ,
.

, ,

.

. .

,
.
.

.
,
.
, ,
.


( )

Na
+1
F
-1
s
K
+1
( )
Mg
+2
Ca
+2
d
Ag
+1
(
Zn
+2
)
Ni
+2
p
Al
+3
( )
Si
+4

( )
Cr
+3,+6
N
-3,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5
Mn
+2,+4,+7
P
-3,+1,+3,+5
d
Fe
+2,+3
O
-2,-1
(
Co
+2,+3
S
-2,+4,+6
)
Cu
+1,+2
Cl
-1,+1,+3,+5,+7
Au
+1,+3
Br
-1,+5,+7
Hg
+1,+2
I
-1,+5,+7
Sn
+2,+4
p
Pb
+2,+4
( )
As
-3,+3,+5


(Combination Reactions)

2Mg s O 2 g 2MgO s

2Fe s 3Cl 2 g 2FeCl 3 s

, ,
, , .

2
. ,
.
.

2
.
.

Li
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Sb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pd
Pt
Au

2 .

2.

2.

F2

3
Cl2
O2
Br2
I2
S
Se
P

S s 3F2 g SF6 g


(Decomposition Reactions)
( )
, .

2HgO s
2Hg l O 2 g

2AuCl 3 s
2Au s 3Cl 2 g

, .
,
.

2KNO 3 s

2KNO 2 s O 2 g

2Pb NO 3 2 s

Mg NO 3 2 s
Mg NO 2 2 s O 2 g

2PbO s 4 NO 2 g O 2 g

, ,

NH

4 2

Cr2 O 7 s
N 2 g Cr2 O 3 s 4H 2 O g


(Displacement Reactions)
(.. )
(.. )
(.. ) ( )

2 Na s 2H 2 O l 2 NaOH aq H 2 g
Zn s CuSO 4 aq ZnSO 4 aq Cu s
H 2 g CuO s
2 O g Cu s

Cl 2 g 2KBr aq 2KCl aq Br2 aq

O 2 g 2H 2 S aq 2H 2 O l 2S s


(Disproportionation Reactions)
,
.
,
.

1

N
P
S
Cl
Br
I
Mn
Cu
Au
Hg

Cl 2 g H 2 O l Cl aq H Cl O aq
1

Cu 2 SO 4 s Cu s Cu SO 4 aq
H 2O

4 Na 2 S O 3 s

-3,0,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5
-3,0,+3,+5
-2,0,+4,+6
-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7
-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7
-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7
0,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6,+7
0,+1,+2
0,+1,+3
0,+1,+2

Na 2 S s 3Na 2 S O 4 s

,
. , .



(Electron transfer in aqueous solutions)

+ ne AN

1 + 2 1 + 2

2Fe 3 aq Sn 2 aq 2Fe 2 aq Sn 4 aq

Fe

aq e

Fe

aq

Sn 4 aq 2e Sn 2 aq

Li+ + e- Li(s)

Eo = -3.045V

.
.
.
F2(g) + 2e- 2F-

Eo = +2.87V

=+0.771V

Fe 2 aq Cu 2 aq Fe3 aq Cu1 aq

=+0.15V

Cu 2 aq e Cu1 aq

=+0.153V


(Complex Redox Reactions)

X2 (X=F, Cl, Br)

X-

O2

O2-

So

S2-

H2SO4

SO2 ( 2S, S)

HNO3

NO2 ( NH3, NH4+, HNO2)

HNO3

NO ( NO2, N2O NH3, NH4+, HNO2)

HNO2

NO, N2O

H2O2

H2O

MnO4- +

Mn2+

MnO4- +

MnO2(s)

Cr2O72- +

Cr3+

MnO2(s) +

Mn2+

Mo

Mn+

Sn2+

Sn4+

Fe2+

Fe3+

H2

H+

SO32-

SO42-

NH3

N2









(
).
, ,


.




MnO4 1:


.
2:


.

MnO 4 aq Mn 2 aq
MnO 4 aq Mn 2 aq 4H 2 O l

3:

MnO
4

.

aq 8H aq Mn 2 aq 4H 2 O l

4:


MnO 4 aq 8H aq 5e Mn 2 aq 4H 2 O l




MnO4 1:


.
2:


.

MnO 4 aq MnO 2 s
MnO 4 aq MnO 2 s 2H 2 O l

3: .
3.1. ,
, MnO aq MnO s 2H O l 4OH aq
4
2
2

.
3.2. ,
,
MnO aq 4H O l MnO s 2H O l 4OH aq
4
2
2
2
.




MnO4-

3.3.
.
MnO 4
4:


. MnO 4

aq 2H 2 O l MnO 2 s 4OH aq

aq 2H 2 O l 3e MnO 2 s 4OH aq





.
: MnO4- + Fe2+ +

MnO 4 aq 8H aq 5e Mn 2 aq 4H 2 O l

1x MnO 4 aq 8H aq 5e Mn 2 aq 4H 2 O l

5x Fe

aq Fe 3 aq e

MnO 4 aq 8H aq 5Fe 2 Mn 2 aq 4H 2 O l 5Fe 3 aq