CC THNG S NH

GI CHT LNG NC
Sinh vin thc hin:
Trn Qunh Phng
Dng Th i Nh

1. Mu sc

CH TIU
VT L

2. Mi v
3. c
4. Nhit
5. Cht rn trong nc

CH
TIU
NH
GI

6. dn in ca nc
1. cng ca nc

CH TIU
HA HC

2. axit
3. Cc anion trong nc
4. Cc kim loi nng
5.Cc hp cht hu c
6.Hm lng oxi ha tan trong nc (DO)

CH TIU
VI SINH

7.Nhu cu oxi sinh ha (BOD)

8.Nhu cu oxi ha hc (COD)
Vi khun hc

I.CC CH TIU VT L
1.MU SC
- Nguyn nhn: Mu sc gy nn bi cc tp cht trong
nc (cht hu c, cht mn hu c - acid humic...),
mt s ion v c (st,...), mt s loi thy sinh vt...
- c xc nh bng phng php so mu vi cc dung
dch chun (phng php trc quan)

nc b nhim Mn
v 1 s KL nng

nc b nhim
st v phn

2.Mi v
- Nguyn nhn: do nhng kh (H2S, NH3...), cc cht
hu c, cc cht v c (Cu2+, Fe3+)
Nc nguyn cht khng c mi,v t nhin l do s
hin din ca cc cht ha tan lng nh
- nh gi mc mi v ca nc, ngi ta dng
phng php pha long cho n khi khng cm nhn
c mi na

3. c

cha huyn ph

3. c
- Nguyn nhn: gy nn bi cn bn, cc ht rn l lng
trong nc (v c, hu c hoc cc VSV thy sinh...)
_ Phng php: so c ca nc vi c ca mt
thang chun,hoc bng my o c. C n v o
NTU, xc nh theo cng thc
1NTU = 5% (lgA + 100 ml H2O) +5% (lgB + 100ml H2O) + 90% H2O

A- hidrazin sunfat; B- hexametylen tetramin

c ca nc dng n ung cho php di 5NTU

4. Nhit
Ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng xung quanh
thi gian trong ngy, ma trong nm,...

Nhit cn c xc nh ti ch bng nhit k

4. Cht rn trong nc
C th l nhng cht tan hoc khng tan, bao gm c
cht hu c v v c
Phng php xc nh tng hm lng cc cht rn:

- dng giy lc bng xanh

lc nc
- ly 250ml nc lc, un trn bp cch thy n
kh, sy cn 1080C
-> em cn v tnh ra mg/l

5. dn in ca nc
n v : mS
Dng dung dch chun KCl so snh

II. CC CH TIU HA HC
1. CNG CA NC
- Gy nn bi cc ion a ha tr c mt trong nc. Khi
un nng chng phn ng vi mt s anion to kt ta
cng ca nc xem nh l tng hm lng ca ion
Ca2+ v Mg2+
- c xc nh bng pp chun hoc tnh theo hm
lng Canxi, Magie trong nc

1. cng ca nc
+ Phng php chun : dng phng php chun
complexon vi dd m NH3 + NH4Cl c pH ~ 10
bng ch th eriocrom en T. Dng EDTA chun
canxi v magie. im tng ng t c khi mu
dd chuyn t ru nho sang xanh
CaCO3 (mg/l) = VmlEDTA . NEDTA . 1000/Vml(mu trc)

2. Xc nh axit
axit
- K/n: L hm lng ca cc cht c trong nc tham gia
phn ng vi dd kim (KOH, NaOH). ax c tnh
bng mlg/l.
AXIT T DO

AXIT
AXIT TON
PHN

 AXIT T DO (m) pH<4.5

Ly 100ml mu nc cho vo bnh tam gic dung tch
250ml, thm vo 2-3 git metyl da cam, tin hnh
chun bng dd NaOH 0,01M n khi dd chuyn t
mu sang vng ht a ml. Nu dng my o pH th
chun n pH = 4,5.

m=

= 0,1a (mllg/l)

 AXIT TON PHN (p) pH=8.3

Ly 100ml mu nc cho vo bnh tam gic dung tch
250ml, thm vo 2-3 git phenolphtalin, tin hnh
chun bng dd NaOH 0,01M n khi dd chuyn
mu hng ht b ml, nu dng my o pH kt thc
chun khi pH = 8,3.
p=

= 0,1b (mllg/l)

 kim
- K/n: L hm lng ca cc cht c trong nc tham gia
phn ng vi dung dch axit mnh (HCl). kim
c biu din bng s mlg/l

 KIM T DO (m)
Ly 100ml mu nc, chun bng dd HCl 0,01M vi
ch th phenolphtalin n khi mt mu hng ht a ml.
nu dng my o th kt thc chun khi pH = 8,3

m=

= 0,1a (mllg/l)

3. CC ANION TRONG NC

PO43- : Ngun dinh

dng cho thc vt
di nc,gy
nhim, thc y hin
tng ph dng
trong mi trng ao
h

XC NH ION
PO43-

PHNG PHP
SO MU

PHNG PHP
TRC QUANG

 kim ton phn (p)

Ly 100ml mu nc thi mt lung khng kh sch qua
trong vi pht, em chun bng dd HCl 0,01M vi
ch th metyl da cam n khi chuyn t mu vng sang
da cam ht b ml. Nu dng my o pH th chun
n pH = 4,5.
m=

= 0,1b (mllg/l)

PHNG PHP SO MU

H3PO4 + 12(NH4)3MoO4 +21HNO3 (NH4)3H4P(Mo2O7)6 +

21NH4NO3 +10H2O
(mu vng)
Mui amoniphotpho molipdat d b kh bi hdrazinsunfat,
benzidin, km, thic (II) clorua... to mu xanh molipden c
trng
em so mu vi thang mu chun -> x hm lng photphat
c trong mu.

PHNG PHP TRC QUAN

L phng php xc nh hm lng photphat-P v c

da trn s thay i cng mu xanh molipden to
thnh khi kh phc amoniphotphomolipdat trong mi
trng axit

Cc yu t nh hng
- Silicat: nu nng silic nh hn 5mg/l th khng nh
hng.
Nng ln hn lm thay i mu ca phc
- Ion asenat (AsO43-) to phc tng t nh ion photphat,
vi nng 1mg/l s cn tr p.
Cch x l: cho thm vo mu dd thiosunfat
- Ion florua: nng > 200mg/l ngn chn hon ton s
to mu xanh ca phc
- Ion NO2- : nng > 1mg/l lm mt mu dd phc.
Cch x l: thm lng d nh ax amidosunfonic.

Cc yu t nh hng
- H2S: Vi nng > 2mg/l khng nh hng n kt
qu.
lm gim nng bng cch thi N2 qua mu
- Kim loi nng:khng nh hng nu nng di
10mg/l
Nng >10mg/l:
Ion vanadi lm tng mu
Ion st, ng,crom lm gim mu.

XC NH ION
NITRAT

KH NO3-

PHNG PHP SO
MU

PHNG PHP
BRUXIN-SUNFAT

PHNG PHP KH NO3* 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 2NO + 3Cu2+ +4H2O

* 3Fe2+ + NO3- + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO2 + FeSO4 FeSO4.NO2

Xc nh ion nitrit
_ Dng KMnO4
5NO2- + 2MnO4 + 6H+ 5NO3- + 2Mn2+ +
3H2O
lm mt mu thuc tm
_ Dng ion I* NO2- oxi ha I- thnh I3- mu nu nht
ha xanh khi c h tinh bt
_ Phng php ng chun vi thuc th
Griess-ilos

4. cc kim loi nng

Khi nim: L nhng kim loi c khi lng
ring ln hn 5 g/cm3(Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Cr,
Mn)
C mt khp ni trong t nhin nh kh
quyn, thy quyn, a quyn, sinh quyn.
Mc d cn thit cho sinh vt nhng nu vt
qu tiu chun th s gy c hi cho mi
trng v sinh vt.
Con ng xm nhp : nc thi sinh hot,
nc thi cng nghip

a. Ch
Ngun gc: nc thi cng nghip, nc thi
sinh hot
Nng cho php khng qu 0,05mg/ml
Tc hi:nh hng h thn kinh, ri lon to
huyt, au khp, vim thn, tai bin
Phng php: - Chit trc quang vi ithizon
trong cloruafom (max=510nm)
-Quang ph hp th nguyn
t

b. Thy ngn
Ngun gc : ni la, bi khi nh my luyn
kim, sn xut cht hu c, phn bn ha
hc...
Dng gy c: hi thy ngn, metyl thy
ngn
Nng cho php: -nc ung 1g/l
-nc thy sn 0,5g/l
Tc hi : phn lit, tr n, co git...
Phng php : - Vn ampe ha tan
- - Chit trc quang vi ithizon
trong cloruafom (max=492nm)

c. Asen
Ngun gc : ni la, bi i dng, t rng,
cht thi, thuc tr su...
Dng gy c : Asen(III)
Nng : -nc sch 0,4-1g/l
-nc bin 1,5-1,7g/l
Tc hi : ung th biu m da, phi, ph qun,
xoang...
Phng php : hp th nguyn t

d. Cadimi
Ngun gc : bi ni la, bi i dng, v tr,
chy rng, CN luyn kim, m, sn, lc du...
Nng : - nc ung 0,003 mg/l
- nc sinh hot, ngm 0,001mg/l
Tc hi : nhiu lon enzim, tng huyt p,
ung th phi...
Phng php : ph hp th nguyn t

e. Crom
Ngun gc : nh my m in nhum thuc
da, cht n, gm...
Dng gy c : Cr(VI)
Nng cho php : 0,05mg/l
Tc hi : lot d dy, rut non, vim gan,
vim thn, ung th phi...
Phng php : - Quang ph pht x
- Kch hot ntron hoc khi ph

f. Mangan
Ngun gc : ra tri, si mn, cht thi luyn
kim, c quy, phn bn ha hc...
Nng cho php 0,1 g/l
Tc hi : tn thng thn, b my tun hon,
phi...
Phng php : phn tch ha hc

mt s hnh nh v bnh
v nc nhim c

5. Cc hp cht hu c
Gm 4 loi:
hp cht phenol
Ngun gc : nc thi cng nghip, bt giy,
lc du..
Tiu chun : 2,4,5,triclophenol v
pentaclophenol khng vt qu 10 g/l
Tc hi : gy c vi sinh vt nc, gim DO
ca nc
hp cht bo v thc vt
Ngun gc : cc loi thuc bo v thc vt

5. Cc hp cht hu c
Nng : -c clo (DDT,666...) 0,01g/l
-c pht pho (parathion, malathion...)
0,02g/l
-cacbanat (sevin,bassa...)
Tc hi : gy c cho con ngi,vt nui

5. Cc hp cht hu c
cht ty ra : -cht hot ng b mt
anionic
-cht hot ng b mt cationic
-cht hot ng b mt khng c
cu to ion
-cc cht lng tnh
Tc hi : gim sc cng b mt nc, to nh
tng, huyn ph nn khi vt qu ch tiu
thi lm nhim mi trng nc

6. Hm lng oxi ha tan

trong nc (DO)
Kh oxi ha tan l yu t thy ha quan trng
xc nh cng hng lot qu trnh sinh
ha ng thi cng l yu t ch th cho khi
nc
Ch s DO cao l nc c nhiu rong to cn
thp l nc c nhiu cht hu c
Bng 1.DO bo ha 1atm v cc nhit khc nhau
Nhit (0)
Nc ngt (ppm)
Nc bin (ppm)

10

15

20

25

30

14,5

12,8

11,3

10,2

9,2

8,4

7,6

11,3

10

8,1

7,1

6,7

6,1

6. Hm lng oxi ha tan

trong nc (DO)
Phng php xc nh DO gm 2 phng
php :
- phng php winkler (phng php
ha hc)
- phng php o in cc oxi ha tan
my o oxi

6. Hm lng oxi ha tan

trong nc (DO)
Cch tin hnh: Oxy trong nc c c nh
ngay sau khi ly mu bng hn hp cht c
nh (MnSO4, KI, NaN3), lc ny oxy ha tan
trong mu s phn ng vi Mn2+ to thnh
MnO2. Khi em mu v phng th nghim,
thm acid sulfuric hay phosphoric vo mu,
lc ny MnO2 s oxy ha I- thnh I2. Chun
I2 to thnh bng Na2S2O3 vi ch th h
tinh bt.

6. Hm lng oxi ha tan

trong nc (DO)
Tnh ra lng O2 c trong mu theo cng
thc:
DO (mg/l) = (VTB x N/ VM ) x 8 x 1.000
Trong : VTB: l th tch trung bnh dung dch
Na2S2O3 0,01N (ml) trong cc ln chun .
N: l nng ng lng gam ca dung
dch Na2S2O3 s dng.
8: l ng lng gam ca oxy.
VM: l th tch (ml) mu nc em chun .
1.000: l h s chuyn i thnh lt.

6. Nhu cu oxi sinh ha

(BOD)
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit
vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c trong
mt khong thi gian xc nh v c k
hiu bng BOD c tnh bng mg/L.
Ch tiu BOD phn nh mc nhim hu
c ca nc thi.
BOD cng ln th nc thi (hoc nc
ngun) b nhim cng cao v ngc li.

phng php xc nh BOD

BOD20 = BOD5 : 0,68
Tnh BOD cui cng khi bit BOD mt thi
im no ngi ta c th dng cng
thc:
BODt = Lo (1 e-kt)
hay BODt = Lo (1 10-Kt)
Trong
BODt: BOD ti thi im t (3 ngy, 5 ngy)
Lo: BOD cui cng
k: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s e
K: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s 10, k

7. Nhu cu oxi ha hc
(COD)
Nhu cu oxy ha hc l lng oxy cn thit
oxy ho cc hp cht ho hc trong nc
bao gm c v c v hu c
Ch s COD c s dng rng ri o gin
tip khi lng cc hp cht hu c c trong
nc.
Phn ln cc ng dng ca COD xc nh
khi lng ca cc cht nhim hu c tm
thy trong nc b mt. V d : trong cc
con sng hay h.
N c biu din theo n v o l miligam
O2 trn lt (mgO2/L)

Phng php xc nh
Gm 2 phng php l pemanganat v
bicromat
Tuy nhin tnh hiu qu ca pemanaganat
kali trong vic xi ha cc hp cht hu c
b dao ng kh ln nn ngi ta chuyn
sang dng phng php bicromat vi nhiu
u im hn
Tiu chun nh gi ca COD
COD (mgO2/l)
nhim nng

> 1000

nhim trung bnh

500-1000

nhim nh

< 500

8. Tiu chun vi khun hc

Trong nc thin nhin c nhiu loi vi
trng, siu vi trng, rong to v cc loi
thy vi sinh. Ty theo tnh cht, cc loi vi
sinh trong nc c th v hi hoc c hi.
Trong cht thi ca ngi v ng vt lun c
loi vi khun E.Coli sinh sng v pht trin.
S c mt ca E.Coli trong nc chng t
chng t ngun nc b nhim.
S lng E.Coli nhiu hay t ty thuc mc
nhim bn ca ngun nc.

8. Tiu chun vi khun hc

c tnh ca khun E.Coli l kh nng tn ti
cao hn cc loi vi khun, vi trng gy bnh
khc nn nu sau khi x l nc, nu trong
nc khng cn pht hin thy E.Coli th
iu chng t cc loi vi trng gy bnh
khc b tiu dit ht.
Chng ta cn phn 2 khi nimtr s v ch
s
-Tr s E.Coli l n v th tch nc c cha 1
vi khun E.Coli.
-Ch s E.Coli l s lng vi khun E.Coli c
trong 1 lt nc.

8. Tiu chun vi khun hc

Tiu chun nc cp cho sinh hot cc
nc tin tin qui nh tr s E.Coli khng
nh hn 100 mL, ngha l cho php ch c 1
vi khun E.Coli trong 100 mL nc (ch s
E.Coli tng ng l 10). TCVN qui nh ch
s E.Coli ca nc sinh hot phi nh hn
20.
Phng php : Dng pipet ly ng 0,1ml
mu nc c pha long 100 na
10000 ln
em trong mi trng Agar-eosin-metylen
blue 3710C trong 48h ri dng knh hin