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(Translated by the Burma Fund)

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10

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12

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3

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CSCE aemufyidk ;f wGif OSCE tjzpf ajymif;zGJ@onf/

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(www.coe.int) Oa&my vHk cHa&;ESifh

(www.osce.org)

13

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7

UN Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

8
9
10

1991 Moscow Document on the Human dimension

UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
UN Decleration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities

11

vGe;f 'ft=uHycsurf sm;udk (1999) wGirf =l urf;a&;qGcJ +Jh yD;/ (OSCE) . wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;&H;k u cef@tyfwm0efay;aom
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Hk dk atmufazmfjyygpmtkyw
f iG f awG@&SEd idk yf gonf? The Origin

andf Nature of the Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life, Helsinki Monitor, Volume II, No. 4,
2000. 2001ckEp
S w
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&m vrf;!$ecf surf sm; (Guidelines to Assit National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process) udk xkwaf 0jzef@cscd yJh gonf?
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14

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pHcsdepf EH _e;f tcsKd@ESifh ywfoufI/ tcsKd@aomjy\emrsm;udk tusOf;csKH ;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ (OSCE) tzGJ@0ifEikd if rH sm;uvnf;
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&Syd gonf?

15

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k nf;/ if;wdk@.tjypftwdik f; ta&;,lyikd cf iG hf &S&d ef vdt
k yfygonf?

16

vlwidk ;f rJay;a&G;cs,fyidk cf iG [
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12
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13
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f ikd pf pfaq;tuJjzwfoifhygonf?14
(C) ,cifu usi;f ycJah om a&G;aumufyEGJ iS hf Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;?
12
13
14

Propotional representation
Majority voting system

tzGJ@taejzif/h a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ yHrk eS t

f m;jzifq
h o
dk vdk t=uHycsurf sm;ay;ydk@avh&+Sd yD;/ (OSCE) a'o
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f pfck
ypkxm;&Syd gonf? (ODIHR) . a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'rsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyt
GJ pD&ifcpH mrsm; avhvmoH;k oyfcsurf sm;udk www.osce.org/odihr.
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS ay:wGif &&SEdf idk yf gonf? a&G;aumufyq
GJ idk &f m yHpk u
H ufwavmufrsm;udk www.legislationline.org. tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif
&&SEd idk yf gonf? Oa&myaumifp.
D AD;epfaumfr&Siu
f vnf; a&G;aumfyOGJ ya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHycsurf sm;udk if;wdk@.tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS jzpf
aom http://venice.coe.int. wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?
(OSCE/ODIHR)

17

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGi/f jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfo

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ESm (http:?www.osce.org/odihr.) wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?

18

19

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a&G;aumufyGJEiS fh Edik if aH &;tajctaetay:rlwnfI/ &&SEd ikd af om vlom;ESihf bmt&if;tjrpftay: rlwnfI
aqmif&u
G Ef idk af om vkyif ef;tpDtpOfEiS fh zG@J pnf;yHu
k kd yvkyjf cif;?

tpDtpOf taumiftxnfazmfEdki&f eftwGuf t&nftaoG;jriw
hf ifay;jcif;?

bufrvdu
k fr_EiS fh vdu
k fem&rnfu
h si0fh wfrsm;twdik ;f wdwdususvkduef mapjcif;?

u? vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw
S jf cif;?
a&G;aumufyo
GJ nf wpf&ufwnf;wGijf zpfonfh jzpf&yfr[kwaf oma=umif/h a&G;aumufyaJG e@rwdik rf Duyif/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd apmif=h unfh
avhvmaeolrsm;taejzifh uwifI/ aqmif&u
G &f efrsm;udk tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGx
J m;&ygrnf? oufqikd af omEdik if .
H trsKd;om;
Oya'rsm;udk a=unufpmG / oHk;oyfavhvmxm;&efvt
kd yf+yD;/ tu,fI a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;rsm;Y
jynfwiG f;&Sd tzGJ@rsm;tay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;&Sv
d mygu/ jyefvnf&ifqikd Ef dik af p&ef jzpfonf? uef@owfcsKyfcs,frsm;[kq&kd mY
Oyrmtm;jzifh-a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;. zGJ@pnf;yHt
k wGi;f xnfhoiG ;f a&;qGx
J m;aom
tzGJ@rsm;udk tm%mydik frsm;xH rSwyf w
Hk ifap&efvt
kd yfjcif;/ jynfwGi;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tkypf rk sm;udk Edik if jH cm;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &efyaHk iGrsm;vufccH iG fh ydwfyifjcif;wd@k jzpfEikd fygonf? Todk@ Oya'rsm;udk oHk;oyf&mY/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfh
avhvmoltjzpf tqift
h wef;owfrw
S cf &H jcif; odk@r[kw/f Tod@k aomtqift
h wef;udk owfrw
S cf &H apa&;twGuw
f ifjy
awmif;qdo
k nfv
h yk x
f ;Hk enf;rsm;Y vufawG@vdu
k ef m&rnfh tcsufrsm;udv
k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f wGucf su&f ygrnf? vlxt
k ajcytzG@J
tpnf;rsm;rS a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;twGu/f toif;tyif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;&mY rnfod@k qHk;jzwfcsufay;rnfu/kd Edik if .
H
Oya'wpfcck Yk vrf;!$ejf yXmef;xm;Edik fouJo
h dk@/ if;twGuf vdu
k fem&rnft
h csufrsm;udv
k nf; jyXmef;xm;Edik yf gonf? Ttcsuf
onf ta&;}uD;aomta=umif;udpw
P pfcjk zpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;v_y&f mS ;r_ jzpfEdik af cs&-dS r&Su
d v
kd nf; qH;k jzwf
ay;Edik yf gonf? odk@twGuaf =umif/h TOya'jyXmef;csufyg vdt
k yfcsurf sm;jynfrh aD pa&;twGuf wifuaqmif&u
G &f aomtcsed &f dS
20

Edik +f yD;/ wpfEpS f odk@r[kwf if;xufyadk omtcsdet

f wGu/f vkyif ef;aqmif&u
G &f ef vHak vmufaom&efyakH iG&&Sx
d m;&efvnf; vdt
k yfyg
onf?
a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;twGu/f vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qG&J mwGif yxrtqift
h aejzifh/ jynfwiG ;f Y v_y&f mS ;rnfh
tkypf kwpfct
k wGuf rdrdwdk@aqmif&u
G Ef idk frnfh oifah vsmaf omtaetxm;/ twdik ;f twmyrm%/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vh
vma&;twGuf aqmif&u
G &f rnft
h csed fuu
dk f v_y&f mS ;r_EiS /hf rdrdw@kd .tqdk yv$mrsm;tay: rnfo@kd aomtaumif;qHk;&v'fxu
G f
atmif aqmif&u
G Ef idk rf nfu/dk pOfpm;&ygrnf? TtwGuf vdt
k yfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw
S fjcif; (need assessment)
aqmif&u
G &f ygrnf? vdt
k yfygu Tvdt
k yfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfxm;csufrsm;udyk if tajcyI vHak vmufaom&efyakH iG&&SEd ikd af &;
twGuf wifjyaomtqdk yv$m (proposals) rsm;a&;om;Edik fygonf? Tod@k tuJjzwfowfrSwjf cif;wGif vkyx
f kH;vkyef nf;
enf;emydik ;f t&a&m/ tkycf sKyfpDraH &;qdik &f mjy\emrsm;udkyg xnfhoiG ;f pOf;pm;&efvt
kd yf+yD;/ ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfonfh a&G;aumuf
yGu
J dk vHak vmufaomtm&Hkpu
dk fr_ yEdik af pa&;ESi/hf rdrd.vkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufyahH y;Edik &f ef vHak vmufaomtkycf sKyfpDrrH /_ bm
a&;jynfph aHk eap&ef vdt
k yfygonf?
vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw
S jf cif;vkyif ef;. yxrOD;qH;k &nf&,
G cf suw
f iG f/ rdrw
d kd@v_y&f mS ;r_. twdik ;f twmudk owfrSw&f
ygrnf? t"dutm&Hx
k m;rnfh ae&monf/ Oya'a=umif;qdik &f mudk cGjJ crf;oHk;oyfjcif;/ a&G;aumufyJG tkycf sKyfrq
_ ikd &f mtzGJ@rsm;.
zGJ@pnf;xm;yH/k xda&mufxufjrufr/_ bufvdu
k jf cif;uif;r_/ apm'uwufjcif;ESihf arwWm&yfcHwifjyjcif;qdik &f m vkyx
f ;kH tqifhrsm;/
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm; rSwyf kHwifjcif;/ rJqEN&iS frsm; rSwfyw
kH ifjcif;/ owif;rD',
D mESihf a&G;aumufyJG
twGuf bmaiG&mS azGjcif;tygt0if a&G;aumufyJG rJq,
G fpnf;&H;k r_qikd &f mudpPrsm;/ vl@tcGit
hf a&; av;pm;vdu
k femr_/ a&G;
aumufyu
GJ si;f yrnfah e@&ufEiS fh a&G;aumufy&GJ v'frsm;udk tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;udpPrsm; jzpfEikd fygonf? od@k aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyJG
rwdik fru
D mvrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufy+GJ yD;qH;k +yD;aemuf umvrsm;onfvnf;/ a&G;aumufyu
JG si;f yonfah e@uJo
h kd@yif ta&;ygygonf?
odk@twGuaf =umifh TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzif/h Tvkyif ef;pOfwpfcv
k ;kH . tqifw
h ikd f;udak pmif=h unfhae&ef qdo
k nfrmS rjzpfEikd fyg?
rdrd. OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u
G fEidk o
f nfv
h yk if ef;udk a&G;cs,I
f / if;tay:tajccH+yD; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;a&;qGcJ srw
S &f ygrnf? tcsKd@aom
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;u/ a&G;aumufy.
JG uwpfckuo
kd m tm&Hx
k m;aqmif&u
G frnf/ od@k r[kwf tcsKd@vkyif ef;rsm;udk
aqmif&u
G rf nfudk owfrSwEf dik yf gonf? Oyrmtm;jzif/h tkypf w
k pfct
k aejzifh if;.apmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;twGuf &nf
&G,cf suu
f dk trsKd;orD;rsm;/ vlenf;pkrsm;/ roefrpGrf;olrsm; a&G;aumufyGw
J iG f yg0ifEikd rf t
_ ajctaeudk avhvm&ef od@k r[kw/f
owif;rD'D,m/ Oya'a=umif;qdki&f mudp/P odk@r[kwf Tvkyif ef;pOf. wdusaomuwpfct
k wGuo
f m &nf&,
G I
f uef@owf
aqmif&u
G Ef idk fygonf?
vkyif ef;pwifaqmif&u
G frnfh tptaejzif/h jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmih=f unfah vhvma&;tkyfpkwpfpo
k nf/ ,cifa&G;aumufyJG
rsm;ESifhywfoufI a&;om;azmfjyxm;=uaom/ Edik if w
H umESifh jynfwiG ;f &Sd tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ tjcm;vl@tcGifh
ta&;apmih=f unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk tjynft
h pHak vhvmxm;oifyh gonf? xd@k tjyif/ oufqikd &f m Oya'
a=umif;udpPrsm;udv
k nf; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmoHk;oyfr_rsm; yoifyh gonf? if;uJo
h kd@avhvmr_wiG f a&G;aumufyq
JG idk &f m/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;
qdik &f m/ owif;rD',
D mqdik &f mESifh tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGJ@tpnf; (tJe*f st
D )kd rsm;qdik &f m Oya'rsm;ESihf oufqikd af omta=umif;
udpt
P wGuf Oya'rsm;udk okawoeyxm;oifhygonf? ,ciftawG@tuHrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;ESihf vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;/ pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;tajctaersm;tay: oH;k oyfjcif;wd@k aygi;f pyfum a&G;aumufyJGusi;f yay;rnf0h ef;usiftaetxm;udk oHk;oyf&yg
rnf? a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'ESifh tjcm;oufqidk af omOya'rsm;udk=unf+h yD;/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
rpwifr/D a&G;aumufy.
GJ tcsdeZf ,m;udk cef@rSef;wGucf sufxm;&ygrnf?

21

a&G;aumufyt
GJ rsKd;tpm;tay:rlwnfI/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&; enf;emrsm;tay: rsm;pGmtusKd;oufa&muf
ajymif;vJr_ &Sad pEdik fygonf? xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyJGrwdik fru
D mv/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk wm0efay;ae&mcsxm;&mYvnf;
tusK;d oufa&muf ajymif;vJr_ odompGm &Sad pEdik fygonf? orwa&G;aumufyaJG vm/ od@k wnf;r[kwf ygvDrefv$waf wmfa&G;
aumufyaGJ vm/ a'oqdik &f m a&G;aumufyGaJ vm/ jynfo@l qENc,
H lyaJG vm ponft
h ajctaersm;tay:rlwnfI rwlujJG ym;aom
csO;f uyfr_enf;emrsm; vdt
k yfEidk fygonf? a'oqdik &f mtvdu
k f a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk pkpnf;pnf;&H;k rnfqdyk g
u/ t=uHyvdak omtcsufrSm xdkapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifz@JG pnf;yHt
k wdki;f wm0efay;ae&mcsxm;&ef
jzpfygonf? odk@rSom ,lepfwpfcck si;f pDudk owfrSwx
f m;aomrJqENe,ftvdu
k /f tkycf sKyfa&;e,fajra'o tvdu
k /f wm0ef,l
apmif=h unfah pEdik rf nf jzpfygonf? a&G;aumufypJG epfonf vlO;D a&tcsK;d tvdu
k f ud,
k fpm;yapjcif;/ od@k r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,f
wpfO;D odk@r[kwf trsm;ud,
k fpm;ycGi&fh aSd om rJqENe,frsm; owfrw
S af ompepf/ odk@r[kwf if;pepfEpS cf u
k kd aygi;f pyfo;kH jcif;
vnf; &SdEidk fygonf? a&G;aumufyo
GJ nf wpf}udrw
f nf;,SOf yifapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ESpcf gxyfausmh yif&jcif;vnf; &SEd ikd fygonf? T
tcsurf sm;onf ta&;ygaom rwluv
GJ GJr_rsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- wpfEikd if v
H ;kH &SdrJrsm;rS pm&if;t&,laom ygvDrefa&G;
aumufyq
GJ dkygu/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif; rSwfyw
kH ifjcif;qdik &f mudpPrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm
r_ yEdik frnf r[kwaf y? wpfEdkiif v
H ;Hk tvdu
k af qmif&u
G af om a&G;aumufyo
JG nf/ rJqENe,fajrrsm;tvdu
k f a&G;aumufwif
ajrmufrx
_ ufpmv#if ydI
k xif&mS ;r_ &Sdygvdrfhrnf? rwlujJG ym;aomtcsurf mS / tu,fI ygvDrefvw
$ af wmfa&G;aumufyu
JG kd vl
trsm;pk.rJjzifh tEdik t
f &_;H qH;k jzwfaom pepfu/dk rJqENe,frsm;udk tajccHIusi;f yygu/ od@k r[kwf a'oqdik &f mtpdk;&rsm;twGuf
a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usi;f yygu/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf wyifeufwnf;aomtcsed fwiG /f vdu
k v
f aH pmif=h unfhp&m oD;
jcm;,SOf yifa&G;aumufyGrJ sm; &Sad eEdik yf gonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk vdt
k yfcsurf sm; tuJjzwfowfrSwjf cif;y&mwGif xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;
pm;&rnf jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;u a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfhavhvma&; enf;emrsm;udk tqH;k tjzwfay;Edik yf gonf? tcsK@d
aom a&G;aumufyyGJ Hpk Hrsm;wGi/f ae&ma'orsm;tm;vH;k udk xda&mufpmG vdkuv
f aH pmif=h unf&h ef qdo
k nfrSm rjzpfEikd fyg? xdt
k cg
rdrdvt
l iftm;ae&mcsxm;r_onf/ tcsKd@pHerlemoabmxm; aumuf,lrnfah e&mrsm;wGio
f m wm0efay;Edik fygvdrhfrnf? od@k
r[kwf a'owpfct
k wGi;f om wm0efay;jcif;rsKd; jzpfEikd fygonf?
aemufq;Hk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnft
h csurf mS / jynfwiG f;&Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzG@J rsm;onf a&G;aumufyJGEiS hf
ywfoufonfh tjcm;aomv_y&f Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0if ywfouf&ef oihf-roif[
h al om udpPyifjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h vlxt
k rsm;
owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; od&aSd p&efaqmif&u
G af y;jcif;ESihf rJvmay;=u&ef v_H@aqmfr_ (get out the vote campaigns) rsK;d jzpf
ygonf? odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJtwGu/f tm%mydik frsm;twGuf tultnDaxmufyhHr_ wpfcck k yjcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? od@k aomf
Todk@aqmif&u
G &f mwGif owd}uD;}uD;xm;I pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfoifyh gonf? ta=umif;rSm rdr.
d rl&if; a&G;aumufyaJG pmih=f unfah vh
vma&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESifh Todk@yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G jf cif;a=umif/h tusK;d pD;yGm;t& ydyuQr_rsm;/ xdyfwu
kd jf zpfjcif; jy\emrsm;ay:
ayguv
f mEdik af oma=umifh jzpfygonf? &Hzef&cH gwiG f Tvkyif ef;pOfukd apmif=h unfah vhvmaer_ESihf Tvkyif ef;pOftwGi;f yg0if
aqmif&u
G af er_wdk@udk cGjJ cm;rsO;f om;aqmif&u
G &f ef cufcw
J wfygonf?
c? tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m udprP sm;15
Todk@ &_jrifrt
_ wdik f;twm/ vkyfief;yrm%/ apmif=h unfah &;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;twGuf tcsdeZf ,m;rsm; csrSwaf qmif&u
G &f mY/ &&Sd
Edik af om vltm;/ bma&;tiftm;wdk@udk vufawG@uspGm ppfaq;=unfo
h ifhygonf? jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vh
vmolrsm;tzGJ@onf wpfzGJ@csi;f tvdu
k v
f nf;jzpfEdik o
f nf? pkaygif;xm;aom vlxt
k ajcy tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. r[mrdwt
f zGJ@/
15

(tJe'f t
D idk )f tzGJ@. vrf;!$epf mtkyw
f Gif jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m
udprP sm;udk ydI
k tao;pdwaf vhvmEdik yf gonf? The NDI Handbook How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A-Z Guide, 1995.
22

uGe&f ufvnf; jzpfEidk fygonf? rnfodk@aom yHkpHyifjzpfap xda&mufpmG toHk;yEdik +f yD;/ (OSCE) a'owGif;ESifh Edik if w
H umwGif
Tenf;ESpcf kv;Hk udk xda&mufpmG toH;k ycJ=h uygonf?
0efxrf;cef@xm;a&;qdik &f m udprP sm;
tajcwus wnf&+Sd yD;aom vlr_tajcy tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcu
k jzpfap/ vlxt
k ajcytzG@J tpnf;trsm;ujzpfap a&G;aumufyu
JG kd
apmifh =unfah vhvmrnf[k qHk;jzwfv#i/f vltiftm; xyfrHpak qmif;&ef vdt
k yfaumif;vdt
k yfEikd fygonf? TudpPEiS hfywfouf I
t"dujy\emESifh pOf;pm;&eftcsufrsm;rSm
rnfonfw
h m0efrsm;udk vpmay;rnfenf;?

vpmE_ef;xm;rsm; (Tvpmrsm;onf Edik if w
H iG ;f &Sd tjcm;aomvlxt
k ajcytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf udkun
f rD &_ adS p&rnf?)

cef@xm;rnfh pmcsKyfoufwrf;umv (if;wd@k udk wm0efay;rnfh apmif=h unfah vhvm&rnfhumv rwdik frw
D iG /f tenf;
i,fuwifI 0efxrf;trsm;udk pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdoiho
f nf? Oyrm-owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmif=h unfrh nfhorl sm;udk/ a&G;
aumufyGJ pnf;&H;k r_ w&m;0ifrpwifru
D mvwGi/f wm0efpwifay;oifyh gonf? a&G;aumufy+JG yD;onfEiS hf rsm;r=umrDwiG f
yif olwdk@wm0efudk &yfqidk ;f oifyh gonf?)

a'owpfcw
k iG f a&&Snf a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmol xm;&Sdoif-h roifh?

a'orsm;tvdu
k f wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk vpmay;tyf&ef vd-k rvdkEiS hf
apwem0efxrf;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;oif-h roifh pOf;pm;&ef?

a&G;aumufyaGJ e@&ufwiG f wm0efay;rnfh a&wdak pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk tca=u;aiGay;&ef vd-k rvdkEiS hf apwem
0efxrf;tjzpf pnf;&H;k rnfavm? owdy&eftcsurf mS rnfonfhenf;jzifh tca=u;aiGay;onfrqd/k apwem0efxrf;
tjzpfxrf;aqmif=uonfu
h dpu
P dk ao;odrfrj_ zpfapEdik +f yD;/ pdwt
f m;xufoefr_enf;aom/ &nf&,
G cf suftm;enf;aomol
rsm;udk pkaqmif;wm0efay;rdwwfygonf? tu,fI ^m%fyal Zmfctjzpf ay;rnfqkdygu/ TaiGa=u;yrm%onf
rJ&t
Hk m%mydik rf sm;udak y;onfh tca=u;aiGxuf rydak poifhyg?

0efxrf;rsm;ESifh apwem0efxrf;rsm;twGuf olwkd@tuket
f uscH pdu
k o
f kH;xm;aomtca=u;aiGrsm;udk jyefay;Edik &f ef
twGuf oifah wmfaomE_ef;rsm;owfrw
S x
f m;&ef vdt
k yfygonf? (Oyrm-oifwef;rsm;wufa&muf&eftwGu/f od@k
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23

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24

bma&;qdik &f mudprP sm;

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f txif}uD;av;pm;r_c&H Edik fygonf?

25

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h zG@J ,lepf
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GJ idk &f m ta=umif;udpPrsm;/ jy\emrsm;ESihf ywfoufI A[dt
k qifw
h iG f avhvmapmif=h unfrh nfh tzGJ@
,lepf jzpfygonf? Edik if t
H wGi;f t"duusaom yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESihf qufqI
H / a'orsm;/ c&dik rf sm;rS wufvmaom
owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk yl;aygi;f qufpyfr/_ oH;k oyfyikd f;jcm;r_ vkyfrnfjzpfonf? &&SEd ikd for#aom vltm;/ aiGtm;&if;jrpf
26

tajctae/ owfrw
S x
f m;aom t"duusonfh ta=umif;udprP sm;tay: rlwnfI/ TtzGJ@,lepf.vkyif ef;rsm;onf/ atmuf
azmfjyyg vkyif ef;{&d,mrsm;udk aqmif&u
G =f urnf jzpfonf?
Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f m?
? Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;? w&m;&Hk;rsm;/ w&m;a&;qdik &f m 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf
m
qufo,
G rf _ xm;&Sjd cif;ESifh if;wdk@. vkyif ef;rsm;udk apmif=h unf}h uD;=uyfaejcif;? tjiif;yGm;r_qdik &f m udprP sm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmaejcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?
a&G;aumufyGJ tkycf sKyfa&;?
? Edik if aH wmf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf S 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf qufo,
G fI/ a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf ywfouf
&;
I vkyif ef;pDrcH ef@cGJrr_ sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si.
f qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif;/ rJqEN&iS frsm;pm&if; rnfr#wdusr_ &S-d r&Su
d kd avhvmjcif; ponfhvyk if ef;rsm; yg0ifyg
onf?
owif;rD',
D m?
? owif;rD'D,mXmersm;/ owif;axmufor*~rsm;tpnf;t&H;k rsm;ESihf qufo,
G x
f m;&Sjd cif;/ a&G;aumufyJG
m
umvtwGi;f owif;rD',
D mrsm;. aqmif&u
G fyu
kH kd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?
v_y&f mS ;r_ urfyed ;f (Campaign) rsm;?
? Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. pnf;&H;k rJq,
G af &;tzGJ@rsm;ESihf
rsm;
qufo,
G x
f m;+yD;/ vGwv
f yfpmG pk&;Hk cGi/fh pka0;cGihf/ azmfjycGihf &Sd-r&Sdukd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ owif;tcsurf sm; &,ljcif;vkyif ef;
rsm;tjyif/ a&G;aumufyGJ rJq,
G fpnf;&Hk;v_y&f mS ;r_ 0ef;usi.
f r#wr_/ wef;wljzpfr_w@kd udv
k nf; apmifh=unfah vhvm&ef vkyif ef;rsm;
tygt0if jzpfonf?
Edik if w
H iG ;f &Sd vlenf;pkrsm;?;
? Edik if t
H wGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&; vlenf;pk udk,pf m;vS,frsm;/ TudprP sm;ESihf oufqdik af omtpdk;&
Xme/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzufvrl t
_ zGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,x
f m;&Sjd cif;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ Edik if t
H wGi;f a&G;aumuf
yGv
J kyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif trsK;d om;a&; vlenf;pkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&u
G fr_ taetxm;udk avhvmjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?
vdiu
f jGJ ym;r_?
? wef;wltcGit
fh vrf;&&Sad &;twGuf aqmif&u
G af y;ae=uaom tpd;k &Xmersm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&
r[kwaf om tzGJ@rsm;ESifh qufoG,I
f / a&G;aumufyv
JG kyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&u
G rf _ tcsuftvufrsm;&,l
jcif;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;tygt0if/ trsK;d orD;rsm; ta&;ESihf ywfoufaomta=umif;udprP sm;udk azmfjyjcif;rsm;udk avhvm
apmif=h unf&h ef jzpfonf?
a'oqd
G rf ?_
? vrf;!$ecf sufrsm;/ !$e=f um;csufrsm; ay;jcif;tyg
a'oqidk &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmaeolrsm;. yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
t0if/ a'oqdik &f mrsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcjH cif;/ ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif; vkyif ef;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf?
TtzGJ@,lepfwiG f oufqidk &f mu|rf;usirf t
_ &nftcsif;&Sad om 0efxrf;rsm;jzifh pkzJG@oif+h yD;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m
u|rf;usifr&_ aSd om 0efxrf;rsKd; yg0ifoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif pm&if;tif;ESihf ywfoufI 0efxrf;rsK;d yg0ifoif+h yD;/ udef;*%ef;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk pm&if;ypkavhvm&ef/ Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvm&ef/ pm&if;oGi;f &ef/ ude;f *%ef;qdik &f m cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&eftwGuf aqmif&u
G f
apoifyh gonf?
3? tkycf sKyfa&;ESifh avhusio
fh ifwef;ay;a&;tzGJ@ ,lepf

27

T,lepfonf/ tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mudpt

P 00udk wm0ef,loif+h yD;/ aiG0if-xGufbwf*sufpm&if;ESihf pm&if;rsm;ypkjcif;/ vlopfrsm;
pnf;&Hk;pkaqmif;jcif;/ apwem0efxrf;rsm;qdik &f m tcsut
f vufrsm; pkaqmif;xm;&Sjd cif;udpPrsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? apmifh
=unfah vhvma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G rf _EiS fh oHk;oyfrv
_ yk if ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifrnft
h zG@J ,lepf (Observation Co-ordination and
Analysis Unit) ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G I
f / oifwef;qdik &f m pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; ypkxw
k af 0jcif;tygt0if/ yl;aygi;f ndEi_d ;f a&;
qdik &f m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ oifwef;ay;rnfh q&mrsm;udk pnf;&H;k jcif;/ tqifq
h ifw
h ikd ;f wGi&f adS eaom 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf apwemh
0efxrf;rsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;pDpOfjcif;/ oifwef;rsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;udprP sm;twGuf wm0ef&ydS gonf?
pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;ESifh t,f'w
D mqdik &f m tzGJ@,lepfEiS fh apmif=h unfah vhvma&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G frE_ iS hf oHk;oyfrv
_ kyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif
rnft
h zGJ@,lepf/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;ay;&mY/ tqifjh rifhpmG pDraH qmif&u
G I
f ay;oifhygonf? tu,fI a'oqdik &f m
twGi;f wGif t&nftcsif;&So
d rl sm;/ tqifoif&h Edik yf gu toH;k csoifyh gonf? od@k r[kwyf gu Edik if t
H wGi;f &Sd apmif=h unfah vhvma&;
tzGJ@rsm;onf/ Edik if w
H umrS u|rf;usio
f lrsm;. tultnDudk &,loifyh gonf? Tod@k &,l&mwGif/ tjcm;Edik if rH S a&G;aumufyJG
apmif=h unfah vhvma&; tawG@tuH&aSd om/ jynfwiG f;apmif=h unfah vhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;xHrjS zpfap/ odk@r[kwf Edik if w
H umtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;xHrS jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf TudpPrsm;udk u|rf;usiaf om tpd;k &r[kwo
f nfh (tJef*st
D )kd tzG@J rsm;xHrS jzpfap &,lEikd fyg
onf? tu,fI avhusio
fh ifwef;ay;r_rsm;+yD;ygu/ pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;ESihf t,f'w
D mqdik &f m tzGJ@,lepfEiS hf apmif=h unfah vhvma&;
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G frE_ iS fh oH;k oyfr_vyk if ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifrnft
h zG@J ,lepfrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;ud/k 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf a'oqdik &f mtqif/h
atmufajctqif0h efxrf;rsm;udk oifwef;rsm; xyfraH y;&eftwGuf toH;k csEikd yf gonf?
i? a'otvdu
k Ef iS fh Xmaetvdu
k f pDrcH surf sm;?
t&if;tjrpfrsm;u tajctaeay;cGifh yonft
h wdik ;f / jynfwiG ;f &Sd apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf/ a'oqdik &f mtqifhrsm;
wGiv
f nf; apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;csxm;Edik +f yD;/ a&G;aumufyJGrwdik rf D tuumv/ rJay;pOf/ rJa&wGupf Of/ rJpm&if;a&;oGi;f pOf
umvrsm;Y apmif=h unfah vhvmapEdik fygonf? a'oqdik &f mtqifrh sm;wGif wnf&adS pmif=h unfhEikd jf cif;tm;jzifh/ txl;ojzifh
c&dik rf sm;/ jrLeDpDy,fr@e,ftqifrh sm;wGif ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;pm&if;ay;oGif;rSwyf Hw
k if=u&aom/ ygvDrefv$waf wmf a&G;
aumufyGJrsm;ESifh a'oqdik &f mtpd;k &a&G;aumufyJGrsm;twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? xd@k tjyif a'oqdik &f mtqifw
h G if
tiftm;aumif;aumif;jzifh aqmif&u
G Ef idk jf cif;tm;jzif/h rJqEN&iS pf m&if;Z,m;rsm;. wdusr/_ a&G;aumufyJGrq
J ,
G fpnf;&H;k r_rsm;ESihf
0ifa&mufpGuzf ufjcif; &S-d r&Sw
d dk@ud/k taumif;qH;k od&dSEikd =f uygonf?
k &f ma'otwGi;f &Sd oufqikd af eaom
a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; (Regional Monitors) onf/ olw@kd tajcpdu
ta&;ygorl sm;tm;vH;k ESifh qufo,
G rf _udk xde;f odrf;xm;oifo
h nf? olwd@k .wm0efrsm;wGi/f vGwv
f yfpmG pnf;&Hk;cGi/hf pka0;cGi/hf
vGwv
f yfpmG azmfjyajymqdck iG fh tajctaeudk apmif=h unft
h uJjzwfjcif;/ a&G;aumufyv
JG kyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif a'oqdik &f mtpd;k &rsm;.
tcef;u/ a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfru
_ ESifh tjcm;aomtkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mXmersm;/ w&m;a&;0efxrf;rsm;/ tpd;k & tr_vu
kd f
t&m&Srd sm;/ vHk cHa&;Xmersm;. pGr;f aqmifrr_ sm;udk avhvmtuJjzwfjcif;/ a'oqdik &f m owif;Xmersm;. yg0ifywfoufaer_EiS hf
bufrvdu
k fr_rsm;udk avhvmtuJjzwfjcif;/ vdiu
f jJG ym;r_EiS hf wdki;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. ta=umif;udprP sm;udk avhvmtuJ
jzwfjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? xdkorl sm;udk rJqEN&iS fpm&if; ppfwrf;aumufr_rsm;twGuv
f nf;/ toH;k yavh&=dS u+yD;/ vdt
k yfygu
rJqEN&iS frsm; rSwfyw
Hk if&mXmersm;Y/ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk apmif=h unfah p&ef apcdik f;Edik yf gonf? oifah vsmaf om oifwef;rsm;ay;+yD;
aemufwiG /f a&G;aumufyq
GJ dik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk =um;emaomcH&k ;kH rsm;Yvnf;/ apmif=h unft
h uJjzwfapEdik &f ef/ apcdik ;f Edik fyg
onf? a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfhavhvmolrsm;udk &ufowWywftcsK@d rS/ vtcsKd@wdik f vdt
k yfrt
_ ajctaet&ESihf cGihf yEdik af om
&if;jrpftajctaet& wm0efay;Edik fygonf? olwkd@.apmif=h unfhavhvm tuJjzwfrw
_ m0efrsm;tjyif/ a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unfh

28

avhvmolrsm;ud/k vlopfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;/ oifwef;ay;jcif;/ }uD;=uyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk ae&mcs

jcif;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuv
f nf; wm0efay;Edik fygonf?
avhvmolrsm; (Observers) ud/k rJ&Hkrsm;ESifh rJa&wGu&f mae&mrsm;wGif rJay;&mYvnf;aumif;/ rJa&wGu&f m/ rJpm&if;a&;oGif;
&mY wm0efay;Edik fygonf? xdkorl sm;udk tyifraJ &wGufrv
_ kyif ef; (Parallel vote tabulation) Y yg0ifaqmif&u
G &f efvnf;
wm0efay;Edik fygonf? odk@r[kwf rJ&rHk sm;rS&v'frsm;udk ud,
k fpm;yxm;onfherlemrsm;jzif/h tjrefraJ &wGuf cef@rSef;r_ (Quick
count) twGuv
f nf; wm0efay;Edik fygonf? Tvkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifapEdik &f ef/ usKd;yrf;apoifhygonf? 16

p? bufrvdu
k rf ?_
jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyGaJ pmif=h unfah vhvm=uaom tkypf krsm;onf/ rdrad qmif&u
G o
f r#aom vkyif ef;rsm;Y/ bufvu
kd fru
_ if;
&Si;f ap&ef/ aocsmaqmif&u
G &f ef ta&;}uD;vSygonf? tkyfpw
k ckv;kH taejzifh jzpfap/ woD;yk*v
~ avhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpfap/
owdy&efrmS / vltrsm;. xifjrifc&H r_onfvnf;/ vufawG@tajctaeuJo
h kd@yif ta&;}uD;a=umif; oabmaygux
f m;&ygrnf?
tcsed w
f idk f;Y bufvdkurf u
_ if;&Sif;pGm aqmif&u
G af ea=umif;/ vltrsm;u jrifap=u&ygrnf? tu,fI jynfwiG f; a&G;l aumufyJG
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wck. bufvdkurf u
_ if;&Si;f jcif;tay:/ tajctae tqifw
h pHw
k ckY oHo,&Scd &H ygu/ Ttcsuf
a=umifh if;.awG@&Scd surf sm;ESifh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;tay: xdcu
kd fysuf,iG ;f apEdik fygonf?
(OSCE) a'otwGi;f wGi/f (OSCE/ODIHR) XmeatmufY&Sad om Edik if Hwumapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ usihf0wfrsm;

udk av;pm;vdu
k fem=u&ygonf? jynfwiG ;f Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;rSm/ Tusihf0wfrsm;twdik ;f vdkuef maqmif
&Gu&f eftwGu/f wm0efr&S=d uyg? odk@aomfvnf;/ Tusihf0wfrsm;udk tajccHI/ if;wdk@.ud,
k fyikd f usi0hf wfrsm;udk ypkEikd =f uyg
onf? tcsKd@aomEdik if Hrsm;wGi/f a&G;aumufyGJusi;f yaom tm%mydik frsm;u/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf usihf0wfrsm;udk
a&;qGjJ yXmef;&ef vdt
k yf=uonfvnf; &Sdygonf? od@k aomfvnf;/ Tusihf0wfpnf;urf;rsm;onf/ olw@kd . tajccHtcGit
hf a&;jzpf
aom apmif=h unfah vhvmcGiu
fh dk rxdyg;apoifhb/J xdt
k csufrsm;a=umifo
h m a&G;aumufyJG vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk ydkrw
kd kd;wufap&ef
tm;jznfo
h ifyh gonf?
(ODIHR) Edik if w
H um a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf usi0hf wfrsm;

 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ olw@kd .wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f / bufvkdurf _ r&Sad p&ef wif;wif;usyfusyf

vdu
k ef m aqmif&u
G &f rnf? xdk@tjyif Edik if .
H tm%mydik frsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI tav;uJazmfjy jcif;/ rdrdpw
d f uufukd azmfjyjcif; rnfonft
h csdefr# tvsO;f r&Sad p&? odk@r[kwf
a&G;aumufyv
GJ kyif ef;pOfEiS fh ywfoufI tjiif;yGm; zG,f vdycf Jwif;vif;jzpfaeaom rnfonfjh y\emtay: rqd/k
&nf!e$ ;f azmfjyjcif; r&Sad p&?
16

rJ&rHk sm;rS&v'frsm;udk ud,

k pf m;yxm;onfeh rlemrsm;jzif/h tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@reS ;f r_ (Quick count) onf/ rJ&v'fwu
d sru
_ dk qH;k jzwfEidk &f ef twGuf
txl;toH;k 0ifvyS gonf? txl;ojzifh rJ&&Srd t
_ csK;d tvdu
k f a&G;cs,cf &H aom Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m a&G;aumufyGJrsm; (National propotional contest) wGif
jzpfygonf? pifyifrJa&wGurf _ (PVT) xuf wdusre_ nf;aomfvnf;/ tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@reS ;f r_enf;onf/ zGJ@pnf;aqmif&u
G &f ef vG,u
f +l yD;/ (PVT) xuf
pmv#i/f &v'fudk tjrefoad pEdik yf gonf? odk@aomfvnf; vdt
k yfaomtcsurf mS / erlem&,lxm;rIrsm;onf/ aocsmud,
k pf m;yr_ &Sad p&ef jzpfygonf? odk@
twGuaf =umif/h Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m vlra_ &;ESifh vlO;D a&qdik &f mudprP sm;twGuf tawG@tuH&aSd om pm&if;tif;ynm&Siu
f yg0ifaqmif&u
G I
f / t=uH^m%f
rsm; ay;oifyh gonf?
29

 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;ESihf ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwf tjcm;aompdw0f if

pm;zG,f yk*~Kd vfrsm;ESifh ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ olwkd@.avhvmawG@&Scd sufrsm;ud/k yk*Kd~ vfa&;tjrif&jzpfap/ tcsdef
rwdik frD wifuIjzpfap/ xifjrifcsufay;jcif;rsm; ryvky&f ef xdef;odr;f apmifhpnf;&rnf? olw@kd taejzifh apmif=h unfah vh
vmoltjzpf aqmif&u
G v
f _y&f mS ;aomvkyif ef;rsm;. oabmobm0ESihf ywfoufI a,bk,sowif;tcsut
f vuf
rsm;udk rSwcf sufcsjcif;udk uef@owfxed f;csKyf&rnf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ olw@kd . ed*;kH csKyfq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk aumif;pGmrSww
f rf;wifxm;aom/ tcsut
f vuf
jynfhpaHk om/ twnfyoufaojyEdik af om taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:wGio
f m/ tajccHyvky&f rnf? oGm;a&muf=unfh
&_co
Jh r#aom rJ&Hkrsm;wGi/f pm&if;tif;t& yHkpHpm&Gufrsm;jznfo
h iG ;f jcif;udk txl;vdv
k m;pGm aqmif&Guo
f ifo
h nf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ a&G;aumufy+JG yD;umv jyefvnfppk nf;ajz&Sif;r_ aqG;aEG;yGw
J iG f yg0if&efvt
kd yfonf?
vdt
k yfygu zufpfydk@puf/ w,fvDzek f;rsm;rSwqifh yg0ifaqmif&u
G fEkdio
f nf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ tdr&f iS Ef dik if H tpdk;&u/ od@k r[kwf a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siu
f xkwaf y;xm;aom/
owfrw
S af zmfjyxm;onfh oufaocHu'fjym;rsm;udk ,laqmifomG ;&rnf? pdwf0ifpm;aom tm%mydik frsm;u awmif;cH
vmygu/ olwdk@ud,
k o
f w
l dk@ azmfxw
k af jymqd&k rnf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ ygww
D ckcEk iS fh yl;wGaJ zmfjyaom trSwt
f om;/ ta&mif/ acgi;f pD;rsm;udk 0wfqifazmfjy
jcif; ry&?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ olw@kd .wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumvtwGi;f / wm0ef0wW&m; raESmifh,u
S frad p&ef
yrlaqmif&u
G &f rnf? a&G;aumufyv
JG kyif ef;pOf/ a&G;aumufyu
JG sif;yonfah e@ vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;/ od@k r[kwf rJ
a&wGujf cif;udk 0ifa&mufpu
G fzufjcif; r&Sad p&?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ rrSeu
f efrr_ sm;udk a'oqdik &f m a&G;aumufyt
JG m%mydik frsm;odk@ today;/ od&adS pvdkyg
u/ aqmif&u
G Ef idk o
f nf? odk@aomf !$e=f um;csufrsm;ay;jcif; rnfonft
h cgr# ryvky&f ? od@k r[kwf a&G;aumufyt
JG &m&Sd
rsm;ESifh qef@usifI !$e=f um;csufrsm; ay;jcif; ry&?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ Edik if .
H wnfqJ Oya'rsm;ESihf pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk apmifx
h def;=u&rnf?
tjcm;apmif=h unfah vhvma&;qdki&f m pnf;urf;rsm;wGi/f atmufygtcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?
 Edik if aH &;ygwt
D rsm; tygt0if/ jzpfEikd o
f r# tus,t
f jyef@aom oufqikd &f mawG@qHak qG;aEG;&rnfo
h lrsm;ESifh
awG@qHo
k ifo
h nf? apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk tkycf sKyfaeaomEdik if aH &;ygwcD snf;ESihf jzpfap/
twdu
k t
f cHygwDrsm;csnf;ESifh jzpfap/ aqmif&u
G &f ef rnfonft
h cgr# uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif; r&Sdap&? tvm;wlyif/
ygwDpHk a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifwnf&dS aeygu/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ Edik if aH &;a&mifpOfwef;toD;oD;rS
tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qH&k rnf?
 rJq,
G f pnf;&Hk;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif rnfonft
h cgr# yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif; r&Sad p&? odk@aomf apmif=h unfah vhvm&eftwGuf
wufa&mufjcif;udk vufcHEidk fonf?
 tusK;d pD;yGm;t& ydyuQ&aSd pEdik fonf/h rnfonfv
h kyif ef;aqmif&Gurf _rsKd;wGifrS yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sad p&? TudpPrsm;
wGif txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;oabmwlncD sufrsm;yjcif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf TudpPrwdik frw
D nf;u uwif&adS ecJah om/
qufvufaqmif&u
G af eqJjzpfaom/ u|rf;usirf _ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdik &f m vkyif ef;rsm;onfvnf;/ if;.vkyaf qmif
&rnfh tcef;uudk tjrif&y_ af xG;ap&ef jzpfygu/ tygt0if jzpfonf?

30

 rdrd yk*K~d vfa&;t& apmif=h unfah vhvmonfjh zpf&yfEiS /hf tjcm;aom apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u wifjytpD&ifc=H uonfh
jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh &Si;f vif;uGjJ ym;pGm azmfjyoifo
h nf?
 tpD&ifcw
H ifjyr_onf r#w&efvdktyf+yD;/ Tvkyif ef;pOftwGi;f tyoabmaqmifonfh jzpfay:wd;k wufr_rsm;ESihf &v'f
aumif;rsm;udv
k nf; azmfjyoifhonf? tvm;wl rrSeu
f efrr_ sm;ESihf pnf;rsO;f csKd;azmufrr_ sm;udkvnf; azmfjy&rnf?
 xdcu
dk v
f ,
G af om ta&;}uD;owif;rsm; vufc&H &Sv
d mygu/ v#Kd@0Suf apmifx
h ed ;f &rnf? txl;ojzifh +cdrf;ajcmufonf/
odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufrr_ sm; ywfoufaeonf[k pGyfpaJG zmfjy=uonfh owif;rsm; jzpfonf?
 a&G;aumufyt
GJ &m&Srd sm;u wrifwum&nf&,
G I
f Tvkyif ef;pOf wckv;kH tay: ,H=k unfr_enf;ap&efaqmif&u
G jf cif;
r[kwaf omfvnf;/ tawG@tuHenf;r_/ Oya'ESihf ru|r;f 0ifra_ =umif/h trSm;rsm;yvkyfz,
G &f o
dS nfuv
kd nf; todtrSwf
yxm;&ygrnf?

q? todtrSwf yr_ &,ljcif;?

jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;ESihf/ Edik if Hwumavhvmolrsm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh a&G;aumufyt
JG kycf sKyf
a&;tm%mydik rf sm;xHrS todtrSwf yr_ &,l&ef/ av#mufxm;&ef vdt
k yfygonf? a&G;aumufyJGavhvmrnfhol trsm;tjym;
twGu/f todtrSwf yr_rsm; xkwaf y;&efqo
dk nfrmS / }uD;av;aomvkyif ef; jzpfygonf? Oya't&jyXmef;xm;aom vdt
k yfcsuf
rsm;ESifh avsmn
f Donf/h odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyt
GJ yk cf sKyfa&; !$e=f um;csufrsm;ESihf avsmn
f o
D nf/h jynfwiG f;avhvma&;tzG@J rsm;udk
om/ todtrSwf yay;onfu rsm;ygonf? tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf avhusio
hf ifwef;ay;a&; tzG@J ,lepfrsm;u/ vdt
k yfaomtaxmuf
txm;tjynft
h pHu
k dk/ tm%mydkirf sm;odk@/ tcsdefrD wifjyEdik &f ef aocsmaqmif&u
G &f ygrnf? od@k rSom todtrSwf yr_/ oufao
u'fjym;rsm; csucf si;f xkwaf y;&,l Edik =f urnf jzpfonf? tm%mydik frsm;ESihf aumif;rGeaf om vkyif ef;qufqaH &;xde;f odrf;xm;
jcif;onfvnf;/ Todk@ todtrSwf y/ cGifh ycsuf &&Sad &;twGuf/ vG,u
f al csmarG@apygonf?

31

3? Oya'aOya'a-umif;qdik &f mudyk idk ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;

u? Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk
c? Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;twGuf tajccHru
l ef@owfcsuf
*? a&G;aumufyt
GJ jiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGjJ cif;?

aG;aumufyGJEiS fh pyfqidk af om Oy'rSeo

f r#udk &SmazGaz:xkwjf cif;ESihf aumif;pGmtu|rf;w0if&jdS cif;?

Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;tm;jzif/h TOya'rsm;u 'Dru
kd a&pDaG;aumufyGrJ sm;twGuf
tusK;d yyHt
k wdik ;f twmudk tuJjzwfjcif;?

aG;aumufyt
GJ wGif;rSm jzpfvmp&m&Sad omjy\emrsm;udk axmufjy&efEiS hf aG;aumufyt
JG +yD;rSm yjyifajymif;
vJa&; t=uHycsufrsm;ay;&ef twGu/f Oya'rsm;.csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;ud&k mS azGaz:xkwjf cif;?

Oya't&jyefvnfupk m;r_rsm;vkyEf dik jf cif;&Sd-r&SdEiS hf if;wd@k onf Oy'qdik &f mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk trsKd;tpm;
cGjJ cm;jcif;? ta=umif;&if;avhvmjcif;wd@k twGuf taxmuftulay;Edik jf cif;&Sd-r&Sd odEikd af tmif aG;aumufyJG
tjiif;yGm;r_ pm&if;Z,m;udk a&;qGjJ cif;?

(u) Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk

a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmr_.ta&;}uD;aom &_axmifw
h pfcrk mS Oy't&pnf;urf;owfrw
S fro
_ nf 'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG
rsm;ud/k rnfonft
h wdik ;f twmtxd taxmuftulay;a=umif; ydki;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;yif jzpfonf? tajccHOya'ESihf a&G;aumuf
yGJ Oya'tm;vH;k yg0ifoifah om Tydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfrr_ sKd;udk apmif=h unfrh _nEd id_ ;f a&;tzG@J ESihf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@wdk@rS Oy'a&;&m
u|rf;usio
f rl sm;u apmpD;Edik for#apmapmpD;pD;umvuwnf;yif vkyx
f m;oifhygonf? d;k d;k &Si;f &Sif;udpPrsm;udk tajccHOya'jzifh
ajz&Si;f I &ygonf? odk@aomf A[dak &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf S xkwfjyefrnfh tkycf sKyfrq
_ ikd &f mvkyx
f kH;vkyfenf; tqifq
h ifhyg0ifaom
pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Si;f v#iv
f nf; &ygonf? od@k jzpf&m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udyk g ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfoifyh gonf?

32

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfr_rsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;pdyjf zmr_onf vl@tcGit

hf a&;tygt0if Edik w
f umtpOftvm/ tqift
h wef;ESihf
udu
k n
f aD tmif/ odk@r[kwf Oya'rsm; ydrk dk uspfvpfodyo
f nf; (wenf;) ydkrx
kd ad &mufatmif/ t=uHycsufrsm;a&;om;&mY ay:
xGuv
f mEdik fygonf? t=uHycsufrsm;a&;om;&mY a&m&mwdusatmif *kyoifo
h nf/ tb,fah =umift
h =uHy&a=umif;ESihf
ywfoufIvnf; a&a&vnfvnf&iS ;f jyoifo
h nf? a&G;aumufyJGrwdik frDrmS jzpfap/ a&G;aumufyJGt+yD;rSm jzpfap/ a&G;aumufyJG
Oya'ajymifvaJ &;ESifh ydkradk umif;rGefvma&;twGuf wifjyonfo
h abmjzifh t=uHycsufrsm;udak &;om;Edik yf gonf?
(c) Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf
(OSCE/ODIHR) u ypkay;xm;aom jynfhpo
kH nfv
h rf;!$efcsurf sm;onf a&G;aumufyGOJ ya' qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;
twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuftjzpf taxmuftulay;ygonf?17 a&G;aumufyJGEiS hfywfoufaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
jyefvnfpDppf&mY wnDwnmwnf;jzpfap&ef/ tm;xm;avmufp&mjzpfap&ef/ aS@aemufn!
D $waf p&efEiS hf rSeu
f efwu
d sap&ef
18
&nf,
G v
f suf vrf;!$ecf sufrsm;udk ypkxm;jcif;jzpfonf? atmufrmS tusOf;csKyfuakd z:jyxm;ygonf? tydik f;toD;oD;Y
vrf;!$ecf suw
f ckpD ESifh xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;p&m ar;cGe;f wpfppkH D yg0ifygonf?
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf wnfaqmufykH
Oya'a&;&ma'pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuaf &;qG&J mY trsm;jynfoltvG,w
f ul em;vnfEikd &f rnf/ jrifomxifom&S&d rnf/ 'Dru
kd
a&pDa&G;aumufyjGJ zpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdt
k yfaom t*Fg&yftm;vH;k ESihf pyfqidk &f rnf? xdk@jyif rJray;rD uwnf;uyif uwifI
t+yD;tjywf csrSw+f yD; jzpfae&rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;owfrSwcf suf. &nf,
G cf suo
f nf &Si;f vif;jywfom;jcif;/ jrifomxifomjcif;/ESihf trsm;jynfol
em;vnfEidk jf cif; &Syd govm;?

vl@tcGit
fh a&;udk zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csurf sm;jzifh umuG,af pmif=h uyfay;xm;ygovm;?

(a&G;aumufyEGJ iS )fh ywfoufqufpyfaeaom Oy'tm;vHk;(zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGEiS hf
tjcm;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdik &f mOya'/ Edik o
f m;/ Edik if aH &;ygw/D owif;rD',
D mESihf trsm;jynfoq
l ikd &f mjyef=um;a&;Oya'/
a&G;aumufyOGJ ya' csKd;azgufr_EiS fh pyfqikd af om &mZ0wfOya'jyXmef;csurf sm;/&mZ0wfru
_ sihfx;kH Oya'rsm;/ ESifh
A[dak &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Si.
f !$e=f um;csufrsm;tuH;0ifygonf?) udk pDppf=unf+h yD;yg+yDvm;?
a&G;aumufypGJ epf
owfrw
S x
f m;aom a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf rnfonft
h zGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajrmufoenf;/ESpu
f mvtydik ;f tjcm;
tvdu
k af &G;aumufyu
GJ si;f y}udr/f a&G;aumufyu
GJ si;f ya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zG@J pnf;jcif;udp&P yfrsm;wGif 'Dru
kd a&pDa&G;aumuf yGt
J
wGuv
f t
dk yfaom tedrq
fh ;Hk pHcsdefrsm;&Sad tmiftmrcH&rnf?

a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf 'Dru
dk a&pDa&G;aumufyt
JG wGuf tedrfq
h ;kH pHcsed frsm;&Sad tmif tmrcHygovm;?

tenf;qHk;/ Oya'yv$waf wmfw&yf. trwfae&mtm;vH;k twGuf 'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyt
JG & a&G;aumufygovm;?
17

Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, 2001, produced in colloboration with the
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA).
18
Oya'qdik &f m tajccHrrl sm;udk ydik ;f jcm;ppfaq;aomtcg/ pDppf ppfaq;olu/ aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcpH mudk (OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@. a&G;aumufyGJ

avhvmapmif=h unfah &; ud,

k pf m;vS,f tzGJ@rsm; (Election observation missions) . tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESifh wdik yf ift=u&H ,lEidk yf gonf? TtpD&ifcpH m
rsm;ud/k OSCE/ODIHR . tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS http://www.osce.org/odihr wGif &,lEidk yf gonf?
33


'Drdu
k a&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk oifah wmfaomumvtydik ;f tjcm;tvdu
k u
f si;f yygovm;?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf a&G;aumufyu
JG si;f ya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zG@J pnf;ay;yHkEiS hf pDppfyw
kH @kd tay:rSm
tm%mwnfygovm;?

rJqENEiS t
fh nDtm%mtyfEiS ;f a&;twGucf srSwaf om a&G;aumufyJGz@JG pnf;yHkEiS hf/ wOD;csi;f ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;
twGuv
f yk yf idk cf iG t
fh yfEiS f;aom vkyx
f kH;vkyef nf;tqifq
h ifw
h @kd udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf vlenf;pkrsm;udk cGjJ cm;r_r&Sdb/J w&m;r#wpGm qufqHygovm;?
a&G;cs,w
f ifajr
ajrmufcGciG fh
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf vlrsm;pku,
kd pf m;y touftG,&f dSoEl dik if o
H m;tm;vH;k udk vlwikd ;f rJay;cGihfEiS hf
wef;wlraJ y;cGifh &&Sad p&rnf?

vlrsm;pku,
dk fpm;y touftG,&f o
Sd l Edik if o
H m;tm;vH;k onf vlwikd ;f rJay;cGifEh iS fh wef;wlraJ y;cGihf &&Syd govm;?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf Oya'aS@arSmufwiG f vlwikd ;f wef;wljzpfonf [laomtajccHay:rSm
cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ &Sdb/J rJay;cGi&fh &Sad tmif tmrcHygovm;?

rJay;cGit
fh ay:rSm uef@owfr_rsm; od@k r[kwf csKyfcs,fr_rsm;&Sdygovm;? tu,fI&So
d nfqykd gu/ c|i;f csuo
f abm
aqmifaom ywf0ef;usit
f ajctaersm;a=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm &Sif;jyxm;ygovm;?
GJ m%mydik t
f zG@J rsm;
a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirs
frsm; /a&G;aumufyt
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf a&G;aumufyq
JG ikd &f m oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfaom/ xd@k jyif ormorwfusaompDrt
H yk cf sKyfr_
t& a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm; /a&G;aumufyt
JG m%mydik t
f zGJ@rsm; zG@J pnf;jcif;/v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G jf cif;yap&rnf?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfpGm ESihf ormorwfuspGm
zGJ@pnf;apygovm;?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfpGmESifh ormorwfuspGm
v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G af pygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;ESihf v_y&f mS ;aqmif&Gurf _rsm;udk
yGiv
fh if;jrifom apygovm;? wdk@jyif if;wdk@.vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmolrsm; apmif=h unfEh ikd fatmif uwif
pDraH y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiftoD;oD;rsm;. vkyfyikd cf iG rhf sm;ESihf wm0efrsm;udk
jzpfap/ tpd;k &tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ wm0efvuf&t
dS m%mydik frsm;ESihf aumfr&Sifrsm;.qufqaH &;ta=umif;udjk zpfap
&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm t"dy`g,f zGiq
fh jdk yygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifw&yf. qH;k jzwfcsufwckudk y,fveS &f ef
vHak vmufaom tcGift
h vrf;ay;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm; rw&m;ojzifh xkwfy,frcH&atmif
umuG,af pmifh a&Smufay;ygovm;?
rJay;olrsm;rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;/rJay;olrsm;pm&if;

34

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsurf sm;onf rJay;olrsm;pm&if;udk jrifomxifomatmifEiS hf rSefuefwu

d spmG xm;&Sad p&rnf?
rJay;cGi&fh aSd omEdik if o
H m;rsm;. rSwyf w
Hk ifciG u
fh dk umuG,af pmifah &Smufap&rnf? xd@k jyif vlrsm;udk Oya'ESihfrnDbJ od@k r[kwf rrSef
ruef/ rSwfyw
Hk ifay;jcif;/xkwfy,fjcif;rjzpfatmif uwifumuG,af y;ap&rnf?

rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;jzpfpOfonf rSeu
f efwu
d s+yD;/jrifomxifom&Sad om rJay;olrsm;pm&if;udk uwifprD x
H m;ygovm;?

rJay;olrsm;rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;twGuf jynfph &kH efvt
kd yfaomtcsufrsm;udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;+yD;/wdusaompum;jzifh
az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rJqEN&iS fwOD;taejzifh rSwyf Hkwif&eftwGuf rnfonfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;vdt
k yfonfukd Oya'u &Si;f vifjywfom;pGm
az:jyay;xm;ygovm;?

rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;ESifyh wfoufaom qH;k jzwfcsuw
f cktay: apm'uwufEikd af &;twGuf vkyfx;kH vkyfenf;tqifq
h ifu
h kd
&Si;f vif;jywfom;aompum;jzifh az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom qH;k jzwfcsuw
f cktay: apm'uwufEikd af &;twGuf aemufqkH;tcsed o
f wfrw
S cf suu
f dk
&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rJqEN&iS fwOD;. yk*~Kd vfa&;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; rw&m;ojzifhxw
k af z:jcif;rcH&atmif
umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ay;xm;ygovm;?
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESifh ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;
Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonff Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif; rSefor# Oya'aS@arSmufwiG f vlwikd f;wef;
wl jzpfonf[al omtajccHay:rSm wef;wlnrD # ,SOf yifta&G;cHEikd fap&rnf?

Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rSeo
f r#udk Oya'aS@arSmufwiG f wef;wlnDr#atmif tmrcHcsuaf y;xm;yg
ovm;?

Edik if aH &;ygwt
D aeESijfh zpfap/oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfaom(woD;yk*v
~ )udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;taeESijhf zpfap/ ud,
k fpm;vS,f
avmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cHciG &fh atmiftmrcHcsuaf y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf nDnmaom
yifuiG ;f wckay;xm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyGJEiS fhywfoufI ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;rSm jynfpH&k efvt
kd yfaomtcsut
f vufrsm;udk pyfqikd fr&_ adS om/
oifah vsmaf om/ wdusaom pHxm;csufrsm;ay:rSmtajccHI owfrw
S x
f m;+yD;/ Oya'rSm &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm az:jy
xm;ygovm;?

ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdik &f m vkyfx;kH vkyfenf;rsm;udk Oya'wGif cdik frsmwdusaompum;jzifh
usK;d a=umif;qDavsmfpmG ESifh &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rSwyf w
kH ifjcif;ESiyhf wfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
w&m;Oya'tjrifjzifh jyefvnfppD pfapygovm;?

Oya'onf rJq,
G v
f _y&f mS ;r_umvtwGi;f Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;
tay:rSmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;jzifx
h de;f uGyaf y;ygovm;? xd@k jyif tpdk;&pGuzf ufru
_ if;+yD;/ wufu/ yGihfvif;aom
rJq,
G v
f _y&f mS ;r_twGuf uwifpDraH y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufc&H oly*k ~Kd vf. Edik if aH &;ygwu
D l;ajymif;r_a=umifh
oufwrf;raphb/J xdyk k*~dKvf. tcGit
fh m%mtqH;k owfomG ;jcif;rjzpf&atmif umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ay;ygovm;?

35

owif;rD',
D mudk xdawG@cGiEfh iS fh wef;wlciG fh
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo
f nf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf udk,pf m;vS,frsm;tm;vH;k owif;rD',
D mxdawG@cGi&fh adS p&rnfjzpf
onft
h jyif/tpd;k &ydik f odk@r[kwf tpd;k &csKyfudkiaf om owif; rD'D,mwGif wef;wlnrD #pmG ESichf jJG cm;r_r&Sd qufqcH aH p&rnf? rJqG,f
v_y&f mS ;r_umvtwGi;f Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud,
k fpm;vS,rf sm;tm;vH;k rdrw
d kd@tjrifrsm;ESihf xifjrifcsurf sm; vGwv
f yfpmG xkwf
az:cGit
fh ay: usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmaf omuef@owfcsurf sm; rxm;&Sad p&?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; tm;vH;k udk owif;rD',
D mESifh
xdawG@ cGi&fh aSd p+yD;/ tpdk;&ydik f odk@r[kwf tpd;k &csKyfuikd af om owif;rD',
D mwGif wef;wlnDr#ciG &hf adS pygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf wef;wlnDr#qufqHr&_ &Sda&;twGuw
f &m;r#waom/ dk;&Si;f aom/
trSefwu,ftoHk;csI&aom yHkpw
H pf&yfcsrSwfxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;r_umvtwGi;f Edik if o
H m;rsm;/ ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf
if;wdk@. axmufct
H m;ay;olrsm;taejzifh rdrdw@kd .tjrifrsm;ESihf xifjrifcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpmG az:jyEdik af tmif
tmrcHygovm;?
rJq,
G v
f y_ &Sf&mS ;r_
bmaiGEiS fh toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;
;r_bmaiG
bm
Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;r_bmaiGEiS hf toH;k pm;&dwfrsm;udp&P yfwGif Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf ud,
k f
pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk Oya'aS@arSmufrmS wef;wlnrD #jzpfap&rnf;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq,
G v
f y_ &f mS ;r_bmaiGEiS hf toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;udp&P yfwGif Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;
ESiu
fh dk,f pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk Oya'aS@arSmufrmS wef;wlnrD #jzpfapygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;twGuf jynfol@bmaiGo;kH pGcJ iG hf od@k r[kwf tpd;k &ydik f
t&if;tjrpfrsm;oH;k pGcJ iG t
fh wGuf uwifpDrx
H m;ygu/ ToHk;pGcJ iG u
hf kd Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf ud,
k fpm;vS,rf sm; tm;vH;k
onf Oya'aS@arSmufwiG f wef;wlnrD #jzpfonf[al om tajccHay:rSmpDrx
H m;ygovm;?

ud,
k yf dik f rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;r_&HyaHk iGrsm;tay:xm;&Sad om uef@owfcsufrsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmjf cif;/ &Si;f vif;
jywfom;jcif;&So
d nft
h jyif trSefwu,fusihfo;kH I&Edik fygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;a&;tvSLaiGrsm;/ toH;k pm;&dwrf sm; ta=umif;tpD&ifcjH cif;
ESifh ywfoufI umvtydik ;f tjcm;owfrw
S af y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;a&;tvSLaiGrsm;/ toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcpH m
rsm;udk trsm;jynfol =unfh SKEdkifatmif uwifprD x
H m;ygovm;?
apmif
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;
Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf jynfwiG ;f /jynfyapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;/ owif;rD',
D m/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf ud,
k f
pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. ud,
k fpm;vS,rf sm;tzdk@a&G;aumufyv
GJ kyif ef;jzpfpOftm;vH;k udk odomjrifomatmif uwifprD H xm;&
rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf jynfwiG ;f ESihf Edik if w
H umapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyjJG zpfpOf
. bufaygi;f pHu
k dk apmif=h unfah vhvmcGihf yxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf owif;rD',
D m/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf udk,f pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. ud,
k fpm;
vS,rf sm;tm; a&G;aumufyjGJ zpfpOf.bufaygi;f pHu
k kd apmif=h unfah vhvmcGihf yxm;ygovm;?

36


Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmif=h unfah vhvmolwOD;tjzpfrSwyf kHwifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom

tcsut
f vufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI &Si;f vif;jywfom;aom/ wduscdik rf maom pHxm;csurf sm;csrSwfay;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf Edik if aH wmfjyXmef;Oya'u apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf todtrSwf y
xm;aomtcsufrsm;ESifh rnfonft
h csed frmS todtrSwf yxm;onf wdk@ESiyhf wfoufI&Sif;&Si;f vif;vif; odxm;yg
ovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;. tcGift
h a&;ESihfywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/
rnfonft
h csed f/ rnfonft
h ajctaersm;atmufrmS apmif=h unfhavhvmoltjzpfrS &yfqikd ;f Edik jf cif;ESihf ywfoufI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif; odxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;.tcGit
hf a&;ESifh tpDpOfwusa&G;aumufyJG
pDrt
H kycf sKyfrw
_ dk@=um;wGif xde;f nSday;ygovm;?

apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tzdk@rsm;pGmtcuftcJawG@ap+yD;/ &mr#waomapmif=h unfah vhvmr_tzdk@t[ef@twm;jzpfap
aom Oya'qdik &f m/ vdu
k femp&mtcsut
f vufrsm;&Sdygovm;?
rJqENay;jcifEiS yfh wfoufaom vkyx
f ;Hk vkyef nf;tqifq
h ifh
Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENuv
kd #K@d 0Surf &_ adS p&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rJqENtm;vHk;udk wef;wlnrD #pGm/ w&m;r#wpGmESihf
yGiv
fh if;jrifompGm a&wGujf cif;/Z,moGi;f jcif;&Sad p&rnf?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENrsm;udk v#Kd@0SufraJ y;pepfjzifh ay;apygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJay;olrsm; udkrjJ ym;xkwrf ay;rDrmS vlrrSm;atmif vHak vmufpmG ppfaq;apyg
ovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufrmS rrSerf uefraJ y;jcif;ESihf t=udr=f udrt
f vDvDraJ y;jcif;wd@k rjzpf&avatmif
vHak vmufaom umuG,af pmif=h uyfay;r_rsm; yg0ifygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufrmS rJray;rD/ rJay;aepOfEiS hf rJay;+yD;aemufydik ;f Y rJjym;rsm;/ rJkHo;kH ypPnf;rsm;
tm;vH;k . vHk cHa&;twGuf vHak vmufaomjyXmef;csufrsm;yg0ifygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf xl;jcm;csu&f adS om rJay;olrsm; od@k r[kwf txl;trsK;d tpm; tjzpf
owfrw
S fxm;aom rJay;olrsm;twGuf xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;rsm; ay;xm;ygovm;? xdk@jyif Ttjcm;
aomrJay;enfrsm;.vkyx
f Hk;vkyef nf;tqifq
h ifo
h nf rJvkH cHrv
_ nf;&S/d v#Kd@0Sufrv
_ nf;&Sad p&efvt
kd yfaomtcsurf sm;ESihf
tnDjzpfygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf vlwOD;wnf;u a&G;aumufyw
JG ckwnf;rSm xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;udak &m
yHrk eS fraJ y;enf;udkyg toH;k yonfhtjzpfrsKd;r&S&d avatmif uwifumuG,x
f m;ygovm;?
rJa&wGijf cif;ESifh Z,m;oGi;f jcif;y&mY yGiv
fh if;jrifomr_&S&jcif
djS cif;
Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENtm;vHk;udk wef;wlnrD #pGm/ w&m;r#wpGmESihf yGihfvif;jrifompGm a&wGujf cif;/
Z,m; oGi;f jcif;&Sad p&rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJa&wGujf cif;ESifh Z,m;oGi;f jcif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmEdkiaf tmif
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tm; oifah vsmaf om enf;vrf;rsm;ay;xm;ygovm;?

37


Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf vufjzifh rJa&wGujf cif;ESihf Z,m;oGi;f jcif; rybJ/ pufjzifha&wGuaf om

ae&mrsm;wGif puf/uGejf yLwmtrmxnf/tajymhxnfEiS hf tjcm;ypPn;f rsm;tm;vHk;jzif o
h D;jcm;vGwfvyfpmG
aqmuf&u
G Ef idk af tmif uwifprD Hxm;ygovm;?

Oya'onf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifrh aJ y;XmetoD;oD;. &v'frsm;udak ygif;um/ aemufq;kH tajz
&&Sad pEdik af om yHpk t
H & pm&if;Z,m;pm&Gut
f m;vHk;udk &&Sad pEdik fygovm;?

Oya'onf &v'faz:jyaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;Y xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;rsm; (ae&ma$@ajymif;rJay;jcif;ESihf pmyd@k pepfjzifh
rJay;jcif;uJo
h dk@aomrJay;enf;rsm;) .&v'frsm;ESihfywfoufaom tao;pdyt
f csut
f vufrsm;yg0ifapygovm;?

Oya'onf rJt
Hk qifrh S A[dak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sit
f qift
h xd/ &v'ftao;pdyrf sm;udk csucf si;f trsm;jynfolo@kd
a=unmjcif;ESifh yHkEySd fowif;rD',
D mwGiyf kHEdSyx
f w
k af 0jcif;yapygovm;?

Oya'onf a&G;aumufy&GJ vm'frsm;. aemufqkH;twnfya=unmjcif;/ ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk today;jcif;
jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh ta&G;aumufcu
H dk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;.&mxl;oufwrf;rsm;udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm jyXmef;
owfrw
S af y;xm;ygovm;?

rJjyefvnfa&wGujf cif;twGuf vdktyfaomtcsut
f m;vH;k ;ESihf vkyfx;kH vkyef nf;tqifq
h ifw
h d@k udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;
pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyt
GJ opfusif;ya&;twGuv
f t
kd yfaomtcsut
f m;vH;k ;ESihf vkyx
f ;kH vkyfenf;tqifq
h ifu
h kd &Si;f vif;
jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?
rJqEN&iS tcG
ftcGit
fh a&;bufr&S yfwnfay;jcif;
Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqEN&iS t
f cGit
hf a&;bufrS &yfwnfay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaom vkyx
f kH;vkyef nf;rsm;
ESifh ukpm;enf;rsm; jyXmef;xm;&rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqEN&iS t
f cGit
hf a&;bufrS &yfwnfay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaomvkyx
f ;kH
vkyfenf;rsm; ESifh ukpm;enf;rsm; jyXmef;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'csKd;azgufrr_ sm;twGuf owfrw
S fxm;aomjypf'%frsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsm+f yD;/oifah vsmyf govm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'csK;d azgufr_EiS hfywfoufI rnfolw@kd uw&m;pGq
J kdEikd fonf
qdak omtcsurf sm;ESifh w&m;pGq
J jdk cif;jzpfpOfw@kd udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifq;Hk jzwfcsuu
f kd (jyefvnfppfciG hfESihf t+yD;owfp&D if
csucf sciG &fh aSd om w&m;H;k odk@) t,lcw
H ifciG t
hf wGuf uwifpDraH y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rauseyfcsuw
f cktwGuf w&m;pGq
J jkd cif;/ pOf;pm;jcif;/ESifh qH;k jzwfjcif;wdk@
twGuf tcsdeu
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k o
f ifh yg
onf? TuJo
h dk@aom ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfrr_ sm;vkyfygu Oya'a&;&mjyefvnfupk m;r_rsm; vkyI
f &-r& qH;k jzwfEikd frnft
h jyif/ Oya'
a&;&mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk rSww
f rf;ypkjcif;ESit
fh a=umif;&if;avhvmjcif;jzpfpOftwGut
f axmuftuljzpfapygvdrfhrnf? TuJh
odk@aom ydik f;jcm;oH;k oyfrw
_ cka=umifh a&G;aumufyt
JG jiif;yGm;r_rsm;pD&ifqkH;jzwf&eftm%mtyfEiS f;cHxm;aom tm%mydik frsm;.
tcef;u/w&m;r#wr_EiS fh u|rf;usiv
f rd mR r_wdk@udk tuJjzwfEikd fygvdrhfrnf?

38

a&G;aumufyt
GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufaom Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf atmufygwd@k udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm
t"dy`g,zf iG q
fh jdk y&rnf?

rauseyfrt
_ wGuf wdik fwef;p&mjzpfapaom vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;(Oyrm- wpHw
k OD;udk rd;k rom;rrSefruefrSwyf kHwif
ay;jcif;) ESifh vkyaf qmif&efysufuu
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kH ifay;&efysufuu
G jf cif;)?

wdik w
f ef;cH&avmufz,
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f ef;cH&onf[k today;cH&rnfh
olrsm;

wdik w
f ef;r_rsm;udk pD&ifqH;k jzwf&eft&nftcsi;f &Sad om tzG@J tpnf;?

rauseyfru
_ dk t&nftcsi;f ESijfh ynfph aHk omtzG@J tpnf;od@k wdik w
f ef;&rnfhenf;[ef (Oyrm pmjzif)h ?

rauseyfru
_ dk wdik fwef;jcif;ESifh pD&ifq;Hk jzwfjcif;wdk@twGuf tcsed u
f ef@owfcsufrsm;?

y,fvSeq
f ;Hk jzwfjcif;cH&aom wdik fwef;r_ukd t,lcw
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k zG@J rsm;?

wdik w
f ef;oltwGuf csrSwaf y;aom rnfonfo
h ufomcGihfurkd qdk az:aqmifay;a&;twGuf vdt
k yfaom
vkyx
f Hk;vkyef nf;rsm;?

Oya'csLd ;azgufrt
_ wGuf jypf'%frsm;?
Tydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfcsufudk t+yD;owf+yD;onfEiS w
fh yifeuf/a&G;aumufyt
JG csed fZ,m;ESiq
hf ufpyfvsuf ae@pGt
J pOftwdik ;f Z,m;
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Xmef;csufrsm;udk az:xkwaf pEdik fonft
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jycsufrsm;a&;&mY vnf; toHk;0ifEidk fygonf?
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rrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_wckudk jyifqifay;yg&efwifjy+yD;v#i/f w&m;r usihfx;kH Oya' (Civil Procedure Code) tcef; (30)
t& TrrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk apm'uwufonfqdyk gthH? oufaojyonfw
h ikd f TrrSerf uefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk jyifqif
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f ef;oltaejzifh orw
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wcku&dk &SEd idk fygvrd fhrnf? odk@&mwGif orwa&G;aumufyOJG ya'ygjyXmef;csuft& y%mr rJqEN&iS frsm;pm&if; xkwjf yeft+yD;/ (3)
&uf twGi;f rSm wdik fwef;&efvdktyfygonf? w&m;rusihfx;Hk Oya't&rl wdik ;f wef;&ef tcsdefyakd y;xm;ygonf? odk@jzpf&m Z,m;
a&;qGx
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fh ;kH Oya'/ tcef;
(30) wGif jyefvnfjyif qifay;&eftwGuf tm%mwnfapaomjyXmef;csuf ryg&o
dS jzifh if;. [muGuu
f v
kd nf; jrifawG@Edik fyg
onf?

39

a&G;aumufyt
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mypHk H
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ygu(PSEC)
tzG@J 0ifukd
'%faiGwyf&ef
r&Sd

(PSEC)

40

4?a&G
GJ jiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk apmif-h unfah vhvmjcif;
4?a&G;aumufyt
u? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Si;f yHu
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f ef;r_EiS fh t,lcHr_pepfu yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tzd@k oifah vsmfaom Oya'qdik &f mjyefvnfupk m;r_rsm;
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f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk tm;xm;jcif;onf
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h ikd fwef;csufrsm;twGuf jyefvnfuk
19
pm;ay;aom pepf. ajymhnHhru
_ dk az:jy&ma&mufygonf?
(u) tjiif;yGm;r_
k dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif
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sm;ajz&Si;f yHu
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f lrsm;t
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f ydik f;rsm;udak pmif=h unfah vhvmoifah =umif;az:xkw&f mY taxmuftulay;ygvrd hfrnf?
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ajra'otvdu
k f apmif=h unfavhvmolrsm;taeESihfyg rdwLW &&SEd ikd favh&adS om ae&mrsm;rSm-wdik w
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19

a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_EiS fh ywfoufI owif;tcsut

f vufrsm; xyfro
H &d v
Sd ydk gu/ (Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE Area: Towards a
Standard Election Disputes Monitoring System, OSCE/ ODIHR, Warsaw, 2001.) udk =unfy
h g? TrSww
f rf;udk OSCE/ ODIHR .
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS http://www.osce.org/odihr wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?
41

wdik w
f ef;r_ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjiif;yGm;r_apmif=h unfah vhvma&;yHpk w
H iG f tpDtpOfwusrSww
f rf;wifoifh
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h nf?

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f ef;oltrnf?
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f ef;csuu
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f zG@J .trnf?
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f zG@J od@k tr_ziG w
hf ikd =f um;aomae@pGJ?
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f usOf;csKyf?
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apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh wdik w

f ef;r_ta=umif;ESifyh wfoufI owif;tcsut
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hf nf;r&Sd
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J m%mydik rf sm;xHo@kd w&m;0iftr_wikd =f um;
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f wdik w
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&m;H;k odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sio
f dk@wufa&mufvsuf wdik w
f ef;r_wckta=umif;udak pmif=h unfah vhvmaom rnfonfh
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k ef m&rnf?

tcsed fraD &muf&&Sd efEiS fh =um;emppfaq;r_ukd wenf;enf;jzift
h aESmuft,Surf ay;rdap&ef?
42


=um;emppfaq;aeaomtr_ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI owif;y;ydk@jcif;/ xifjrifcsuaf y;jcif;y&mY owdxm;&ef?

(ta=umif;rSm if;wdk@onf pD&ifq;Hk jzwf&efpOf;pm;&mY xnfo
h iG f;pOf;pm;p&mtjzpfygomG ;wwfaoma=umifjh zpfonf?)

tr_xYJ oufaoxGuq
f djk cif;ryrdatmif a&SmifusO&f ef?
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k a=umif; apmif=h unfah vhvm&mY atmuf
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h nf?

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f m;vH;k udk axmufct
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f vufrsm;udk
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f wdik f;twm?

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apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nESd _id ;f a&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&m u|rf;usif
olrsm;taejzifh tr_rsm;udk pm&if;ypk+yD;/ w&m;Oya'pepfatmufrmS if;wdk@pcef;oGm;yHu
k kd apmif=h unfah vhvmoifhonf?tjiif;
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csut
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h nf?

wdik w
f ef;oludik pf aGJ om Oya'tajccH? (wdik ;f oludik pf GaJ om Oya'. oufqikd &f myk'frudk ud;k um;az:jy&rnf?)

tqift
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43


w&m;Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif ponfw@kd ucsrSwaf om t+yD;owfq;kH jzwfcsuf? (qH;k jzwfcsu.

f Oya'
tajccHudk ud;k um;az:jy&rnf?)

tm%mwnfapjcif; (qH;k jzwfcsufudk taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;&S-d r&S?d rnfonft
h csderf Sm rnfo@kd taumiftxnf
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48


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49

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50

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51

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52

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53

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54

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56

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h nfomru/ Taumfr&Sifrsm;onf oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfpmG ESihf ormorwfuspGmvnf; aqmif
&Guo
f ifo
h nf? aumfr&Siw
f dk@udk pGuzf ufjcif; odk@r[kwf +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;ryap&ay? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;onf cGjJ cm;r_uif;
pGmESifh wnfqOJ ya'ESiafh vsmn
f DpGm vGwv
f yfpmG xkwaf z:cGihf/ vGwfvyfpmG oif;yif;zGJ@cGi/hf vGwfvyfpmG pka0;cGihf wd@k udt
k mrcH&rnf?
cGjJ cm;qufqjH cif; odk@r[kwf tm%mtvGo
J ;Hk pm;yjcif;rSeo
f r#onf a&G;aumufy.
JG w&m;r#wr_ukd t}uD;tus,f+cdrf;ajcmuf
&ma&mufygonf?
yGiv
fh if;jrifomr_&S&jcif
djS cif; - a&G;aumufyGaJ umfr&Sif;rsm;onf yGiv
hf if;jrifompGm aqmif&u
G &f rnf? rdrw
d kd@vkyif ef;. rnfonfh
rsufEmS pmbufudkrqdk tppftaq;cH&efvrf;zGix
hf m;&rnf? ygwDu,
kd pf m;vS,frsm;udk aumfr&SifrSmxnfo
h iG ;f xm;jcif;/ owif;rD
'D,mtwGuf vrf;zGix
fh m;jcif;ESifh qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;udk rqdik ;f rwGxw
k af 0jcif;wd@k tygt0ifenf; vrf;aygi;f rsm;pGmjzifh yGiv
hf if;jrif
omr_&aSd tmifaqmif&u
G fEidk fygonf? odk@&mwGif apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh aumfr&Sit
f pnf;ta0;rsm;udk wdu
k fu
kd x
f d
57

awG@Edik jf cif;r&Sdwwfacs?
0efxrf;rsm;cef@xm;jcif;ESifh avhusiafh y;jcif; - a&G;aumufyJGaumfr&Sit
f zGJ@0ifEiS hf 0efxrf;tm;vH;k onf a&G;aumufyJGrwdik frD
uwnf;uyifuwifI oifah vsmfaom/tqift
h wef;rSaD omoifwef;rsm;&&Sx
d m;oifhonf?TonfrmS wm0efxrf;aqmifyx
kH rf;
aqmifenf;ta=umif;udk tjynft
h 0em;vnfap&efjzpfonf?a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siw
f iG f trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkvlrsKd;rsm;.
tcsK;d tpm;udk rsm;Edik t
f r#rsm;rsm;yg0ifapoifo
h nf?
t&if;tjrpfrsm; - a&G;aumufyGJpDrt
H yk cf sKyfrt
_ zGJ@wGif yGiv
hf if;jrifomr_vnf;&S/d vHak vmufrv
_ nf;&So
d nft
h jyif oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfrv
_ nf;&So
d nfh bwf*suw
f ck&aSd p&rnf? ,H=k unfpw
d cf s&avmufaoma&G;aumufyJGwckO;D pD;usif;yEdik af &;twGuf aumfr&Sif
rsm;udk tcsdet
f vHt
k avmufay;&rnft
h jyif/ oifah wmfaomtcsdeYf vnf; vdt
k yfaombmaiGa=u;ESihf ypPnf;rsm;jznfh qnf;
ay;&rnf?
a&G;aumufyGJprD t
H yk cf sKyfr_ tqifhtoD;oD;. t"duvkyyf ikd cf iG hfrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;jzifah z:jyxm;ygonf?

a&G;aumufyGypJG rD t
H yk cf sKyfa&;tm; apmih=f unf=h uyfrwfjcif;
a&G;aumufyt
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h ifh

pDrt
H yk cf sKyfa&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESifh vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;
 Oya'tm; ormorwfusus/ r#wr_&pdS mG
taumiftxnfaz:jcif;
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 rJqENe,fajr/ c&dik ef ,ferd w
d rf sm;udk abmifcwf
owfrw
S jf cif;
 pDrt
H yk cf sKyfa&;qdik &f m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; xkwjf cif;
 tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f jcif;

58

 ygwrD sm;twGuf usi0fh wfou

d mQ yk'f
 rD',
D mrsm;twGuf usi0fh wfodumQ yk'f
 rJqEN&iS rf sm; rSwyf w
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 Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESifh ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;
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GJ maiGa=u;tm; pDrcH ef@cjGJ cif;
 a&G;aumufyq
GJ idk &f m ypPn;f ypP,rsm; xkwaf 0jcif;udk
pDrcH ef@cjGJ cif;
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GJ idk &f m ypPn;f ypP,rsm; jzef@a0jcif;
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GJ &m&drS sm;ESifh atmufajc
a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;udk
}uD;=uyfjcif;
 &v'frsm;udk Z,m;jzifjh yqdjk cif;/ jzef@a0jcif;/ xkwjf yefjcif;
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d pf m;vS,rf sm;. a&G;aumufyq
GJ idk &f m
toH;k p&dwrf sm;udk apmif=h unf=h uyfrwfjcif;

a'oqdik &f m/ c&dikf af &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;

 pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh Oya'rsm;tm; r#wpGm/

ormorwfuspmG taumiftxnfaz:jcif;
 tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f jcif;
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k pf m;vS,rf sm; rSwyf w
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d mQ yk'fEiS t
fh nD apmif=h unft
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jyifqifjcif;rsm;/ }uD;=uyfjcif;
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}uD;=uyfjcif;/ oifwef;ay;jcif;
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GJ idk &f m ypPn;f ypP,rsm; jzef@a0jcif;
 atmufajca&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;tm; }uD;=uyfjcif;

59

 &v'frsm;udk Z,m;jzifh jyqdjk cif;

 &v'frsm;udk xkwjf yefa=ujimjcif;
 a&G;aumufyGJ ypPn;f ypP,rsm;udk jyefvnford ;f qnf;jcif;/
odak vSmiford ;f qnf;jcif;/

rJ&aHk umfr&Sirf sm;

 pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf Oya'rsm;tm; r#wpGm/

ormorwfuspmG taumiftxnfaz:jcif;
 a&G;aumufyyGJ pPn;f ypP,rsm; vufc&H ,ljcif;
 rJqENay;jcif;udk }uD;=uyfjcif;
 rJa&wGujf cif;
 &v'frsm;ESifh ypPn;f ypP,rsm;udk jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;

jynfwiG f; a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; xnfhoiG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfh tc&mjy\emrsm;rSm

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf rJqENay;oltm;vH;k tay: wef;wlnrD #pGmESihf ormorwfuspGmqufqyH govm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siw
f &yfu csrw
S af omqHk;jzwfcsuw
f pHw
k ckonf ormorwfusr_EiS hfywfoufI jy\emrsm;

ay:ayguaf pygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm; od@k r[kwf Edik if Ha&;ygwDrsm;. ta=umif;rJh odk@r[kwf
Oya'rJph u
G fzufrr_ sm;rS uif;vGwfpmG aqmif&u
G fEikd fygovm;?

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J wGuf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sirf sm;.uwifjyifqifr_rsm;onf a&G;aumufyG.
J *k%o
f dumQ udk
tmrcHygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrSw&f mY yGiv
hf if;jrifompGm csrSwfygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdu
k ef maeygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;.qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;onf w&m;r#waom/qDavsmt
f yfpyfaom t,lcjH cif;twGuf
vrf;zGix
fh m;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufyg tcsed fuef@owfcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu
k femaeygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siw
f ckckonf zdtm;ay;cH&jcif; od@k r[kwf jcdr;f ajcmufc&H jcif;&Sad eygovm;?

trsm;tm;jzifh a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf yg0ifywfoufoltm;vH;k . ,H=k unfpdwcf sjcif;cH&ygovm;? tu,fI
,H=k unfpw
d cf sjcif; rcH&[kqdkygu a0zefjypfwifrr_ sm;udk xkacs&iS ;f vif;jyygovm;?

vlenf;pkvrl sKd;rsm;ESifh trsK;d orD;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;wGif vHak vmufpmG ud,
k pf m;yyg0ifciG &hf ygovm;?

60

7?ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;udk apmih-f unfh
avhvmjcif;?
u? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf Hw
k ifjcif;?
c? Edik if aH &;,SOf yiforl sm; rSwyf Hkwifjcif;
*? trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwidk ;f &if;om;rsm; rSwyf Hw
k ifjcif;

uk,
d fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;tm;vH;k a&G;aumufyJw
G iG f 0ifa&muf,OS f yif&mwGif wef;wlEiS fh
usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmaf om tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &-r& pHpk rf;&eftwGuf a&G;aumufyJ,
G OS jf ydKifolrsm;
rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;udk teD;uyfavhvmjcif;?

rSwyf HkwifciG jfh iif;y,fc&H jcif;/ tjiif;y,fc&H r_tay: t,lcH0ifjcif;wd@k ESihf qufEG,af om taxmuf
txm;rsm; tm;vH;k . rdwLW rsm;udk &,lxm;jcif;?

61

udak ya[*ifoabmwlncD suf tyd'k f (7)wGif Edik if o

H m;rsm;onf wOD;csi;f aomfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;. odk@r[kwf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ud,
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csed J@apaom &nf&,
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hf ;kH jcif;onf 'Dru
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a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;. tESpo
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f iG f rnfod@k wifoiG ;f &rnfukd owfrw
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yifyef;qif;&Japjcif;/ cGJjcm;qufqrH o
_ abmoufa&mufapjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?

62

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w&m;0ifav#mufvm$ tm; jiif;y,f&rnf[I
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h nf; jzpfonf? Oyrm
jyefvnfjyifqifay;I&Edikf af om toem;cHpmwGif rnfonfhtcsurf sm;u vkyx
f ;kH vkyfenf;t& tm;enf;aponfukd
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63


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65

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66

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67

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68


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69

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70

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Ekid yf gonf? http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/sri_lanka/election_report/index.htm.

72

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73

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21

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22

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tcef;uudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;onf? wd@k . tcef;u &Si;f vif;csuu
f kd a&G;aumufyJG
tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;Z,m; (tcef; 3 ESifh 4 udk &_yg) wGif xnfo
h iG ;f +yD;/ rD',
D m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk Z,m;uGuw
f iG f
oD;oef@tkyfpt
k jzpf rSww
f rf;wifjcif;jzifh taxmuftuljzpfEkid o
f nf?
(C)toHvi$ rfh 'D ,
D mESifh yHEk ySd rf 'D ,
D mudk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;
a&G;aumufyGJrpcif tenf;qH;k wv=udKI rD',
D mapmif=h unfhavhvmjcif;udk tedrq
hf ;kH tqifh pwif vkyu
f ikd f oifo
h nf?
aemufq;Hk &v'frsm; xkwjf yefa=ujim+yD;onfEiS hf wyifeuf ,if;vkyif ef;udk tqH;k owf&rnf jzpfonf? taumif;qH;k rSm
a&G;aumufyGJpDrt
H yk cf sKyfaf &;u a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf pwifjyifqifonfEiS hf ,if;vkyif ef;udk apmEdik o
f r# tapmqH;k
pwifvkyaf qmifoih+f yD;/ a&G;aumufcH udkf,pf m;vS,rf sm;u w&m;0ifwm0efrsm; vufc&H ,lonfh tcsdef txd qufvuf
vkyaf qmifoifhonf?apmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;rsm;udk
a&G;aumufyJ+G yD;onfah emufyikd ;f rSmvnf;
tem*wf
rD'D,mbufvu
dk rf u
_ q
dk ef@usiI
f / rD',
D mvGwv
f yfciG hfrsm;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjrJwrf;wnfjrJomG ; Edik af tmif
qufvufvkyaf qmif Ekid o
f nf?
rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmr_. yxrtqifrh mS rnfonfrh D',
D mtrsK;d tpm;tm; apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoihfonfukd a&G;cs,&f ef
jzpfonf? ,if;vkyif ef;tm; atmufygtcsufrsm;u tqH;k tjzwfay;ygonf?
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@twGu&f &SEd idk af om bma&;t&if;tjrpfEiS hf vly*k ~Kd vft&if;tjrpf/
vGecf aJh oma&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGi;f &&Scd aJh om rD',
D maz:jyr_qikd &f m tawG@tuHEiS t
hf odtjrif
usi;f yrnfah &G;aumufyGJ trsKd;tpm; - orwa&G;aumufyJ/G ygvDrefa&G;aumufyJG od@k r[kwf a'oEW& a&G;aumufyJ/G
Ekid if t
H 0Sr;f rD'D,m. zGJ@pnf;yHkEiS fh ydik q
f idk fr/_
rwlnaD om rD',
D mtrsK;d tpm;tvdu
k f pmzwfo/l em;axmifol/=unf@&@_ olrsm;. trsK;d tpm;/ta&twGuf wd@k ESihf ywfoufY
&&SEd idk af om ude;f *%ef;rsm;)/

rD'D,myHpk t
H rsK;d ;rsK;d . ta&;ygyHkrsm;ESiyfh wfoufI &&SEd ikd af om jynfo@l oabmxm; tcsuftvufrsm;/

&kyjf rifo=H um;ESifh a&'D,dyk idk q
f idk rf _EiS fh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufEiS hf

vlenf;pk wdik ;f &if;om; ta&;aqmif&u
G af eaom rD',
D mtrsK;d tpm; ponfwkd@jzpfonf?

rnfonfrh D',
D mtrsK;d tpm;udk apmif=h unhaf vhvmrnf[k a&G;cs,q
f ;kH jzwf&mwGif t"dutcsufrmS aG;cs,f rJqEN ay;&ef
toH;k y&aom owif;tcsut
f vuf &&d&S mae&mjzpfoifo
h nf? xd@k a=umifh vltrsm;qH;k =unfah om &kyjf rifo=H um;tpDtpOf/
vlrsm;qH;k em;axmifaom a&'D,dktpDtpOf ESifh vlajymtrsm;qH;k owif;pmrsm;udk ypfrSwf xm;oifo
h nf?
(OSCE) a'otwGi;f wGif &kyjf rifo=H um;onf a&'D,kdEiS hf owif;pmrsm;xufydrk kdI xda&mufr&
_ o
Sd nf? OD;pm;ay; wcktjzpf

owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;xkwfvi$ ahf y;aeaom Edik if aH wmfyikd f toHvi$ &hf rkH sm;udk apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoifo
h nf?
tb,fa=umifq
h adk omf wdk@wGif bufrvdu
k &f [laom wm0ef&aSd eaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ae&mtESH@ odk@r[kwf
vlO;D a&;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;xH v$ix
fh w
k fEidk af om tjcm; &kyjf rifo=H um;rsm;udkvnf; apmif=h unfh tuJjzwfoifo
h nf?
80

Edik if aH &;t& jy\em&dSEidk af om ae&mrsm;[k wHqyd cf wfxm;aom a'otwGi;f &dS &kyjf rifo=H um;rsm;ESihf rD',
D mrsm;udv
k nf;
xnfo
h iG ;f oifo
h nf? xdk@tjyif vlenf;pkrsm; ta&;aqmif&u
G af eaom rD',
D mrsm;udv
k nf; apmih=f unft
h uJjzwf&ef
pOf;pm;oiho
f nf? txl;ojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGihf ta&;ESiyhf wfoufaomjy\em &Sad eygu odk@r[kwf
emrnf=uD;aom ud,
k fpm; vS,af vmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;onf wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;rS vmonfqkdygu
wdk@uadk pmif=h unfah vhvm&ef pOf;pm;oifo
h nf?
rD'D,mapmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;onf
uk,
d pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/
a&G;aumufyJGprD t
H kycf sKyfr_EiS hf
tjcm;qufE,
G &f m ta=umif;t&m;rsm; owif;az:jyr_. ta&twGuEf iS hf t&nftaoG;udv
k nf; wdik ;f wmonf?
apmih=f unfah vhvm&ef a&G;cs,fxm;aom tjcm;ywfouf&m ta=umif;t&mrsm; onf rJqEN&iS frsm;tay: =oZm
v$r;f rd;k r_t&dq
S ;Hk aom ta=umif;t&mrsm; jzpfoiho
f nf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tzGJ@wzGJ@onf rJqEN&iS rf sm;tay:
oufa&mufr&_ adS om t"duta=umif;t&m od@k r[kwf udpP&yfrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;Ekid fonf? ,if;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESihf
udp&P yfrsm;ukd az:jyjcif;onf bufvu
dk frE_ iS fh udk,yf dik q
f ifqmjzwfawmufjcif;. a&csed fukd owfrw
S &f mwGif ta&;yg Edik o
f nf?
ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;. tjrifrsm;udk tjcm;Edik if aH &;yifbufrsm;u wdu
k &f u
kd af csyaom Edik if aH &;
pum;ppfx;dk yGJrsm;. a&csdeu
f t
dk uJjzwf&efvnf; ta&;}uD; ygonf?
qufE,
G fr&_ adS om ta=umif;t&mrsm; ( trSwt
f om;jyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;onf qufE,
G fr_ &Sd-r&Sd a&G;cs,&f ef
jzpfonf) wGif yg0ifonfrsm;rSm atmufygwdk@jzpfonf?

orw
orw.ajyma&;qdck iG &fh o
dS l odk@r[kwf ajyma&;qdck iG &hf aSd om&H;k
tpd;k &
0ef}uD;csKyf
t"dutpd;k &0ef}uD;rsm; (tu,fI0ef}uD;tm;vH;k u a&G;aumufyJGwiG f yg0ifygu tm;vH;k udk qdv
k dkonf?)
Edik if aH &;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh xdyfwef;udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;
a'oqdik &f m jynfe,ftkycf sKyfa&;rSL;rsm;
a&G;cs,cf x
H m;&aom jrdK@awmf0efrsm;
a'oEW&tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. acgi;f aqmifrsm;
oydwaf rSmufxm;aom ygwDrsm; (tu,fI &dyS gu)
ajrmufx;dk yifah umf aoG;xd;k ay;aom pum;vH;k rsm; ESihf rke;f wD;a&;rdef@cGe;f
wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; ESifh vlenf;pkbmompum;udk rD'D,mwGif toH;k yr_
rJq,
G fpnf;H;k r_ww
d q
f dwf (Campaign Silence) umv
vlxo
k abmxm;aumuf,jl cif; owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm;tay: pnf;rsO;f ue@o
f wfr_rsm;
tca=u;aiGay;I ygwED iS fh ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;a=umfjimjcif;
rJqEN&iS f ynmay;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@

81

rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf Oya'ucGifh yxm;avh&dSaom tcrJh avvdi_ ;f xkwv

f i$ chf sdef ESihf tjcm;aom
owif;ay;ydk@r_wdk@udk cGJcGJjcm;jcm;jrifoifo
hf nf? ,if;udpEP iS yhf wfoufI apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u atmufygtcsuf rsm;udk
tuJjzwfoihfonf?

tcrJah vvdKS if;xkwv
f i$ cfh sdefEiS fhywfoufaom Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdu
k femjcif; &dS-r&dS?

avv_id ;f xkwv
f i$ fhr_EiS fhywfoufaom owfrw
S cf surf sm;onf xkwv
f i$ o
hf t
l m;vH;k twGuf wef;wlr_ &d-S
r&dS (Oyrm xkwfvi$ afh omtcsdefwm)?

=unf&h o
_ rl sm; =unf&h _Eikd af vmufaom xkwv
f i$ chf sdeEf iS hf xkwv
f i$ hfr_ypkH t
H & xkwfvi$ chf jJh cif; &Sd-r&dS?

tcrJh avvdi_ ;f xkwv
f i$ jfh cif;onf Edik if o
H m;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,pf &m&Sdonfrsm;ESihf ywfoufI em;vnf
oGm;atmif tusKd ;yEdik jf cif; &dS-r&d?S
rD'D,mapmif=h unft
h uJjzwfjcif;wGif toH;k yaom enf;pepfonf owif;tpDtpOf / owif;ay;ydk@rsm;wGif a&G;cs,f xm;aom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf wifjyr_ t=udrt
f a&twGufEiS fh t&nftaoG;udk pHpk rf;avhvmjcif; yifjzpfonf? TonfrSm
,if;xkwv
f i$ fhrr_ sm;onf ormorwfus+yD;/ r#wr_&aSd om owif;axmufvyk if ef;. tajccH pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf
tjyeftvSeq
f ufE,
G fr_ &d-S r&dS pHkprf;avhvm&efjzpfonf?
yHEk ySd frD',
D mESifhywfoufI ta&twGuf cGJjcrf;avhvmjcif;onf a&G;cs,x
f m;aom ta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf
ay;aomae&mtus,t
f 0ef;udk pwk&ef;pifwDrw
D mjzifh wdik ;f wmjcif;jzpfonf? toHvi$ rhf 'D D,mwGif ta&twGuf qdik &f m
apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;onf uifr&m/zefom;rsufemS jyif wGifxu
G af y:vmaom ta=umif;t&m. tcsed w
f m odk@r[kwf
a&'D,w
kd iG f =um;vdu
k &f aom tcsed w
f mudk csed frw
S ef m&Djzifw
h ikd ;f wmjcif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfpkHwOD;u ol od@k r[kwf olrtm;
az:jyoGm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ud;k um;oGm;jcif;. tcsed w
f mudk wdik ;f wmjcif;vnf; yg0ifonf?
owfrw
S x
f m;aomta=umif;t&mwckct
k wGuf oH;k pGJaomtcsed w
f mudk wkid ;f wmaepOf wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif apmif=h unfh
avhvmolrsm;onf ydI
k eufeJodraf rG@aomjy\emrsm;udk xifxifay:ay:jzpfvmapEdik af om ta=umif;tcsurf sm; tm;vnf;
wdik ;f wmEdik af o;onf?
Oyrm
tcsKd@ygwDrsm;.
udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;
od@k r[kwf
ud,
k fpm;yolrsm;onf
t+rJvydk if/vlu,
dk fwidk pf um;ajymvsuf avvdKS if;ay:wGif ay:vmwwf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;rSmrl ud;k um;cH&jcif; od@k r[kwf wdk@.
xkwjf yefcsufrsm;udk
owif;a=ujimolu
twdck sKyfI
az:jyjcif;omcH&onf?
&kyo
f o
H wif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
tcsed w
f idk ;f wmr_rsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f xyfrH cGJpdwEf dik yf gonf?

oufqidk &f mta=umif;t&mESiyfh wfoufIaz:jyaom owif;aqmifyg;wcktwGuf pkpak ygi;f tcsdefpuUe@f
(txufwiG f az:jyxm;onf)?

&kyjf rifo=H um;rsuEf mS jyifwiG f udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;/ ygww
D ck xGuaf y:vm+yD;/ pum;ajymqdak om
pkpak ygi;f tcsdefpuUef@?

ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif; odk@r[kwf ygwu
D k,
d pf m;yolwpfO;D . &kyfykH toHww
d x
f u
G af y:vmonfh tcsed fpuUe@f
(,if;wdik ;f wmr_rsm;udk ,cifwidk ;f wmr_rsm;ESifh Edi_ ;f ,SOaf omtcgwGif rwlnaD om ta=umif;t&mtrsK;d rsK;d
udk rnfuo
Jh dk@ yHak z:onfukd awG@&vdrfhrnf?)

&ky&f iS f odk@r[kwf "gwfyHkrygonfhwidk f udk,pf m;vS,f od@k r[kwf ygwDu,
dk fpm;yol. toHudk =um;&aom tcsed f puUef@?

&kyo
f v
H i$ fhxw
k frw
_ iG f owif;trsKd;tpm;tvdu
k ef &mcsxm;yHk tpDtpOf?

82

t&nftaoG;qdik &f mqef;ppfavhvmr_onf owif;az:jyyHak voHukd tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh ta=umif; t&m

odk@r[kwf udp&P yfwckudk vdkvm;axmufco
H nfo
h abm od@k r[kwq
f ef@usio
f nfo
h abm od@k r[kwf =um;ae oabmjzifh
yHak z:xm;ovm;qdo
k nfudk tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? owif;az:jycsu.
f wdusr_EiS hf v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd v
f o
kd nfh oabm &d-S r&dS
avhvmpHkprf;jcif;vnf;yg0ifonf? rSeu
f efwu
d sr_r&djS cif;ESihf v$r;f rd;k csKyfuidk jf cif; om"ursm;rSm
ygww
D ck odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;udk omap/tjcm;ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;
udek mapvdak omoabmjzifh xifjrifcsuo
f abmxm;aumufcjH cif;?

ygww
D ck odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;ESihfywfoufaom xifjrifcsufrsm;tay: aumif;usKd ; od@k r
[kwf qd;k usKd ;oufa&mufaprnfh owif;rsm;udk xdecf sex
f m;jcif;?

oufaotaxmuftxm;r&Sad om owif;wyk'u
f kd tjzpfrSet
f jzpfwifjyjcif;?

owif;orm;wOD;u rdr.
d xifjrifcsuf odk@r[kwf ygwD0ifwOD;.xifjrifcsuf odk@r[kwf yk*~vu
d tudsK;pD;
yGm;udk owif;tjzpf az:jyjcif;?

axhaigjh cif;/ taxmuftxm;rcdkiv
f jkH cif;/pnf;rapmifjh cif; odk@r[kwf apmfum;jcif; oabmaqmifaom
az:jycsurf sm;/ xifjrifcsufrsm; odk@r[kwf yHak z:csufrsm;udk toH;k yjcif;?

uifr&mt,ltqudk &nf&,
G cf suf&&dS jdS zifh toH;k yjcif;/ Oyrm ygwD odk@r[kwf ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;teD;
rSmjcH&aH eaomvlxu
k dk ,cif&o
dS nfxuf ydkr}dk uD;onfhyaHk y:apjcif; od@k r[kwf ydak o;i,fonfhyakH y:apjcif;?

Ekid if aH &;t&0ifa&muf,OS f yiforl sm;udk ydkI}uD;}uD;us,u
f s,jf zpfomG ;atmif od@k r[kw/f ao;odro
f mG ; atmif od@k r[kwf
avSmifajymif&,farmp&mjzpfoGm;atmif "gwfyHk od@k r[kwf toHzefw;D csufrsm; toH;k yjcif;?
rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;wGif
owif;tpDtpOfrsm;tjyif/
ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;.
pum;ppfx;kd yGJrsm;/
pum;0dik ;f aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;ESifh
rsuaf rSmufa&;&mtpDtpOfrsm;udv
k nf;xnfo
h iG ;f Edkio
f nf?ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;.
pum;ppfx;dk yGJrsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oHk;oyf&mY udfk,pf m;vS,w
f OD;csif;pDonf oabmwlxm;aom pnf;rsO;f rsm; atmufwiG f
wef;wl&nfwq
l ufqcH &H jcif; &dS -r&dS ESifh pum;ppfx;kd yGJ pnf;rsO;f rsm;ud,
k Yf u a=umif;usKd ; qDavsmrf &_ Sd-r&dS
tuJjzwf&ef&nfrSe;f xm;oiho
f nf? pum;0dik ;f aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;ESihf rsufarSmufa&;&m tpDtpOfrsm;. &nf,
G cf suo
f nfonf
em;axmifoEl iS fh =unf@&o
_ rl sm;tm; vufiif;jzpfysuaf eaom udp&P yfrsm;tay: twGi;f usustjrifEiS hf todynmay;&ef
jzpfaoma=umif/h tpDtpOfwcktwGi;f wGif bufrvdu
k af om tjrifwck ay;vdrhfrnfawmhr[kwaf y? odk@aomf tpDtpOf
pD;&D;wckv;Hk cHvu
dk v
f #ifrl bufrvdkut
f jrif usio
hf ;kH onfh oabmaqmifoiho
f nf? ,if;uJo
h @kd aom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
ajrmufx;dk yifah umfvkyaf y;aom pum;vH;k rsm;ESifh tmCmwpum;rsm;udk aocsmpGm apmih=f unfah vhvmoifo
h nf?
yHEk ySd frD',
D mwGif t,f'w
D mhtmabmfrsm;/ acgi;f aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;tjrifrsm;/ay;pmrsm;udk owif;az:jy csufrsm;ESihf
cGJjcm;owfrw
S x
f m;oifo
h nf?yxrtrsKd;tpm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyf=unfhygu pmapmifpmwrf;rsm; (ygww
D ck odk@r[kwf
ud,
k pf mvS,af vmif;wOD;udk axmufc+H yD;/tjcm;olrsm;udq
k ef@usifaom pmrsm;ESihf t,f'w
D mhtmabmf rsm;) . bufvkdurf _ukd
tusKd ;&S&d Sd rD;armif;xd;k jyEdik o
f nf? taxGaxGowif;az:jycsufrsm;url ormorwfusatmif &nfpl;xm;oifo
h nf?
a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGi;f
tpk;d &
vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ta=umif;
owif;ay;yd@k jcif;onf
cufcJaomjy\em
wckay:ayguaf pygonf? tpd;k &. ta&;}uD;aom vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ESihf oufqikd af om owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk
Edik if o
H m;rsm;tm; rD',
D mrsm;u ay;oihfygonf? od@k &mwGi,
f if;uJo
h dk@aom owif;ay;ydk@r_rsm;onf
vuf&Sd
tkycf sKyfaeaomygwD odk@r[kwf !$ef@aygi;f tpk;d &w&yf.today;pum;rsm;udk rJqEN&iS frsm;xH a&mufapjcif;tm;jzifh xdyk gwD
odk@r[kwf xdt
k pd;k &udk ododomom tusdK;jzpfxGe;f apygonf?
tpd;k &ESio
hf ufqikd af om owif; ay;yd@k csufrsm;udk
83

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84

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85

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86

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87

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89

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90

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91

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92

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23

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r&djS cif;/ rajz&Si;f &aom wdik fwef;csufrsm; od@k r[kwf &v'frsm;xkwjf yeft+yD; rnfo@kd qufjzpfrnf[al om aumvm
[vrsm;a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJwpfct
k +yD; aemufwpfae@onf wif;usyrf _rsm;/ ra&&mr_rsm;ESihf a&mjyGe;f jynfhEHS@aewufonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfckonf a&G;aumufcu
H ,
kd fpm;vS,frsm; wm0ef,ljcif;tygt0if/ a&G;aumufyJG
tvGefzGH@z;wd;k wufrr_ sm;udk aocsmpGm apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoifhonf?
jzpfEidk o
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G m%mydik frsm;rS xkwjf yefaom aemufq;kH &v'frsm;
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f yk if ef;udk aqmif&u
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f nf? &v'frsm;tm; a&G;aumufyJOG ya'wGif jyqdx
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f m;aom tcsed w
f iG f xkwjf yefoihfonf? pkaqmif;jcif;/ rSefrrSefppfaq;jcif; ESihf
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f m;I pHpk rf;az:xkwo
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k &v'ftay: vlxk,=kH unfr_ ydrk kd
aumif;rGefEidk af pjcif; odk@r[kwf tu,fI pnf;urf;ESihfrnD!w
$ frr_ sm;&dyS gu &v'frsm;udkyg pHpk rf;jcif;rsm; yvkyfEikd fonf?
(OSCE) a'otwGu;f &Sd Edik if Htrsm;pkwiG f ygwDrsm;ESihf ud,
k fpm;vS,rf sm;onf a&G;aumufyJGwpfc.
k &v'fukd pdeaf c:Edik af om

tcsed u
f mvudk owfrw
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h kd@aom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk tcef; 4 wGif az:jyxm;aom enf;emudk toH;k yI
aocsmpGm apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoiho
f nf? if;udp&P yfrsm;onf vH;k 0 "dG[jzpfz,
G f ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf?
jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@rsm;onf w&m;&H;k tr_wpfc.
k wd;k wufr_rsm;udk apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoih+f yD;/ owif;rD',
D m
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a&G;aumufyGJtvGeu
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S cf sufrsm;vGJacsmjf cif;/ qH;k jzwfcsuf
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hf if;r_enf;yg;jcif;paom vkyif ef;rsm;qdik &f m
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l t
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H csKd@ xGuaf y: vmjcif; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyJw
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k
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f cd dkuEf dikf zf G,&f adS om jy\emrsm;tm; pHkprf; az:xkw&f ef jyifqifxm;oihfonf? tao;pdwf wdwu
d sus
udp&P yfrsm;udk pHpk rf;az:xkw&f ef txl;tvkyt
f zGJ@rsm;udk cef@tyfay;jcif;rsm;vnf; ,if;jyifqifrw
_ iG f yg0ifonf? jynfwiG ;f
avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco
k nf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;twGi;f &dS tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;awG@qo
kH ih+f yD;/
rJqEN&iS frsm;xHwiG f &dSEidk af om pdk;&drcf sufrsm;udk em;axmifjcif;/ rJvdrrf _EiS hfoufqikd af om oufao taxmuf txm;rsm;udk
vufc&H ,ljcif; odk@r[kwf vdt
k yfEidk af om tjcm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udv
k nf; &,loihfonf?

99

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H -uHyjcif;
12? tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;ESifh axmufct
u? tpD&ifcHpmwifoiG ;f jcif;. ta&;ygr_
c? a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unft
h uJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;
*? xdyw
f u
dk &f ifqidk rf q
_ dik &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
C? xkwjf yefcsufrsm;
i? aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcHpm
p? tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif;?

avhvmoltpktzGJ@rsm;twGi;f oufqikd &f mowif;tcsufrsm;udk owfrw

S cf surf sm;qD;od@k
tcsed frSD xkwv
f i$ fhEidk af paom tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif; vkyif ef;abmifwpfck wnfaqmufjcif;?

tpD&ifyHkpHrsm;/ &_a'gifph t
Hk ywfpOftpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ rJq,
G fyJx
G dyw
f kduaf wG@rt
_ pD&ifcHpmrsm;ESihf
a&G;aumufyGJae@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;?

xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;onf wdusr_&jSd cif;/ aumif;rGepf mG xkwv
f yk jf cif;
ESifh oufqidk &f mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh woD;yk*~vu
d rsm;xHodk@ jzef@a0jcif;?

100

u/ tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;. ta&;ygr_

a&G;aumufyGJavhvma&;wGif tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;onf r&drS jzpfta&;ygaom uwpfcjk zpfonf? tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;onf
avhvmxm;cJo
h r#udk jynfol@rSww
f rf;tjzpf wifjyEdik o
f vdk tem*wf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;twGufvnf; tud;k tum;wpfct
k jzpf
toH;k yEdik fonf? tpD&ifcHpmtm; vlo&d iS =f um; wifjyEdik &f eftwGuf yHkrSet
f wGi;f pnf;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; xkwjf yef&efvt
kd yf+yD;/
,if;tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udv
k nf; qef;ppfavhvmr_rsm; yvky&f ef vdt
k yfonf? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGi;f jcif;pepf. zGH@z;wd;k wufr_EiS hf
pepfusaom tpDtpOf &d&S efvdktyfvdrrhf nf?
jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco
k nf a&G;aumufyJw
G pfcrk yvkycf ifwiG f vlo&d iS =f um; tpD&ifcpH m wpfapmif xkwjf yef&ef
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f cg odk@r[kwf
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fh nd a&G;aumufyJrG wdik frDS tpD&ifcH uwifxw
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k kd ay;pGr;f Edik o
f nf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpktzGJ@
trsm;pkonf xdu
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k nf y%mr
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f pD&ifcHpmudk xkwjf yef&ef &nf&,
G foiho
f nf? ,if;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf
a&G;aumufyGJvyk if ef;pOfwckv;Hk ESifh oufqidk af om wdusaom avhvmcsurf sm; jzpfayvdrrhf nf?
avhvma&;tpDtpOfwpfcrk yvkycf ifwiG /f jzpfEidk af csawG@&cSd sufrsm;. tus,t
f 0ef;udk pOf;pm;xm;oifo
h nf? jzpfEikd af om tajc
taersm;udk rnfodk@tpD&ifcHpmwifjy&rnfudk qH;k jzwf&eftwGuf pkaygi;f pOf;pm;r_rsm; (Brain storming) yvkyfoiho
f nf?
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apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfr.
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S maom owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk xdxd
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c? a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unft
h uJjzwforl sm;rS tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;
a'oqdik &f mapmih=f unft
h uJjzwforl sm;onf a&G;aumufyJrG pcif&ufyikd ;f tajctaersm;ukd yHkrSet
f pD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &eftwGuf
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k yfonf? ta&;}uD;aom tjzpftysuf ESifh rJq,
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f usO;f csKyftpD&ifcHpmudk tenf;qH;k wpfywfwcg ypkoihfonf? aumif;rGeaf om tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;pepfwpfcjk zpf&ef
if;tywfpOf tpD&ifcHpma&;om;enf; yHpk w
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,if;yHpk HwiG f

a,bk,sEdik if aH &; tajctaetusO;f csKyf?
? tao;pdwf tjzpftysufrsm; od@k r[kwf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
yHak z:jy+yD; &ufowWywftwGi;f a'owGi;f Edifk if aH &;tajctae. tusO;f csKyfwpfcjk zpfonf?

101


a&G;aumufyGJ pDrt
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jyifqifjcif; &dS r&d/S rJ&t
Hk a&twGuq
f ikd &f m tcsut
f vufrsm;ESihf tjcm;aom oufqdik &f m udp&P yfrsm;tm;
jyifqifjcif; &dSr&dS tpD&ifcjH cif;

a&G;aumufyGJqidk &f mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;? ? tao;pdwt
f jiif;yGm;r_tpD&ifcpH mrsm;tjyif a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfh
tuJjzwfolrsm;onf if;wdk@a'otwGi;f &dS tjiif;yGm;r_e,fy,fEiS hf jyefvnf wHk@jyefcsufrsm;udk pm&if;ypk/
tr#irf jywfap&ef ,cktcef;udk toH;k yoiho
f nf?

rJqEN&iS fynmay;jcif;?
? rnfolu xkwjf yefxm;aom t&m/ rnfonft
h a=umif;t&mESihf rnfonfh
t&m oufa&mufr&_ dSonfwdk@jzpfonf?

Edik if aH &;rJq,
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wifjyvmaom pd;k &drzf ,
G f udp&P yfrsm; ESihf jynforl sm;xHrS rJq,
G yf JGrsm;tay: wH@k jyefcsuf wdk@yg0ifonf?

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owif;wifjycsut
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f dik af qmif&u
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tajctae!$ejf ycsufrsm; &drS &d/S &dyS gu ,if;ydyuQrsm;tm; wpHkw&mumuG,x
f m;+yD;jcif; &drS &dS ESihf ydyuQ odk@r[kwf
t=urf;zufr_rsm; &dSr&dS ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

trsK;d orD;rsm; yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_? ? a&G;aumufyJv
G kyif ef;pOftwGi;f trsK;d orD;rsm;onf wdu
k &f u
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wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. yl;aygi;f yg0ifr?_
? tu,fI ae&mwpfco
k nf wdki;f &if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexkid f&m
ae&mwpfcjk zpfygu if;wdk@onf vkyif ef;pOftwGi;f tuef@towfr&dS yg0ifciG hf &r&/ if;wdk@ylaygi;f yg0ifr_ &dSr&dS ESihf
txl;pd;k &drzf ,
G &f adS om udp&P yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; &drS &dw
S kd@jzpfonf?

102


rSwo
f m;p&m tjcm;udp&P yfrsm;
tpD&ifcpH monf
uspfvpf/
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f if;+yD;/
tcsut
f vufrSeu
f ef&rnfjzpfonf?
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k w
f ikd favhvmxm;aom ta=umif;t&mESihf apmif=h unft
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104

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105

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106

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107

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108

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