Introduction to Physical

Oceanography
Lect rer Dr.Eng
Lecturer:
Dr Eng Hendra Achiari
Week 4

Basic Equation
Earth-Atmospheric system &
Heat Balance

Conservation laws
(Basic equation of Fluid Dynamics)

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Energy

C
Conservation
ti
off Angular
A
l Momentum
M
t

Continuity eq.
Momentum (NS) eq.
Heat budget / Wave eq
C
Conservation
ti
off Vorticity
V ti it

Dominant Forces for Ocean Dynamics

Gravity : pressure gradient, buoyancy and tides
Coriolis : resultlt from
f
motion
ti in
i a rotating
t ti coordinate
di t sys.
Friction : due to relative motion between two fluid
particle & Wind stress is important friction force
force.

Other force
Atmospheric
At
h i pressure
Seismic

Type flow in the Ocean

General flow : the permanent
permanent, time averaged circulation
Abyssal (Deep circulation) in deep ocean
driven by mixing
Wind driven Circulation: Caused by local wind
Gyre: wind driven cyclonic/anticyclonic current with dimension
nearly ocean basin

B
Boundary
d
currents:
t parallel to the coast
Jet : long narrow current
Mesoscale eddies: spinning flows

Oscillatory flows due to waves

Planetary waves : rotation of earth

earth, Kalvin wave
Surface waves: gravity waves
I t
Internal
l waves: change density with depth
Tsunami: generated by earthquake
Tidal currents: currents associated with internal wave
driven by tidal potential

Edge wave : surface waves confined to shallow regions near

shore.

Conservation of Mass and Salt

(bulk formula)
Can be used to obtain useful information
about flow in the ocean ( a basin)
Can calculate the latent heat flux over the
surface
Calculate
C l l t nett evaporation
ti kknowing
i salinity
li it
of flow in Si and out So, together with a
rough
h estimate
ti t off water
t Vo
V flowing
fl i outt off a
basin.

Total Derivative

Total derivative (cont

(cont.))

Momentum Equation

Momentum Eq (Cont)

Cont

Conservation of Mass

Conservation Mass (cont)

Cont.
Cont

Cont