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Generator
ZG
VG
Transmission line
ZR
39
Transmission Lines
d
Two-wire line
Coaxial cable
w
t
h
Microstrip
40
Transmission Lines
If you are only familiar with low frequency circuits, you are used to
treat all lines connecting the various circuit elements as perfect
wires, with no voltage drop and no impedance associated to them
(lumped impedance circuits). This is a reasonable procedure as
long as the length of the wires is much smaller than the wavelength
of the signal. At any given time, the measured voltage and current
are the same for each location on the same wire.
Load
Generator
ZG
VG
ZR
VR = VG
ZG + ZR
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
VR
VR
VR
ZR
L <<
41
Transmission Lines
c 2.999 10 8
= =
5.0 106 m = 5, 000 km
f
60
which is the about the distance between S. Francisco and Boston!
Lets compare to a frequency in the microwave range, for instance
60 GHz. The wavelength is given by
c 2.999 10 8
= =
5.0 10 3 m = 5.0 mm
f
60 109
which is comparable to the size of a microprocessor chip.
Which conclusions do you draw?
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
42
Transmission Lines
V (z) = V + e j z + V e j z Load
Generator
ZG
VG
V( 0 )
V( z )
V( L )
ZR
43
Transmission Lines
VG
Iin =
( ZG + ZR )
VG ZR
Vin =
( ZG + ZR )
If the load is a short ( ZR
VG
Iin =
ZG
ZG
VG
Vin
ZR
= 0)
and Vin = 0
Iin
Generator
Load
44
Transmission Lines
Zin = ZR
Zin
Transmission line
only if
L=n
2
[ n = integer ]
ZR
45
Transmission Lines
Generator
Load
ZG
Transmission line
VG
Generator
VG
ZR
Equivalent Load
ZG
Zin
46
Transmission Lines
L dz
R dz
C dz
dz
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
L dz
G dz
R dz
C dz
G dz
dz
47
Transmission Lines
48
Transmission Lines
L dz
I (z)+dI
I (z)
V (z)
V (z)+dV
C dz
dz
49
Transmission Lines
L dz
I (z)
V (z)
V (z)+dV
dz
The corresponding circuit equation is
(V + dV ) V = j L dz I
which gives a first order differential equation for the voltage
dV
= j L I
dz
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
50
Transmission Lines
I (z)
dI
I (z)+dI
C dz
V (z)+dV
The circuit equation for the sub-circuit above is
dI = j Cdz(V + dV ) = j CVdz j C dV dz
The second term (including dV dz) tends to zero very rapidly in the
limit of infinitesimal length dz leaving a first order differential
equation for the current
dI
= j C V
dz
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
51
Transmission Lines
dV
= j L I
dz
dI
= j C V
dz
52
Transmission Lines
dI
= j C V
dz
d 2V
dI
= j L
= j L j CV = 2 LC V
dz
dz2
d2 I
dV
= j C
= j C j L I = 2 LC I
dz
dz2
dV
= j L I
dz
53
Transmission Lines
V (z) = V + e j z + V e j z
where the wave propagation constant is
= LC
Note that the complex exponential terms including have unitary
magnitude and purely imaginary argument, therefore they only
affect the phase of the wave in space.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
54
Transmission Lines
2 2 f
=
=
=
vp
vp
r r
=
= 0 0 r r =
c
Here, = v p f is the wavelength of the dielectric medium
surrounding the conductors of the transmission line and
1
vp =
=
0 r 0 r
55
Transmission Lines
dV
= j V + e j z + j V e j z = j L I
dz
which gives
C + j z
1
j z
V e
=
I (z) =
V e
V + e j z V e j z
L
Z0
Z0 =
L
C
56
Transmission Lines
L dz
R dz
I (z)+dI
I (z)
V (z)
C dz
G dz
V (z)+dV
dz
57
Transmission Lines
L dz
V (z)
R dz
I (z)
V (z)+dV
dz
The corresponding circuit equation is
(V + dV ) V = ( j Ldz + Rdz) I
from which we obtain a first order differential equation for the
voltage
dV
= ( j L + R) I
dz
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
58
Transmission Lines
I (z)
I (z)+dI
dI
C dz
G dz
V (z)+dV
dI = ( j Cdz + Gdz)(V + dV )
= ( j C + G)Vdz ( j C + G)dV dz
The second term (including dV dz) can be ignored, giving a first
order differential equation for the current
dI
= ( j C + G)V
dz
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
59
Transmission Lines
dV
= ( j L + R) I
dz
dI
= ( j C + G)V
dz
60
Transmission Lines
by
dI
= ( j C + G)V
dz
d 2V
dI
= ( j L + R) = ( j L + R)( j C + G)V
2
dz
dz
d2 I
dV
= ( j C + G)
= ( j C + G)( j L + R) I
dz
dz2
dV
= ( j L + R) I
dz
61
Transmission Lines
V (z) = V + e z + V e z = V + e z e j z + V e z e j z
where the wave propagation constant is now the complex quantity
= ( j L + R)( j C + G) = + j
The real part of the propagation constant describes the
attenuation of the signal due to resistive losses. The imaginary part
describes the propagation properties of the signal waves as in
loss-less lines.
The exponential terms including are real, therefore, they only
affect the magnitude of the voltage phasor. The exponential
terms including have unitary magnitude and purely imaginary
argument, affecting only the phase of the waves in space.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
62
Transmission Lines
dV
= ( j L + R) I = V + e z + V e z
dz
which gives
( j C + G )
I (z) =
(V + ez V e z )
( j L + R )
1
(V + ez V e z )
=
Z0
with the characteristic impedance of the lossy transmission line
( j L + R)
Z0 =
( j C + G)
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
63
Transmission Lines
Z0
ZR
Z0
ZR
64