Levnu0022 02

Chng 2
BK
TP.HCM
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

HCMC University of Technology
268, av. Ly Thuong Kiet,
District 10, HoChiMinh city
Telephone :
(08) 864-7256 (ext. 5843)
Fax :
(08) 864-5137
Email : anhvu@hcmut.edu.vn
http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~anhvu
Tn hiu v H thng
Ri Rc Thi Gian
T.S. inh c Anh V
Ni dung (1)
Tn hiu RRTG
Cc t/h c bn
Phn loi t/h
Cc php ton c bn
H thng RRTG
M t vo-ra
M t s khi
Phn loi h/t RRTG
Phn tch h LTI trong min thi gian

Phn gii t/h RRTG ra p ng xung n v
Tch chp v cc thuc tnh
Biu din hm p ng xung n v cho h: nhn qu, n nh
H FIR, IIR
DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE
Ni dung (2)
Phng trnh sai phn
LTI v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Gii PTSPTT HSH
p ng xung n v ca h/t qui LTI
Hin thc h RRTG

Cu trc trc tip dng 1
Tng quan gia cc t/h

Tng quan v t tng quan
Thuc tnh ca tng quan
Tng quan ca cc t/h tun hon
Gii thut tnh s tng quan
Tn hiu RRTG
Gii thiu
K hiu: x(n), n: nguyn
x(n) ch c nh ngha ti
cc im ri rc n, khng
c nh ngha ti cc im
khc (khng c ngha l x(n)
bng 0 ti cc im )
x(n) = xa(nTs)
(Ts: chu k mu)
n: ch s ca mu tn hiu,
ngay c khi t/h x(n) khng
phi t c t ly mu t/h
xa(t)
Tn hiu RRTG
Mt s dng biu din
1) Dng hm
1, n = 1, 3
x(n) = 4, n = 2
0, n khc
2) Dng bng
n
|-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x(n) |... 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0
3) Dng chui
: ch v tr n=0
{,0,0,1,4,1,0,0,} t/h v hn
{0,0,1,4,1,0,0}
t/h hu hn
4) Dng th
Tn hiu RRTG c bn
T/h mu n v
(xung n v)
K hiu:
nh ngha:
(n)
1 n = 0
d (n ) =
0 n 0
Tn hiu RRTG c bn
T/h bc n v
K hiu:
nh ngha:
u(n)
1 n 0
u( n ) =
0 n < 0
Tn hiu RRTG c bn
T/h dc n v
K hiu:
nh ngha:
ur(n)
n n 0
ur ( n ) =
0 n < 0
Tn hiu RRTG c bn
T/h m
nh ngha:
Hng s a
a: thc
a: phc
x(n) = an, "n

x(n): t/h thc
a rejq
x(n) = rnejn
= rn(cosn + jsinn)
2 cch biu din
hoc
xR(n) = rncosn
xI(n) = rnsinn
| x(n) | = rn
x(n) = n
Tn hiu RRTG c bn
T/h m x(n)=an (vi a=0.9)

gim dn khi n tng
T/h m x(n)=an (vi a=1.5)

tng dn khi n tng
10
Tn hiu RRTG c bn
xr(n) = (1.5)ncos(n/10)
xr(n) = (0.9)ncos(n/10)
11
Phn loi tn hiu RRTG

T/h nng lng v t/h cng sut
Nng lng ca t/h x(n)
E x = x(n )
Nu Ex hu hn (0 < Ex < ) x(n): t/h nng lng
Cng sut TB ca t/h x(n)
N
1
2
P = lim
x(n )
N 2N + 1 n =- N
Nu Px hu hn (0 < Px < ) x(n): t/h cng sut
Nng lng t/h trn khong [-N,N]

Nng lng t/h
EN =
E = limEN
x(n )
n =- N
Cng sut t/h

1
P = lim
EN
N 2N + 1
12
Phn loi tn hiu RRTG

T/h tun hon v khng tun hon
x(n) tun hon chu k N x(n+N) = x(n), "n
Nng lng
Hu hn nu 0 n N 1 v x(n) hu hn
V hn nu n +
Cng sut hu hn
1 N -1
2
P = x(n )
N n =0
T/h tun hon l t/h cng sut
13
Phn loi tn hiu RRTG

T/h i xng (chn) v bt i xng (l)
Cho t/h x(n) thc
x(n) = x(n), "n
x(n) = x(n), "n
t/h chn
t/h l
Bt c t/h no cng c biu din

x(n) = xe(n) + xo(n)
Thnh phn t/h chn
xe(n) = ()[x(n) + x(n)]
Thnh phn t/h l
xo(n) = ()[x(n) x(n)]
14
T/h RRTG: Cc php ton c bn

Cc php ton c bn
Delay
Advance
Folding
Addition
Multiplication
Scaling
:
:
:
:
:
:
lm tr (TD)
ly trc (TA)
o (FD)
cng
nhn
co gin
Php bin i
bin c lp (thi gian)
15

Bin i bin c lp (thi gian)
Php lm tr: dch theo thi gian
bng cch thay th n bi nk
x(n)
y(n) = x(nk)
"k >0
y(n) l kt qu ca lm tr x(n)
i k mu
Trn th: php delay chnh l
DCH PHI chui t/h i k mu
Php ly trc: dch theo thi

gian bng cch thay th n bi
n+k
y(n) = x(n+k)
"k >0
y(n) l kt qu ca ly trc
x(n) i k mu
Trn th: php ly trc
chnh l DCH TRI chui t/h
i k mu
Lm
tr
Ly
trc
y(n) = x(nk)
16

Bin i bin c lp (thi gian)
Php o: thay th n bi n
y(n) = x(n)
y(n) l kt qu ca vic o tn
hiu x(n)
Trn th: php folding chnh
l O th quanh trc ng
x(n)
Ch
FD[TDk[x(n)]] TDk[FD[x(n)]]
Php o v lm tr khng hon o
v c
Php co gin theo thi gian:

thay th n bi n ( nguyn)
o
y(n) = x(-n)
y(n) = x(n)
: nguyn
y(n) l kt qu ca vic co gin
t/h x(n) h s
Php ti ly mu nu t/h x(n) c
c bng cch ly mu xa(t)
17

Cho hai t/h x1(n) v x2(n)
n: [,+]
Php cng
y(n) = x1(n) + x2(n)
n: [,+]
Php nhn
y(n) = x1(n).x2(n)
n: [,+]
Php co gin bin

y(n) = ax1(n)
n: [,+]
18
H thng RRTG
Gii thiu
Tn hiu chuyn sang dng biu din s Cn thit
k thit b, chng trnh x l n
H thng RRTG = thit b, chng trnh ni trn
y(n)
x(n)
Tn hiu vo
(Tc ng)
x(n)
H thng RRTG
Tn hiu ra
(p ng)
y(n) = T[x(n)]
19
H/t RRTG: M t quan h vo-ra

Ch quan tm mi quan h vora
Khng n kin trc bn trong ca h
Xem h nh l
y(n) = T[x(n)]
V d b tch ly
y (n )
= x (k )
-
n -1
= x (k ) + x (n )
-
= y (n - 1) + x(n )
Nu n n0 (ch tnh p ng t thi im n0),
y(n0) = y(n0 1) + x(n0)

y(n0 1): iu kin u, bng tng cc t/h p ln h/t trc thi im n0
Nu y(n0 1) = 0
h/t trng thi ngh (khng c tc ng trc n0)
20
H/t RRTG: M t s khi

Kt ni cc khi phn t c bn
B cng
x1(n)
x2(n)
B tr n v
x(n)
Z1
y(n) = x(n1)
y(n) = ax(n)
B nhn
x1(n)
B tin n v
x(n)
B co-gin
x(n)
y(n) =x1(n)+x2(n)
y(n) = x(n+1)
x2(n)
y(n) =x1(n).x2(n)
Du * dng ch mt php
ton khc tch chp (ni sau)
21
H/t RRTG: M t s khi

V d
M t bng s cu trc cho h c quan h vo ra sau:
y(n) = 2x(n) 3x(n1) + 1.5y(n1) + 2y(n2)

c t iu kin u ca h: {tr cc Z1}
2
x(n)
Z1
3
y(n)
1.5
+
2
Z1
Z1
22
H/t RRTG: Phn loi

Mt h thng c gi l c tnh cht X nu tnh cht X
tho mn cho mi tn hiu vo ca h thng
H ng h tnh
H tnh
Ng xut ch ph thuc cc mu thi im hin ti (khng ph thuc

mu tng lai hay qu kh)
Khng dng b nh
Khng xut hin cc Z1 trong s khi
Khng xut hin cc x(nk) hay y(nk) trong quan h vo ra
H ng
Ng xut ti thi im n ph thuc cc mu trong [nN, n] (N 0)

H c dng b nh
C xut hin cc Z1 trong s khi
C xut hin cc x(nk) hay y(nk) trong quan h vo ra
N=0
h/t tnh
> N > 0 h/t c b nh hu hn
N=
h/t c b nh v hn
23
H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H bin thin v bt bin theo thi gian
H bt bin theo thi gian
c trng vo-ra khng thay i theo thi gian
nh l:
T
H ngh T l bt bin nu v ch nu x(n) y (n)
T
x(n - k ) y (n - k )
"x(n),"k
H bin thin theo thi gian

H khng c tnh cht trn
24
H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
H tuyn tnh
H tho nguyn l xp chng
nh l:
H l tuyn tnh nu v ch nu:
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1T[x1(n)] + a2T[x2(n)] "ai, "xi(n)
Tnh cht co gin:
nu a2 = 0 T[a1x1(n)] = a1T[x1(n)]
Tnh cht cng:
nu a1 = a2 = 1 T[x1(n) + x2(n)] = T[x1(n)] + T[x2(n)]
H phi tuyn
H khng tho mn nguyn l xp chng
y(n) = T(0) 0
25
H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H nhn qu v khng nhn qu
H nhn qu
H ch ph thuc cc mu hin ti v qu kh, khng
ph thuc cc mu tng lai
nh l:
H T c gi l nhn qu nu nh p ng ti n0 ch
ph thuc vo tc ng ti cc thi im trc n0 (v
d: n0 1, n0 2, )
y(n) = F[x(n), x(n1), x(n2), ]
H khng nhn qu: h khng tho nh l trn

26
H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H n nh v khng n nh
H n nh
nh l:
H ngh c gi l BIBO n nh nu v ch nu mi
ng nhp hu hn s to ra ng xut hu hn
"x(n): x(n) Mx <
y(n) = T[x(n)] My <
27
H/t RRTG: Kt ni
C th kt ni cc h RRTG nh, c bn, thnh cc
h thng phc tp hn x(n)
y1(n)
y(n)
T1
T2
Hai cch kt ni
T
c
Ni tip
y1(n) = T1[x(n)]
y(n)
y(n) = T2[y1(n)]
Th t kt ni l quan trng
Nu T1, T2 tuyn tnh v bt
= T2[T1[x(n)]]
= Tc[x(n)]
vi Tc T2T1
T2T1 T1T2
bin theo thi gian
Tc T2T1 bt bin theo thi gian

T1T2 = T2T1
Song song
y(n)
x(n)
= T1[x(n)] + T2[x(n)]
= (T1+T2)[x(n)]
= Tp[x(n)]
vi TpT1+T2
Tp
T1
T2
y1(n)
y2(n)
y(n)
28
H/t LTI: Phn tch h/t tuyn tnh

K thut phn tch h/t tuyn tnh
Biu din quan h vo/ra bng phng trnh sai phn v gii n
Phn tch t/h nhp thnh tng cc t/h c s sao cho p ng ca h/t i vi
cc t/h c s l xc nh trc. Nh tnh cht tuyn tnh ca h/t, p ng
ca h/t i vi t/h nhp n gin bng tng cc p ng ca h/t vi cc t/h
c s
Phn gii t/h nhp
x ( n ) = c k xk ( n )
k
gi s yk(n) = T[xk(n)]
y (n )
= T [ x(n)]
= T [ ck xk (n)]
k
= ckT [ xk (n)]
k
y (n ) = c k y k (n )
k
29
H/t LTI Phn gii t/h nhp

Phn gii t/h nhp ra p ng xung n v
Chn cc t/h thnh phn c s
Ta c
x(n)(nk) = x(k)(nk)
Biu thc phn tch t/h x(n)
"k
x(n ) =
xk(n) = (nk)
x(k )d (n - k )
k =-
V d:
th
x(n) = {2 4 3 1}
x(n) = 2(n+2) + 4(n+1) + 3(n) + (n1)
p ng ca h/t LTI vi t/h nhp bt k: tch chp
p ng y(n, k) ca h/t vi xung n v ti n=k c biu din bng h(n, k)

y(n, k) h(n, k) = T[(nk)]
< k <
n: ch s thi gian
k: tham s ch v tr xung n v
Nu t/h nhp c co gin h s ck x(k), p ng ca h/t cng co gin

ckh(n, k) = x(k)h(n, k)
30
H/t LTI Tch chp

Tch chp
y (n )
= T [ x(n)]
x(n)
LTI
y(n)
= T [ x(k )d (n - k )]
k =-
x(k )T [d (n - k )]
k =-
x(k )h(n,k )
k =-
Biu thc trn ng vi mi h/t tuyn tnh ngh (bt bin hoc bin thin)
i vi h LTI, nu h(n) = T[(n)] th h(nk) = T[(nk)]
y (n ) =
x(k )h(n - k )
k =-
H/t LTI c c trng hon ton bng hm h(n), trong khi h/t tuyn tnh
bin thin thi gian yu cu mt s v hn cc p ng xung n v h(n, k):
mi hm h(n, k) cho mi thi gian tr
31
H/t LTI Tch chp
Cch tnh ng xut ca h/t ti mt thi im n0

y (n0 ) =
x(k )h(n
k =-
- k)
1. o:
h(k) h(k): i xng h(k) quanh trc k=0
2. Dch:
h(k) h(k + n0) : dch h(k) i mt
on n0 sang phi (tri) nu n0 dng (m)
3. Nhn:
vn0(k) = x(k) h(k + n0)
4. Cng:
tng tt c chui vn0(k)
32
H/t LTI Tch chp

Trong biu thc tch chp, nu thay m=nk (tc
k=nm), ta c
y (n ) =
m =-
k =-
x(n - m)h(m) = x(n - k )h(k )
Cng thc ny cho cng kt qu nh cng thc tch

chp, nhng th t tnh ton khc nhau
Nu
vn(k) = x(k)h(nk)
vn(k) = wn(nk)
wn(k) = x(nk)h(k)
y (n ) =
v (k ) = w (n - k )
k =-
k =-
33
H/t LTI Tch chp

Tm tt
x(n)
LTI: h(n)
y(n)
h(n) : Hm p ng xung n v ca h LTI
y ( n)
= x ( n) * h( n)
=
x ( k ) h( n - k )
k = -
y ( n)
= h( n) * x ( n)
=
x ( n - k ) h( k )
k = -
34
H/t LTI Tnh cht tch chp

Giao hon x(n)*h(n) = h(n)*x(n)
x(n)
Kt hp
h(n)
h(n)
y(n)
x(n)
y(n)
[x(n)*h1(n)]*h2(n) = x(n)*[h1(n)*h2(n)]
Giao hon
Kt hp
h1(n)
h2(n)
h2(n)
h1(n)
h = h1(n)*h2(n)
35
H/t LTI Tnh cht tch chp

Phn phi
x(n)*[h1(n) + h2(n)] = x(n)*h1(n) + x(n)*h2(n)
h1(n)
x(n)
y(n)
Phn phi
x(n)
h(n) = h1(n) + h2(n)
y(n)
h2(n)
V d: dng tch chp, xc nh p ng ca h thng

x(n) = anu(n) v h(n) = bnu(n) trong c 2 trung hp a=b v ab
x(n) = {0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0} v h(n) = (n) (n1) + (n4) + (n5)
36
H/t LTI Tnh nhn qu

Mt h LTI l nhn qu nu v ch nu cc p ng xung
ca n bng 0 i vi cc gi tr m ca n
[tc, h(n) = 0, "n < 0]
y (n ) = h(k ) x (n - k ) =
k =0
Qui c
Chui bng 0 "n < 0

Chui khc 0 "n: n<0 v n>0
x ( k )h ( n - k )
k =-
chui nhn qu
chui khng nhn qu
Nu t/h nhp l chui nhn qu [x(n) = 0, "n < 0]

n
k =0
k =0
y ( n ) = h ( k ) x ( n - k ) = x ( k )h ( n - k )
p ng ca h/t nhn qu vi chui nhn qu l nhn qu [y(n) =
0, "n<0]
37
H/t LTI Tnh n nh

H LTI l n nh nu hm p ng xung n v l kh tng
tuyt i
y ( n ) = x ( n - k )h ( k )
Ta c
k =-
x(n) M x
Chng minh
y (n ) =
k =-
k =-
x ( n - k )h ( k )
y (n ) M y <
nu
x (n - k ) h( k ) M x
Sh =
h(k )
k =-
h(k ) <
k =-
V d: xc nh tm gi tr a, b sao cho h LTI sau n nh

a n
h(n) = 1
b n
n0
-1 n < 0
n < -1
38
H/t LTI FIR v IIR

H c p ng xung hu hn FIR (Finite-duration Impulse
Response)
h(n) = 0 "n: n < 0 v n M
y (n) =
M -1
h(k ) x(n - k )
k =0
H FIR c b nh di M
H c p ng xung v hn IIR (Infinite-duration Impulse

Response)
Gi s h/t c tnh nhn qu
y (n ) = h(k ) x(n - k )
k =0
H IIR c b nh v hn
39
H/t RRTG qui

Trung bnh tch ly ca t/h x(n) trong khong 0 k n
1 n
y (n) =
x(k )
n + 1 k =0
Vic tnh y(n) i hi lu tr tt c gi tr ca x(k)

khi n tng, b nh cn thit cng tng
Cch khc tnh y(n): qui

n -1
( n + 1) y ( n ) = x ( k ) + x ( n ) = ny ( n - 1) + x ( n )
k =0
n
1
y ( n - 1) +
x(n)
y (n) =
n +1
n +1
y(n0 1): iu kin u
x(n)
y(n)
1
n+1
Z1
H/t qui l h c y(n) ph thuc khng ch t/h nhp m cn gi tr

qu kh ca ng xut
40
H/t RRTG qui

H/t khng qui nu y(n) = F[x(n), x(n1), , x(nM)]
Khc nhau c bn gia h/t qui v h/t khng qui
x(n)
F[x(n), x(n1), , x(nM)]
ngha
y(n)
x(n)
F[x(n), x(n1), , x(nM),

y(n1), y(n2), , y(nN)]
y(n)
Z-1
H/t qui phi tnh cc gi tr ng xut qu kh trc

H/t khng qui c th xc nh gi tr ng xut thi im bt k
m khng cn tnh gi tr ng xut qu kh
H qui: h tun t
H khng qui: h t hp
41
H/t LTI RRTG ph/trnh sai phn

h s hng
Tp con ca h/t qui v khng qui
V d h/t qui c m t bi PTSP bc 1: y(n) = ay(n1) + x(n)
Phng trnh xut nhp cho h LTI
Tc ng vo h/t t/h x(n) "n 0 v gi s tn ti y(1)
y(0) = ay(1) + x(0)

y(1) = ay(0) + x(1) = a2y(1) + ax(0) + x(1)
y(n) = ay(n1) + x(n) = an+1y(1) + anx(0) + an-1x(1) + + ax(n1) + x(n)

n
Hoc
y (n) = a n +1 y (-1) + a k x(n - k )
"n 0
k =0
Nu h/t ngh ti n=0, b nh ca n bng 0, do y(1) = 0
B nh biu din trng thi h/t h/t trng thi 0 (p ng trng thi 0 hoc
p ng cng bc yzs(n))
n
yzs (n) = a k x(n - k )

k =0
y l tch chp ca x(n) v h(n) = anu(n)

p ng trng thi 0 ph thuc bn cht h/t v t/h nhp
42

h s hng
Nu h/t khng ngh [tc y(1) 0] v x(n) = 0 "n: h
thng khng c t/h nhp
p ng khng ng nhp (hay p ng t nhin) yzi(n)
y zi (n) = a n +1 y (-1)
H/t qui vi iu kin u khc khng l h khng ngh, tc n
vn to ra p ng ng ra ngay c khi khng c t/h nhp (p ng
ny do b nh ca h/t)
p ng khng ng nhp c trng cho chnh h/t: n ph thuc bn
cht h/t v iu kin u
Tng qut y (n ) = y zi (n ) + y zs (n )
Dng tng qut ca PTSPTT HSH

N
k =1
k =0
y ( n ) = - ak y ( n - k ) + bk x ( n - k )
hoac
N: bc ca PTSP
a
k =0
y ( n - k ) = bk x ( n - k )
k =0
( a0 1)
43

h s hng
Xem li cc t/cht tuyn tnh, bt bin thi gian v n nh
ca h/t qui c m t bng PTSP TT HSH
H qui c th ngh hay khng ty vo iu kin u
Tuyn tnh
H l tuyn tnh nu n tha
1. p ng ton phn bng tng p ng trng thi khng v p ng
khng ng nhp
y(n) = yzs(n) + yzi(n)
2. Nguyn tc xp chng p dng cho p ng trng thi khng (tuyn
tnh trng thi khng)
3. Nguyn tc xp chng p dng cho p ng khng ng nhp (tuyn
tnh khng ng nhp)
H khng tho mt trong 3 /k trn l h phi tuyn

H qui c m t bng PTSP HSH tha c 3 /k trn tuyn
tnh
44

h s hng
V d: xt tnh cht tuyn tnh ca h y(n) = ay(n1) + x(n)

/k 1.
"n 0
y ( n ) = y zs ( n ) + y zi ( n )
"n 0
y zs ( n ) = a k x ( n - k )
k =0
n +1
y zi ( n ) = a
y ( -1)
/k 2.
Gi s x(n) = c1x1(n) + c2x2(n)
n
y zs ( n ) = a x ( n - k ) = a k [c1 x1 ( n - k ) + c2 x2 ( n - k )]
k
k =0
k =0
= c1 a x1 ( n - k ) + c2 a k x2 ( n - k )
k
k =0
k =0
= c1 y zs(1) ( n ) + c2 y zs(2) ( n )
x(n)
/k 3.
Gi s y(1) = c1y1(1) + c2y2(1)
y zi ( n ) = a n +1 y ( -1) = a n +1[c1 y1 ( -1) + c2 y2 ( -1)]
y(n)
+
a
Z1
= c1a n +1 y1 ( -1) + c2a n +1 y2 ( -1)

= c1 y zi(1) ( n ) + c2 y zi(2) ( n )
Vy y(n) tuyn tnh
45

h s hng
Bt bin thi gian
n nh
ak v bk l hng s PTSP HSH l bt bin theo thi gian

H/t qui c m t bng PTSP HSH l LTI
H/t BIBO n nh nu v ch nu vi mi ng nhp hu hn v mi iu kin u hu
hn, p ng ca ton h/t l hu hn
V d: xc nh gi tr a h/t y(n) = ay(n1) + x(n) n nh
Gi s x(n) Mx <
y ( n) = a
n +1
"n 0
y (-1) + a x(n - k )
k
n +1
y (-1) +
k =0
k
a
x(n - k )
k =0
a
a
n +1
n +1
y (-1) + M x a
y (-1) + M x
1- a
n +1
1- a
My
n hu hn My hu hn v y(n) hu hn c lp vi gi tr a
Khi n, My hu hn ch nu a< 1 My = Mx/(1 a)
Vy h/t ch n nh nu a< 1
46
Gii ph/trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h

s hng
Xc nh biu thc chnh xc ca y(n) khi bit x(n)
(n0) v tp cc /k u
2 phng php
Gin tip: bin i Z
Trc tip
Phng php trc tip

p ng ton phn y(n) = yh(n) + yp(n)
yh(n): p ng thun nht, khng ph thuc x(n) (x(n) = 0)
yp(n): p ng ring phn, ph thuc x(n)
47

s hng
p ng thun nht
Gi s x(n) = 0
a
k =0
y (n - k ) = 0
PTSP thun nht
Cch gii PTSP TT HSH tng t cch gii PT vi phn TT HSH

Gi s p ng c dng yh(n) = n
N
( n-k )
a
l
=0
k
k =0
hoc
l n - N (l N + a1l N -1 + a2 l N - 2 + L + aN -1l + aN ) = 0
Biu thc trong ngoc n: a thc c trng ca h/t
PT ny c N nghim 1, 2, , N
Dng tng qut nht ca nghim PTSP thun nht (gi s cc nghim n ring
bit)
n
n
n
yh (n) = C1l1 + C2 l2 + L + C N lN
Ci c th c xc nh nh vo cc /k u ca h/t
Nu 1 l nghim bi bc m,
yh (n) = C1l1n + C2 nl1n + C3 n 2 l1n + L + Cm n m -1l1n + Cm +1lmn +1 + L + C N lNn

PT ny c th c dng xc nh p ng khng ng nhp ca h/t
(bi v x(n) = 0)
48

s hng
p ng thun nht
V d y(n) + a1y(n1) = x(n)
Cho x(n) = 0 v gi s yh(n) = n

n +a1n1 = 0
n1(+a1) = 0
= a1
p ng ng dng yh(n) = Cn = C(a1)n
Mt khc,
y (0) = - a1 y (-1)
C = -a1 y (-1)
yh (0) = C
Do
yzi (n) = (-a1 ) n +1 y (-1)
"n 0
49

s hng
p ng ring phn
p ng ring phn yp(n) tho mn PT

N
a y
k =0
(n - k ) = bk x(n - k )
a0 1
k =0
V d
y(n) + a1y(n1) = x(n)
xc nh yp(n) khi x(n) = u(n)
(a1< 1)
p ng ring phn c dng yp(n) = Ku(n)

K: h s co gin
Ku(n) + a1Ku(n1) = u(n)
Khi n 1, ta c
K + a1 K = 1
K = 1/(1+a1)
p ng ring phn
1
y p ( n) =
u ( n)
1 + a1
Dng tng qut ca p ng ring phn
x(n)
yp(n)
Amn
KMn
AnM
K0nM + K1nM-1 + + KM
AnnM
An(K0nM + K1nM-1 + + KM)
Acos0n
Asin0n
K1cos0n + K2sin0n
50

s hng
p ng ton phn
V d: xc nh p ng ton phn ca PTSP

vi x(n) = u(n) v y(1) l /k u
Theo trn, ta c
yh (n) = C ( -a1 ) n
(
)
y
n
=
p
1 + a1
y(n) + a1y(n1) = x(n)
y ( n) = C (-a1 ) n +
1
1 + a1
n0
Mun xc nh p ng trng thi khng, ta cho y(1) = 0
Vy
y (0) + a1 y (-1) = 1
1
y (0) = C +
1 + a1
1 - (-a1 ) n +1
yzs (n) =
n0
1 + a1
C=
a1
1 + a1
Nu tm C di /k y(1) 0, p ng ton phn s bao gm p ng trng thi khng v

p ng khng ng nhp
y (0) + a1 y (-1) = 1
1
y (0) = C +
1 + a1
C = -a1 y (-1) +
a1
1 + a1
y ( n)
= (-a1 )
n +1
1 - (-a1 ) n +1
y (-1) +
n0
1 + a1
= y zi (n) + y zs (n)
51

s hng
Ngoi ra, c th xc nh p ng ring

phn t p ng trng thi khng
1
y p (n) = lim y zs (n) =
n
1 + a1
yp(n) 0 khi n: p ng trng thi u

yp(n) = 0 khi n: p ng tim cn
52
p ng xung ca h/t qui LTI

n
x(n) = (n)
y zs (n) = h(k ) x(n - k )
(n 0)
k =0
n
= h(k )d (n - k )
k =0
= h( n )
yp(n) = 0 v x(n) = 0 khi n > 0

h(n) = yh(n)
Bt k h/t qui no c m t bng PTSP TT HSH u l IIR
N
p ng thun nht
n
yh (n) h(n) = Ck lk
k =1
{Ci} c xc nh nh /k u y(-1) = y(-2) = = y(-N) = 0

Tnh n nh
/k cn v cho s n nh ca mt h/t nhn qu IIR c m t bi PTSP TT HSH l tt c cc

nghim ca a thc c trng c gi tr tuyt i nh hn n v
N
N
CM
n
n
h ( n) = C l
n=0
n = 0 k =1
n
k
n =0
Ck
k =1
l
n =0
Nu lk < 1"k l < h(n) <

n=0
Ngc li nu 1, h(n) khng cn kh tng, tc h/t khng n nh

53
Hin thc h RRTG Cu trc

VD: Xt h bc 1
x(n)
y(n) = a1y(n1) + b0x(n) + b1x(n1)

S cu trc
H1
b0
y(n)
Z1
-a1
b1
Z-1
H1
v(n) = b0 x(n) + b1 x(n - 1) x(n)
y (n) = -a1 y (n - 1) + v(n)
b0
Hon v hai h con
-a1
H2
Z-1
y(n)
Z1
b1
H2
Gp hai nh
H3
v(n)

(dng chun tc)
w(n) = -a1w(n - 1) + x(n)
y (n) = b0 w(n) + b1w(n - 1)

x(n)
w(n)
-a1
Z-1
b0
y(n)
b1
H3
54
b0
Z-1
b2
bM1
Z-1
bM
k =1
k =0
+
+
y(n)
Z-1
b1
y (n ) = - ak y (n - k ) + bk x (n - k )
Dng I
x(n)
+
+
a1
a2
Z-1
Z-1
x(n)
+
+
+
a1
Z-1
a2
Z-1
aN
Z-1
nh: M+N
b1
b2
y(n)
+
+
bM
+
aN1
Dng II
b0
aN1
Z-1
aN
Z-1
nh: Max(M,N)
Hon v
Gp nh
55

M
Khi ak = 0
y (n) = bk x( n - k )
k =0
h FIR khng qui vi
bk
h( n) =
0
0k M
k khc
H bc 2: y(n) = a1y(n1) a2y(n2) + b0x(n) + b1x(n1) + b2x(n2)

x(n)
x(n)
b0
+
+
a1
a2
Z-1
Z-1
b1
b2
y(n)
Z-1
b0
Z-1
b1
+
a1=a2=0: h FIR
b2
+
y(n)
+
x(n) b0
+
a1
Z-1
+
a2
y(n)
Z-1
b1=b2=0: h qui thun
56
Hin thc h FIR bt qui

Hin thc khng qui
M
y (n) = bk x(n - k )
k =0
p ng xung h(k) = bk
V d
1 M
y ( n) =
(0 k M)
x(n - k )
M +1
k =0
1
h( n) =
M +1
x(n)
Z1
0nM
Z1
+
Z1
Z1
y(n)
1
M+1
57
Hin thc h FIR qui

Hin thc qui
Bt k h/t FIR no cng c thc hin theo kiu qui
V d
1 M
y (n)
x(n - k )
M +1
k =0
1 M
1
=
x(n - 1 - k ) +
[ x(n) - x(n - 1 - M )]
M + 1 k =0
M +1
1
= y (n - 1) +
[ x(n) - x(n - 1 - M )]
M +1
x(n)
Z1
Z1
x(n1M)
Z1
+
+ 1
M+1
y(n)
+
Z1
58
Tng quan gia cc t/h RRTG

ng dng
o lng s ging nhau gia cc tn hiu

Trong cc lnh vc: truyn tn hiu, radar, sonar,
nh ngha
T/h pht
T/h nhn
D
w(n)
x(n)
y(n) = x(nD) +w(n)
: h s suy gim t/h
: thi gian tr truyn
: nhiu ng truyn
rxy (l ) =
y(n) so vi x(n)
rxy (l ) =
Tng quan
cho
ryx (l ) =
x(n) so vi y(n)
ryx (l ) =
x ( n) y ( n - l )
n =-
+
x ( n + l ) y ( n)
n =-
+
y(n) x(n - l )
n =-
+
y(n + l ) x(n)
n =-
59
Cc bc tnh s tng quan gia y(n) so vi x(n)

1.
1.
2.
Dch:
c y(nl), dch y(n) sang

+ phi nu l dng
+ tri nu l m
Nhn: vl(n) = x(n)y(nl)
Cng: tng cc vl(n)
Nhn xt
rxy(l) = ryx(l)
ryx(l) l o ca rxy(l) qua trc l = 0
So vi tnh tch chp, php tnh tng quan khng phi thc hin
php o
C th dng gii thut tnh tch chp tnh tng quan v ngc li
rxy(l) = x(l)*y(l)
60

rxx (l ) =
T tng quan
rxx (l ) =
x (n) x (n - l )
n =-
+
x ( n + l ) x ( n)
n =-
rxx (l ) = rxx (-l )

Tng quan ca chui nhn qu di N [i.e x(n)=y(n)=0 khi n<0 v
nN]
rxy (l ) =
N - k -1
x(n) y (n - l )
n =i
Vi
rxx (l ) =
N - k -1
i = l , k = 0
i = 0, k = l
l0
l<0
x(n) x(n - l )
n =i
61

Tnh cht ca s tng quan gia cc t/h nng lng
Nng lng ca t/h chnh l s t tng quan ti l = 0
rxx (0) =
n =-
x 2 ( n) = E x
Trung bnh nhn ca nng lng l gi tr ln nht ca chui tng

quan
rxy (l ) Ex E y
rxx (l ) Ex rxx (0)

Chui tng quan chun ha khng ph thuc vo s co gin ca
t/h (xy(l) 1 v xx(l) 1)
r xy (l ) =
rxy (l )
Ex E y
r xx (l ) =
rxx (l )
Ex
62

Tng quan ca t/h tun hon
Cho x(n) v y(n) l 2 t/h cng sut

M
1
rxy (l ) = lim
x ( n) y ( n - l )
M 2 M + 1
n =- M
M
1
rxx (l ) = lim
x ( n) x ( n - l )
M 2 M + 1
n =- M
Nu x(n) v y(n) tun hon chu k N

rxy(l) v rxx(l) tun hon chu k N
N -1
1
rxy (l ) =
N
x ( n) y ( n - l )
1
rxx (l ) =
N
N -1
n =0
x ( n) x ( n - l )
n =0
T/c ny c dng xc nh chu k ca t/h (SV c thm)

63

Gii thut tnh chui tng quan gia 2 t/h
x(n)
y(n)
MN
0 n N1
0 n M1
Input
rxx(n)
Output
ryx(n)
LTI
h(n)
M>N
N -1
x
(
n
)
y
(
n
l
)
0
N
M
rxy (l ) = x(n) y (n - l ) 0 l N - 1
n =l
n =l
rxy (l ) = N -1
x ( n) y ( n - l ) N - M l N - 1
n =l
Chui tng quan gia ng nhp v xut ca h/t LTI
M -1+ l
Voi y (n) = h(n) * x(n), ta c

ryx (l ) = y (l ) * x(-l ) = h(l ) *[ x(l ) * x(-l )] = h(l ) * rxx (l )
Thay l bang - l ,
rxy (l ) = h(-l ) * rxx (l )
E y ryy (0) =
k =-
hh
(k )rxx (k )
ryy (l ) = y (l ) * y (-l ) = [h(l ) * x(l )]*[h(-l ) * x(-l )] = rhh (l ) * rxx (l )

64

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Chng 2

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

T.S. inh c Anh V

Phn tch h LTI trong min thi gian

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

Hin thc h RRTG

Tng quan gia cc t/h

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

x(n) = an, "n

2 cch biu din

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

T/h m x(n)=an (vi a=0.9)

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

T/h m x(n)=an (vi a=1.5)

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

Phn loi tn hiu RRTG

Nu Ex hu hn (0 < Ex < ) x(n): t/h nng lng

Cng sut TB ca t/h x(n)

Nu Px hu hn (0 < Px < ) x(n): t/h cng sut

Nng lng t/h trn khong [-N,N]

Cng sut t/h

Phn loi tn hiu RRTG

Phn loi tn hiu RRTG

Bt c t/h no cng c biu din

xe(n) = ()[x(n) + x(n)]

Thnh phn t/h l

xo(n) = ()[x(n) x(n)]

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

T/h RRTG: Cc php ton c bn

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

T/h RRTG: Cc php ton c bn

Php ly trc: dch theo thi

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

T/h RRTG: Cc php ton c bn

Php co gin theo thi gian:

T/h RRTG: Cc php ton c bn

Php co gin bin

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

H/t RRTG: M t quan h vo-ra

y(n0) = y(n0 1) + x(n0)

H/t RRTG: M t s khi

H/t RRTG: M t s khi

y(n) = 2x(n) 3x(n1) + 1.5y(n1) + 2y(n2)

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

H/t RRTG: Phn loi

Ng xut ch ph thuc cc mu thi im hin ti (khng ph thuc

Ng xut ti thi im n ph thuc cc mu trong [nN, n] (N 0)

H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H bin thin theo thi gian

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H/t RRTG: Phn loi

H khng nhn qu: h khng tho nh l trn

H/t RRTG: Phn loi

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

y(n) = T[x(n)] My <

Tc T2T1 bt bin theo thi gian

DSP Lecture 2, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE

H/t LTI: Phn tch h/t tuyn tnh

Phn gii t/h nhp