Chapter 4

FAULTS ON TRANSMISSION LINE

The thesis is about different faults in transmission system, for this purpose sequence components
method is used. The unbalanced system is decomposed into three symmetrical balance
component known as zero, negative and positive sequence components.
Following steps are involved in sequence components method

A) Z Bus Matrix Building:

Impedance matrix Z is defined as
V =ZI

Where
V

is the voltage of the node. And

B)

is the injecting node current

Calculation Of Fault Current:

For this purpose the node say k at which fault has occurred is connected to ground through
Zf
fault impedance
.All the currents except the current at faulted bus will be zero.
I k=

Vk
=I k
Z kk

I fk is the negative injecting node current

Ik

If node k is terminated we can write another equation

V k =Z f I fk V s
Now the fault current can be solved

I fk =V s / Zt
Vs

is the original voltage of the bus that is before the fault has occurred. Before fault the

system is balanced and only positive sequence exist. So the above equation can be used by
positive sequence fault current. Here Z is calculated by different methods using different faults
type
There are four different types of faults

1. Three Phase fault:

A three phase fault occurs when all the three phases are all connected to the ground with or
without fault impedance.
Voltage of each bus can be calculated as

And the fault current is calculated as

Fig 4.2 Sequence network connection of symmetrical faults