Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • X. Toor - 2011 - State of Islam, Ayub's Decade of Development

    Uploaded by

    Mahvish Ahmad
    82 views20 pages
    A selection from Toor's book.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    A selection from Toor's book.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    82 views20 pages

    X. Toor - 2011 - State of Islam, Ayub's Decade of Development

    Uploaded by

    Mahvish Ahmad
    A selection from Toor's book.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 20
    THE STATE OF ISLAM Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan Sadia Toor 4 Ayub Khan’s Decade of Development and its Cultural Vicissitudes “The dsolation ofthe Conauene Asem bythe governor ener in 1955, alng withthe banning of ee Commit Pty take the end of constitutional politi in eis eaty prio of Pais [storm the same year, Governor General Gham Mann sed the powers he arogated to himself under the Emergency Powets Ordinance IX to pll off what had seemed imposible ‘hough the normal “demosatie” chanel the algun of {he provinces of Wes Patan noone adminsraive pal une ‘The goverment al publicly expresedits deseo dat aca) 1s November 1954, arguing that the consolation wonld eliminate ronal and ensure tht there would be cao Bengali no anja, o Shi 0 Pathan, no Balch o Basal mo Kris” and thatthe “appearance” ofthese dente ae pola afitiatons would “strengthen dhe neg of Pakistan “The peiod between 1955 and 195K was marke by increasing unrest, especial ithe now formally renamed province of "East Fakta,” Jue i large part to ing regional ies Meanie, the ban on the Commune Party nite flies anc ‘he incarceration of several commit leer, especially Fate ‘Almed Faiz, under the Rawalpinds Consprsey Case crested poltical vacuum onthe Let stich was eventually filed by 9 new poll plyer~the National Awami Paty (NAP). As Pakistan frst socia-democtarie purty, NAP became the clesngioue forall ‘et forces in Pakistan inlaing commanis, unl the emergence ofthe Pakistan People arty in 1967. was formed when see ‘issentr ed by Malan Bhashos (a emeoned Bengal peasant leader) quit the Awami Leaguer ts lendrsip refused to ake ‘manmperiis stand Sorin the Sex Crs of 1957 Following ‘his hasan vsted West Pakstan to conf wih efe-wing leaders ‘her, and an al-Pakisan conference of progressive ongamzatons ‘wa called in July 1957. NAP wan formally exablced thio Conference with the declared aime of [rating an aimpei democrat fending] feudalism = peeding up] measure, to industrials the coustry and. [holding] nmin elections” (Al, 1970; 81) In East Paka, the patty wo supporters bocse ‘fis principled sand onthe question of provincial autonomy, Which translated, among oer thingy int a demand to mane the One Uni, “Agaton agains the One Unt was intniying in both wings of the counry by 1958, 8 the National Asem ction de rea, Mares exalted to such level tha the deputy speaker ff the Fast Pakistan Assembly was klein a sot which broke tut daring the Assembly sion. This provided the try witha perfec excse for aking ove, which dd on Octber 7, 1958 na Foods coupled by General Ayub Khan an event oubsequetly ‘eed on ficial and serif actus "the revlon = Not only was the eoup nora sirprise—SiteFlasan recalls that the writing had been ow te wall for anyone to read for several ‘months (Hasan 1987. 39}—ie mezly formalized the status uo ‘hat had prevail aloe snc he formation of Pakistan (Al, 1973, 1988, 199; A, 197. Ayub Khao’ eine was the mont deconin ered of Pakistan's short history. Immediately follow the op, many of those who were seen a hang lefwing particsary communist) piel Icanings were swept up in ast dag. This nade Par, who ‘was attested in November within two days af his earn from ‘Moscom, where he had been atendig the inauguration of the [Aeo-Asion Waters Conference, He joined comrades such a5 Site Hasan inthe Lahore Disa Before being placed under solitary conBocment in the infamous Lahore For (Hasan, 1987), Unbeknownst to him, Hassan Nasi the charismatic young, ‘communist activi, was also being bell ere; an it was hee that Nasir succumbed tthe effects of torture in early 1962, an event thar sent shockoaves hang te ele “The history of at-colonalnasonaism in the subcontinent had prodoced a song sete of slidanty among ovina people with uther oppresed andlor colonized people across the Work, {nd his intemationalion had caved ver after Parton and Independence. Awe sae in Chapter yh come nse lon with socials it the erary mainstream ofthe sabomtineat. Ae the Paksan exashment hear more ar more aligned with he Cod War agenda and foreign poly ofthe United Sates wheter ‘on Palestine Algeria, Vie nor Alia ths inernationa! im increasingly came to be sce (ite igh a thea othe interes of the establishes.” ‘Ayub Khan was particularly allergic to this (postcolonial solidarity because of its organic (and historia) connection t0 Communis ineernationalnm.* The US, of courey shared the Pakistan etablshments atid rowarde hittin and ‘solic deolopcal underpinnings. Theater tre of ‘peoples movements in Asa and Afri tnd the rail nationals {hey espoued were begining to be see as 4 major threat 10 Amtrian hegemony. When blondy coup ia rag rouge sacl, nt wester ee to power in 1988, American fears abou Soviet inluence nthe ArabyMtalim wold were heightened. Theses Increase athe pereeted strate sptcanceof Pakistan Brot itmore decisively soto the US Cold War ambi analy and 4 front inthe wa against communism (McMahon, 1994), aking, these an-imperiaistsoldarites even moe inconvenient for the Paksan: eabshmen. “The US was wary of the Soviet Union’ special satonship with aod ntloence among the newly independent post coon Nation tats The USSR claimed tha is “rapid, impresve rte ‘oF growth made an ical model for the works tow sae’ Tatham, 200027), andthe generous nouns of foci ai ad “ssn that he over Union bean ple to th ks of Ee, Indones, India and Lain America fore the US 0 demons rorhese new sates tat “development aon ier, eapitalit ins ould alleviate poverty and aise living anand at eae a fot ‘evolutionary and Maris aeratves" bids 28), "Moderation Theor" and the project of international devslopment to ich ‘tga bie, were the USS answer to the "Soviet adel” An Ambisouserssasipinary itlletal project, "modernization theory” dew upon expertise rom arom the soil cence ont to hy outa teleology of econon, politcal socal snc Change designed orig the nly independent postcolonial ater “upto speed" (Gian, 2003) ‘Although quinessnially American im ts prescriptions, the ‘nelcraal and poll antecedents of mdeaeation theo ay ‘aquaray within the cilsng miso of Bish colonial ell inspted by what Kal Polanyi (1944) refers to a the “Liberal (Geed” Underpinning modemiationdacorse was the binay of 2 moribundand eactonary“tadion” posted again debe modernity, which included, among the things, igh rates of «conome growth andthe reloryalong bral hiner—of poll, Social and coltral institutions? Although thi is tecically inclaed the eabishmene of liberal democracy, modernization theorists who were exsenially Cold War socal cents) sae the military in Thied World states asa progressive force. Third ‘World militaries particularly im AravMulim counties, were {his pitched athe es cade goin the Kinds of soil ‘reforms that wer required o free those soe ofthe shackles ‘of “train” and beng them, Kicking and steaming if aed be, into “modernity.” OF ours, the elias was thatthe tary in post-colonial societies was an important Cold War asc or the US, seen ab the instton het acta contain "communist ‘expansion and penetration” (President's Commitee vo Study the United States Miltary Assistance Progeam, Vol. 1 1959. 73, ‘ed in Noman, 1984235, And so she US ants Col War social ‘cients welcomed the military coup of 1988 and hale Pakistan's Fest mir dicator a the att refrmes™ In fae Taig Aly words he period of the Aya reine was period of ten years ‘of darnes, oppression and ineresing mater poverty" fr the people Pakistan (Ai, 1970520), i Keping with the st part ofthe moderiaton agendas the etiod 1988-48 mas designated athe "Decade Developmen 4 team of advisors from she Harvard Advisory Group on Innernational Development later to exo the Harvard Insite ‘of Developme) by Gusta Papnk arsed in Pakistan help tesign it econome policy. The Fie-Yea Plan developed under the Advisory Group was bused on the doctrine of “functional Inequality" (Papanek, 1967). Av articulated by neo-classical ‘conosco ineguaiy"epreseted he eli that ial income inequalities were a necesary prerequisite for economic development dened narowiy as economic growth), the bens ‘of which woul eventaly eck down tothe o sey Ths poly de-emphasized social seco development, wth Mabbub-a Haq (1965-30, the head ofthe Planing Consmison, famously statingha the underdeveloped counts mist conse accept 2 pilosopy of gow and shelve for the distant arr ll eas of equitable dstbution and welfare state le shouldbe recognised that thse re exis which only developed counties canard” ‘Unsurpasingy he economic program reed in huge incese inthe velo economic iseeury forthe vst majority of peopl, «specially foe he roland urban working poor. The consoldation ‘of wealth was so pronounced tha ful twothitds of isa {apitalcame ro beheld by the ifameous "22 fay ee of which ‘eas Ayub Khans ot. ‘The emphasis om industalization gave birth to an urban proletariat which became ineressngly organized and radical ‘cing this period esl in a eeersponding increse ia about "repression. Srks were declared legal nd the ri diel that allindusial “dspotes” wold beet hough am esablsbmen. controlled Industral Relations Board. Commons unin’ had aleady ben orlawed and eeplaced withthe pro-etablshet "ghtowing body called the Pakistan Confederation af Labo ‘which was allied withthe ant-communise World Confederation ‘f Labour Inadton, ewspapers were ered from eprting on sures and ater insides of indus unrest. Tht was of couse part and pare! of more compechesine and eth fuga of Pras cxsoesip The regime agenda, however, wat not limited so economic evelopment nor di rely solely om oer repre in ode o manag society tn keeping withthe dts teat theory nd the imperatives of the euorl Cold Way lo nite 2 rset of sos apd cultural reform. Av part this piss eps ‘nthe Corsttutonedscaton,lnd reform, lw, manpower elie, res sience and technology, "socal evi” auch a "bxeary™ ey crime and prostitaton persion, and “iadtionalsn”), $s welason spots, alae, ae and iteraute were sommisioned {varios eine over the nest fen yas" Speaking in 1960, yu Khan descbed the regime’ ands of oc and ural form inthe folowing er “The vast reforms and innovations tha are aking plas, will take place, ave no experimental groping inthe ack They are falls eaeutedandcarealy planned tings inthe netrork oan ‘veal abjcine ote and hep soit get verte weakness and ies fs hstory, to come et ofthe stupor stagnant past and stare preparing al for cnward march towards pointed destiny. Therein sail engicring efforts were instionalized though the creation of bode sch ata Bare and Bord of Navona Reconstuction, a Counc fr National Integration, and «Cente Insitute of amie Research, "The fost "atonal ingrason™ ‘nd “national econsracton” were pitched as moral esreation DoF Pakistani sory inthe wake of period of moval degeneration brought boar by the behavior of “zresponsible™ pli” Other nonstate organizations sich a the Pakistan Historia Society andthe Pakistan Philosophical Congress along with Cold ‘War ultra organzatios such t UNESCO, PEN andthe Pakistan Comite ofthe Congres for Caltral Freedom played portant roles within dhs neve rot the dcological baer. “Tit perio alo aw the establishment ofa Pakistan ranch ofthe Clcbacked Congtess fr Caltral Preedom (CCP) headed bby AK. Beoh, Ayub Khan aw minster The CCR, "a cultural formation tha hd a decidedly political impace daring the Cold War" (Score Smith, 2001: 1), was a key cultural Cold Wat inno. Setup specially “the clarinet euialent tft polical economy ofthe Marshal Pay" was designed ommon platfors for ant-cammunist Uberal nd soil deectat inlets arom she wold (i 140)" ‘Not surpesingy, US Cold War social sientas, among. them "ard Shs and Daniel Lere, were prominent onthe CCF cient as wel aldhough che CCF ws no the only platform aval thes academic forthe propagation of tex eas, "Aven Sais” programs esablshed in American univer, rengthened he Ties berwean the US academy sa the tate, while conerences and ‘ther events oratized by several private and sepia site, {nd agencies provided foams forthe Cald War warior academics, While "clare pecially, the idea of apolitical slate) had worked asthe organizing princi ofthe CCF in Europe, the socal schemes ee thatthe Afro-Asan work was different and that her, appeals religion woald ely work beer The pete 10 the pulsed proveedngs of a conference, "sain the Modern Work," conducted under the ag ofthe newly exalted Made as Isciute argued shat, sie rom the geographically satel poston i scapes, ihe “tame word? compres ne of the most stant end oven mow powertl bodies popslon sil cenit Inte stra ten the Western drosraies onthe ane ha nd Soviet Commune and the wate nr i domination on the other The amie worlds ining, for a vase eon, tothe sie ofthe democracies at he sete thee ate potent forces not only blocking complete deniaton wit hem hat beckoning tothe other camp, (19S: ‘The Co War douse in the Maslin world wes thas frame the ‘Mea that lam woud bean tie Bulwark gun comin sail pene cad OOF— Ss mn este et Secntceermae a oeutneima earache tc Bitte saaeneaeee i eae rae Si Sie tess "THE RISE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT WRITER" {Up hs in i Paki’ sys ref the te in he fim of cls hd ey be pte nd mess fed hn prone pad ben Cred tro pes il an ns hovtrpine hee Dang epee spec ee conpene bra new proactive role for th sate nthe cara per hy hs pay adr Aa Gaba nd Mansa Qo, eve name in ming eee cra pnd Tete a es i cme oa "iticcrenlon of ont Qua Saha, yey Of efarnason, nhs he met renin poy fps “Snolundcenorhiptt Psa ayes (A 98, Fos, {5H n stan othe repo ded ewpapes {Nina ew Tt nce nd ar eed Stet ad tr ny aco need Sg Noma 13h) Academic wee alowed opal ongiog ced cftheregine an edo cpt thy cee ‘here adden Ae Noman ty “Thc ‘city condoned of snd ome te elgeig wh ht 1d protwad mason fer cell an sol depen Patton ad ne ofthe most significant sep aken by the rime afer the Soup war the takeover ofthe Progressive Papers Lid (PPL) Api 1959, onthe trumped op change of reciing fone fro “foreign governments" The PPL ad alvays been home to lf inlets butatershe APPWA and CPP ers banned oh ‘tbecame the peimary latfoom of the Marit Ltn fach she PPL ‘eas the Left a east West Pais) in very teal see a hs time takeover thus nerazed den to an eres dogs In fae, by its annexation, the seine sffeivelyilled vo aes with one tone—ousting the “diy Commanst whe sequnag "chain of propaganda newspapers [Al 1970 101), ‘The regime wished 0 retain he old editorial staff in onde to whitewash che obviously unpleasant and unprecedented nature of ‘hei operation, bu thy Faldo accompli hs despite pine Dreventreinationsby devin hat the newspaper under he Puriew ofthe *Esetal eres” Ordinance Floweves, Masher AliKhaa, te tor ofthe Paiston Tomes stepped dwn prtay ith Aad Nadcom Qasmiy the ed of nose, alowsgg soeg after. Thee was no question of wanting to ean ite as the fcrles an fiebrand editor ofthe PPL's weekly Lae Nitor ad ‘ne was politely asked to eave. Faiz Ahmad Pais edo cl ofthe FPL, was already in pason. The top edtealcommitce ea subsegucrly replaced with handpicked men posseatd of haley” ational prt while semior bureaucrat was appoined ‘he administrator (san, 198), ‘The takeover was pubily acknowledged on April 19,1959 through the publication ofan editorial penned by Qudsiellah ‘Shahab which was cased by both the Pakistan Tones an es In this ifamons tonal—"A New Les in Enlth forthe Toes tnd *Naye Varg" in Ura fe bmraceShahab elaine that the taksover had been nested bythe fat hat “Distant as snd align horions, fa from the ertoral nd Meola nde of Pakistan, exercised a propresivlynceasing haem onthe tone and poli ofthis newspaper whick gradually began tok Hes strange nthe house. The mpliation was ha the eit ‘eam had ben comprised of fit columns a tha ther prc hd insured wea forthe PPL ‘While the acquisition ofthe PPL was an act of naked and precedente eoerion,animporan par the reie proj of