Tailieutaphuan Chuan KTKN Toan

B GIO DC V O TO
V GIO DC TRUNG HC
CHNG TRNH PHT TRIN

GIO DC TRUNG HC
TP
HUN GIO VIN
TI LIUTI
BILIU
DNG
GV
THC HIN DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI

THEO CHUN KIN THC, K NNG
TRONG CHNG TRNH GIO DC PH THNG
Mn: Ton
Cp: THPT
(Ti liu bi dng gio vin ct cn)
H Ni, thng 7 - 2010
B GIO DC V O TO
V GIO DC TRUNG HC
CHNG TRNH PHT TRIN

GIO DC TRUNG HC
TI LIU TP HUN GIO VIN

THC
DY HC
TI
LIUHIN
BI DNG
GVV KIM TRA, NH GI
THEO CHUN KIN THC, K NNG
Mn: Ton
Cp: THPT
(Ti liu bi dng gio vin ct cn)
Nhm bin son:

- Nguyn Th Thch
- Nguyn Hi Chu
- Phm c Quang
- Phan oi Bc
LI NI U
2
t nc ta va tri qua 20 nm i mi v Chnh tr - Kinh t - X hi. Khi ngun

cho s i mi y l cc ch trng, ng li ca ng v Nh nc, theo phng chm:
Nhn thc mi T duy mi T tng mi Hnh ng mi Kt qu mi; theo nguyn
l: T trc quan sinh ng n t duy tru tng ri tr li thc tin. i mi Gio dc v
o to cng theo ch trng , vi vng lp: nhn thc t tng hnh ng.
o to ngi lao ng Vit Nam thi k i mi theo cc ch trng, ng li,
chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc p ng hi nhp khu vc, quc t cn theo xu hng
chun ha v hin i ha. Bi vy, trong lnh vc Gio dc v o to, trin khai s i mi
hai ch trng: Chun kin thc-k nng trong chng trnh gio dc ph thng, T chc
dy hc v kim tra, nh gi theo Chun kin thc, k nng ca mn hc thng qua phng
php dy hc tch cc. Mn Ton chung sc cng cc mn hc v hot ng gio dc khc
gp phn o to ngun nhn lc p ng yu cu thi i.
Nghin cu v thc hin Chun kin thc, k nng (gi tt l Chun) phi r cc
quan h gia Chun vi cc lnh vc nh: Mc tiu gio dc, Chng trnh, Dy v
Hc, Kim tra, nh gi, Vn bn ch o, quy phm php lut ca B Gio dc v o
to lin quan dy hc mn hc, Tri nghim thc t dy hc. T , ti liu ny gm cc
ni dung sau:
- Gii thiu ti liu Hng dn thc hin Chun kin thc, k nng mn Ton lp 10,
11 v 12 THPT.
- Gii thiu mt s quan im thc hin Chun
- Bi dng nng lc gio vin thc hin Chun qua tp hun thc hin v: lp k
hoch bi hc, son ging (kin thc mi, luyn tp, n tp), son kim tra, nh gi;
phng php dy-hc tch cc p ng yu cu i mi, ph hp vi nng lc hc tp ca hc
sinh (ph hp vi nhn thc, s pht trin tr tu, tm sinh l la tui); thit b v dng dy
hc (phn mm tin ch Powerpoint, Maple; My tnh cm tay).
- Hng dn tp hun.
Do thi gian c hn m yu cu ca vic bi dng nng lc gio vin mn Ton nhm
i mi - hu ch - kh thi l rt cao, nn vic bin son ti liu ny khng trnh khi khim
khuyt. Rt mong s ng gp ca cc bn ng nghip.
Trn trng cm n!
H Ni, thng 7 - 2010
CC TC GI
Danh mc cc t, cm t vit tt trong vn bn ny

BGH: Ban gim hiu
CNTT: Cng ngh thng tin
CT:
Chng trnh
G:
nh gi
GD-T: Gio dc v o to
GDPT: Gio dc ph thng
GDTrH: Gio dc trung hc
GV:
Gia vin
HS:
Hc sinh
KT-KN: Kin thc, k nng

PP:
Phng phop
PPDH: Phng php dy hc
PT:
Phng tin
PTDH: Phng tin dy hc
SGK:
Sch gio khoa
TB:
Thit b
THPT: Trung hc ph thng
TNTHPT: Tt nghip Trung hc ph thng
Mc lc
Trang
Li gii thiu
Phn th nht:
Nhng vn chung
Phn th hai:
T chc dy hc v KT G theo chun KT-KN thng qua cc
k thut dy hc tch cc
Phn th ba:
Hng dn t chc tp hun ti cc a phng
Phn th nht:
NHNG VN CHUNG
GII THIU CHNG TRNH V TI LIU TP HUN GIO VIN
THC HIN DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN THC, K
NNG TRONG CHNG TRNH GIO DC PH THNG
1 Thi gian tp hun: 3 ngy
2 - Mc tiu tp hun:
2.1. Mc tiu chung
Sau khi tp hun, ngi hc s t c nhng phng din sau
V kin thc:
- Hiu c ni dung CT, SGK; cc c im, cu trc ca ni dung theo chun KT-KN mn
Ton.
- Hiu c cc tiu ch, cc k thut thit k bi ging, t chc iu khin qu trnh dy mn
Ton trn lp theo m hnh dy hc tch cc, gii quyt vn , hng dn t hc.
- Hiu c vic ng dng CNTT trong dy hc mn Ton.
V k nng:
- Bit phn tch, tng kt, phn loi, G cc ni dung trong Chun KT-KN mn Ton thc
hin vo vic:
+ Thit k, xy dng bi son v t chc dy hc trn lp.
+ KT G cht lng hc tp mn hc ca HS.
- Bit t chc, iu khin cc tit dy mn Ton trn lp theo nh hng i mi PPDH, tng
cng hot ng ton hc cho HS.
- G c trnh HS xc nh khi lng KT-KN ph hp, tch hp dy hc phn ha trong
dy mn hc.
- D kin c cu hi-bi tp ph hp i tng
- Vn dng linh hot, sng to cc PP, k thut dy hc, PT, dng dy hc mi.
V thi :
- C thc hc hi, t nghin cu cp nht cc tri thc v k thut dy hc, ng dng CNTT
trong cng vic chuyn mn v nghin cu.
- C thc v tinh thn hp tc, lm vic theo nhm.
2.2. Cc mc tiu khc:
- Rn luyn k nng vit, c; t duy ph phn; phn tch, tng hp v G cc ti liu chuyn
mn.
- K nng gii quyt vn v k nng trnh by trc m ng.
- K nng x l tnh hung trong dy hc.
3. Ni dung tp hun
- Gii thiu ni dung Chun KT-KN mn Ton.
- Hng dn t chc dy hc theo Chun KT-KN ca mn Ton. p dng cc k thut dy hc tch cc, thng qua cc tnh hung in hnh trong dy hc mn Ton, nh: Dy hc kin thc
mi, dy hc bi tp, dy hc n tp v KT G, nhm rn luyn k nng phn tch, tng hp v
gii quyt vn cho HS; vn dng cc k thut dy hc tch cc n l hoc tch hp, nh:
1. K thut t duy: ng no; Lc t duy.
2. K thut t cu hi: 5W1H.
3. K thut hc hp tc: K thut b c; K thut bi.

4. K thut tho lun nhm: K thut XYZ.
5. K thut hc c lp: SQ3R
6. K thut G nhanh: K thut tia chp; K thut 3 ln 3.
7. Mt s k thut khc: Tranh lun, ng h phn i; Thng tin phn hi trong qu trnh
dy hc; in khuyt; t tiu ; PP lin tng.
- Hng dn t chc KT, G theo Chun KT-KN.
- Hng dn t chc cng tc tp hun ti cc a phng.
4. Gii thiu ti liu tp hun

Ni dung ti liu tp hun c trnh by theo nh hng: Thng tin Nhn thc Hnh
ng (k thut thc hin) Kt qu (bi son, KT), tng thch vi mong i s pht trin nhn
thc, tr tu v nng lc chuyn mn nghip v.
KHI QUT V TI LIU TP HUN GIO VIN THC HIN DY HC V KIM

TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN THC, K NNG
1. L do bin son ti liu
1.1. Qun l, ch o dy hc
Ch lm vic ca GV ph thng
Theo quy nh mi nht v ch lm vic do B GD-T va ban hnh, thi gian lm vic
ca GV ph thng l 42 tun/nm, trong c 35-37 tun dnh cho vic ging dy v hot ng gio
dc, ty theo CT gio dc tiu hc hoc gio dc trung hc.
Theo , nh mc tit dy ca GV THPT l 17 tit/tun. GV lm cng tc ch nhim, ph
trch phng hc b mn, t trng b mn, GV tham gia cng tc ng, on th, kim nhim cc
cng vic khc c gim 2-4 tit/tun.
Nhng m bo cht lng gio dc, B GD-T quy nh mi GV khng c kim
nhim qu hai chc v trong cng mt thi gian.
GV lm cng tc thanh tra th mt bui lm vic c tnh bng 5 tit nh mc, GV dy mn
chuyn c tnh 3 tit nh mc. GV c huy ng lm cng tc hng dn, tp hun chuyn mn
th mt tit ging dy bng 1,5 tit nh mc.
Vi quy nh trn, nhng GV phi dy tha gi s c tr tin ph cp lm tha gi.
Nng lc dy hc
B trng B GDT va k ban hnh Thng t 30/2009/TT-BGDT, Quy nh Chun ngh
nghip GV trung hc c s, GV THPT, c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 10 thng 12 nm 2009.
Di y xin tm tt Chun v nng lc dy hc, nu ti iu 6, gm 8 tiu ch:
1. Xy dng k hoch dy hc
Cc k hoch dy hc c xy dng theo hng tch hp dy hc vi gio dc th hin r
mc tiu, ni dung, PPDH ph hp vi c th mn hc, c im HS v mi trng gio dc; phi
hp hot ng hc vi hot ng dy theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc nhn thc ca HS.
2. m bo kin thc mn hc
Lm ch kin thc mn hc, m bo ni dung dy hc chnh xc, c h thng, vn dng hp
l cc kin thc lin mn theo yu cu c bn, hin i, thc tin.
3. m bo CT mn hc
Thc hin ni dung dy hc theo chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi c quy nh trong CT
mn hc.
4. Vn dng cc PPDH
Vn dng cc PPDH theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng v sng to ca HS, pht
trin nng lc t hc v t duy ca HS.
5. S dng cc PT dy hc
S dng cc PT dy hc lm tng hiu qu dy hc.
6. Xy dng mi trng hc tp
To dng mi trng hc tp: dn ch, thn thin, hp tc, cng tc, thun li, an ton v lnh
mnh.
7. Qun l h s dy hc
Xy dng, bo qun, s dng h s dy hc theo quy nh.
8. Kim tra, G kt qu hc tp ca HS
KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS bo m yu cu chnh xc, ton din, cng bng, khch quan,
cng khai v pht trin nng lc t G ca HS; s dng kt qu KT G iu chnh hot ng dy
v hc.
1.2 Thc t dy hc
+ T l HS THPT yu km v hc lc chim khong 30-60%
Sng 31-3 (nm no), ti th trn Sa Pa, huyn Sa Pa (Lo Cai) din ra Hi tho 15 s Gio
dc- o to min ni pha bc, vi ch "i mi qun l, nng cao cht lng gio dc", do Th
trng B GDT Nguyn Vinh Hin ch tr.
15 tnh min ni pha Bc vi a bn dn tri rng l vng cao, trung du, hi o, kh hu
khc nghit, iu kin pht trin kinh t - x hi cn rt nhiu kh khn; t l ng bo dn tc cao, t
l i ngho c vng cao chim gn 30%, cao nht trong ton quc. Trong 15 tnh c n 34/62 huyn
ngho (chim 54,8%). T , tc ng rt ln n s pht trin s nghip gio dc v o to ca
cc a phng.
Qua G kt qu hc k 1 nm 2009 -2010, t l HS yu km v hc lc cn cao, nht l bc
THPT; mt s tnh t l ny trn 30%, c bit c tnh 50% - 60%. Nhiu HS vng cao, vng ng
bo dn tc c nhu cu ra lp nhng hin ti cc iu kin nh ni n cc em cn nhiu kh khn;
t l HS thuc din ngho cao so vi cc vng khc cng l nguyn nhn tr ngi huy ng HS ra
lp v nng cao cht lng gio dc trong vng.
+ Bng k kt qu tt nghip THPT cc nm 2007, 2008 v 2009 ca cc tnh c kt qu thi
hai hoc ba nm dui 80%
TT
I
II
1
2
3
4
III
5
6
7
IV
8
9
V
10
n v
ng bng Sng Hng
ng Bc
H Giang
Cao Bng
Bc Kn
Yn Bi
Ty Bc
Lai Chu
in Bin
Sn La
Bc Trung B
Ngh An
Qung Bnh
Nam Trung B
Qung Ngi
KQ 2009
KQ 2008
KQ 2007
75,90
64,24
60,95
72,74
82,17
69,11
58,15
72,79
57,89
46,97
38,74
48,80
84,79
73,32
39,07
75,99
83,20
73,40
65.07
65,44
48,33
87,35
79,25
76,85
80,97
68,45
62,78
73,16
79,05
75,80
Ghi ch
Khng c
VI
11
12
13
VII
14
VIII
15
16
17
18
19
Ty Nguyn
Gia Lai
k Lk
k Nng
ng Nam B
Bnh dng
ng bng Sng Cu Long
ng Thp
Kin Giang
Hu Giang
Sc Trng
Bc Liu
75,84
69,11
76,09
74,33
68,60
76,35
69,12
62,60
64,57
77,89
74,79
76,36
63,08
59,38
61,95
63,59
73.08
82,68
75,99
61,43
72,54
73,02
78,83
73,79
73,48
66,69
60,95
(V c bn cc tnh nu trn l nhng tnh c qui m gio dc pht trin mnh trong nhng
nm gn y, lng GV tr nhiu v hn ch v s phm (cn hn ch hiu v CT, SGK, k thut dy
hc, k thut G ...), i ng cn b qun l thiu n nh cha cp nht kp thi ch o ca B v
yu cu pht trin gio dc bnh ng gia cc vng min. Cn tn ti s cha ng b thng nht
gia cc b phn KT&KCLGD v b phn ch o dy v hc c s gio dc cc cp).
1.3. Dy, hc v thi TNTHPT mn Ton
Tnh n nay, vic thc hin i tr CT phn ban sang nm th t, c hai kha HS tt
nghip THPT theo CT . Mt s nhn xt v u- khuyt xung quanh vic dy hc thi mn Ton
nh sau:
1. CT, SGK Ton THPT ca nc ta khng khc nhiu so vi cc nc khc.
SGK Ton THPT c bin son theo tinh thn ca CT GDPT. Ch trng s chnh xc khoa
hc. SGK Ton THPT nng cao bao hm ni dung SGK Ton THPT. C th, SGK Ton THPT (chun,
nng cao) m bo cc yu t:
- Hin i: a xc sut thng k;
- Hi nhp: a s phc, a my tnh cm tay;
- K tha: Khng tch hp, khng o th t logic ni dung tng ch kin thc-k nng;
- m bo tnh lin mn: a o hm xung lp 11 chun b c s ton cho HS hc mn
Vt l lp 12.
im mi ca SGK mn Ton THPT (chun, nng cao):
- Sch vit cng phu, cc nh l c chng minh chnh xc. Cc tc gi b nhiu cng
sc su tm cc bi tp v tm ti lch s i sng cng nh pht minh ca nhiu nh ton hc khin
cho vic hc ton tr nn hp dn. In n trnh by p, t sai st.
- C ch dn dt n khi nim mi, ch gip HS tch cc hc tp (qua cu hi gia bi);
- C nhng cu gii thiu mc ch ca chng, c bi c thm;
- C p s, c hng dn gii bi tp, c cu hi trc nghim.
2. V CT, SGK mn Ton THPT d lun x hi khng c kin ln. Mt s cho rng HS ca ta khi
hc theo hc CT - SGK Ton THPT nu trn, sang M th tip cn v hc ton tt, nhng sang Chu
u th c mt s hn ch m nguyn nhn c bn l trong SGK ca ta cn cha nhiu nhng bi
ton c yu t k thut, ng dng thc t,...
V CT - SGK Ton THPT so vi trc c a ni dung xc sut-thng k, c gim mt s tiu tit vi
s rt gn ng k cc ni dung + kh ca bi tp ton, song do thi lng thc hin CT b chit
gim gn mt phn ba so vi trc, do thc t dy (theo thi quen, theo yu cu ca cha m HS v do
thi tuyn sinh C - H) GV vn giao cho HS lm thm cc bi tp kh vi s lng ln gp hai,
ba ln so vi s lng bi tp c trong SGK, vn duy tr cc ni dung gii ton gn vi: nh l o
ca du tam thc bc hai, tnh gii hn nh qui tc Lpitan, tnh ta tip im ca tip tuyn vi
ng cong nh nghim kp, tm cp vect ch phng ca mt phng, tnh vect php tuyn ca mt
phng nh nh thc cp 3, vit phng trnh mt phng nh chm mt phng, v.v... to nn s qu

ti trong dy hc ton.
Cng nh cc nc, yu t quyt nh s thnh bi ca CT - SGK l ngi GV; CT- SGK vit chun
m GV dy khng chun, th khng th c hiu qu v cht lng gio dc mong mun; Chng ta cn
phi c GV truyn c ci hn, ci thn ca CT - SGK cho HS, dy cch ngh, dy cch hc, t
pht trin tr tu cho HS v to ra nng lc v bn lnh ngi lao ng cho nn KT XH cng nghip
ha, hin i ha. Thc t, trong thi gian qua, B GDT c nhng ch o gim sc p v thi
lng khi thc hin CT-SGK nh chuyn t 35 tun ln 37 tun, tch hp mt s mn..., song vn ch
l gii php tnh th.
Vic thc hin CT - SGK cn gn lin vi G. G vic hc ca HS cn c vo chun kin thc k
nng l qui nh php l, nhng bi c thm nht thit khng c hi trong KT v thi c; cn c s
G khuyn khch nhng HS c nng lc v ham mun hc ln th hin vic gii ton bi nhng
kin thc khng c trong CT - SGK.
Trong CT - SGK cn c nhiu phn s si, nhiu phn b lc b khng c hc bt k ch no.
ngh, nhng phn lc b, nhng c nhiu ng dng thc t cn c phc hi nh: tnh cht
ng phn gic ca tam gic; ba ng cnic; tam din thun, nghch; chiu v di ca tch
vect; Vn li, lm, im un trong kho st hm s; p dng tch phn tnh di dy cung, tnh
din tch trn xoay. Nu thiu s phc hi ny th HS ban KHTN s hng v kin thc c bn khi tip
thu gio trnh i hc, nhng k s kh tr thnh nhng tng cng trnh s.
Phn CT, SGK lp 11 c hi nng so vi s tip thu ca HS; Bi vy, cn c s hon i gia ch
xc sut-thng k vi ch hm s ly tha, m, logarit; phn gii phng trnh, h phng trnh
c ni lin; cn phn xc sut cn c dy lp 12, ng vi thi im HS nng lc tip thu.
Hnh ba sch, hnh 104b trang 126 ca Hnh hc lp 10 nng cao cn thay, v dy cp cu thng
xung khng phi theo hnh parabol m theo hnh dy xch.
Xem li chng minh trng hp 2 ca nh l v s bng nhau ca hai t din ca sch Hnh hc 12
nng cao.
Thc hin CT, SGK cn ch ti c im thi i CNTT, sao cho c thi lng cho nhng vn
cn hc v cho HS t thn tri nghim hc suy ngh, t hc, hc sut i; cn ch ti s lin
thng vi cp hc tip theo trnh lp v trnh nng, nhng ni dung hc i hc nn tr li bc
i hc trnh s bin son s si cp ph thng, tng cng ni dung gio dc k nng sng
tng mn hc.
Thc t cho thy hu ht trng ph thng dy theo CT chun, vic thi TN THPT v tuyn sinh H,
C cng khng phn bit r vic hc theo CT no, t thc hin CT cho cc i tng c bit (HS
vng kh, HS nng khiu ...), nhng kin thc nng cao tng mn hc phi c cn nhc dy phn
ho bng hnh thc t chn.
Trong SGK cn cn nhc s hp l trong phn tch cu hi vi hot ng. Nn chng cc tnh hung
hot ng khng cn cho dng cu hi m ch dng thng nht l cc hot ng thi.
S dng thut ng trong bi: Nu yu cu tnh th ch chp nhn gi tr ng, nu yu cu gii
phng trnh hoc h phng trnh th ch chp nhn nghim ng; Nu yu cu tnh gn ng th
cn quy nh ly n ch s thp phn th my hoc tnh gc n pht (hay giy).
CT-SGK tng thch th gii, a phn GV trch nhim tm huyt, nhng sn phm HS vn bt cp
yu cu x hi, s hc chnh mng, b hc vn l vn nn, phi chng l k thut dy v hc cha
cp nht thi i CNTT, trong lnh vc ny hu nh khng c s chuyn giao t Vin nghin cu, t
cc d n cho cc v chc nng ch o t chc thc hin
3. HS ban Khoa hc x hi v nhn vn, hc theo SGK ton chun (ch chun khng ghi ln ba sch,
ch ngm hiu). HS ban KHTN, hc theo SGK ton nng cao (ch nng cao c ghi ln ba sch). HS
ban C bn nu chn hc nng cao mn Ton th cng hc theo SGK ton nng cao; ngoi s tit
10
trong CT, mi tun phi thm t 1 tit n 1,5 tit, dy cc ch t chn; GV, HS chn theo BGH.
Ch t chn chia lm hai loi: Ch t chn bm st v ch t chn nng cao. Km theo l
ti liu, l cch thc qun l s tit hc ny. CT t chn c mc ch tng thm thi lng cho mn
Ton v b p c nhng l hng kin thc cn li sau cc gi hc chnh thc. Phn phi CT do
cc S Gio dc ch o thc hin; Mt s S gio dc cho php t chuyn mn tng trng ph
thng c th iu chnh s tit trn mi bi hc cho ph hp vi nng lc tip thu ca HS trng
mnh.
4. Trong mi ch , mi kin thc thuc mn Ton, cc lp 10, 11 v 12, Chun KT-KN u nu r
kt qu cn t cho HS; nhng nh hng cha th hin trong mt vi phn ca SGK ton, nu
nh sau mi bi hc, sau mi chng u ghi r yu cu ti thiu v ni dung trng tm, v PP, v k
nng lm ton v.v s nh hng v lm yn tm ngi dy, ngi hc; GV trnh c hoc khng
dm t yu cu cao trong cc gi hc chnh thc, dn n dy thm hc thm i my v gi, lm
cho HS khi tip xc bi ton c bn nht, bm st kin thc nht, th khng lm c.
5. S chnh lch gia khung CT chun v nng cao, hn km nhau v lng kin thc v mc rn
luyn k nng cho c ba khi lp 10, 11 v 12, cn lm r hn , khng nn nu chung mc 10 20
% nh hin nay, t , GV c th son gio n chung cho c hai CT ton, to iu kin GV thot ly
c hai b SGK ton hin hnh, trnh c hin trng HS hc theo ban no th buc phi dy theo
SGK ban .
6. C th khng nh rng vic hc ta hin nay l hc thi. Thi l kt qu cui cng v l khu
quan trng; rt tic l n ng gn nh c lp trong vic G kt qu hc tp ca HS. Thi th no,
dy v hc th y, phn tch thi tt nghip THPT mn ton nm 2009, cng nh cc nm trc ,
hoc ngay c thi tuyn sinh i hc mn Ton, c nhng im bt cp v thiu nht qun:
- thi qu sc tch bng nhng bi ton i hi s thc hnh cc php tnh n iu, thiu s
sng to t pha ngi thi. Bao nm nh vy, hn mt li ra , dn n nhng gi dy ton, m c
thy v tr c chm bm cc thao tc tnh ton. HS khng thch GV dng li gii thch nh ngha,
chng minh nh l tm l HS i tr c nhng bin thi mi, tm gi tm l bm nt, Khong
cch ging dy trn lp gia l thuyt v thc hnh xa nhau n mc kh chp nhn.
- thi hu khng c cu ng dng ton hc vo thc tin, trong khi vic ng dng khng phi t.
iu ny lm cho GV ton gn nh b ht cc phn ng dng (nu c) sau cc bi hc. Kt cc l
hc ton m khng bit g lch s ton, nt p ca ton. Ton bt ngun t u, ton dng vo vic
g? C th ni rt phn gio dc. gp thc t HS trung bnh v ton, sau tt nghip THPT v vi
nm i lm th th khng cn nh c v o hm, tch phn, gii phng trnh lng gic...
- thi sc tch dn n p n gn gng v n bi lm ca th sinh th ch cn thun cc
php tnh, thiu lp lun, thiu logic, thiu dn nhp C nhng bi lm ca th sinh chiu theo p
n c 8 im chng hn, nhng qu ngho nn v ngn ng, lp lun. Nu c tip tc ra thi ton
nh th ny th kh lng trnh c s quay cp ca th sinh, bi ch ghi nguch ngoc i dng nh
coppy l c im.
- thi thiu s dn dt, nh hng, tc l pht l hn l thuyt a n phng cch lm bi
ton. Do , mt mt th sinh thiu im ta trong khi lm bi, mt khc lm cho nhng gi dy ton
trng ph thng kh khan, thiu sinh kh, ch phc v cho nhm nh HS c nng khiu ton.
7. Tn ti tnh trng GV ton bc THPT dy mc cho HS gii c ton gii ton cha vt ln cho
HS hiu, sng to.
G chung v thc t dy hc mn Ton my nm gn y c mt s GV c dy lm sao cho
ht ni dung trong SGK, khng gim b bt k ni dung no ca SGK dn n tnh trng qu ti, HS
khng hng th hc tp. CT GDPT c ban hnh v trin khai n tt c cc trng v GV ph
thng. Tuy nhin, nhiu GV vn khng s hoc s dng khng c hiu qu. Tnh trng m m, qu
ti v ni dung kin thc trong cc gi hc trng ph thng ang din ra. Trong qu trnh dy hc
11
nhiu GV trong t b mn cha thng nht trong vic dy nh th no? Dy nhng ni dung g? Rn
luyn nhng k nng g i vi HS...dn n tnh trng cha thng nht vi nhau v kin thc v k
nng trong tng mc, bi, chng ca lp hc, cp hc. Trong KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS, GV
trong t b mn cng cha thng nht hon ton trong vic KT ni dung kin thc v khi lng
cng nh mc kin thc ca cc n v KT-KN. Trong d gi GV ca GV b mn cng nh cc
cp qun l gio dc cng cha thng nht trong tiu ch G GV v KT-KN ca gi dy.
Nhng tn ti, bt cp nu trn i hi phi sm c hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN ca
CT GDPT gii quyt.
2. Mc ch bin son ti liu

- Cung cp thng tin qun l, ch o v yu cu c th v thng nht thc hin bm st Chun
KT-KN mn Ton THPT trong dy hc cc trng THPT v cc cp c quan qun l gio dc,
m bo dy hc chun ha v phn ha.
- Khc phc tnh trng dy hc cha bm st chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT cng nh tnh
trng dy hc qu ti v ni dung kin thc.
- Gip GV s dng kt hp, c hiu qu gia Chun CT GDPT, SGK, SGV v cc loi ti liu
tham kho.
- To s thng nht v mc dy hc v KT-KN trong tng mc, bi, chng ca lp hc,
cp hc theo i tng v vng min.
- Gp phn xy dng nhn thc v thc hin ng b, thng nht v KT, G kt qu hc tp
ca HS trong nm hc cng nh trong cc k thi tuyn v thi tt nghip cc cp.
3. Cu trc ti liu
Ti liu gm 3 phn
Phn th nht: Nhng vn chung
Phn th hai: T chc dy hc v KT, G theo chun KT-KN thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch
cc
Phn th ba: Hng dn t chc tp hun ti cc a phng
4. Yu cu ca vic s dng ti liu

- Ti liu ny c xem l mt vn bn ch o ca V GDTrH v chuyn mn, nghip v
trong dy hc v KT, G, dng cho tt c cc GV v cn b ch o mn Ton THPT m bo nhn
thc: Chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT va l cn c, va l mc tiu ca ging dy, hc tp, KT, G.
- S dng kt hp ti liu ny vi cc ti liu CT GDPT, Hng dn thc hin Chun KT-KN
trong CT GDPT, SGK v cc loi ti liu tham kho khc.
- S dng ti liu ny trong vic thit k bi ging, nu cu hi, ra bi tp v thit k KT
bo m yu cu bm st chun KT-KN trong dy hc v KT, G.
12
Phn th hai
T CHC DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN
THC K NNG THNG QUA CC K THUT DY HC TCH CC
A.GII THIU MT S CC K THUT DY HC TCH CC
TRONG DY HC MN TON THPT
Cc k thut dy hc tch cc c ngha c bit trong vic pht huy s tham gia tch cc ca
HS vo qu trnh dy hc, kch thch t duy, s sng to v s cng tc lm vic ca HS. Cc k thut
dy hc tch cc c trnh by sau y c th c p dng thun li trong lm vic nhm, tuy
nhin, chng cng c th c kt hp thc hin trong cc hnh thc dy hc ton lp nhm pht huy
tnh tch cc ca HS.
1. ng no
K thut ng no do Alex Osborn (M) pht trin, da trn mt k thut truyn thng t n
1.1.
Khi nim: ng no (hay cng no) l mt k thut nhm huy ng nhng t tng mi m,
c o v mt ch ca cc thnh vin trong tho lun. Cc thnh vin c c v tham gia
mt cch tch cc, khng hn ch cc tng (nhm to ra cn lc cc tng).
1.2.
Quy tc ca ng no
Khng G v ph phn trong qu trnh thu thp tng ca cc thnh vin;
Lin h vi nhng tng c trnh by;
Khuyn khch s lng cc tng;
Cho php s tng tng v lin tng.
Cc bc tin hnh
1. Ngi iu phi dn nhp vo ch v xc nh r mt vn ;
2. Cc thnh vin a ra nhng kin ca mnh: trong khi thu thp kin, khng G, nhn xt.
Mc ch l huy ng nhiu kin tip ni nhau;
3. Kt thc vic a ra kin;
4. G:
La chn s b cc suy ngh, chng hn theo kh nng ng dng
- C th ng dng trc tip;
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- C th ng dng nhng cn nghin cu thm;

- Khng c kh nng ng dng.
G nhng kin c la chn
Rt ra kt lun hnh ng.
1.3. ng dng
Dng trong giai on nhp vo mt ch ;
Tm cc phng n gii quyt vn ;
Thu thp cc kh nng la chn v ngh khc nhau.
1.4. u im
D thc hin;
Khng tn km;
S dng c hiu ng cng hng, huy ng ti a tr tu ca tp th;
Huy ng c nhiu kin;
To c hi cho tt c thnh vin tham gia.
1.5. Nhc im
C th i lc , tn mn;
C th mt thi gian nhiu trong vic chn cc kin thch hp;
C th c mt s HS qu tch cc, s khc th ng. K thut ng no c p dng ph bin v
ngui ta xy dng nhiu k thut khc da trn k thut ny, c th coi l cc dng khc nhau ca k
thut ng no.
2. ng no vit
2.1. Khi nim: ng no vit l mt hnh thc bin i ca ng no. Trong ng no vit th nhng
tng khng c trnh by ming m c tng thnh vin tham gia trnh by kin bng cch
vit trn giy v mt ch . Trong ng no vit, cc i tc s giao tip vi nhau bng ch vit. Cc
em t trc mnh mt vi t giy chung, trn ghi ch dng dng tiu hoc gia t giy.
Cc em thay nhau ghi ra giy nhng g mnh ngh v ch , trong im lng tuyt i. Trong khi ,
cc em xem cc dng ghi ca nhau v cng lp ra mt bi vit chung. Bng cch c th hnh thnh
nhng cu chuyn trn vn hoc ch l bn thu thp cc t kha. Cc HS luyn tp c th thc hin
cc cuc ni chuyn bng giy bt c khi lm bi trong nhm. Sn phm c th c dng mt bn tr
tu.
2.2. Cch thc hin
t trn bn 1-2 t giy ghi cc tng, xut ca cc thnh vin;
Mi mt thnh vin vit nhng ngh ca mnh trn cc t giy ;
C th tham kho cc kin khc ghi trn giy ca cc thnh vin khc tip tc pht trin
ngh;
Sau khi thu thp xong tng th G cc tng trong nhm.
2.3. u im
u im ca PP ny l c th huy ng s tham gia ca tt c HS trong nhm;
To s yn tnh trong lp hc;
ng no vit to ra mc tp trung cao. V nhng HS tham gia s trnh by nhng suy ngh ca
mnh bng ch vit nn c s ch cao hn so vi cc cuc ni chuyn bnh thng bng ming;
Cc HS i tc cng hot ng vi nhau m khng s dng li ni. Bng cch , tho lun vit to
ra mt dng tng tc x hi c bit;
Nhng kin ng gp trong cuc ni chuyn bng giy bt thng c suy ngh c bit k.
2.4. Nhc im
C th HS sa vo nhng kin tn mn, lc ;
Do c tham kho kin ca nhau, c th mt s HS t c s c lp.
3. ng no khng cng khai
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ng no khng cng khai cng l mt hnh thc ca ng no vit. Mi mt thnh vin vit nhng
ngh ca mnh v cch gii quyt vn , nhng cha cng khai, sau nhm mi tho lun chung
v cc kin hoc tip tc pht trin.
u im: mi thnh vin c th trnh by kin c nhn ca mnh m khng b nh hng bi cc
kin khc.
Nhc im: khng nhn c gi t nhng kin ca ngi khc trong vic vit kin ring.
4. K thut XYZ: l mt k thut nhm pht huy tnh tch cc trong tho lun nhm. X l s ngi
trong nhm, Y l s kin mi ngi cn a ra, Z l pht dnh cho mi ngi.
V d, k thut 635 thc hin nh sau:
Mi nhm 6 ngi, mi ngi vit 3 kin trn mt t giy trong vng 5 pht v cch gii quyt 1
vn v tip tc chuyn cho ngi bn cnh;
Tip tc nh vy cho n khi tt c mi ngi u vit kin ca mnh, c th lp li vng khc;
Con s X-Y-Z c th thay i;
Sau khi thu thp kin th tin hnh tho lun, G cc kin.
5. K thut b c: l mt k thut dng cho tho lun nhm, trong mt nhm HS ngi gia lp
v tho lun vi nhau, cn nhng HS khc trong lp ngi xung quanh vng ngoi theo di cuc tho
lun v sau khi kt thc cuc tho lun th a ra nhng nhn xt v cch ng x ca nhng HS
tho lun.Trong nhm tho lun c th c mt v tr khng c ngi ngi. HS tham gia nhm quan st
c th ngi vo ch v ng gp kin vo cuc tho lun, v d: a ra mt cu hi i vi nhm
tho lun hoc pht biu kin khi cuc tho lun b chng li trong nhm. Cch luyn tp ny c
gi l PP tho lun b c, v nhng ngi ngi vng ngoi c th quan st nhng ngi tho lun,
tng t nh xem nhng con c trong mt b c cnh. Trong qu trnh tho lun, nhng ngi quan
st v nhng ngi tho lun s thay i vai tr vi nhau.
Bng cu hi cho nhng ngi quan st
Ngi ni c nhn vo nhng ngi ang ni vi mnh khng?
H c ni mt cch d hiu khng?
H c nhng ngi khc ni hay khng?
H c a ra c nhng lun im ng thuyt phc hay khng?
H c cp n lun im ca ngi ni trc mnh khng?
H c lch hng khi ti hay khng?
H c tn trng nhng quan im khc hay khng?
6. K thut bi: l mt k thut dng trong tho lun nhm, trong HS chia thnh hai nhm
ngi theo hai vng trn ng tm nh hai vng ca mt bi v i din nhau to iu kin cho mi
HS c th ni chuyn vi ln lt cc HS nhm khc. Cch thc hin:
Khi tho lun, mi HS vng trong s trao i vi HS i din vng ngoi, y l dng c bit
ca PP luyn tp i tc;
Sau mt t pht th HS vng ngoi ngi yn, HS vng trong chuyn ch theo chiu kim ng h,
tng t nh vng bi quay, lun hnh thnh cc nhm i tc mi.
7. Tranh lun ng h phn i
Tranh lun ng h phn i (tranh lun chia phe) l mt k thut dng trong tho lun, trong
cp v mt ch c cha ng xung t. Nhng kin khc nhau v nhng kin i lp c a
ra tranh lun nhm mc ch xem xt ch di nhiu gc khc nhau. Mc tiu ca tranh lun
khng phi l nhm nh bi kin i lp m nhm xem xt ch di nhiu phng din khc
nhau.
Cch thc hin:
Cc thnh vin c chia thnh hai nhm theo hai hng kin i lp nhau v mt lun im cn
tranh lun. Vic chia nhm c th theo nguyn tc ngu nhin hoc theo nguyn vng ca cc thnh
vin mun ng trong nhm ng h hay phn i.
Mt nhm cn thu thp nhng lp lun ng h, cn nhm i lp thu thp nhng lun c phn i
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i vi lun im tranh lun.

Sau khi cc nhm thu thp lun c th bt u tho lun thng qua i din ca hai nhm. Mi
nhm trnh by mt lp lun ca mnh: Nhm ng h a ra mt lp lun ng h, tip nhm phn
i a ra mt kin phn i v c tip tc nh vy. Nu mi nhm nh hn 6 ngi th khng cn
i din m mi thnh vin c th trnh by lp lun.
Sau khi cc lp lun a ra th tip theo l giai on tho lun chung v G, kt lun tho lun.
8. Thng tin phn hi trong qu trnh dy hc
Thng tin phn hi trong qu trnh dy hc l GV v HS cng nhn xt, G, a ra kin i vi
nhng yu t c th c nh hng ti qu trnh hc tp nhm mc ch l iu chnh, hp l ho qu
trnh dy v hc.
Nhng c im ca vic a ra thng tin phn hi tch cc l:
C s cm thng;
C kim sot;
c ngi nghe ch i;
C th;
Khng nhn xt v gi tr;
ng lc;
C th bin thnh hnh ng;
Cng tho lun, khch quan.
Sau y l nhng quy tc trong vic a thng tin phn hi:
Din t kin ca ng/B mt cch n gin v c trnh t (khng ni qu nhiu);
C gng hiu c nhng suy t, tnh cm (khng vi v);
Tm hiu cc vn cng nh nguyn nhn ca chng;
Gii thch nhng quan im khng ng nht;
Chp nhn cch thc G ca ngi khc;
Ch tp trung vo nhng vn c th gii quyt c trong thi im thc t;
Coi cuc trao i l c hi tip tc ci tin;
Ch ra cc kh nng la chn. C nhiu k thut khc nhau trong vic thu nhn thng tin phn hi
trong dy hc. Ngoi vic s dng cc phiu G, sau y l mt s k thut c th p dng trong dy
hc ni chung v trong thu nhn thng tin phn hi.
9. K thut tia chp
K thut tia chp l mt k thut huy ng s tham gia ca cc thnh vin i vi mt cu hi no ,
hoc nhm thu thng tin phn hi nhm ci thin tnh trng giao tip v khng kh hc tp trong lp
hc, thng qua vic cc thnh vin ln lt nu ngn gn v nhanh chng (nhanh nh chp!) kin
ca mnh v cu hi hoc tnh trng vn .
Quy tc thc hin:
C th p dng bt c thi im no khi cc thnh vin thy cn thit v ngh;
Ln lt tng ngi ni suy ngh ca mnh v mt cu hi tho thun, v d: Hin ti ti c hng
th vi ch tho lun khng?
Mi ngi ch ni ngn gn 1-2 cu kin ca mnh;
Ch tho lun khi tt c ni xong kin.
10. K thut 3 ln 3
K thut 3 ln 3 l mt k thut ly thng tin phn hi nhm huy ng s tham gia tch cc ca HS.
Cch lm nh sau:
HS c yu cu cho kin phn hi v mt vn no (ni dung bui tho lun, PP tin hnh
tho lun...).
Mi ngi cn vit ra: - 3 iu tt;- 3 iu cha tt;- 3 ngh ci tin.
Sau khi thu thp kin th x l v tho lun v cc kin phn hi.
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11. Lc t duy
11.1. Khi nim
Lc t duy (cn c gi l bn khi nim) l mt s nhm trnh by mt cch r rng
nhng tng mang tnh k hoch hay kt qu lm vic ca c nhn hay nhm v mt ch . Lc
t duy c th c vit trn giy, trn bn trong, trn bng hay thc hin trn my tnh.
11.2. Cch lm
Vit tn ch trung tm, hay v mt hnh nh phn nh ch .
T ch trung tm, v cc nhnh chnh. Trn mi nhnh chnh vit mt khi nim, phn nh mt
ni dung ln ca ch , vit bng CH IN HOA. Nhnh v ch vit trn c v v vit cng
mt mu. Nhnh chnh c ni vi ch trung tm. Ch s dng cc thut ng quan trng
vit trn cc nhnh.
T mi nhnh chnh v tip cc nhnh ph vit tip nhng ni dung thuc nhnh chnh . Cc
ch trn nhnh ph c vit bng ch in thng.
Tip tc nh vy cc tng ph tip theo.
11.3. ng dng ca lc t duy
Lc t duy c th ng dng trong nhiu tnh hung khc nhau nh:
Tm tt ni dung, n tp mt ch ;
Trnh by tng quan mt ch ;
Chun b tng cho mt bo co hay bui ni chuyn, bi ging;
Thu thp, sp xp cc tng;
Ghi chp khi nghe bi ging.
11.4. u im ca lc t duy
Cc hng t duy c m ngay t u;
Cc mi quan h ca cc ni dung trong ch tr nn r rng;
Ni dung lun c th b sung, pht trin, sp xp li;
HS c luyn tp pht trin, sp xp cc tng.
B.T CHC DY HC THEO CHUN KIN THC K NNG

THNG QUA CC K THUT DY HC TCH CC
1. Nhng nguyn tc nh hng dy hc theo chun KT-KN trong Chng trnh GDPT
thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch cc
1.1. Nguyn tc chung nhn thc v ni dung nghin cu, hc tp, tp hun:
1 - Khi nim Chun KT-KN
Chun KT-KN ca mt cp hc, lp hc, mn hc l cc yu cu ph thng, c bn v KT-KN
m HS cn phi v c th t c sau khi hon thnh CT gio dc ca tng cp hc, lp hc v mn
hc tng ng.
Chun KT-KN l cn c bin son SGK, v cc ti liu hng dn dy hc, KT, G; ng
thi cng l cn c xc nh mc tiu ca mi gi hc, mc tiu ca qu trnh dy hc, m bo
cht lng gio dc.
Cn c vo chun KT-KN, cc c quan qun l gio dc v cc trng xc nh mc tiu KT,
G i vi tng bi KT, bi thi; G kt qu gio dc tng mn hc, lp hc, cp hc; ch o, qun
l, thanh tra, KT vic thc hin dy hc.
2 - Gii thiu chung v Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT

I. Gii thiu chung v Chun
Chun l nhng yu cu, tiu ch (gi chung l yu cu) tun th nhng nguyn tc nht nh,
c dng lm thc o G hot ng, cng vic, sn phm ca lnh vc no v khi t c
17
nhng yu cu ca chun th cng c ngha l t c mc tiu mong mun ca ch th qun l hot

ng, cng vic, sn phm .
Yu cu l s c th ha, chi tit, tng minh ca chun, ch ra nhng cn c G cht lng.
Yu cu c th c o thng qua ch s thc hin. Yu cu c xem nh nhng im kim sot v
G cht lng u vo, u ra cng nh qu trnh o to.
Nhng yu cu c bn ca Chun:
- Chun phi c tnh khch quan, rt t l thuc vo quan im hay thi ch quan ca ngi s
dng chun.
- Chun phi c hiu lc tng i n nh c v phm vi ln thi gian p dng, khng lun lun
thay i. Tuy nhin chun phi c tnh pht trin, khng tuyt i c nh.
- m bo tnh kh thi, c ngha l chun c th t c (l trnh hay mc dung ha,
hp l gia yu cu pht trin mc cao hn vi nhng thc tin ang din ra)
- m bo tnh c th, tng minh v t ti a chc nng nh lng
- m bo mi lin quan, khng mu thun vi cc chun khc trong cng lnh vc hoc nhng
lnh vc gn gi khc.
II. Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT
Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi trong CT GDPT c th hin c th trong CT cc mn hc
hay hot ng gio dc (gi chung l mn hc) v cc CT cp hc.
i vi mi mn hc, mi cp hc, mc tiu ca mn hc, cp hc c c th ha thnh chun
KT-KN ca CT mn hc, CT cp hc.
1. Chun KT-KN ca CT mn hc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca mn hc m HS
cn phi v c th t c sau mi n v kin thc (mi bi, ch , ch im, m un).
Chun KT-KN ca mt n v kin thc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca n v
kin thc m HS cn phi v c th t c.
Yu cu v KT-KN th hin mc cn t v KT-KN.
Mi yu cu v KT-KN c th c chi tit hn bng nhng yu cu v KT-KN c th, tng
minh hn; bng nhng v d th hin c c ni dung KT-KN v mc cn t v KT-KN (thng
gi l minh chng).
2. Chun KT-KN ca CT cp hc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca cc mn hc m
HS cn phi v c th t c sau tng giai on hc tp trong cp hc.
2.1. Chun KT-KN CT cc cp hc, cp ti nhng yu cu ti thiu v KT-KN m HS cn v
c th t c sau khi hon thnh CT gio dc ca tng lp hc v cp hc. Cc yu cu ny cho thy
ngha quan trng ca vic gn kt, phi hp gia cc mn hc nhm t c mc tiu gio dc ca
cp hc.
2.2. Vic th hin Chun KT-KN cui CT cp hc th hin hnh mu mong i v ngi hc sau
mi cp hc v cn thit cho cng tc qun l, ch o, o to, bi dng GV.
2.3. CT cp hc th hin Chun KT-KN khng phi i vi tng mn hc m i vi tng lnh
vc hc tp. Trong vn bn v CT ca cc cp hc, Chun KT-KN c bin son theo tinh thn:
a) Chun KT-KN khng c vit cho tng mn hc ring bit m vit cho tng lnh vc hc tp
nhm th hin s gn kt gia cc mn hc v hot ng gio dc trong nhim v thc hin mc tiu
ca cp hc.
b) Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi c th hin trong CT cp hc l Chun ca cp hc, tc
l nhng yu cu c th m HS cn t c cui cp hc. Cch th hin ny to mt tm nhn v
s pht trin ca ngi hc sau mi cp hc, i chiu vi nhng g m mc tiu ca cp hc ra.
III. Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT c nhng c im:
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3.1. Chun c chi tit, tng minh bi cc yu cu c th, r rng v KT-KN.

3.2. Chun c tnh ti thiu, nhm m bo mi HS cn phi v c th t c nhng yu cu c
th ny.
3.3. Chun KT-KN l thnh phn ca CT GDPT.
Trong CT GDPT, Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi i vi ngi hc c th hin, c th ho
cc ch ca CT mn hc theo tng lp v cc lnh vc hc tp; ng thi, Chun KT-KN v
yu cu v thi cng c th hin phn cui ca CT mi cp hc.
Chun KT-KN l thnh phn ca CT GDPT m bo vic ch o dy hc, KT, G theo chun s
to nn s thng nht trong c nc; lm hn ch tnh trng dy hc qu ti, a thm nhiu ni dung
nng n, qu cao so vi chun vo dy hc, KT, G; gp phn lm gim tiu cc ca dy thm, hc
thm; to iu kin c bn, quan trng c th t chc KT, G v thi theo chun.
IV. Cc mc v KT-KN
Cc mc v KT-KN c th hin c th, tng minh trong Chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT.
V kin thc: Yu cu HS phi bit, hiu, vn dng cc kin thc c bn trong CT, SGK, l
nn tng vng vng c th pht trin nng lc nhn thc cp cao hn.
V k nng: Bit p dng cc kin thc c hc tr li cc cu hi, gii bi tp, thc hnh; c
k nng tnh ton, v hnh, dng biu ,...
KT-KN phi da trn c s pht trin nng lc, tr tu HS cc mc , t n gin n phc tp;
ni dung bao hm cc mc khc nhau ca nhn thc.
Mc cn t c v kin thc, theo cch phn loi ca S.Bloom, c th xc nh theo 6 mc
sau y:
1. Nhn bit: L s nh li cc d liu, thng tin c trc y; ngha l c th nhn bit thng
tin, ghi nh, ti hin thng tin, nhc li mt lot d liu, t cc s kin n gin n cc l thuyt
phc tp. y l mc , yu cu thp nht ca trnh nhn thc th hin ch HS c th v ch
cn nh hoc nhn ra khi c a ra hoc da trn nhng thng tin c tnh c th ca mt khi
nim, mt s vt, mt hin tng.
mc ny HS c th pht biu ng mt nh ngha, nh l, nh lut nhng cha gii thch v
vn dng c chng.
C th c th ho mc nhn bit bng cc yu cu:
Nhn ra, nh li cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht.
Nhn dng (khng cn gii thch) c cc khi nim, hnh th, v tr tng i gia cc i
tng trong cc tnh hung n gin.
Lit k, xc nh cc v tr tng i, cc mi quan h bit gia cc yu t, cc hin tng.
2. Thng hiu: L kh nng nm c, hiu c ngha ca cc khi nim, hin tng, s vt;
gii thch c, chng minh c; l mc cao hn nhn bit nhng vn l mc thp nht ca
vic thu hiu s vt, hin tng, n lin quan n ngha ca cc mi quan h gia cc khi nim,
thng tin m HS hc hoc bit. iu c th th hin bng vic chuyn thng tin t dng ny
sang dng khc, bng cch gii thch thng tin (gii thch hoc tm tt) v bng cch c lng xu
hng tng lai (d bo cc h qu hoc nh hng).
C th c th ho mc thng hiu bng cc yu cu:
Din t bng ngn ng c nhn v khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht, chuyn i c t
hnh thc ngn ng ny sang hnh thc ngn ng khc (v d: t li sang cng thc, k hiu,
s liu v ngc li)
Biu th, minh ho, gii thch c ngha ca cc khi nim, hin tng, nh ngha, nh l,
nh lut.
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La chn, b sung, sp xp li nhng thng tin cn thit gii quyt mt vn no .

Sp xp li cc tr li cu hi hoc li gii bi ton theo cu trc logic.
3. Vn dng: L kh nng s dng cc kin thc hc vo mt hon cnh c th mi (vn dng
hiu bit thng tin gii quyt vn t ra); l kh nng i hi HS phi bit vn dng kin thc,
s dng PP, nguyn l hay tng gii quyt mt vn no trong hc tp hoc ca thc tin.
y l mc cao hn mc thng hiu trn.
C th c th ho mc vn dng bng cc yu cu:
So snh cc phng n gii quyt vn
Pht hin li gii c mu thun, sai lm v chnh sa c
Gii quyt c nhng tnh hung mi bng cch vn dng cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut,
tnh cht bit.
Khi qut ho, tru tng ho t tnh hung quen thuc, tnh hung n l sang tnh hung
mi, tnh hung phc tp hn.
4. Phn tch: L kh nng phn chia mt thng tin ra thnh cc phn thng tin nh sao cho c th
hiu c cu trc, t chc ca n v thit lp mi lin h ph thuc ln nhau gia chng.
Yu cu ch ra c cc b phn cu thnh, xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn, nhn
bit v hiu c nguyn l cu trc ca cc b phn cu thnh. y l mc cao hn vn dng v
n i hi s thu hiu c v ni dung ln hnh thc cu trc ca thng tin, s vt, hin tng.
C th c th ho mc phn tch bng cc yu cu:
Phn tch cc s kin, d kin tha, thiu hoc gii quyt c vn .
Xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn trong ton th.
C th ho c nhng vn tru tng.
Nhn bit v hiu c cu trc cc b phn cu thnh.
5. Tng hp: L kh nng sp xp, thit k li thng tin, cc b phn t cc ngun ti liu khc
nhau v trn c s to lp mt hnh mu mi.
Yu cu to ra c mt ch mi, mt vn mi. Mt mng li cc quan h tru tng (s
phn lp thng tin). Kt qu hc tp trong lnh vc ny nhn mnh vo cc hnh vi sng to, c
bit l trong vic hnh thnh cc m hnh hoc cu trc mi.
C th c th ho mc tng hp bng cc yu cu:
Kt hp nhiu yu t ring thnh mt tng th hon chnh.
Khi qut ho nhng vn ring l c th.
Pht hin cc m hnh mi i xng, bin i, i ngu hoc m rng t m hnh bit ban
u.
6. nh gi: L kh nng xc nh gi tr ca thng tin, nh bnh xt, nhn nh, xc nh c gi
tr ca mt t tng, mt ni dung kin thc, mt PP. y l mt bc mi trong vic lnh hi kin
thc c c trng bi vic i su vo bn cht ca i tng, s vt, hin tng. Vic G da trn
cc tiu ch nht nh. c th l cc tiu ch bn trong (cch t chc) hoc cc tiu ch bn ngoi
(ph hp vi mc ch).
Yu cu xc nh c cc tiu ch G (ngi G t xc nh hoc c cung cp cc tiu ch) v
vn dng c G. y l mc cao nht ca nhn thc v n cha ng cc yu t ca mi
mc nhn thc trn.
C th c th ho mc G bng cc yu cu:
Xc nh c cc tiu ch G v vn dng G thng tin, hin tng, s vt, s kin.
G, nhn nh gi tr ca cc thng tin, t liu theo mt mc ch, yu cu xc nh.
Phn tch nhng yu t, d kin cho G s thay i v cht ca s vt, s kin.
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Nhn nh nhn t mi xut hin khi thay i cc mi quan h c.

Cc cng c G c hiu qu phi gip xc nh c kt qu hc tp mi cp ni trn a
ra mt nhn nh chnh xc v nng lc ca ngi c G v chuyn mn lin quan.
Tuy nhin, i vi HS ph thng nc ta, Chun ch s dng vi 3 mc nhn thc u l nhn
bit, thng hiu v vn dng
V. Chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT va l cn c va l mc tiu ca dy hc, KT, G, thi
Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi ca CT GDPT bo m tnh thng nht, tnh kh thi, ph hp
ca CT GDPT; bo m cht lng v hiu qu ca qu trnh gio dc.
1. Chun KT-KN l cn c:
- Bin son SGK v cc ti liu hng dn dy hc, KT, G, i mi PPDH, i mi KT, G.
- Ch o, qun l, thanh tra, KT thc hin dy hc, KT, G, sinh hot chuyn mn, o to, bi
dng cn b qun l v GV.
- Xc nh mc tiu ca mi gi hc, mc tiu ca qu trnh dy hc m bo cht lng gio dc.
- Xc nh mc tiu KT, G i vi tng bi KT, bi thi; G kt qu gio dc tng mn hc, lp
hc, cp hc.
2. Ti liu Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT ny bin son theo hng chi tit
cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca chun KT-KN bng cc ni dung chn lc trong SGK v
theo cch nu trong mc II.
Ti liu ny gip cc cc b ch o chuyn mn, cn b qun l gio dc, GV, HS nm vng v
thc hin ng theo chun KT-KN.
3 - Yu cu dy hc bm st chun KT-KN ng thi vi i mi PPDH

3.1. Yu cu chung
a) Cn c chun KT-KN xc nh mc tiu bi hc. Ch trng dy hc nhm t c cc yu
cu c bn v ti thiu v KT-KN, m bo khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon ton vo SGK;
mc khai thc su KT-KN trong SGK phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca HS.
b) Sng to v PPDH pht huy tnh ch ng, tch cc, t gic hc tp ca HS. Ch trng rn luyn
PP t duy, nng lc t hc, t nghin cu; to nim vui, hng khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi t
tin trong hc tp cho HS.
c) Dy hc th hin mi quan h tch cc gia GV v HS, gia HS vi HS; tin hnh thng qua
vic t chc cc hot ng hc tp ca HS, kt hp gia hc tp c th vi hc tp hp tc, lm vic
theo nhm.
d) Dy hc ch trng n vic rn luyn cc k nng, nng lc, tng cng thc hnh v gn ni
dung bi hc vi thc tin cuc sng.
e) Dy hc ch trng n vic s dng c hiu qu PT, TB dy hc c trang b hoc do GV, HS
t lm; quan tm ng dng CNTT trong dy hc.
f) Dy hc ch trng n vic ng vin, khuyn khch kp thi s tin b ca HS trong qu trnh
hc tp; a dng ni dung, cc hnh thc, cch thc G v tng cng hiu qu vic G.
3.2. Yu cu i vi cn b qun l c s gio dc
a) Nm vng ch trng i mi GDPT ca ng, Nh nc. Nm vng mc ch, yu cu, ni
dung i mi th hin c th trong cc vn bn ch o ca ngnh, trong CT, SGK, PPDH, s dng
PT, TBDH, hnh thc t chc dy hc v G kt qu gio dc.
b) Nm vng yu cu dy hc bm st chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT, ng thi to iu kin
thun li cho GV, ng vin, khuyn khch GV tch cc i mi PPDH.
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c) C bin php qun l, ch o t chc thc hin i mi PPDH trong nh trng mt cch hiu
qu; thng xuyn, KT, G cc hot ng dy, hc theo nh hng dy hc bm st chun KT-KN
ng thi vi tch cc i mi PPDH.
d) ng vin, khen thng kp thi nhng GV thc hin c hiu qu ng thi vi ph bnh, nhc
nh nhng ngi cha tch cc i mi PPDH, dy qu ti do khng bm st chun KT-KN.
3.3. Yu cu i vi GV
a) Bm st chun KT-KN thit k bi ging; mc tiu ca bi ging l t c cc yu cu c
bn, ti thiu v KT-KN. Dy khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon ton vo SGK; vic khai thc
su KT-KN phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca HS.
b) Thit k, t chc, hng dn HS thc hin cc hot ng hc tp vi cc hnh thc a dng,
phong ph, c sc hp dn ph hp vi c trng bi hc, vi c im v trnh HS, vi iu kin
c th ca lp, trng v a phng.
c) ng vin, khuyn khch, to c hi v iu kin cho HS c tham gia mt cch tch cc, ch
ng, sng to vo qu trnh khm ph, pht hin, xut v lnh hi kin thc; ch khai thc vn
kin thc, kinh nghim, k nng c ca HS; to nim vui, hng khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi
t tin trong hc tp cho HS; gip cc em pht trin ti a nng lc, tim nng ca bn thn.
d) Thit k v hng dn HS thc hin cc dng cu hi, bi tp pht trin t duy v rn luyn k
nng; hng dn s dng cc TBDH; t chc c hiu qu cc gi thc hnh; hng dn HS c thi
quen vn dng kin thc hc vo gii quyt cc vn thc tin.
e) S dng cc PP v hnh thc t chc dy hc mt cch hp l, hiu qu, linh hot, ph hp vi
c trng ca cp hc, mn hc; ni dung, tnh cht ca bi hc; c im v trnh HS; thi lng
dy hc v cc iu kin dy hc c th ca trng, a phng.
4 - Yu cu KT, G bm st chun KT-KN

G kt qu hc tp ca HS thc cht l vic xem xt mc t c v nhn thc thng qua
hot ng hc ca HS so vi mc tiu ra i vi tng mn hc, tng lp hc, cp hc, bi hc.
Mc tiu ca mi mn hc c c th ha thnh cc chun KT-KN; t cc chun ny, khi tin hnh
KT, G kt qu hc tp mn hc cn phi thit k thnh nhng tiu ch nhm KT c y c v
nh tnh v nh lng kt qu hc tp ca HS.
4.1. Yu cu KT, G
a) Phi cn c vo chun KT-KN ca tng mn hc tng lp; cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu cn
t v KT-KN ca HS sau mi giai on, mi lp, mi cp hc.
b) Ch o, KT vic thc hin CT, k hoch ging dy, hc tp ca nh trng; tng cng i
mi khu KT, G thng xuyn, nh k; phi hp gia G ca GV v t G ca HS, gia G ca
nh trng v G ca gia nh, cng ng. m bo cht lng KT, G thng xuyn, nh k:
chnh xc, khch quan, cng bng; khng hnh thc, i ph nhng cng khng gy p lc nng n.
c) G kp thi, c tc dng gio dc v ng vin s tin b ca HS, gip HS sa cha thiu st.
Cn c nhiu hnh thc v phn ho trong G phi cao; ch hn ti G c qu trnh lnh hi tri
thc ca HS, quan tm ti mc hot ng tch cc, ch ng ca HS trong tng tit hc tip thu tri
thc mi, n luyn cng nh cc tit thc hnh, th nghim.
d) G hot ng dy hc khng ch G thnh tch hc tp ca HS m cn bao gm G qu trnh
dy hc nhm ci tin qu trnh dy hc. Ch trng KT, G hnh ng, tnh cm ca HS: ngh v
lm; nng lc vn dng vo thc tin, th hin qua ng x, giao tip. Ch trng PP, k thut ly thng
tin phn hi t HS G qu trnh dy hc.
e) G kt qu hc tp ca HS, thnh tch hc tp ca HS khng ch G kt qu cui cng m ch
c qu trnh hc tp. To iu kin cho HS cng tham gia xc nh tiu ch G kt qu hc tp vi
yu cu khng tp trung vo kh nng ti hin tri thc m ch trng kh nng vn dng tri thc trong
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vic gii quyt cc nhim v phc hp. Cn c v c im ca tng mn hc v hot ng gio dc

mi cp hc, cn c qui nh G bng im kt hp vi nhn xt ca GV hoc G ch bng nhn
xt ca GV.
f) Tng bc nng cao cht lng KT, thi m bo va G c ng chun KT-KN, va c
kh nng phn ha cao. i mi ra KT 15 pht, 1 tit, hc k theo hng KT KT-KN c bn, nng
lc vn dng kin thc ca ngi hc, ph hp vi ni dung chng trnh, thi gian quy nh.
g) p dng cc PP phn tch hin i tng cng tnh tng ng ca cc KT, thi. Kt hp
tht hp l gia cc hnh thc KT, thi vn p, t lun v trc nghim nhm hn ch li hc t, hc
vt, ghi nh my mc; pht huy u im v hn ch nhc im ca mi hnh thc.
4.2. Cc tiu ch ca KT, G
a) m bo tnh ton din: G c cc mt KT-KN, nng lc, thc, thi , hnh vi ca HS.
b) m bo tin cy: Tnh chnh xc, trung thc, minh bch, khch quan, cng bng trong G,
phn nh c cht lng thc ca HS, ca cc c s gio dc.
c) m bo tnh kh thi: Ni dung, hnh thc, cch thc, PT t chc KT, G phi ph hp vi
iu kin HS, c s gio dc, c bit l ph hp vi mc tiu theo tng mn hc.
d) m bo yu cu phn ho: Phn loi c chnh xc trnh , mc , nng lc nhn thc ca
HS, c s gio dc; cn m bo di phn ho rng, cho phn loi i tng.
e) m bo hiu qu: G c tt c cc lnh vc cn G HS, c s gio dc, thc hin c
y cc mc tiu ra.
Tho lun:
Cu hi 1: Ni dung trnh by trn c gii p c vic nghin cu, hc tp v thc hin
Chun khng? phn nh c cc quan h: Chun vi Mc tiu gio dc, CT, Dy
v Hc, KT, nh ga, vi Vn bn ch o qui phm php lut ca B GD&T ? Qua thc
t cng tc ca bn thn, bn thy cn c nhng vn no cn lm r?
Cu hi 2: Theo bn s ging nhau, khc nhau c bn gia Chun v Nng lc dy hc l
g?
Cu hi 3: Qua thc t hc tp ca HS, dy hc ca bn thn v s hiu bit v Chun, bn c
d nh g thc hin tc ng chuyn bin cht lng dy hc b mn?
1.2. Dy hc theo chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch cc,
i vi tng lp hc, theo quan im ch o sau
NHNG VN CHUNG V KHUNG PHN PHI CT THPT
Khung Phn phi chng trnh (KPPCT) ny p dng cho cc lp cp THPT t nm hc 20092010.
1. V khung Phn phi CT
KPPCT quy nh thi lng dy hc cho tng phn ca CT (chng, phn, bi hc, mun, ch
,...), trong c thi lng dnh cho luyn tp, bi tp, n tp, th nghim, thc hnh v thi lng
tin hnh KT nh k tng ng vi cc phn .
Thi lng ni trn quy nh ti KPPCT p dng trong trng hp t chc dy hc 1 bui/ngy
(thi lng dnh cho KT l khng thay i, thi lng dnh cho cc hot ng khc l quy nh ti
thiu). Tin thc hin CT khi kt thc hc k I v kt thc nm hc c quy nh thng nht cho
tt c cc trng THPT trong c nc. Cn c KPPCT, cc S GDT c th ho thnh PPCT chi tit
cho tng bi ca mn hc v hot ng gio dc, bao gm c ch t chn nng cao (nu c) cho
ph hp vi a phng, p dng chung cho cc trng THPT thuc quyn qun l. Cc trng THPT
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c iu kin b tr GV v kinh ph chi tr gi dy vt nh mc (trong c cc trng hc nhiu

hn 6 bui/tun), c th ngh S GDT ph chun iu chnh PPCT tng thi lng dy hc
cho ph hp (lnh o S GDT ph duyt, k tn, ng du).
2. V Phn phi CT dy hc t chn
a) Mn hc t chn nng cao (NC) ca ban C bn c th thc hin bng 1 trong 2 cch: S
dng SGK NC hoc s dng SGK bin son theo CT chun kt hp vi ch t chn nng cao
(CNC) ca mn hc . CNC ca 8 mn phn ha ch dng cho ban C bn. Thi lng dy hc
CNC ca mn hc l khong chnh lch gia thi lng dnh cho CT chun v CT NC mn hc
trong K hoch gio dc THPT. Cc S GDT quy nh c th PPCT dy hc cc CNC cho ph
hp vi mch kin thc ca SGK bin son theo CT chun mn hc . Ti liu CNC s dng cho
GV v HS.
b) Dy hc ch t chn bm st (CBS) l n tp, h thng ha, khc su KT-KN, khng
b sung kin thc NC mi. Hiu trng cc trng THPT lp K hoch dy hc CBS (chn mn
hc, n nh s tit/tun cho tng mn, tn bi dy) cho tng lp, n nh trong tng hc k trn c s
ngh ca cc t trng chuyn mn v GV ch nhim lp.
B GDT ban hnh ti liu CBS lp 10, dng cho GV, tham kho, khng ban hnh ti liu
CBS lp 11, 12. GV chun b k hoch bi ging CBS vi s h tr ca t chuyn mn.
c) Vic KT, G kt qu hc tp CNC, CBS cc mn hc thc hin theo quy nh ti Quy ch
G, xp loi HS Trung hc c s v HS THPT ca B trng B GDT.
Lu : Cc bi dy CNC, CBS b tr trong cc chng nh cc bi khc, c th c im KT
(di 1 tit) ring nhng khng c im KT 1 tit ring, im CNC, CBS mn hc no tnh cho
mn hc .
3. i mi PPDH v i mi KT, G
a) Ch o i mi PPDH:
- Nhng yu cu quan trng trong i mi PPDH l:
+ Pht huy tnh tch cc, hng th hc tp ca HS v vai tr ch o ca GV;
+ Thit k bi ging khoa hc, sp xp hp l hot ng ca GV v HS, thit k h thng cu
hi hp l, tp trung vo trng tm, trnh nng n qu ti (nht l i vi bi di, bi kh, nhiu kin
thc mi); bi dng nng lc c lp suy ngh, vn dng sng to kin thc hc, trnh thin v
ghi nh my mc khng nm vng bn cht;
+ Tng cng ng dng CNTT trong dy hc, khuyn khch s dng hp l CNTT, s dng cc
PT nghe nhn, thc hin y th nghim, thc hnh, lin h thc t trong ging dy ph hp vi ni
dung tng bi hc;
+ GV s dng ngn ng chun xc, trong sng, sinh ng, d hiu, tc phong thn thin, khuyn
khch, ng vin HS hc tp, t chc hp l cho HS lm vic c nhn v theo nhm;
+ Dy hc st i tng, coi trng bi dng HS kh gii v gip HS hc lc yu km.
- Tng cng ch o i mi PPDH thng qua cng tc bi dng GV v d gi thm lp ca
GV, t chc rt kinh nghim ging dy cc t chuyn mn, hi tho cp trng, cm trng, a
phng, hi thi GV gii cc cp.
b) i mi KT, G:
- Nhng yu cu quan trng trong i mi KT, G l:
+ GV G st, ng trnh HS vi thi khch quan, cng minh v hng dn HS bit t G
nng lc ca mnh;
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+ Trong qu trnh dy hc, cn kt hp mt cch hp l hnh thc t lun vi hnh thc TNKQ
trong KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS, chun b tt cho vic i mi cc k thi theo ch trng ca B
GDT.
+ Thc hin ng quy nh ca Quy ch G, xp loi HS THCS, HS THPT do B GDT ban
hnh, tin hnh s ln KT thng xuyn, KT nh k, KT hc k c l thuyt v thc hnh.
NHNG VN C TH CA MN TON
GV thc hin chun KT-KN, yu cu v thi i vi HS trong CT mn Ton ban hnh theo
quyt nh 16/2006/Q-BGDT ngy 05/5/2006, KPPCT ca B GDT v PPCT ca S GDT.
V ni dung dy, hc v KT, G phi ch trng:
Cn c theo chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT mn Ton ca B GDT.
Nhng KT-KN c bn v PP t duy mang tnh c th ca ton hc ph hp vi nh hng ca
cp hc THPT.
Tng cng tnh thc tin v tnh s phm, khng yu cu qu cao v l thuyt.
Gip HS nng cao, pht huy nng lc t duy tru tng v hnh thnh cm xc thm m, kh nng
din t tng qua hc tp mn Ton.
V PPDH
Tch cc ho hot ng hc tp ca HS, rn luyn kh nng t hc, pht hin v gii quyt vn
ca HS nhm hnh thnh v pht trin HS t duy tch cc, c lp v sng to.
Chn la s dng nhng PP pht huy tnh tch cc ch ng ca HS trong hc tp v pht huy kh
nng t hc. Hot ng ho vic hc tp ca HS bng nhng dn dt cho HS t thn tri nghim
chim lnh tri thc, chng li hc th ng.
Tn dng u th ca tng PPDH, ch trng s dng PPDH pht hin v gii quyt vn .
Coi trng c cung cp kin thc, rn luyn k nng ln vn dng kin thc vo thc tin.
Thit k bi ging, KT, G cn theo khung hng dn trong cc ti liu bi dng thc hin
CT v SGK ca B GDT ban hnh, trong m bo qun trit cc yu cu i mi PPDH nu
trn phn I.3 v son ging v KT, G.
Tng cng ch o i mi PPDH thng qua cng tc bi dng GV v thng qua vic d gi
thm lp ca GV, t chc rt kinh nghim ging dy cc t chuyn mn, hi tho cp trng, cm
trng, a phng, hi thi GV gii cc cp.
Thc hin chun KT-KN:
B GDT ban hnh CT GDPT trong c chun KT-KN ca tng ch ni dung mn
hc. Trong phn Nhng vn chung ca CT GDPT xc nh: Chun KT-KN l cc yu cu c
bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca mn hc, hot ng gio dc m HS cn phi v c th t c sau
tng giai on hc tp. y l c s php l thc hin dy hc m bo nhng yu cu c bn, ti
thiu ca CT, thc hin dy hc KT, G ph hp vi cc i tng HS; trn c s s p ng nhu
cu pht trin ca tng c nhn HS, gip GV ch ng, linh hot, sng to trong p dng CT, tng
bc em li cho HS cht lng gio dc thc s v s bnh ng trong pht trin nng lc c nhn;
gp phn thc hin chun ho v thc hin dy hc phn ha.
B GDT hng dn, khuyn khch GV p dng linh hot CT v SGK theo c im vng,
min v i tng HS, nhng khng t GV vn lng tng khi p dng CT, vn dng SGK trong dy
hc cho cc i tng HS khc nhau.
Bi vy, t chc dy hc KT, G theo chun KT-KN cn m bo t chc, hng dn HS hc
tp trong hot ng, tng i tng HS u t c Chun v pht trin c cc nng lc ca
25
c nhn bng nhng gii php ph hp. C th: Vic thc hin chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT mn
Ton cn theo cc quan im: st thc, trc quan, ng chun v i mi.
ST THC:
- St vi ni dung chun, vi thc t i tng v iu kin ging dy, vi thi lng cho php;
bin son dng cc bi luyn tp tng ng vi cc v d nu trong chun nhm gip HS
rn luyn k nng gii ton t chun v phn ho theo mc yu cu ca CT chun v CT
nng cao. Thc hin chun gn vi CT t chn ca b mn.
- Ch trng cc v d v bi ton c ni dung thc tin i sng v gn vi cc mn hc khc
(lm cho HS thy r Ton hc gn vi cuc sng v lm quen vi vic p dng tri thc Ton
hc gii cc bi ton thc t, cc bi ton ca mn hc khc, nh Vt l, Ho hc, Sinh hc,
)
TRC QUAN:
- Tip cn chun ch yu bng trc quan, da trn kin thc c sn, nhm gim tnh hn lm,
gim cc ni dung nng n, n gin ho nhng vn phc tp, nhng khng lm mt tnh
chnh xc v suy lun c l m Chun ra.
- Dy v hc KT-KN theo Chun trn c s dn dt tng bc t nhng v d v m t khi
nim mt cch r rng, trnh p t thiu t nhin.
NG CHUN:
- ng KT-KN, mc phc tp ca dng, loi ton minh ho, nhng lu nu trong chun.
- Trc ht m bo t chun v phn ho theo mc yu cu ca CT chun v CT nng cao;
hn ch cc v d v bi tp phc tp, i hi k thut v mo mc ni dung kh cng thiu t
nhin, kh tip thu, gim bt s lng cng thc cn nh. m bo s gn, cht ch v h
thng KT-KN m chun nu.
- Tng cng tnh ch ng ca HS trong gi hc
I MI:
- i mi v PPDH v KT, G.
- Theo ch o dy v hc ca B GDT: i mi KT, G theo Chun, i mi cng c KT,
G, i mi thi lng, i mi th t thc hin KT-KN m Chun nu, i mi PT dy hc
i mi PPDH tng cng tnh ch ng ca HS trong gi hc, gip HS tch cc, hng th
hc tp. Tm ti sng to nhng cch a ni dung hc tp mt cch nh nhng, d hiu, t
nhin m vn chnh xc. Cn a dng ho cc hot ng thc hin chun (n li kin thc, gii
thiu kin thc mi, hc trc nh, lm ti lp, chia theo ti thc hin c nhn hay nhm
nh, p dng ngay kin thc va hc, cu hi trc nghim khch quan, s dng my tnh cm
tay gii ton ).
a)VI HC SINH
- Vi HS i tr ca mi vng min, ni dung c nu trong Chun KT-KN l ni dung hc
tp bt buc phi t, khng hn ch ni dung hc tp vi HS c nhu cu hc tp nng cao.
- Vi nhng HS c nhu cu hc tp m rng nng cao hoc i tng HS kh, gii c th
tham kho CT Nng cao hoc CT Chuyn ca B GD&T ban hnh; c th tham kho trong
SGK, hoc sch bi tp, sch tham kho ni dung chuyn m nh trng tuyn chn hoc c
th t hc theo nng lc bn thn.
- Chun KT-KN ca CT Trung hc Ph thng mn Ton gip HS t hc, t KT KT-KN ca
bn thn theo cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu ca KT-KN mn ton m HS cn phi c v phi
t c qua hc tp. HS t hc, t KT theo Chun KT-KN qua hc, KT cc khi nim c bn,
cc k nng c bn, cc cng thc cn nh, cc PP gii, cc dng ton, v d minh ho ... tng
ng vi cc ch ca CT; t nghin ngm ni dung hc tp theo mt yu cu, phong cch
ring v vi tc ph hp. T hc khng nhng gip HS t thn nm ni dung hc mt cch
26
chc chn v bn vng m cn xc nh PP hc tp v k nng vn dng tri thc, rn luyn

ch v nng lc hot ng sng to; t thn b p cho mnh nhng l hng v kin thc p
ng vi yu cu ca CT. (Qua cc hot ng hc tp: Xy dng k hoch, tp trung sc lc v
thi gian cho ni dung trng tm, ni dung cn khuyt hoc cha r, trnh dn tri, phn tn.
N lc, t lc nm ni dung hc tp thng qua: c, tm tt tng hp, so snh, phn loi; t
lm bi tp, KT. Tranh th s gip ca thy, c gio, ca bn b v ca cha m, anh em
trong gia nh, trong dng h).
b)VI GV
- V dy v hc
+ T khu lp k hoch bi hc, t chc v hng dn cc hot ng hc tp ca HS n KT,
G kt qu hc tp ca HS nht thit phi cn c vo chun KT-KN.
+ T cc iu kin, hon cnh c th ca lp hc la chn cc gii php thch hp nhm gip
tng i tng HS t c chun KT-KN bng s c gng va sc vi tng i tng HS .
+ T k hoch pht hin v bi dng nng cao nng lc cho nhng HS t chun v c nhu
cu pht trin nng lc c nhn trong mn hc hoc lnh vc hc tp.
+ Thc hin y , ng mc nhng ni dung c bn nht, quan trng nht ca CT mn hc. y
l mt trong nhng iu kin m bo mc cht lng c bn v thc hin s bnh ng v c
hi hc tp c cht lng cho mi i tng HS.
+ Thc hin dy hc ph hp vi cc i tng HS, hn ch tin ti xo b hin tng dy hc
vt qu s c gng ca HS, to ra s qu ti v cng thng khng cn thit cho s ng HS hoc
hin tng dy hc di tm nhn thc ca s ng HS, lm cho HS mt hng th trong hc tp.
Thc hin dy hc ph hp vi cc i tng HS s gi c n nh lu di, to cho HS s t
tin v hng th trong hc tp, gp phn rt quan trng nng cao dn cht lng GDPT.
+ Hnh thnh hc vn ph thng ton din, lm c s vng chc pht trin cc nng lc c nhn
theo nhu cu v th mnh ca tng i tng HS.
+ Thc hin nghim tc CT GDPT nhng khng cng nhc, ng lot, bnh qun m rt linh
hot theo iu kin, hon cnh c th ca tng i tng HS, gp phn to th n nh nng cao
dn cht lng GDPT.
+ Dy hc theo Chun KT-KN thc cht l thc hin chun ho trnh ca HS, i hi HS t nht
cng phi t c chun KT-KN ca cc mn hc bt buc trong CT GDPT. Vic chun ho trnh
hc tp ca HS li i hi phi chun ho cc iu kin m bo cht lng hc tp mc
chun, trong cn phi c nhng h tr c bit cho b phn HS c hon cnh kh khn.
- Chun kin thc k nng l cn c son bi, tin hnh dy hc, n tp v da trn KT, G
kt qu hc tp ca HS. Va chun ho va phn ha c im vng, min cho cc i tng HS
khc nhau; G theo t lun, TNKQ hoc hn hp gm c bi ton t lun ln bi ton
TNKQ. n tp nhm h thng ho kin thc hc, hon thin k nng gii bi tp, qua n tp b khuyt
cho nhng pht hin thiu st v KT-KN v suy lun ton hc thiu cn c lgic hoc cha hp l; nh
to cho tng HS vng tin vo nng lc bn thn c th t kt qu tt trong cc k KT, G, thi c.
- Vic n tp mn Ton cn t ti hiu c bn cht v vn dng c cc ni dung hc; khi n tp
khng nn qu ch vo vic tm nhng th thut ghi nh c nhiu, d nhin, nh l c s cn nhng
khng cho vic gii cc bi ton; bi v vic nm vng cc cch gii cc dng loi bi ton c bn mi
ch cho nhiu kh nng t kt qu tt trong KT, thi c. Vic n tp gip ta nh ni dung hc tt hn v
thc s hu ch cho vic gii cc bi ton. S quan trng ca vic n tp l ch: gip HS h thng li
v rt ra nhng iu c bn, ch yu, khi qut ho ca nhng KT-KN hc thy c s tng
ng, tng ng, ng dng, bin i v hnh, khi nim, PP, dng ton... trong CT mn hc ca ton
cp hc hay ca mt lp
27
GV hng dn n tp, cn qun trit r: nhng cch n tp u l nhng biu hin c th ca vic h
thng ho kin thc theo hng lm r cu trc ca tng phn, tng chng, tng mch kin thc, tng ch
hay ton th ca CT; lm r v tr ca mi kin thc v quan h gia cc kin thc; trnh vic h thng
ho nng tnh hnh thc nh lit k cc cng thc, cc nh l, cc dng ton hc theo ng khun mu
v trnh t nh trong SGK. Cng vi vic hng dn HS h thng ho kin thc, GV gip HS sp xp cc
bi tp v phn chia thnh cc dng loi bi tp nm vng cch gii chung cho tng dng loi chnh,
ng thi nhc li v ghi ra c nhng kin thc, nh l, cng thc, suy lun hc lp di, nay
thng phi s dng nhiu gii ton. Trong tnh hnh thc t hin nay, GV cn t chc dy v hc chu
o ngay t u nm hc, n tp u n sau tng chng, mc, gip HS t gii cc cu hi v bi tp nu
trong Chun KT-KN; tuyt nhin khng lm thay.
GV cn phi linh hot trong dy, c th dn dt HS tip cn KT-KN trnh by theo PP khc, cch
khc hoc thay bi v d khc tu theo i tng, vng min thc hin chun ph hp vi mc
nhn thc ca mi loi i tng. Trong dy hc cng nh KT, G cn lu ti cng c my tnh
cm tay gim ti v phn tnh ton cng nh i mi c trnh by li gii ln khu ra v p n
tng ng yu cu tnh ng hoc tnh gn ng; khch l nhng HS c cch gii ng bi nhng KTKN ca bn thn n lc hc tp.
- V G
- Thc hin:
+ Cc hnh thc KT, G kt qu ca HS: G thng xuyn (KT ming, KT vit 10 hay 15 pht,
KT bi lm nh ca HS), G nh k (KT cui chng, KT gia hc k, KT cui hc k, KT cui nm
hc).
+ Cc KT hc k, cui nm nn ra theo hnh thc t lun; Cc KT khc c ra theo cc hnh
thc: t lun, TNKQ hoc kt hp t lun vi TNKQ.
+ Kt hp hi ho vic G theo bi lm t lun v bi lm trc nghim.
+ KT, G cn ph hp vi mc yu cu ca chng trnh v c ch n tnh sng to, phn
ho HS.
+ m bo cht lng tit tr bi cui k, cui nm, G c nng lc ton hc ca tng HS theo
Chun KT-KN mn Ton.
- Cc loi bi KT trong mt hc k:
+ KT ming: 1 ln /1 HS.
+ KT 15: 3 bi (i s, Gii tch: 1 bi. Hnh hc: 1 bi. Thc hnh ton: 1 bi).
+ KT 45: 3 bi (i s, Gii tch: 2 bi. Hnh hc: 1 bi).
+ KT 90: vo cui hc k I v hc k II (gm i s, Gii tch v Hnh hc).
Lu : Phn b cc bi KT 45 vo cui chng hoc cch nhau khong t 10 n 15 tit.
c)VI C QUAN, CN B QUN L GIO DC
- Vi cc c quan, cn b qun l gio dc th ni dung chun KT-KN l cn c ti thiu G, KT
vic dy v hc.
- vng thun li, HS cn c tng cng cht lng hc tp qua vic tip cn cc ngun thng
tin, cc PT cng ngh cng c, m rng, nng cao kin thc.
- Trong thanh tra, KT dy v hc cn qun trit tinh thn:
+ Khuyn khch GV sng to linh hot trong mi bi hc, tit hc; GV c th trnh by ni dung
kin thc bi dy nh nu trong cun sch, tuy nhin c th linh hot trong cch trnh by (c
th trnh by theo PP khc, cch khc hoc thay bi v d khc nhng c cng mc nhn thc);
KT (hoc ra thi) ng theo yu cu mc cp trong chun KT-KN vi nhng bi ton
khc c cng mc nhn thc;
+ Cn lu ti cng c my tnh cm tay gim ti v phn tnh ton i mi c trnh by li
gii ln khu ra v p n tng ng yu cu tnh ng hoc tnh gn ng;
28
+ Khch l nhng HS c cch gii ng nh nhng n lc hc tp ca bn thn.

d)KHUNG PHN PHI CT
CT CHUN
TT
Lp
Hc
k
S
tit
mt
hc
k
Ni dung
t chn
Ni dung
L
thuyt
Bi
tp
Thc
hnh
n
tp
KT
54
31 tit
11 tit
2 tit
5 tit
5 tit
51
29 tit
2 tit
5 tit
5 tit
72
43 tit
2 tit
8 tit
5 tit
51
29 tit
2 tit
5 tit
5 tit
72
43 tit
2 tit
8 tit
5 tit
51
29 tit
2 tit
5 tit
5 tit
10
11
12
10
tit
14
tit
10
tit
14
tit
10
tit
Xem hng
dn chi tit
phn di
Ghi ch
(S tit theo mn ca
CT bt buc)
i s: 32 tit
Hnh hc:22tit
i s: 30 tit
Hnh hc:21tit
S&GT:48 tit
Hnh hc:24tit
S&GT:30 tit
Hnh hc:21tit
Gii tch:48 tit
Hnh hc:24tit
Gii tch:30 tit
Hnh hc:21tit
CT NNG CAO
TT
Lp
10
nng
cao
Hc
k
S tit
mt
hc
k
1
2
Ni dung
t chn
Ni dung
L
thuyt
Bi tp
Thc
hnh
n
tp
KT
72
42 tit
14 tit
2 tit
9 tit
5 tit
68
40 tit
13 tit
2 tit
8 tit
5 tit
11
nng
cao
72
42 tit
14 tit
2 tit
9 tit
5 tit
68
40 tit
13 tit
2 tit
8 tit
5 tit
12
nng
cao
72
42 tit
14 tit
2 tit
9 tit
5 tit
68
40 tit
13 tit
2 tit
8 tit
5 tit
Xem hng
dn chi tit
phn di
Ghi ch
(S tit theo mn
ca CT bt buc)
i s: 46 tit
Hnh hc:26tit
i s: 44 tit
Hnhhc:24tit
S&GT:46tit
Hnh hc:26tit
S&GT:44tit
Hnh hc:24tit
Gii tch:46tit
Hnh hc:26tit
Gii tch:44tit
Hnh hc:24tit
Lp 10
C nm 105 tit
Hc k I: 19 tun (54 tit)
Hc k II: 18 tun (51 tit)
TT
1
2
i s 62 tit
32 tit
30 tit
Hnh hc 43 tit
22 tit
21 tit
Ni dung
Mnh . Tp hp
Mnh v mnh cha bin. p dng mnh vo suy lun ton hc.
Tp hp v cc php ton trn tp hp: hp, giao, hiu ca hai tp hp. Cc
tp hp s. S gn ng v sai s.
Hm s bc nht v bc hai
n tp v b tc v hm s. Hm s bc hai v th. Hm s y = x .
29
S tit
10
8
Ghi ch
i s 62 tit
(trong c 6
tit KT v tr
bi)
TT
3
Ni dung
Phng trnh. H phng trnh
i cng v phng trnh, h phng trnh: cc khi nim c bn. Phng
trnh quy v bc nht, bc hai. Phng trnh bc nht hai n; h phng trnh
bc nht hai n, ba n.
Bt ng thc. Bt phng trnh
Bt ng thc. Bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn, bt
ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i. Du ca nh thc bc nht. Bt phng
trnh v h bt phng trnh bc nht mt n, hai n. Du ca tam thc bc
hai. Bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt phng trnh quy v bc hai.
Thng k
Thng k: Bng phn b tn s - tn sut, bng phn b tn s-tn sut ghp
lp. Biu hnh ct tn s, tn sut; ng gp khc tn s, tn sut; biu
hnh qut. S trung bnh cng, s trung v v mt. Phng sai v lch
chun.
Gc lng gic v cng thc lng gic
Gc v cung lng gic, gi tr lng gic ca chng. Cng thc cng. Cng
thc nhn i. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng. Cng thc bin i tng
thnh tch.
Vect
Vect. Tng, hiu hai vect. Tch vect vi mt s. Trc, h trc ta . To
ca im v to ca vect.
Tch v hng ca hai vc t v ng dng
Tch v hng ca hai vect. ng dng vo tam gic (nh l cosin, nh l
sin, di ng trung tuyn, din tch tam gic, gii tam gic).
PP to trong mt phng
Phng trnh ng thng (phng trnh tng qut, phng trnh tham s).
iu kin hai ng thng ct nhau, song song, trng nhau, vung gc vi
nhau. Khong cch v gc. Phng trnh ng trn, phng trnh tip tuyn
ca ng trn. Elp (nh ngha, phng trnh chnh tc, hnh dng).
S tit
Ghi ch
10
15
13
12
Hnh hc
43 tit
(trong c 6
tit KT v tr
bi)
12
Lp 10 nng cao
C nm 140 tit
i s 90 tit
Hnh hc 50 tit
46 tit
26 tit
44 tit
24 tit
Ghi ch: Di y nhng ch in m, nghing l phn khc bit vi chng trnh chun
TT
Ni dung
S tit
Mnh . Tp hp
Mnh v mnh cha bin. p dng mnh vo suy lun ton hc.
1
13
Tp hp v cc php ton trn tp hp: hp, giao, hiu ca hai tp hp. S
gn ng v sai s.
Hm s bc nht v bc hai
n tp v b tc v hm s. Hm s bc hai v th. Hm s y = x ; y =
2
10
ax + b .
Phng trnh. H phng trnh
i cng v phng trnh, h phng trnh: cc khi nim c bn. Phng
3
16
trnh quy v bc nht, bc hai. Phng trnh bc nht hai n; h phng trnh
bc nht hai n, ba n. Mt s h phng trnh bc hai mt n v hai n.
4
Bt ng thc. Bt phng trnh
23
Bt ng thc. Bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn, bt
ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i. Du ca nh thc bc nht. Bt phng
trnh v h bt phng trnh bc nht mt n, hai n. Du ca tam thc bc
hai. Bt phng trnh bc hai. Mt s h bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt
phng trnh quy v bc hai.
30
Ghi ch
i s
90 tit
(trong c 8 tit
n tp, KT v tr
bi)
TT
Ni dung
Thng k
Thng k: Bng phn b tn s - tn sut, bng phn b tn s-tn sut ghp
lp. Biu hnh ct tn s, tn sut; ng gp khc tn s, tn sut; biu
hnh qut. S trung bnh cng, s trung v v mt. Phng sai v lch
chun.
Gc lng gic v cng thc lng gic
Gc v cung lng gic, gi tr lng gic ca chng. Cng thc cng. Cng
thc nhn i. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng. Cng thc bin i tng
thnh tch.
Vect
Vect. Tng, hiu hai vect. Tch vect vi mt s. Trc, h trc ta . To
ca im v to ca vect.
Tch v hng ca ca hai vc t v ng dng
Tch v hng ca hai vect. ng dng vo tam gic (nh l cosin, nh l sin,
di ng trung tuyn, din tch tam gic, gii tam gic).
PP to trong mt phng
Phng trnh ng thng (phng trnh tng qut, phng trnh tham s).
iu kin hai ng thng ct nhau, song song, trng nhau, vung gc
vi nhau. Khong cch v gc. Phng trnh ng trn, phng trnh tip
tuyn ca ng trn. Elp, hypebol, parabol (nh ngha, phng trnh
chnh tc, hnh dng). ng chun ca ba ng cnic.
S tit
Ghi ch
11
14
Hnh hc 50 tit
(trong c 6 tit
n tp, KT v tr
bi)
21
Lp 11
C nm 123 tit
TT
2
3
6
7
i s v Gii tch 78 tit

48 tit
30 tit
Ni dung
Hm s lng gic. Phng trnh lng gic
Cc hm s lng gic (nh ngha, tnh tun hon, s bin thin, th.
Phng trnh lng gic c bn. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s
lng gic. Phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai
i vi sinx v cosx.
T hp. Khi nim v xc sut
Quy tc cng, quy tc nhn. Chnh hp, hon v, t hp. Nh thc Niu-tn.
Php th v bin c. Xc sut ca bin c.
Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn
PP quy np ton hc. Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn.
Gii hn
Gii hn ca dy s, gii hn ca hm s. Mt s nh l v gii hn ca dy
s, hm s. Cc dng v nh. Hm s lin tc. Mt s nh l v hm s lin
tc.
o hm
o hm. ngha hnh hc v ngha c hc ca o hm. Cc quy tc tnh
o hm. o hm ca hm s lng gic. Vi phn. o hm cp hai.
Php di hnh v php ng dng trong mt phng
Php bin hnh trong mt phng, php i xng trc, php i xng tm,
php tnh tin, php quay, php di hnh, hai hnh bng nhau. Php ng
dng trong mt phng, php v t, php ng dng, hai hnh ng dng.
ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. Quan h song song
Hnh hc khng gian: ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. V tr
tng i gia hai ng thng trong khng gian. ng thng v mt
phng song song. Hai mt phng song song. Hnh lng tr v hnh hp. Php
chiu song song. Hnh biu din ca hnh khng gian.
31
Hnh hc 45 tit
24 tit
21 tit
S tit
Ghi ch
21
15
9
14
i s 78 tit
(trong c 6
tit n tp, KT
v tr bi)
13
11
13
Hnh hc 45 tit
(trong c 6
tit n tp, KT
v tr bi)
TT
Ni dung
Vect trong khng gian. Quan h vung gc trong khng gian
Vect v php ton vect trong khng gian. Hai ng thng vung gc.
ng thng vung gc vi mt phng. Php chiu vung gc. nh l ba
ng vung gc. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng. Gc gia hai mt
phng. Hai mt phng vung gc. Khong cch (t mt im n mt ng
thng, n mt mt phng, gia ng thng v mt phng song song, gia
hai mt phng song song, gia hai ng thng cho nhau. Hnh lng tr
ng, hnh hp ch nht, hnh lp phng. Hnh chp, hnh chp u v
hnh chp ct u.
S tit
Ghi ch
15
Lp 11 nng cao
C nm 140 tit
i s 90 tit
Hnh hc 50 tit
46 tit
26 tit
44 tit
24 tit
TT
Ni dung
S tit
Hm s lng gic. Phng trnh lng gic
Cc hm s lng gic (nh ngha, tnh tun hon, s bin thin, th.
22
1
Phng trnh lng gic c bn. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s
lng gic. Phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai
i vi sinx v cosx. Mt s phng trnh lng gic n gin khc.
T hp. Khi nim v xc sut
Quy tc cng, quy tc nhn. Chnh hp, hon v, t hp. Nh thc Niutn.
2
20
Php th v bin c. nh ngha xc sut. Cc qui tc tnh xc sut. Bin
ngu nhin ri rc.
Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn
3
13
PP quy np ton hc. Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn.
Gii hn
Gii hn ca dy s, gii hn ca hm s. Mt s nh l v gii hn ca dy
4
14
s, hm s. Cc dng v nh. Hm s lin tc. Mt s nh l v hm s lin
tc.
o hm
5
o hm. ngha hnh hc v ngha c hc ca o hm. Cc quy tc tnh
14
o hm. o hm ca cc hm s lng gic. Vi phn. o hm cp cao.
Php di hnh v php ng dng trong mt phng
Php bin hnh trong mt phng, php i xng trc, php i xng tm, php
6
14
tnh tin, php quay, php di hnh, hai hnh bng nhau. Php ng dng trong
mt phng, php v t, php ng dng, hai hnh ng dng.
ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. Quan h song song
Hnh hc khng gian: ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. V tr
7
tng i gia hai ng thng trong khng gian. ng thng v mt phng 14
song song. Hai mt phng song song. Hnh lng tr v hnh hp. Php chiu
song song. Hnh biu din ca hnh khng gian.
Vect trong khng gian. Quan h vung gc trong khng gian
Vect v php ton vect trong khng gian. Hai ng thng vung gc.
ng thng vung gc vi mt phng. Php chiu vung gc. nh l ba
ng vung gc. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng. Gc gia hai mt
phng. Hai mt phng vung gc. Khong cch (t mt im n mt ng
8
15
thng, n mt mt phng, gia ng thng v mt phng song song, gia
hai mt phng song song, gia hai ng thng cho nhau. Hnh lng tr
ng, hnh hp ch nht, hnh lp phng. Hnh chp, hnh chp u v hnh
chp ct u.
Lp 12
C nm 123 tit
i s v Gii tch 78 tit
32
Hnh hc 45 tit
Ghi ch
i s 90 tit
(trong c 7
tit n tp, KT
v tr bi)
Hnh hc 50 tit
(trong c 7
tit n tp, KT
v tr bi)

TT
5
6
7
48 tit
30 tit
24 tit
21 tit
Ni dung
ng dng o hm kho st v v th ca hm s
S ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s. Cc tr ca hm s. Gi tr ln
nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s. ng tim cn ng, ng tim
cn ngang ca th hm s. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm
s
Hm s lu tha, hm s m v hm s lgarit
Lu tha. Hm s lu tha. Lgarit. Hm s m. Hm s lgarit. Phng
trnh m v phng trnh lgarit. Bt phng trnh m v lgarit
Nguyn hm, Tch phn v ng dng
Nguyn hm. Tch phn. ng dng ca tch phn trong hnh hc.
S phc
S phc. Cng, tr v nhn s phc. Php chia s phc. Phng trnh
bc hai vi h s thc
Khi a din
Khi nim v khi a din. Khi a din li v khi a din u. Khi
nim v th tch ca khi a din
Mt nn, mt tr, mt cu
Khi nim v mt trn xoay. Mt cu
PP to trong khng gian
H to trong khng gian. Phng trnh mt phng. Phng trnh ng
thng trong khng gian.
S tit
Ghi ch
20
17
16
i s 78 tit
(trong c 16
tit n tp, KT,
tr bi v tng
n thi tt nghip)
11
10
18
Hnh hc 45 tit
(trong c 6
tit n tp, KT,
tr bi v tng
n thi tt nghip)
Lp 12 nng cao
C nm 140 tit
i s 90 tit
Hnh hc 50 tit
46 tit
26 tit
44 tit
24 tit
TT
Ni dung
S tit
ng dng o hm kho st v v th ca hm s
Tnh n iu ca hm s. Cc tr ca hm s. Gi tr ln nht v gi tr
nh nht ca hm s. th ca hm s. Php tnh tin h to .
1
23
ng tim cn ca th hm s. Kho st s bin thin v v th
ca mt s hm a thc. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca mt s
hm phn thc hu t. Mt s bi ton thng gp v th.
Hm s lu tha, hm s m v hm s lgarit
Lu tha vi s m hu t. Lu tha vi s m thc. Lgarit. S e v
2
lgarit t nhin. Hm s m v hm s lgarit. Hm s lu tha.
23
Phng trnh m v lgarit. H phng trnh m v lgarit. Bt phng
trnh m v lgarit.
Nguyn hm, Tch phn v ng dng
Nguyn hm. Mt s PP tm nguyn hm. Tch phn. Mt s PP tnh tch
3
18
phn. ng dng tch phn tnh din tch hnh phng. ng dng tch
phn tnh th tch vt th
S phc
4
S phc. Cn bc hai ca s phc v phng trnh bc hai. Dng lng
14
gic ca s phc v ng dng.
5
Khi a din
14
Khi nim v khi a din. Php i xng qua mt phng v s bng
nhau ca cc khi a din. Php v t v s ng dng ca cc khi a
din. Cc khi a din u. Th tch ca khi a din
33
Ghi ch
Gii tch
90 tit
(trong c 12
tit n tp, KT,
tr bi v tng
n thi tt nghip)
Hnh hc
50 tit
(trong c 6
tit n tp, KT,
TT
6
Ni dung
Mt nn, mt tr, mt cu
Mt cu, Khi cu. Khi nim v mt trn xoay. Mt tr. Hnh tr. Khi
tr. Mt nn. Hnh nn. Khi nn
H to trong khng gian. Phng trnh mt phng. Phng trnh ng
thng.
S tit
Ghi ch
11
tr bi v tng
n thi tt nghip)
19
CT T CHN NNG CAO I VI CT CHUN
1. Mc tiu
a) Kin thc: Lm cho HS nm vng hn chun KT-KN ca CT chun v trn c s tip cn
chun KT-KN ca CT nng cao.
b) K nng: Tng cng rn luyn k nng gii ton. Thng qua vic rn luyn , HS c cng c
mt s kin thc hc trong CT chun v tm hiu mt s kin thc mi trong CT nng cao.
c) Thi : Lm cho HS t tin, hng th, kin tr, sng to trong hc tp mn Ton.
2. Mt s im cn lu :
Cn bm st CT v SGK nng cao hoc ti liu ch t chn nng cao, cho HS gii mt s bi tp
trong SGK ny HS phn u tip cn CT nng cao.
Do s gi dnh cho t chn nng cao ny qu t nn khng t ra yu cu HS t ngay mc
tng ng CT nng WHY
cao.
WHAT
Khng nn qu cng nhc trong phn phi thi gian cho cc chChun
t chn. Ty tnh hnh c th
Ti sao
l g?
m b tr b sung thm
phiphn tng kt hay nhn mnh mt s ch khc.
Cu
thc
Nu GV c ng
thi dy theo CT chun v dy ch t chn
nng cao th s s linh hot hn
trc,
hin?
trong vic phn phi thi gian cho cc ch t chn.
ni
dung?
3. Danh mc cc ch
Lp
10
11
12
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
Tn ch
Hm s v th
Chng minh bt ng thc
Phng trnh v h phng trnh
Bt phng trnh
Bng s liu thng k v cc s c trng
Cng thc lng gic
Vect v cc php tnh vect
Gii tam gic
HOW
PP
to trong mt phng
Phng trnh lng gic
T hp, xc sut
Thc
Gii hn. o hm
CHUN KT-KN
hin
Php
di
hnh
v
php
ng dng trong mt
nh th
phng
no?
Quan h song song trong khng gian
Quan h vung gc trong khng gian
Mt s bi ton v th hm s
Hm s m, hm s lgarit
Nguyn hm, tch phn v ng dng
Th tch khi a din,khi cu, khi tr, khi nn.
S tit
3
2
5
4
4
4
4
4
5 WHERE
3
4 u
4 ra?
2
2
3
4
4
3
3
4
2. T chc dy hc theo chun kin thc k nng ca mn hc

WHO
WHEN
2.1. Quan h gia Chun
KT-KN, SGK v CT GDPT
Ban hnh
Phiu hc tp 1. V Chun KT-KN
(Lc phi hp Ai
haithc
k thut 5W-1H v bn t duy)
hin?
Ai kim
tra?
34
khi no?
Thi
im
thc
hin, sa
i?
Ghi ch
Mi ch : la chn ni dung
trong SGK NC hoc ti liu ch
t chn nng cao do B GDT ban
hnh
hnh
hnh
Cu hi 4: Hy nu nhng im m bn thy cn lm r v: tng, tnh php qui, cu trc, hu

ch, kh thi, im vnh vi CT, SGK?
Bn c th tr li theo gi sau: phn tch nguyn nhn; tng hp t nhng hiu bit v thun li, kh
khn, gii php ch o thc hn, nhng kinh nghim thc t ca bn thn lm r l do, ngha,
quan h, yu cu...nghin cu hc tp thc hin Chun; Bn cng chi tit ha ni dung tng nhnh
trong lc th am hiu v Chun cng su rng hn v ni dung ghi lc cng tr mt, khi
bn thy hng khi, tch cc nghin cu, hc hi Chun v k thut hc ny...
Cu hi 5: Bn ng tnh, phn i hay c kin khc v cc vn sau:
- Dy v hc theo Chun KT-KN to ra s thng nht v mc tiu v kt qu gia qu trnh dy ca
GV, qu trnh hc ca HS v qu trnh qun l, thi c v G kt qu hc tp ca HS. GV bit c ci
ch ti thiu v KT-KN m mnh cn trang b cho HS, HS bit c ci ch cui cng mnh cn hc
tp v rn luyn t ti, c quan qun l c cn c ra thi, KT, G ph hp vi vic dy v
hc.
35
- Dy hc bm st chun ti thiu khng c ngha l ct xn, lc b kin thc trong CT. Gia cc i
tng HS khc nhau ch p dng ni dung dy hc khc nhau v mc . V th khng lo vic b st
kin thc khi i thi.
- Trong qu trnh dy hc v n tp theo CT GDPT cp THPT v chun KT-KN do B GD-T quy
nh, ngoi SGK, GV v HS c th s dng cc ti liu tham kho ph hp. Tuy nhin, B GD-T
khng c ch trng yu cu bt buc GV v HS phi s dng ti liu tham kho c th no. GV, HS
v gia nh hon ton c quyn t la chn ti liu ph hp gip cho vic n tp thi tt nghip
thun li.
- Ti liu dy hc theo Chun KT-KN khng phi l vic ct xn bt ni dung CT, SGK m l hng
dn cch chn lc kin thc no SGK dy HS theo nhng mc tng ng vi kh nng
tip thu ca tng i tng HS. V d, cng mt ni dung kin thc, nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi
HS trung bnh ch cn thng hiu, cn HS kh hn s c rn luyn k nng vn dng hay sng
to...
Ci m ngi thy cn hng n khng phi cung cp cho HS nhng ni dung vit trong sch mt
cch my mc m ch s dng SGK nh l PT t c mc tiu dy hc nhng mc khc
nhau m c bn l dy HS cch hc.
Do nhiu GV lng tng vi cch dy theo chun KT-KN v ch quen dy ht ni dung SGK nn
chng ta mi ban hnh hng dn c th, trong nu rt c th bn mc trong cng mt ni dung
kin thc, tng ng vi cc i tng HS.
- B GD-T ban hnh b ti liu Dy hc theo Chun KT-KN i vi c bc gio dc tiu hc v
trung hc. Trong c vic GV khng cn dy ht nhng g trong SGK, tc l GV c th thot ly
SGK.
HS trung bnh t yu cu trong nhng k thi nhm KT vic hon thnh CT hc ca HS (thi tt
nghip THPT) phi t yu cu chun ti thiu trong qu trnh hc tp. HS mun t kt qu trong cc
k thi mang tnh phn loi, chn lc cn phi t yu cu cc mc cao hn (phn tch, tng hp,
vn dng kin thc, ...).
- thi trc v nay vn c ra theo ni dung nm trong CT ph thng. Nhng HS ch cn hc, n
thi hon thnh CT ph thng th ch cn t mc ti thiu, c th coi l mc sn v KT-KN. Cn
nhng HS cn tham gia nhng k thi mang tnh cnh tranh s phi ln lt t n mc cao hn,
nhng khng c ngha phi hc thm ni dung mi, hc vt ra ngoi CT m khai thc su hn, m
rng hn.
thi tt nghip, thi u cp, hay thi tuyn sinh i hc u phi m bo nguyn tc cn c vo
chun KT-KN, nhng cng mt ni dung, ty mc tiu ca mi k thi s c cch hi khc nhau, k
c trong mt thi cng c nhng cu hi KT cc mc : thng hiu, vn dng, sng to...
- Cu trc thi nm 2010 ch c nhng iu chnh lin quan n quy nh i vi HS (chn mt
trong hai phn ring), nhng khng nh hng g n phm vi, cch thc ra thi cng nh vic n
tp ca HS. thi ra trn c s Chun KT-KN nn HS hc CT no (chun hoc nng cao) nn bm
st yu cu v Chun KT-KN ca CT , trong ch trng nhng phn giao thoa gia hai CT.
2.2. S dng Chun KT-KN xc nh mc tiu tit dy

V d minh ha
Bi: QUAN H GIA TNH N IU CA MT HM S V DU CA O HM CP
MT CA HM S
Chun KT-KN cn t
V kin thc:
Bit tnh n iu ca hm s.
36
Bit mi lin h gia s ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s v du o hm cp mt ca

n.
V k nng:
Bit cch xt s ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s trn mt khong da vo du o hm
cp mt ca n.
Bi: HM S LU THA
Chun KT-KN cn t
V kin thc:
Bit cc khi nim: lu tha vi s m nguyn ca s thc, lu tha vi s m hu t v lu
tha vi s m thc ca s thc dng.
Bit cc tnh cht ca lu tha vi s m nguyn, lu tha vi s m hu t v lu tha vi s
m thc.
V k nng:
Bit dng cc tnh cht ca lu tha n gin biu thc, so snh nhng biu thc c cha lu
tha.
Bi: CC PHP TON V S PHC
Chun KT-KN cn t
V kin thc:
-Bit cc php ton cng, tr, nhn hai s phc dng i s
V k nng:
Bit thc hin cc php ton cng, tr, nhn hai s phc dng i s da theo quy tc cng,
tr, nhn hai a thc (coi i l bin, ch i2 = 1) v c tnh cht nh php ton s thc.
Bit thc hin php chia hai s phc da vo php nhn vi s phc lin hp
Bi: KHI NIM V KHI A DIN
Chun KT-KN cn t
V kin thc:
Bit khi nim khi lng tr, khi chp, khi chp ct, khi a din.
Bit khi nim v hnh a din v khi a din
Bit khi nim hai khi a din bng nhau
V k nng
Nhn bit c hai a din bng nhau nh thy c mt php di hnh bin hnh ny thnh
hnh kia.
Bi: H TA TRONG KHNG GIAN
Chun KT-KN cn t
V kin thc:
Bit cc khi nim h to trong khng gian, to ca mt vect, to ca im, biu
thc to ca cc php ton vect, khong cch gia hai im.
Bit khi nim tch vect (tch c hng ca hai vect).
Bit phng trnh mt cu.
V k nng:
Tnh c to ca tng, hiu ca hai vect, tch vect vi mt s; tnh c tch v hng
ca hai vect.
Tnh c khong cch gia hai im c to cho trc.
37
Xc nh c to tm v tm c di bn knh ca mt cu c phng trnh cho trc.

Vit c phng trnh mt cu.
Tnh c tch c hng ca hai vect. Tnh c din tch hnh bnh hnh, th tch khi
hp bng cch dng tch c hng ca hai vect.
2.3. La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun KT-KN

V d minh ha
V d 1.
Ch : Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp
- Chun KT-KN cn t
Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp (Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai i vi mt hm s
lng gic; Phng trnh asinx +bcosx =c; Mt s phng trnh lng gic khc).
V kin thc: Bit c dng v cch gii phng trnh: bc nht, bc hai i vi mt hm s lng
gic; asinx+bcosx = c; phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx; phng trnh dng
a(sinx cosx) + bsinxcosx = 0; phng trnh c s dng cng thc bin i gii ( dng n
gin)
V k nng. Gii c phng trnh thuc cc dng nu trn.
- La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun
1. Phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic
. Phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic c dng: at + b = 0, trong a, b l cc hng
s (a 0) v t l mt trong cc hm s lng gic.
. Cch gii: Bin i, a phng trnh v phng trnh lng gic c bn.
2. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic
. Phng trnh asin2x + bsinx + c = 0, (a 0):
t t = sinx, t 1, a v phng trnh bc hai i vi t: at2 + bt + c = 0. Gii phng trnh tm t
ri t tm x ( lu iu kin t 1 c th loi ngay cc gi tr t khng thch hp).
. Phng trnh acos2x + bcosx + c = 0, (a 0): t t = cosx.
. Phng trnh atan2x + btanx + c = 0, (a 0): t t = tanx.
. Phng trnh acot2x + bcotx + c = 0, (a 0): t t = cotx.
3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx:
asinx + bcosx = c (1) (a 0, b 0)
PP chung gii:
. S dng cng thc bin i asinx + bcosx =
trnh lng gic c bn sin(x + ) =
. S dng cng thc tnh theo t = tan
c
a b
2
a 2 b 2 sin(x+ ), a phng trnh (1) v phng

hoc
cos(x - ) =
c
a b2
2
2t
x
1 t2
l: sinx =
,
cosx
=
, a phng trnh (1) v
2
1 t2
1 t2
phng trnh bc hai i vi t.

4. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx:
. Phng trnh asin2x + bsinxcosx + ccos2x = 0, trong a, b, c l cc hng s, vi a 0 hoc b
0 hoc c 0.
PP gii: Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho cos2x (vi iu kin cosx 0) a phng trnh v
phng trnh i vi tanx, hoc chia hai v ca phng trnh cho sin2x (vi iu kin sinx 0)
a phng trnh v phng trnh i vi cotx.
38
* Ch : i vi phng trnh asin2x + bsinxcosx + ccos2x = d, (a, b, c, d R , a2 + b2 + c2 0) ta

c th quy v gii phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx bng cch vit d di dng
d = d(sin2x + cos2x).
V d 2.
Ch : o hm ca cc hm s lng gic
- Chun KT-KN cn t
V kin thc:
- Bit c lim
x 0
sin x
1.
x
- Bit c o hm ca hm s lng gic.

V k nng:
- Bit bin i s dng lim
x 0
sin x
0
1 trong mt s gii hn c dng
n gin.
0
x
- Tnh c o hm ca mt s hm s lng gic.

. lim
x 0
sin x
1 ;
x
. (sinx) = cosx ;
. (cosx) = - sinx;
. (tanx) =
1
;
cos 2 x
. (cotx) = -
1
.
sin 2 x
V d 3.
Ch : Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song
- Chun KT-KN cn t
Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song (V tr tng i gia hai ng thng;
Hai ng thng song song).
V kin thc:
- Bit c khi nim hai ng thng: trng nhau, song song, ct nhau, cho nhau trong khng gian;
- Bit (c chng minh) nh l: Nu hai mt phng phn bit ln lt cha hai ng thng song
song m ct nhau th giao tuyn ca chng song song (hoc trng) vi mt trong hai ng .
V k nng:
- Xc nh c v tr tng i gia hai ng thng.
- Bit cch chng minh hai ng thng song song.
- Bit da nh l trn xc nh giao tuyn hai mt phng trong mt s trng hp n gin.
Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song
1. V tr tng i ca hai ng thng trong khng gian
Cho hai ng thng a v b trong khng gian.
Trng hp 1: C mt mt phng cha a v b.
Khi , xy ra mt trong ba kh nng sau :
1) a v b ct nhau ti im M, ta k hiu a b = M ;
2) a v b song song vi nhau, ta k hiu a //b hoc b // a ;
39
3) a v b trng nhau, ta k hiu a b.

Trng hp 2: khng c mt phng no cha c a v b , khi ta ni a v b cho nhau.
2. Cc nh l v tnh cht
1)Trong khng gian, qua mt im khng nm trn ng thng cho trc, c mt v ch mt ng
thng song song vi ng thng cho.
2) Nu ba mt phng phn bit i mt ct nhau theo ba giao tuyn phn bit th ba giao tuyn y
hoc ng quy hoc i mt song song vi nhau. (nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng).
3) Nu hai mt phng phn bit ln lt cha hai ng thng song song th giao tuyn ca chng
(nu c) cng song song vi hai ng thng hoc trng vi mt trong hai ng thng .
4) Hai ng thng phn bit cng song song vi ng thng th ba th song song vi nhau.
3. T chc dy hc theo chun kin thc k nng ca mn hc

1. Nghin cu SGK v ti liu tham kho xc nh kin thc minh ho cho
chun KT-KN
V d minh ha
V d 1.
Ch : Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp
1. Gii phng trnh:
5 sinx + 2cosx = 4
Gii:
Kin thc k nng vn dng:
iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c l a2 + b2 c2
x
= 0 khng l nghim phng trnh, khi bng cch t t = tg
2
x
2t
1 t2
v s dng cc cng thc lng gic sinx =
v
cosx
=
quy v phng trnh bc
2
1 t2
1 t2
x
2 vi t; gii phng trnh lng gic; loi cc gi tr ca x lm cho cos = 0.
2
Hoc c th kim tra, thy cos
C th:
- Do c a2 + b2 = 9 < c2 = 16 nn phng trnh cho v nghim
- Hoc t t = tg
x
2t
1 t2
v p dng cc cng thc sinx =
v
cosx
=
i n phng trnh
2
1 t2
1 t2
6t2 - 2 5 t + 2 = 0. Phng trnh ny nn v nghim (c = - 7 < 0), vy phng trnh cho v

nghim.
2. Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau v nghim:
a) sinx.tgx + 2cosx =
3
2
b) sin2x - cos22x =
Gii:
a) KT-KN vn dng:
Chuyn v phng trnh bc hai i vi sinx hoc cosx
C th, vi iu kin: cosx 0, ta c phng trnh:
sin2x + 2cos2x -
3 2
cos x = 0 2cos2x - 3cosx + 2 = 0.
2
40
2
3
Khi , t t = cosx, t 1, ta c phng trnh l: 2t2 - 3t + 2 = 0.

D thy phng trnh ny v nghim, suy ra phng trnh cho v nghim.
b) KT-KN vn dng:
iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c l a2 + b2 c2
C th, a phng trnh cho v dng: 6sin2x - 3cos2x = 7, khi c a = 6, b = - 3, c= 7 v a2 + b2
= 45 < c2 = 49 nn phng trnh cho v nghim.
3. Tim gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s:
y=
Gii:
cosx 2sinx
2 sinx
KT-KN vn dng:
- iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c l a2 + b2 c2
- Tp gi tr ca hm s
C th: V 2 - sinx > 0, x nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l R. Gi y0 l mt gi tr ca hm s,
khi phi tn ti x R sao cho:
y0 =
cosx 2sinx
2 sinx
hay phng trnh: cosx + ( y0 - 2 )sinx = 2y0

phi c nghim 1 + ( y0 - 2 )2 4y02
3y02 + 4y0 - 5 0
2 19 y 2 19
0
3
3
cosx sinx
tgx y0 2
- Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
y0 2
2 19
8 19
khi x = arctg
+ k
3
3
2 19
8 19
v maxy =
khi x = arctg
+ k
3
3
- Vy miny =
V d 2.
Ch : Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song
1. Cho t din S.ABC c SA = SB = SC. Gi Sx, Sy, Sz tng ng l cc tia phn gic ngoi ca cc
gc BSC,
. Hi cc ng thng Sx, Sy, Sz c cng thuc mt mt phng khng? Ti
CSA,
ASB
sao?
Gii:
KT-KN vn dng: Trong khng gian, cc ng thng cng i qua
mt im v cng song song vi mt mt phng th cng thuc mt
mt phng.
C th: T gi thit SA = SB = SC suy ra Sx // BC, Sy // AB v
Sz // AC. T , suy ra c Sx, Sy, Sz cng thuc mt mt phng
i qua im S v song song vi (ABC)
2. Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC vi cc cnh bn l AA,
BB, CC. Gi M v M ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh BC v
BC.
x
S
y
z
41
C
a) Chng minh rng AM // AM.

b) Tm giao im ca mt phng (ABC) vi ng thng AM.
c) Tm giao tuyn d ca hai mt phng (ABC) v (BAC).
d) Tm giao im G ca ng thng d vi mt phng (AMA). Chng minh rng G l trng tm ca
tam gic ABC.
A'
C'
Gii:
M'
KT-KN vn dng:
B'
- Quan h lin thuc gia cc i tng, im, ng thng,
mt phng
G
- Tnh cht song song ca hai ng thng trong mt phng
v trong khng gian
O
I
C th: T gi thit
a) c MM // BB v MM = BB nn t gic AAMM l
hnh bnh hnh. Suy ra AM // AM.
A
b) mt khc AMAM = I nn AM ( ABC) = I
C
c) gi O = AB AB th ( ABC) ( BAC) = CO, vy d
M
l CO;
B
d) gi G = CO AM th G l giao ca hai trung tuyn, nn
G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.
3. Cho hnh hp ABCD. ABCD. Qua trung im M ca cnh AA, dng mt phng () song song
vi 2 y ca hnh hp y. Gi O v O ln lt l giao im ca hai ng cho ca hai y ABCD,
ABCD. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca OD v OC.
a) Xc nh giao im K ca IJ vi mt phng ().
b) im K chia on IJ theo t s no ?
C'
D'
T
n
J
Gii:
U
O'
B'
KT-KN vn dng:
A'
- Quan h lin thuc gia cc i tng, im, ng
Q
thng, mt phng
F P
E
- Tnh cht song song ca hai ng thng trong mt phng
K
v trong khng gian
M
N
- Tnh cht ca ng thng song song vi mt phng
C
- Tnh cht ca hai mt phng song song
S
m
R D
- nh l Talet trong khng gian
I
C th: T gi thit
O
A
B
a) Gi m v n tng ng l cc ng thng i qua I v J
ng thi song song vi CD. Gi R v S tng ng l giao
im ca m vi BD, AC. Gi T v U tng ng l giao im ca n vi AC, BD. Gi E v F tng
ng l giao im ca ST v RU vi MQ v NP. Gi ( ) l mt phng xc nh bi hai ng thng m
v n, khi n cha ng thng IJ v song song vi (ABBA), do n ct () theo giao tuyn EF.
Khi , EF IJ = K l im cn dng.
b) p dng nh l Talet cho 3 mt phng (), (ABCD), (ABCD) v 2 ct tuyn AA, IJ ta c:
A 'M JK
1
MA KI
4. Cho 2 na ng thng cho nhau l Ax v By. Hai im M, N tng ng di ng trn Ax v By.
a) Hy ch ra mt mt phng (P) cha By v song song vi Ax. ng thng k t M song song vi
AB ct mt phng (P) ti E. Tm tp hp im E.
b) Khi M v N di ng sao cho AM = BN, chng minh rng ng thng MN lun song song vi mt
mt phng c nh.
42
Gii:
x
KT-KN vn dng:
M
- Quan h lin thuc gia cc i tng, im,
ng thng, mt phng
- Tnh cht song song ca hai ng thng trong A
t'
mt phng v trong khng gian
- Tnh cht ca ng thng song song vi mt
phng
z
- Tnh cht ca hai mt phng song song
C th: T gi thit
E
a) Dng Bz//Ax Ax//(By,Bz), khi (P)
chnh l mt phng (By,Bz).
t
B
Gi (Q) l mt phng (Ax, Bz).
V ME // AB (E Bz) E thuc giao tuyn
N
ca (P) v (Q) l Bz.
Khi M A th E B nn tp hp cc im E l
tia Bz.
y
b) AM = BN v AM = BE nn BNE cn,
nh B.
Dng cc ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca gc B tng ng l Bt v Bt th Bt cs nh v phi c
Bt Bt. Mt khc NE Bt nn suy ra c Bt // NE. Gi R l mt phng ( AB, Bt) th (R) c nh.
Do ME // AB ME // (R), NE // (R) nn (MNE) // (R) MN // (R) c nh.
2. Vn dng chun KT-KN v k thut dy hc tch cc xy dng cc hot

ng hc tp
Phiu hc tp 2. S dng bn t duy v PP pht hin v gii quyt vn trong t chc dy
v hot ng ton
Minh ha hng dn HS pht hin v chim lnh PP gii bi ton
Gio vin tng hp, thay,
sa, b sung gi thit kt
lun, lp bi ton mi
Bi tp c
bn
Cc dng bi
tp
Hc sinh phn tnh , t pht

hin phng php, qui v bi
ton bit cch gii
Bn t duy tm tt cc dng ton v PT mt cu

c PT
Cho mt PT, xt xem PT cho c l PT ca mt mt cu khng?

Nu c th xc nh ta tm v bn knh ca mt cu .
Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta tm v di bn
knh ca n
43
Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta tm v i qua mt

im c ta cho trc
Cc bi
ton v
PT
mt cu
Vit PT mt
cu
Vit PT mt
cu khi gi
thit cho cc
yu t c
th xc nh
c tm v
bn knh
ca n
Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta 2 u mt ca mt

ng knh ca n
Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta tm v tip xc
vi mt mt phng ta
Vit PT mt cu khi bit tm thuc mt trong cc
trc ta v i qua hai im c ta cho trc
Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta tm v ct mt
phng ta theo mt ng trn c ng knh
cho.
Vit phng trnh mt cu i qua 4 im khng
ng phng c ta cho trc.
v.v...
Minh ha vic luyn tp gii cc dng ton thc hin theo hng pht hin v gii quyt vn :
Bi ton: Trong khng gian to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt cu tng ng vi mi trng hp
sau:
a) i qua ba im A(0; 8; 0), B(4; 6; 2), C(0; 12; 4) v c tm nm trn mp(Oyz).
b) C bn knh bng 2, tip xc vi mt phng (Oyz) v c tm nm trn tia Ox.
c) C tm I(1; 2; 3) v tip xc vi mp(Oyz).
Hng dn gii:
1- Hiu bi ton: (HD HS pht hin)
a) Tm I ca mt cu nm trn mp(Oyz) Tm I c thnh phn ta x = 0; Mt cu qua 3 im
A,B,C IA = IB = IC.
b) Mt cu c tm nm trn Ox v tip xc mp(Oyz) Mt cu i qua im O(0; 0; 0); C R = 2
Ta tm I(2; 0; 0)
c) Mt cu tm I(1; 2; 3) tip xc mp(Oyz) R = 1
2 Tm hng gii bi ton:
Sau khi tm c tm v bn knh, vit phng trnh dng 1
a) Tm I thuc mp (Oyz) nn I = (0; b; c). T IA = IB = IC suy ra:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
IA IB
8 b c 4 6 b 2 c
b7
2
2
2
2
2
2
IA IC
8 b c 12 b 4 c
b) V tm I thuc tia Ox v mt cu tip xc vi mp( Oyz) nn im tip xc phi l O suy ra bn
knh mt cu l R = IO = 2, v I =(2; 0; 0).
c) Do mt cu c tm I( 1; 2; 3) v tip xc vi mp (Oyz) nn R = 1.
3 Trnh by li gii
a) Tm I ca mt cu nm trn mp (Oyz) nn I = (0 ; b; c). Ta tm iu kin ca b v c IA = IB = IC
hay :
2
2
2
2
2
IA2 IB 2 8 b c 4 6 b 2 c
b 7 v c = 5
2
2
2
2
2
2
IA IC
8 b c 12 b 4 c
Vy I = (0 ; 7; 5). Khi R = IA = 0 2 7 2 52 74 .
Mt cu c phng trnh :
x2 + (y -7)2 + (z -5)2 = 74.
b) V tm I ca mt cu nm trn tia Ox v mt cu tip xc vi mp(Oyz) nn im tip xc phi l O v
do bn knh mt cu l R = IO = 2, v I =(2; 0; 0). Mt cu c phng trnh : (x -2)2 + y2 + z2 = 4
c) Do mt cu c tm I(1; 2; 3) v tip xc vi mp (Oyz) nn R = 1. Mt cu c phng trnh :
44
(x -1)2 + (y -2)2 + (z -3)2 = 1.

4 Kt lun, G
- y l mt dng ton lp phng trnh mt cu m ta khng tm ngay c tm hoc bn knh, phi
vn dng cc kin thc v khong cch, v tr ca im v ta tng ng, tc l c s chuyn ha
ngn ng hnh hc qua ngn ng ta v sau l i s ha lp phng trnh biu din mt cu.
- Ta cng c cch gii tng t khi thay mp(Oyz) v tia Ox bi mp(Oxy) v tia Oz...
3. Phn tch mt s gio n minh ho

LP K HOCH DY HC
Ni dung
1. Mc tiu
2. Cu trc ni dng
3. Kch bn trin khai
4. PP,PT dy hc
5. Hc liu
6. K hoch G
7. Mi trng hc tp
8. Vit gio n
LM TH NO CHUN B BI DY THT HIU QU?

Cu hi tho lun
Yu cu ca bi v KT-KN, thi l g?
Lm th no xc nh c nhng yu cu ny?
Ni dung no l ct li, c bn v b tr?
Ni dung ca bi ny vi bi trc v bi k tip sau c quan h nh th no?
Lm th no to c hi m rng kin thc ?
Cc hot ng chnh trong gi hc l g?
Ti sao li chn nhng hot ng ny?
Bn ng vai tr g trong cc hot ng ?
Lm th no p ng cc nhu cu v nng lc khc nhau ca ngi hc?
Lm th no thc hin s cng bng trong tip cn ni dung?
Lm th no to c hi hc tp cho ngi hc?
Thi gian dnh cho tng hot ng bao nhiu l ?
Nhng PT no s c dng ch yu?
Nhng kh khn no c th xut hin khi s dng cc PT ny?
Nhng PT ny h tr ngi hc n mc no?
Lm th no chun b tt cc PT ny?
Nhng hc liu no s c huy ng?
V sao cc hc liu ny c la chn s dng?
Lm th no cc hc liu ny h tr hc tp n mc ti a?
Cc hc liu ny c s dng trong nhng thi im no?
45
Lm th no G mc hiu bi ca ngi hc (trc-trong-sau)?

G c tch hp nh th no trong qu trnh dy hc bi ny?
Lm th no thu thp thng tin phn hi t G?
tng G ci tin sau gi dy c th hin nh th no?
Lm th no ngi hc cm thy thoi mi (vt cht-tinh thn)?
Lm th no to mi trng hc tp khuyn khch v cnh tranh?
Lm th no to ra mt mi trng hc tp khng truyn thng?
Thc cht gio n l g?
C bao nhiu kiu gio n?
Gio n gm nhng thnh phn no v cn c th hin ra sao?
KHUNG THIT K BI SON MN TON

I. NHNG VN CHUNG
V thc t, hot ng hc ton ca HS ph thng ch yu l hot ng gii bi tp, thng qua cc
hot ng c th nh: c hiu, quan st, v hnh, tr li cu hi; thc hin php tnh, tm gi tr biu
thc; gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh; tm chnh hp, t hp chp k ca n phn t; tnh xc
sut, o hm (bng tay hoc my tnh cm tay); suy lun chng minh... Cc hot ng a dng ny
tng thi im ca bi hc c th l: n li kin thc c; hot ng to ng c, t vn cho vic
a ra kin thc mi lm cho HS nhn thc vai tr ngha tm quan trng v s cn thit ca kin
thc sp c hc; hot ng khm ph kin thc mi, kch hot vic nh v vn dng kin thc c
hoc xt thm cc trng hp ring hay p dng trc tip cc cng thc tm c trong phn l
thuyt; hot ng cng c v vn dng; hot ng ghi nhn kin thc mi qua chng minh v.v...
Do khi thit k bi hc, cn thc hin:
+ Chuyn cc mc tiu hc tp KT-KN m Chun ra thnh cc cu hi, bi tp nhn thc
hoc cc cu hi, bi tp rn luyn k nng, HS t gii, nhm to nn ng thi hc tp ch ng
v tch cc, bit t hc; coi trng vic dy HS PP hc tp, chng hn: cch s dng SGK, ti liu tham
kho; k nng t hc v kin thc v PP ton hc. Tng cng qui np hnh thnh khi nim, qui tc
hay PP; chuyn ho t bi ton HS t gii thnh nh l trong tin trnh xy dng kin thc nhm dn
dt HS ch ng hc tp tch cc.
+ Phi hp hc tp c nhn vi hc tp hp tc trong nhm nh (t 4 n 6 HS)
+ Kt hp G ca GV vi G ca HS
S dng cc PP vn p tm ti, t v gii quyt vn , tho lun nhm c nhiu u
th trong vic pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng, sng to ca HS; rn luyn cho hc sinh kh nng t
hc v pht trin nng lc tr tu. Ch trng khai thc cc yu t tch cc ca cc PPDH truyn thng
v phi hp hi ho cc PP theo nguyn tc: HS t mnh hon thnh nhim v nhn thc di s t
chc hng dn ca GV.
Trong dy hc mn Ton trng ph thng ta thng gp cc tnh hung in hnh, nh: dy
hc khi nim; dy hc nh l (tnh cht,...); dy hc bi tp (luyn tp thc hnh); dy hc n tp
chng (hc k,...) v KT (chng, hc k,..). Trong , 4 loi bi u thng c cu trc l: Mc
tiu bi hc, chun b ca GV v HS, gi v PPDH, tin trnh bi hc; d kin KT, G v hng
dn bi tp.
Mi phn c ni dung v ngha nh sau:
+ Mc tiu bi hc: ch r cc yu cu hc tp cn t (v KT-KN, t duy v thi ) sau mi bi
hc, sau mi ni dung hc, .. sao cho t c Chun v ph hp i tng v vng min.
46
+ Chun b ca GV v HS: ch r mt s PT, TB ch yu c trng cho gi hc, bi hc, nh:

m hnh, hnh v, bng (bng tng kt, bng s liu, ...), biu, bng ph, phiu hc tp, thc k, my
tnh cm tay, giy trong v.v...Ch rng: Hnh v, bng, biu dng minh ho hoc cung cp t
liu,... Bng ph: dng vit bi tp c lp cn theo di hoc tham gia, hoc lu kt qu trung gian tm
c cn dng trong tit hc, hoc HS dng gii bi tp,... Phiu hc tp: dng giao nhim v
hc tp pht hin kin thc, rn luyn k nng cho c nhn hoc nhm HS,... ng thi dng G
kt qu thng qua sn phm m HS hin th trn phiu.
+ Chn la PP: Cn c ni dung, i tng, thi lng, PT, TB dy hc,... la chn v xut
PPDH, cch t chc cc hot ng, cch trnh by ni dung,... sao cho m bo tt nht mc tiu bi
hc ra
+ Tin trnh bi hc: c thit k v thc hin thng qua vic t chc cc hot ng hc tp
ca HS v h thng cc hot ng dy hc (gm KT, n tp KT-KN c; dy hc kin thc mi; hoc
luyn tp, cng c bi hc,...). Mi hot ng vi ni dung KT hay dy hc kin thc mi ... thng
th hin hai loi cng vic an xen, k tip nhau: l mt loi cng vic c thc hin bi HS
di s hng dn ca GV (c hiu, quan st, v hnh, tnh ton, chng minh, gii phng trnh, h
phng trnh v.v...) v mt loi cng vic tng ng i km ca GV (nhn xt G kt qu thc hin
ca HS, cch t chc cho HS hot ng, nhng gi gii bi tp, hay gi chng minh, tm tt li
gii; Hon chnh b sung, h thng ho kin thc; nhng ch , nhn xt.
+ D kin KT, G: Nhm tm kim thng tin phn hi sau mi ni dung hc tp, sau mi thi
im hc tp. Nn t trng tm vo ba thi im: KT u gi; KT gia gi, sau mi ni dung dy
hc v KT cui gi hc, cui bi hc. Nn phi hp hnh thc t lun vi TNKQ. Nn phi hp vic
G ca thy vi G ca tr, ca tp th tin ti gip HS bit G v t G.
+ Hng dn bi tp v nh chun b cho bi hc tip theo: Nu bi tp v nhim v HS phi
lm nh. Gm mt s gi , nh: cu tr li, p s, hng dn cch gii, nhng chun b cho vic
hng dn cui gi ch dn HS hc nh.
II. KHUNG THIT K BI HC THEO TINH THN I MI
Chun b lp k hoch bi hc
1) Phn tch CT SGK
2) Chun b PT, thit b, dng dy hc tng thch vi ni dung bi hc.
3) Tm hiu thc t
4) D kin PPDH
Xy dng k hoch bi hc
1) Xc nh v lm r mc tiu ca bi hc
2) Chun b ca GV v HS:
3) Thit k cc H dy hc
4) Xc nh tin trnh bi ging
5) D kin KT, G
Trnh by k hoch bi hc
C th trnh by theo hng ngang hay ct hay bng, ....
Tin trnh bi hc theo nh hng i mi
1) M u.
2) T chc tip cn cc ti liu hc tp
3) T chc cho HS H, t gii quyt vn
4) T chc cho HS trnh by kt qa hc tp
5) Kt lun vn
47
III. GII THIU KHUNG BI SON

GV c th tham kho cch trnh by bi hc di y
Bi: ..
S tit: ..
I. Mc tiu
Qua bi hc HS cn:
1. V kin thc:
- Hiu c.....
- Hiu c....
2. V k nng:
- Bit cch ....
- Nhn bit c ....
3. V t duy v thi :
- Hiu c ....
- Bit a nhng KT-KN mi v KT-KN quen thuc ....
- Bit nhn xt v G bi lm ca bn cng nh t G kt qu hc tp.....
- Ch ng pht hin, chim lnh tri thc mi. C tinh thn hp tc trong hc tp.....
II. Chun b ca GV v HS
1. Chun b ca GV: Ngoi gio n, phn, bng cn (nu c v ph hp)
- Phiu hc tp,
- Cc slides trnh chiu,
- Bng ph,...
- Computer v Projector; my chiu Overhead.
- .....
2. Chun b ca HS: Ngoi dng hc tp nh SGK, bt,... cn c
- Kin thc c v ...
- Giy trong v bt vit trn giy trong khi trnh by kt qa hot ng
- .....
III. PPDH
Vn dng linh hot cc PPDH nhm gip HS ch ng, tch cc trong pht hin, chim lnh tri
thc, nh: trnh din, thuyt trnh, ging gii, gi m vn p, nu vn ,... Trong PP chnh
c s dng l .
IV. Tin trnh bi hc
1. n nh t chc.
KT s s, KT s chun b ca HS cho bi hc (sch, v, dng c, tm th)
2. KT bi c
- Cu hi 1: .....
- Cu hi 2: ....
3. Bi mi
PHN 1. ...
HTP 1: Tip cn (khi nim. nh l,)
Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
HTP 2: Hnh thnh (khi nim. nh l,)

Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
48
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
HTP 3: Cng c (khi nim. nh l,)

Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
HTP 4: H thng ha
Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
PHN 2. ...
HTP 1: Hiu bi ton
Hot ng ca HS
HTP 2: Xy dng chng trnh gii

Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
HTP 3: Thc hin chng trnh gii

Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
HTP 4: Nghin cu kt qu bi ton

Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng ca GV
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
.
4. Cng c ton bi
- Hot ng ngn ng: yu cu HS nhc li nhng ni dung chnh hc
- Cng c khc su qua cu hi, bi tp (tng thch mc t ra trong mc tiu)
5. Hng dn hc bi nh v ra bi tp v nh
- Hng dn cch hc, t hc bi. Nhc nh nhng HS cha t yu cu bi hc cch khc phc,
vn ln
- Ra bi tp v nh. Hng dn cch vn dng tri thc c hc gii
6. Ph lc
a. Phiu hc tp:
Phiu hc tp 1: Bi tp 1.
.....
49
......
Phiu hc tp 3:
Mi bi tp di y u c 4 phng n la chn l A, B, C v D, trong ch c mt phng
n ng. Hy ch ra phng n m em ch l ng tng ng vi mi bi.
Bi tp 1: .....
A);
B);
C) ;
D)
Bi tp 2: ......
A) ;
B) ;
C) ;
D)
b. Bng ph: ..
GII THIU MT S BI SON
BI: S NG BIN, NGHCH BIN CA HM S
S tit: 2
I. Mc tiu
Qua bi hc HS cn:
1. V kin thc
- Bit c lin h gia tnh ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s vi du o hm cp mt ca
n.
- Bit quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
2. V k nng
Xt c s ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s trn mt khong da vo du o hm cp
mt ca n.
3. V t duy v thi
- Pht trin kh nng t duy lgic, i thoi, sng to
- Bit a nhng KT-KN mi v KT-KN quen thuc
- Bit nhn xt v G bi lm ca bn cng nh t G kt qu hc tp
- Ch ng pht hin, chim lnh tri thc mi. C tinh thn hp tc trong hc tp.
II. Chun b ca GV v HS
1. Chun b ca GV
Ngoi gio n, phn, bng cn c:
- Phiu hc tp,
- Cc slides trnh chiu,
- Bng ph,
- Computer v Projector; my chiu Overhead.
2. Chun b ca HS: Ngoi dng hc tp nh SGK, bt,... cn c
- Kin thc c v hm s, o hm.
- Bng ph, giy v bt vit trn giy trong
III. PPDH
thc, trong PP chnh c s dng l hot ng nhm, m thoi, nu vn v gii quyt vn .
IV. Tin trnh bi hc
1. Bi mi
t vn : Cui lp 11 chng ta c hc v o hm ca hm s, l kin thc c nhiu ng
50
dng quan trng, gip chng ta cng c kho st v v th ca hm s. Trong bi ny chng ta tm hiu
ng dng ca o hm vo vic xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
Phn I: Tnh n iu ca hm s
1. Nhc li kin thc v hm s n iu:
Hot ng 1: Hiu v cc khong ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s
Hot ng
Hot ng ca HS
ca GV
- Chiu - Quan st hnh 1 v hnh 2.
th ca hai
- Tr li cu hi 1.
hm s nh
hnh 1 v
hnh 2.
- Nu cu
hi 1.
- Gi HS tr
li.
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu

Cu hi 1: T th hnh 1 v hnh 2 hy ch ra
cc khong ng bin v nghch bin ca cc hm
s tng ng?
y
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
x
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Hnh 1
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5

-1
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-2
-3
-4
-5
Hnh 2.
Hot ng 2: Hiu v nh ngha hm s n iu
Hot ng ca GV
- Pht phiu hc tp s 1.
- Yu cu HS in kt qu
vo phiu.
- Chiu p n, cho HS t
G mc nh kin thc
hc ca mnh.
Hot ng ca HS
- in kt qu vo phiu
hc tp.
- i chiu vi p n ca
GV a ra.
- Trao i phiu hc tp vi
bn ngi bn cnh G
kt qu.
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu

Phiu hc tp s 1:
nh ngha: SGK tr.4.
Nhn xt: SGK tr.5.
Hot ng 3: Bit mi lin h gia tnh n iu v du ca o hm

Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- Chia lp thnh cc nhm

nh, mi nhm thc hin
mt ni dung a hoc b
trong hot ng 2 SGK
tr.5.
- Yu cu HS s dng
giy trong trnh by kt
qu.
- Nhn mnh cu hi: T
- Thc hin yu cu ca
GV theo nhm ri trnh
by kt qu
- Hiu c:
Nu f(x) > 0 trong
khong no th hm s
ng bin trn khong .
Nu f(x) < 0 trong
51
Ghi bng Trnh chiu

- Ni dung hot ng 2 - SGK Tr. 5+6.
kt qu cc em va tm
ra, hy nu nhn xt v
mi quan h gia s ng
bin, nghch bin ca
hm s v du ca o
hm?
- Gi m HS pht hin
c ni dung nh l
trong SGK Tr.6.
- Yu cu mt HS c ni
dung nh l trong SGK
Tr.6.
khong no th hm s
nghch bin trn khong
.
- c ni dung nh l
trong SGK Tr.6.
nh l: SGK tr.6
Hot ng 4: Cng c - Luyn tp

Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- Chiu ni dung v d 1,
phn a. SGK Tr.6.
- Pht vn, gi m, - Suy ngh theo gi
dn dt HS, pht hin li ca GV pht hin, xy
gii.
dng li gii.
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu

- V d 1: Tm cc khong n iu ca
hm s:
a) y = 2x4 + 1;
Li gii:
a) TX: D = R
Ta c: y = 8x3. Bng bin thin:
x -
0
+
y'
- 0
+
y +
+
1
Vy hm s cho nghch bin trn
khong (-; 0), ng bin trn khong (0;
+).
Hot ng 5: Khc su kin thc

Hot ng ca GV
- Nu ni dung ca hot
ng 3 trong SGK Tr. 7.
- Gi xt hm s y = x3
c c kt lun.
- i ti ch trong SGK Tr.
7.
Hot ng ca HS
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
- Xt hm s y = x3 v
hiu c
Nu khng b sung gi
thit th mnh ngc li
khng ng.
Ch : SGK Tr.7.
Phn II: Quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s

Hot ng 6: Hnh thnh quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s da vo du ca o hm
Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
52
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
*) t vn : Chng ta
cng nhau xy dng quy
tc xt tnh n iu
ca mt hm s.
- a ra cu hi: Thng
qua nh l va hc v v
d 1, em hy nu cc bc
tin hnh xt tnh n
iu ca mt hm s da
vo du ca o hm ca
n?
- Pht vn HS v ghi kt
lun ln bng hoc chiu
ln bng.
- Pht biu kt lun ca

mnh.
*) Quy tc:
1. Tm tp xc nh. Tnh f(x).
2. Tm cc im ti f(x) = 0 hoc
f(x) khng xc nh.
3. Sp xp cc im theo th t
tng dn v lp bng bin thin.
4. Nu kt lun v cc khong ng
bin, nghch bin ca hm s.
Hot ng 7: Luyn tp - cng c

Hot ng ca GV
- a ra bi tp s 1, chia
lp thnh ba nhm, mi
nhm lm mt vo bng
ph, trong thi gian 5 ri
ln lt c i din nhm
ln trnh by li gii
- GV cng HS chnh xc
ho li gii ca cc nhm.
- a ra bi tp s 2, dng
PP gi m, vn p pht
vn HS xy dng li gii.
Hot ng ca HS
- Tho lun nhm v trnh
by li gii bi tp 1 vo
bng ph trong thi gian
5.
- i din mi nhm ln
trnh by li gii.
- Cc thnh vin ca
nhm khc ch nghe
nhn xt.
- Tr li cc cu hi, xy
dng li gii.
- Tho lun nhm v trnh
by li gii bi tp 2 vo
bng ph trong thi gian
5.
- a ra bi tp s 3 gm - Mi nhm c i din
c ba phn, chia lp thnh trnh by li gii.
ba nhm, mi nhm lm
- Cc thnh vin ca
mt vo bng ph.
nhm khc ch nghe
- GV v cng HS chnh
nhn xt.
xc ho li gii ca cc
nhm.
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu

Bi tp s 1: Tm cc khong n iu
ca hm s:
a) V d 1, phn b, SGK Tr. 6:
y = sinx (trn khong (0; 2).
b) V d 2, SGK Tr.7.
y = 2x3 - 6x 2 + 6x 7:
c) V d 4, SGK Tr.9:
x 1
y=
x 1
Bi tp s 2: V d 5 SGK Tr.9.
Chng minh rng x > sinx trn khong
(0; ) bng cch xt khong n iu

2
ca hm s
f(x) = x - sinx.
Bi tp s 3:
a) Bi tp s 2, phn b, SGK Tr.10: Tm
cc khong n iu ca hm s: y =
x2 - 2x
1- x
b) Bi tp s 4, SGK Tr.10: Chng minh

rng hm s
y = 2x- x2 ng bin trn khong (0;
1) v nghch bin trn khong (1; 2).
c) Bi tp s 5, phn a, SGK Tr.10:
53
Chng minh bt ng thc:
tanx > x (0 < x < ).

2
Cng c ton bi - G mc tip thu kin thc
Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- a ra bi tp trc
- Vn dng cc kin thc
nghim khch quan nhm: va hc, tr li cc cu
+ Cng c kin thc va hi v bi tp trc nghim
hc cho HS.
khch quan
+ G s b mc tip
thu kin thc mi v s
vn dng ca HS.
- tng thm phn hp
dn v hng th cho HS,
phn ny GV s dng
phn mm thit k cu hi
trc nghim cho HS tham
gia tr li trc tip trn
my, nu a vo phng
n tr li ng my s
a ra phn thng (hoc
li khen), nu tr li sai
th yu cu chn li.
- Sau khi HS a ra kt
qu, yu cu HS nu cch
suy lun tm ra phng
n ng ca mnh, ri
hng dn cho HS cch
suy lun nhanh nht, khoa
hc nht tm ra cu tr
li ng.
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu

Cu hi trc nghim:
Cu 1: in cho khng nh ng, S
cho khng nh sai vo cc vi mi
cu sau:
1. Cho hm s f(x) c o hm trn K
a) Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x thuc K th
hm s f(x) ng bin trn K.
b) Nu f(x) < 0 vi mi x thuc K th
hm s f(x) ng bin trn K.
2. Quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm
s da vo du ca o hm:
1. Tm tp xc nh. Tnh f(x).
2. Tm cc im ti f(x) = 0 hoc
f(x) khng xc nh.
3. Sp xp cc im theo th t tng
dn v lp bng bin thin.
4. Nu kt lun v cc khong ng
bin, nghch bin ca hm s.
Cu 2: Mi bi tp di y u c 4
phng n la chn l A, B, C v D,
trong ch c mt phng n ng.
Hy ch ra phng n m em cho l
ng tng ng vi mi cu.
1. Hm s no sau y l hm s ng
bin trn R?
x
A . y =(x2 - 1)2 - 3x +2. B. y =
.
2
x +1
x
C. y =
.
D. y =tanx.
x +1
2. Hm s y = 2 +x - x2 nghch bin
trn khong
1
A . ( ; 2).
2
C. (2; ).
1
B. (-1; )
2
D. (1; 2).
p n:
Cu 1: 1. a. ; b. S; 2.
Cu 2: 1. B; 2. A.
2. Hng dn hc bi nh v ra bi tp v nh
V nh cc em cn:
+ Hc thuc nh l v mi quan h gia du ca o hm v tnh n iu ca hm s, quy tc
54
xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
+ Lm cc bi tp cn li trong SGK v sch bi tp.
+ c trc bi cc tr ca hm s.
3. Ph lc
a. Phiu hc tp:
Phiu hc tp: in t, cm t hoc k hiu thch hp vo ch ... trong mi cu sau y c
kt qu ng.
Cu 1:
K hiu K l khong hoc on hoc na khong. Gi s hm s y = f (x) xc nh trn K.
- y = f (x) ng bin (tng) trn K x1; x2 (a; b), x1 < x2 f (x1)............. f (x2)
- y = f (x) nghch bin (gim) trn K x1; x2 (a; b), x1 < x2 f (x1)... .........f (x2)
Hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn K c gi chung l.. trn khong .
Cu 2:
a) f (x) ng bin trn K
f(x2 )- f(x1 )
... .0 , x1, x2 K (x1 x2).
x2 - x1
f (x) nghch bin trn K
f(x2 )- f(x1 )
....0, x1, x2 K (x1 x2).
x2 - x1
b) Nu hm s ng bin trn K th th ca n i .... t tri sang phi ca mt phng ta

b. Hng dn HS cch tm phng n ng cho cu hi trc nghim:
1, Cu 2 (trong bi ging):
1. Hm s no sau y l hm s ng bin trn R?
A . y (x2 1)2 3x 2.
B. y
x
x2 1
C. y
x
.
x1
D. y tan x.
Hng dn: tm nhanh phng n ng ta c th tin hnh nh sau

Cch 1. Thy ngay cc phng n C. v D. khng ng v tp xc nh ca hai hm ny khng
phi l R; phng n A. cng khng ng, v hm bc 4 khng th ng bin trn ton th R. Vy
x
.
phng n ng l B. y
2
x 1
Nhn xt: Do c im cu hi TNKQ ta khng phi khng nh y > 0.
Cch 2. Thy ngay cc phng n C. v D. khng ng v tp xc nh ca hai hm ny khng
phi l R. Mt khc: (x2 -1)2 - 3x + 2 c tp xc nh l R nhng y= 4x3 4x 3 khng th lun nhn
gi tr dng vi mi s thc x nn phng n A. khng ng. Do ch c 1 phng n ng v A, C,
x
.
D b loi nn phng n ng l B. y
x2 1
3. Hm s y 2 x x2 lun nghch bin trn khong
1
A . ( ; 2).
2
1
B. (1; ).
2
C. (2; ).
D. (1; 2).
Hng dn: tm nhanh phng n ng ta c th tin hnh nh sau

Tp xc nh l (-1; 2) v y'
2x 1
2 2 x x2
nn phng n C khng ng. Mt khc y(0)> 0 nn

1
2
cc phng n B v D khng ng. Vy phng n ng l A . ( ; 2).

Cch 2.
Theo tnh cht tp xc nh ca hm s ta loi ngay trng hp C. Tnh gi tr o hm ca hm s ti
55
im 0 ta s dng my tnh Casio, Vinacal 570MS ...ta nhn dy phm sau:

ON MODE 1 SHIFT d/dx (
( 2 + ALPHA X ALPHA X X 2 , 0 ) = 0 ,35355339 > 0.

1
2
Do vy loi b cc phng n B. v D. Vy chn phng n A . ( ; 2).

1
2
Nhn xt: Do c im cu hi TNKQ ta khng phi khng nh y < 0 trn khong ( ; 2).
BI: H TO TRONG KHNG GIAN

S tit: 01
I.
MC TIU
Qua bi hc HS cn:
1. V kin thc:
- Hiu c h trc to trong khng gian
- Hiu c to ca vect i vi h trc to trong khng gian
- Hiu c tnh cht php ton vect trong khng gian thng qua biu thc to ca vect
trong khng gian
2. V k nng:
- Xc nh c mt h trc to trong khng gian
- Bit biu din mt vect theo 3 vect khng cng phng xc nh to ca vect vi h
trc
- Thc hin ng php ton vect trong khng gian da trn biu thc to
3. V t duy v thi :
- Bit c s tng t gia h to trong mt phng v trong khng gian. Bit quy l v
quen. Bit nhn xt v G bi lm ca bn cng nh t G kt qu hc tp.
- Ch ng pht hin, chim lnh tri thc mi. C tinh thn hp tc trong hc tp.
II.
1.
2.
-
CHUN B CA GV V HS
Chun b ca GV: Ngoi gio n, phn, bng dng dy hc cn c
Phiu hc tp,
Cc slides trnh chiu,
Bng ph
Computer v Projector; my chiu Overhead.
Chun b ca HS: Ngoi dng hc tp nh SGK, bt,... cn c
Kin thc c v h trc to trong mt phng; php ton vect trong mt phng tnh cht
php ton vect trong mt phng thng qua biu thc to ,...
Giy trong v bt vit trn giy trong khi trnh by kt qa hot ng
My tnh cm tay
III.
PP DY HC
thc, trong PP chnh c s dng l m thoi, gi v gii quyt vn .
IV.
TIN TRNH BI HC
1. n nh t chc.
KT s s.
2. KT bi c
- Cu hi 1: Em nu cch xy dng h trc to trong mt phng?
- Cu hi 2: Trong mt phng, hy nu cch xc nh to ca vect vi h to chn?
56
GV: Cho HS trong lp nhn xt cu tr li ca bn, chnh sa b sung (nu c). Nhn xt cu tr
li ca HS v cho im.
3. Bi mi
Phn 1. H to trong khng gian
HTP 1: Tip cn khi nim
Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- Trnh chiu slide
- Nghe hiu nhim v
- S dng cu hi trong
bi KT t vn vo
bi mi
- Cho HS pht biu v

iu pht hin c
- Yu cu HS khc nhn
xt
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
- Pht biu cch hiu

ca mnh v h to
trong khng gian
- Nhn xt kin
HTP 2: Hnh thnh khi nim

Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- Cho HS c phn 1.
c phn 1. H trc
H trc to trong
to trong khng
khng gian, SGK trang
gian, SGK trang 71
71
- a ra nhn xt
- Hnh thnh khi nim
chung, i n nh
mi (nh ngha nh
ngha nh SGK, trang
SGK, trang 71)
71
- Ghi nh cc tn gi
- Ch cc tn gi v k v k hiu
hiu
- H trc to
- Trc to
- Mt phng to
- Khng gian to
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu

CHNG III: PP TA TRONG
KHNG GIAN
HTP 3: Cng c khi nim

Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
- Cho HS pht biu li
- Pht biu li cch
cch hiu ca mnh v
hiu ca mnh v h
h trc to trong
trc to trong khng
khng gian
gian
- Trnh chiu slide nhm
gip HS cng c khi
nim mi thng qua cc
hot ng nhn dng v
th hin
- Cng c khi nim

mi thng qua cc hot
ng nhn dng v th
hin
Phn 2. To ca vect trong khng gian

HTP 1: Tip cn khi nim
57
Hot ng ca GV
- KT li kin thc c
ca HS v biu th mt
vect theo hai vect
khng ng phng trong
mt phng
- Trong h to Oxy,
r
hy biu din vect u
rr
thao cc vect i, j .
- Trong h to Oxyz,
r
hy biu din vect u
rr r
thao cc vect i, j , k .
- Cho HS pht biu v

cch thc hin
- Yu cu HS khc nhn
xt
Hot ng ca HS
- Hi tng li kin
thc c ca v biu th
mt vect theo hai
vect khng ng
phng trong mt phng
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
r
Biu din vect u thao
rr
cc vect i, j .
r
Biu din vect u thao
rr r
cc vect i, j , k .
- Pht biu v cch

thc hin
- Nhn xt kin
HTP 2: Hnh thnh khi nim

Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- Cho HS c phn 1.
c phn 1. H trc
H trc to trong
to trong khng
khng gian, SGK trang
gian, SGK trang 70
70
- a ra nhn xt
- Hnh thnh khi nim
chung, i n nh
mi (nh ngha nh
ngha nh SGK, trang
SGK, trang 72)
72
- Ghi nh cc tn gi
v k hiu
Honh , tung ,
cao .
HTP 3: Cng c khi nim
Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
- Cho HS pht biu li
- Pht biu li v to
58
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
v to ca mt vect
trong khng gian
- Nu r tn gi v k
hiu
ca mt vect trong
khng gian
- Cho HS pht biu v

cc tnh cht ca php
ton vect trong mt
phng thng qua biu
thc to
- Nh li v pht biu
v cc tnh cht ca
php ton vect trong
mt phng thng qua
biu thc to
- Cho HS pht biu v

cc tnh cht ca php
ton vect trong khng
gian thng qua biu
thc to
- Ch gip HS chuyn
i hnh v, k hiu,
ngn ng,.. v to
ca vect trong mt
phng sang hnh nh, k
hiu, ngn ng,.. v to
ca vect trong
khng gian
- Da vo to ca
vect trong mt phng,
pht biu v cc tnh
cht ca php ton
vect trong khng gian
thng qua biu thc to
- Tp chuyn i hnh
v, k hiu, ngn ng,..
v to ca vect
trong mt phng sang
hnh nh, k hiu, ngn
ng,.. v to ca
- c v hnh dung
c c s tng t
gia biu thc to
ca php ton vect
trong mt phng v
trong khng gian
- Nu r tn gi v k
hiu
- Trnh chiu slide nhm - Cng c khi nim
gip HS cng c khi
mi thng qua v d
nim mi thng qua v
trong phiu hc tp 1
d trong phiu hc tp 1
- Trnh chiu slide

HS hnh dung c c
s tng t gia biu
thc to ca php
ton vect trong mt
phng v trong khng
gian
- Trnh chiu slide nhm Cng c kin thc mi

gip HS cng c kin
thng qua v d
thc mi thng qua v
d
59
4. Cng c ton bi
Hot ng ca GV
- Cho HS pht biu li
ni dung chnh hc
hm nay?
- Cho HS pht biu li
nh ngha h trc to
trong khng gian
- Cho HS pht biu li
v to ca vect i
vi h trc
- Cho HS trnh by li
v tnh cht ca cc
php ton vect trong
khng gian thng qua
biu thc to
Chnh xc ho, trnh
chiu slide
Hot ng ca HS
Ghi bng - Trnh chiu
- Pht biu li ni dung
chnh hc hm nay?
- Pht biu li h trc
to trong khng
gian
- Pht biu v to
ca vect i vi h
trc
- Trnh by li v tnh
cht ca cc ohp ton
thng qua biu thc to
- Ghi nhn li kt qu
ln na
- Yu cu HS vn dng
kin thc gii bi tp
trong phiu hc tp 2.
Vn dng kin thc

gii bi tp trong phiu
hc tp 2.
- Yu cu HS vn dng
kin thc gii bi tp
trong phiu hc tp 3.
Vn dng kin thc

gii bi tp trong phiu
hc tp 3.
V.
HNG DN HC BI NH V RA BI TP V NH
V nh cc em cn hc hiu v thuc kin thc trong bi, sau vn dng gii cc bi
tp s 1, 2, 3, 4 SGK, trang 81 v 82.
VI.
PH LC
1. Phiu hc tp:
Phiu hc tp 1: Bi 1.
60
r r uuur r
uur r uuu
Trong khng gian to Oxyz, gi I, J, K l cc im sao cho OI i , OJ j , OK k . Gi M
l trung im ca on IJ, G luutrng
uu
r tm tam gic IJK.
a) Xc nh to ca vect OM
uuuu
r
b) Xc nh to ca vect OM
Phiu hc tp 3: Bi 2.
2. Bng ph
61
Mt s nhn xt v thit k v thc hin tin trnh bi hc

Trc ht, y l mt ni dung ca bi dy gm 5 tit. GV cn c i tng HS, thit k bi
ny gm 01 tit, l tit u tin trong 5 tit vi hai ni dung l phn 1 v 2 trong SGK. Qua bi, HS
cn hiu c h to trong khng gian, to ca vect trong khng gian v tnh cht ca php
ton vect trong khng gian thng qua biu thc to .
GV xc nh r bi hc gm 2 khi nim mi, c th dy hc theo con ng kin thit.
Trc ht, GV tin hnh KT bi c vi hai kin thc c bn m HS hc lp trc, l:
Cch xy dng h trc to trong mt phng v cch xc nh to ca vect vi h to
chn. T gi HS t kin to nn h trc to trong khng gian.
Sau GV gip HS cng c thng qua: hot ng ngn ng; nhn dng v th hin khi
nim. Qua , mt ln na HS c trnh by li cch hiu ca mnh v h trc to trong khng
gian; nhn dng c h trc to v xut c mt h trc to trong khng gian. Nhng
kin thc ny rt cn thit cho HS cc bi tip theo, nht l khi vn dng th mnh ca PP to
trong khng gian gii mt s bi tp hnh hc khng gian.
Nh vy, vi ni dung ny GV kho lo gip HS tip cn tri thc mi da vo vng pht trin
gn nht ca ngi hc, l da ngay vo kin thc c hc. Sau hnh thnh kin thc mi v
cng c. Qua cng c, bng cch yu cu HS pht biu cch hiu ca mnh v khi nim mi, GV c
th nhn bit ngay c mc nm kin thc ca HS ngay sau ni dung ny. Chng hn: vi yu
cu trn, c th HS trnh by thuc lng khi nim nh SGK, cng c th HS trnh by ngn gn hn
nhng vn ng v kin thc, hoc khng tr li c,... th GV c c thng tin phn hi ngay
sau khi dy. Tt nhin khi GV phi c cch hng dn cc i tng cch hc bi cho thch
hp, tc l bc u th hin s phn ho trong dy hc v c ch trng hng dn vic hc, hng
dn t hc.
Vi ni dung th hai ca bi hc c GV thit k v thc hin theo cch tng t.
Trong ni dung th hai ny, phn cng c, GV t chc cho HS hot ng nhm tm kt
qu. Qua quan st ta thy HS thc s c k nng hot ng nhm. Nhm trng iu khin ton
nhm mi ngi mt vic ph hp nng lc, hp tc, tng tr, cng thc hin cng vic c kt
qu chung ca c nhm. Sau , vic bo co kt qu hot ng nhm cho thy cc em thc s t tin
vo cng vic v sn phm ca mnh. Vic cho i din nhm khc nhn xt v cu tr li ca nhm
bn bc u gip HS G, tin ti bit t G kt qu hc tp. Nu c rn luyn thng xuyn
s gip HS c c t duy ph phn, mt t duy cn thit ca ngi lao ng trong thi i ngy nay.
62
Phn cng c ton bi bn cnh vic cho HS hiu c mc tiu bi hc th mt ln na GV

gip HS hot ng ngn ng, nhn dng v th hin khi nim thng qua hai bi tp TNKQ.
Vi cch thit k bi hc nh vy nhn chung th hin c cc ni dung i mi PPDH mn
Ton trng THPT.
T CHC KIM TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN THC K NNG

1. Quan nim nh gi theo chun KT-KN ca mn hc
XC LP THANG BC CHT LNG CA SN PHM GIO DC= CHUN U RA LM C
S KHOA HC CHO VIC I MI KIM TRA NH GI TRONG GIO DC
XC NH MC TIU GIO DC
Mc tiu gio dc l cch biu t r rng, c th nhng phm cht hay nng lc m ngi
hc thng qua gio dc hay o to c th c c hay lm c.
PHN LOI CC MC TIU TRONG CT
Mc tiu chung (tng qut)
Mc tiu ca
CT
Mc tiu c th (chi tit)
mc tiu dy hc
chng, mc
mc tiudy hc
theo tit hc
mc tiu dy hc
theo kin thc
NI DUNG V PHN LOI MC TIU GIO DC CA S.BLOOM

S.Bloom phn mc tiu gio dc thnh lnh 3 lnh vc:
-lnh vc nhn thc,
-lnh vc tnh cm
- lnh vc k nng, ng tc.
Lnh vc nhn thc li c phn thnh 6 loi:
Phn loi nm 1956
Phn loi nm 2001
1-Nhn thc
2- L gii
3- ng dng
4- Phn tch
5- Tng hp
6- nh gi
1-Nhn thc
2- L gii
3- ng dng
4- Phn tch
5- nh gi
6- Sng to
KT CU THANG BC CHT LNG GIO DC TRONG LNH VC NHN THC

(S.BLOOM,1956)
nh gi
L gii
Tnghp
Tng hp
Phn tch
Phn tch
Phn tch
ng dng
ng dng
ng dng
ng dng
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
63
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
KT CU THANG BC CHT LNG GIO DC TRONG LNH VC NHN THC

(I.W.ANDERSON V D.R.KRATHWOHL. 2001)
Sng to
Nhn thc
nh gi
nh gi
Phn tch
Phn tch
Phn tch
ng dng
ng dng
ng dng
ng dng
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Nhn thc
Phn loi nhn thc hc, dy v KT, G

(A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing)
Xem li cc bc nhn thc v mc tiu gio dc ca Bloom

(A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives).
(Lorin W.Anderson, David R.Krathwohl and colab.2001)
Bc NT
Qu trnh nhn thc v v d
1. Nh
Rt ra nhng kin thc c lin quan t tr nh di hn.
1.1.Nhn bit
Vd: nhn bit hnh nh, cng thc, quy trnh ca cc khi nim, thut
ng trong ton
Vd: nh li hnh nh, cng thc, quy trnh ca cc khi nim, thut
ng trong ton
Xy dng ngha t nhng on hng dn bng li ni, vn bn v qua
biu .
(vd: Din t li cc nh ngha, nh l... ).
(vd: Cho v d v cc nh ngha, nh l... ).
(vd: Phn loi cc a gic, a din, s hm s, ...).
(vd: Vit, nu tm tt v bi, v cch chng minh, li gii ...).
(vd: suy on, suy din, qui np t cc v d).
(vd: so snh di, gc).
(vd: giai thch cch gii)
1.2.Nh li
2. Hiu
2.1 Din giai
2.2 Minh ho
2.3 Phn loi
2.4 Tm tt
2.5 Suy on
2.6 So snh
2.7 Giai thch
3. p dng
3.1 Thi hnh
3.2 Thc hin
4. Phn tch
Thc hin hay s dng mt quy trinh trong mt tinh hung c th

(vd; chia mt s nguyn ny cho mt s nguyn khc, c s chia v s b
chia u l s c nhiu ch s).
(vd; xc nh nhng trng hp thch hp vi cch v biu din khi
hnh khng gian).
Phn chia cc t liu thnh cc thnh phn v xc nh xem cc phn lin
quan th no vi nhau, c lin quan th no vi cu trc tng th hay vi
mc ch tng th.
64
4.1 Phn bit

4.2 T chc
4.3Thuc tnh
5. G
5.1 KT
5.2 G
6. Sng to
6.1 To dng
6.2Lnkhoch
(vd; phn bit s hu t v s v t trong ton)

(vd; xp xp cc kin thc hc trong mt ch theo mt lgic h
thng ha ...).
(vd; xc nh thuc tnh ca im da trn vt to nn khi n chuyn
ng...)
G da trn nhng chun mc v tiu chun.
(vd; xc nh xem vic gii ton ca HS c m bo suy lun c l, vn
dng kin thc k nng PP gii c ng khng).
(vd; G tim ra PP tt nht trong hai PP giai quyt mt vn c th).
Ghp cc yu t vi nhau to thnh mt tng th lgc v hu ch; t
chc li cc yu t thnh mt cu trc mi
(vd; a ra gia thuyt cho mt bi ton).
(vd; Ln k hoch nghin cu v mt ch Ton c th).
(vd; xy dng, m rng bi ton, tng qut ha, c bit ha)
6.3 Sn sinh
KT CU THANG BC CHT LNG
TRONG O TO LNH VC K NNG, K XO
Bt chc
Chtlng cao
Cht lng rt
cao
T ng ho
Chtlngkh
Phi hp
Phi hp
Cht lng
Chun ho
Chun ho
Chun ho
Hon thin
Hon thin
Hon thin
Hon thin
Bt chc
Bt chc
Bt chc
Bt chc

TRONG O TO LNH VC NHN THC
Cht
lng tuyt
cao
Cht lng Sng to
cc cao
Cht
Chuyn giaoChuyn
lng rt
giao
cao
G
G
G
Cht
lng kh
Phn tch
Cht
lng
ng dng ng dng
Cht
lng cao
Tng hp Tng hp Tng hp
Tng hp
Phn tch
Phn tch Phn tch
Phn tch
ng dng
ng dng ng dng
ng dng
65
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
L gii
Nhn thc Nhn thc Nhn thc Nhn thc Nhn thc Nhn thc Nhn thc Nhn thc

TRONG O TO LNH VC T DUY
Cht lng cao
T duy logic
Cht lng kh
T duy sng to
Cht lng
T duy ph phn
T duy ph phn
T duy tru tng
T duy tru tng
T duy tru tng
T duy logic
T duy logic
T duy logic
MC T DUY I CHIU VI PHN LOI CA BLOOM V QU TRINH NHN

THC
( Yeap Lay Leng, Teaching and Classroom Management- An Asian perspective Prentice Hall2004.p67-90.)
KT QU HC TP
Cp t duy
Nng lc t duy
T duy c bn:
T cp thp, n . Thu thp thng tin
gin
. Truyn li thng tin
Phn loi ca Bloom

v nng lc nhn thc
1. Nhn bit:
. Nh li thng tin ging nh
c trnh by
Qu trinh
nhn thc
. Thu thp
. Lu tr
. Ti hin
2. Hiu:
. C kh nng s dng mt s
thng tin m khng nht thit
hiu ton b hm v mi
lin quan ca chng
T duy su sc v p 3. ng dng (vn dng):
. M ho
. C kh nang s dng cc
. Phc ho
n cp cao, phc ng:
. a ra nhng suy ngh cng c c hc vo cc tinh . Suy din
tp.
nghim tc,
hung khc nhau
. . a ra cc nhim v
v cc vn c kho 4. Phn tch
st mt cch c ph
.C kh nng dng nhng
phn
cng c khc bn ngoi
(t duy ph phn)
hiu thnh phn cu thnh
.C kh nng phn nh thng
tin thnh cc thnh phn
66
T duy nng ng :
5. Tng hp:
. Lin kt thnh
. To ra nhng im
. C kh nng sng to t cc mt khi
mi, khc thng hay l thnh phn thnh mt chnh kin thc.
mt sn phm, mt PP, th mi
. Hinh thnh
mt h thng, mt
. t cc ring r lin hp vi thng tin mi
tng mi.
nhau mt cch minh bch
(t duy sng to).
. T hp cc yu t to nn
mt cu trc.
6. nh gi:
. To nn nhng phn quyt
TRONG O TO LNH VC PHM CHT NHN VN
Cht lng rt cao
Cht lng kh
Nng lc qun l
Cht lng
Nng lc thuyt phc
Nng lc thuyt phc
Nng lc hp tc
Nng lc hp tc
Nng lc hp tc
THANG BC CHT LNG L MC TIU GIO DC

DY, HC V KIM TRA G CHT LNG
1-i vi GV:
- Bit dy th no l c cht lng
- Bit dy t n mc cht lng no
- Bit G ng cht lng ca vic dy v vic hc
2-i vi ngi hc:
- Bit hc th no l c cht lng
- Bit hc t n mc cht lng no
- Bit G ng cht lng ca vic hc
3-i vi nh qun l
- Bit t chc dy v hc th no l c cht lng
- Bit qun l cht lng ca vic dy v hc
- Bit pht trin cht lng dy v hc
VN DNG THANG BC CHT LNG I MI
PP KIM TRA G
STT Cc mc tiu thi
Ni dung G
(o lng v G)
G kin thc
l chnh
Nh
Hiu
1
Tip thu mn hc (ht mn hc)
67
Vn
Dng
X
G nng lc
l chnh
Phn
Tng
tch
hp
X
X
Dnh
gi
X
2
3
Trinh hc vn (ht kho, bc hc)

Tuyn chn (hc gii, hc vin, nhn
s)
X
X
X
X
X
X
M HNH MC TIU G NI DUNG

15
Sng to
10
14
nh gi
13
ng dng
12
L giai
11
Nhn thc
S kin
Khi nim
K nng
Nguyn l
Vn
Bng mc tiu G cc im ni dung

PHN
Tng s
cu hi
H s
im
ni dung
15
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
II
III
IV
Tng s
15
35
35
100
Mc tiu G
Nhn
L gii
thc
2
3
ng
dng
5
Phn tchTng hp
Sng to
5
3
3
4
2
8
9
13
3
2
4
9
9
18
Mc tiu nhn thc rt gn

Bc 1:
Ti nhn, ti hin - tng ng vi nh;
Bc 2:
Ti to - tng ng vi hiu, p dng;
Bc 3:
Lp lun sng to - tng ng vi phn tch, tng hp, G.
NH GI THNH QU HC TP
1. Cc nguyn tc chung:
68
26
15
32
5
15
1/ G cn c tin hnh mt cch c h thng xc nh phm vi t c ca cc mc

tiu o to c ra.
2/ Qui trnh v cng c G phi c chn thng nht theo mc tiu G.
3/ Nm vng nhng hn ch ca tng cng c G s dng mt cch ch ng.
4/ Thang im G kt qu hc tp l G tip thu mn hc khc vi G tuyn dng, v vy ch
cn t bc.
Th d thang im 4 bc: gii, kh, trung bnh, khng t.
2. G thnh qu hc tp mt hc phn/mn hc:
Nguyn tc chung ca vic G tip thu hc phn/mn hc l G thng qua mt lot
cc im thnh phn vi nhng trng s xc nh tu theo c im ca mn hc. C th phn loi
cc mn hc lm 3 loi chnh v cc thnh phn im G mn hc c trnh by trong bng sau:
Tn cc im thnh phn Hc phn/mn hc thun Hc phn/mn hc va l Hc phn/mn hc thun
l thuyt
thuyt va thc hnh
thc hnh
- Bi trc nghim gia k 30-10%
40-20%
0-10%
(ln 1, ln 2, )
- Bi trc nghim thc
hnh (ln 1, ln 2, )
- Bi tiu lun mn hc
20-30%
80-60%
40-50%
20-30%
100%
100%
20-30%
-
- Bi trc nghim kt thc 50-60%
hc phn
Tng s
100%
CC LOI HNH KIM TRA NH GI TIP THU MN HC

LOI BI
KIM TRA
NHNG MC TIU C MT S U IM
KH NNG G C C TH C
MT S NHC IM
C TH C
KT vit ti lp
(2- 3 gi)
- Nhng hiu bit v p

dng thng tin
- Kh nng ngn ng,
trnh by
- Nng lc thu nhp thng
tin
- S suy ngh
- Cho im khng tin cy

- Ch trng v kh nng
vit
KT vit c chun b
nh
KT ti lp cho m sch
KT ming trn lp
D ra
- Sinh vin c th th
hin nng lc cao hn
- Gn cuc sng hn
- Khng bao hm c
nhiu ni dung trong chng trnh hc
- Kh kim sot tiu cc
- Kh nng tra cu ca
- t mt thi gian ghi - Cha c phng php
sinh vin
nh
chm im chnh xc, tin
- S ghi nh ci g?
- Cc cu tra li mang cy
u?
tnh tng hp bao qut - Ph thuc nhiu vo tc
- S chun b c suy ngh hn
hot ng ca c nhn
- Cch suy ngh su sc
Tip thu v trnh by din Gn vi tnh hung hc Gy nn s lo lng trong
gii bng li
ngh, nghip v thi tt sut qu trnh trn lp
69
KT thc hnh ti phng

thc hnh
- K nng k xo thc
hnh
- trc tip,
- tng i chnh xc
KT qua tho lun nhm
- S tc ng ca tng c - Linh hot

nhn trong nhm
- C ch khng nh
- Cch lp lun nm trong nhng G khc
suy ngh ca c nhn
- tu thuc vo iu kin
thc hnh
- Rt ch quan
- Hiu ng ho quang
- GV cn c k nng quan
st
n, tiu lun mn hc, - Nng lc tm hiu thng Cho im mt cch tng - Vic cho im hon ton
kho lun, lun vn
tin, lp lun
hp
ch quan, thiu n nh
- Nng lc h thng ho,
- Cn nhiu thi gian
vn dng kin thc
- K nng trnh by
- S sng to
NH GI THNH QU HC TP CA KHO HC
Ch s G v xp hng kt qu hc tp i vi hc vin ca mt kho hc l im trung bnh
chung hc tp (X):
N
ni di
i=1
X = ----------------N
ni
i=1
Trong : di l im ca hc phn th i v ni l s vht ca hc phn th i; N l s hc phn hc.
NH GI CU HI V BI TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN
I- nh gi cu hi v Trc nghim, xy dng qu cu hi

Cht lng ca cu hi trc nghim c G thng qua 4 loi i lng sau:
1- KH (Hay D):
T l th sinh tr li ng cho ta s o gn ng v kh ( d) ca cu hi.
Cng thc tnh kh ( d) :
S th sinh lm ng
FV (hoc P) = ----------------------------------- x 100
Tng s th sinh d thi
THANG KH ( D)
Thang phn loi kh ( d) qui c nh sau:
- Cu d:
70 n 100 % th sinh tr li ng.
- Cu tng i kh: 30 n 70 % th sinh tr li ng.
- Cu kh:
0 n 30 % th sinh tr li ng.
*Nn dng cc cu trc nghim c FV nm trong khong: 25% - 75%
*Ngoi khong , c th dng mt cch chn lc tu theo mc tiu ca bi trc nghim:
70
-Nu tuyn sinh, nn thm mt s cu c FV > 75%.

-Nu ch G t hay khng t c th dng mt s cu FV< 10%.
2 - PHN BIT:
Phn b t l th sinh tr li ng hoc sai ca cc th sinh thuc nhm kh, nhm trung
bnh v nhm km cho ta s o tng i v phn bit ca cu hi .
Cng thc tnh phn bit:
S th sinh kh lm ng - s th sinh yu lm ng
DI =---------------------------------------------------------- x 100
Tng s th sinh kh v yu
THANG PHN LOI PHN BIT QUY C NH SAU:
- T l th sinh nhm kh v nhm km tr li ng nh nhau th phn bit bng khng .
- T l th sinh nhm kh tr li khng ng nhiu hn nhm km th phn bit l m .
- T l th sinh nhm kh tr li ng nhiu hn nhm km th phn bit l dng.
phn bit lin quan mt thit vi kh v s lng cu hi trong thi trc nghim.
Nu FV trong khong (25%, 75%) th DI khong 10% l bi trc nghim c phn bit tt.
3 - PHN TCH CU TRC NGHIM
Gi s phn tch cu trc nghim th X ca bi thi c cu (phng n) b/ l cu ng. Cc cu a/, c/,
d/, e/ v f/ l cu nhiu.
Kt qu thi ca 150 th sinh c trnh by trong bng sau:
Cu tr li
a/
b/*
c/
d/ e/
f/ Tng
______________________________________________
Nhm kh
5
22
9
1
13
0
50
Nhm TB
4
15
20
2
7
2
50
Nhm km
7
5
23
1
6
8
50
______________________________________________
Tng s:
16
42
52
4
26
10
150
kh: ( 42 : 150 ) x 100 = 28 % => Cu hi kh.
II- PHN TCH BI TRC NGHIM :
Nu nh phn tch cu trc nghim gip chng ta bit sa cha cc cu nhiu lm thay i
phn bit ca cc cu trc nghim, th phn tch bi trc nghim s gip chng ta thay i kh
ca bi trc nghim thng qua vic thay i, b sung cu hi.
Th d:
Bng thng k kt qu thi.
8 sinh vin km
9 sinh vin TB
8 sinh vin kh
ng
Stt A B C D E F H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y W Z ts%(FV)
_____________________________________________________________________
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 18/72%
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23/92%
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14/56%
4 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 16/64%
5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 12/48%
6 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15/60%
7 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 13/52%
8 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 13/52%
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14/56%
10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12/48%
11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 13/52%
71
12 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 12/48%
13 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 13/52%
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 14/56%
15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 12/48%
16 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12/48%
17 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12/48%
18 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13/52%
19 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 11/44%
20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 14/56%
21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15/60%
22 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 13/52%
23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 12/48%
24 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 12/48%
25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 05/20%
_____________________________________________________________________
ts 2 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 19 20 23 23 25
% 8%
24% 32%
52%
60%
68% 76% 92% 100%(DI)
A - TIN CY CA BI TRC NGHIM:

H s tng quan ca t l tr li ng/ sai gia cc ln trc nghim bng cc trc nghim
tng ng l tin cy ca bi trc nghim .
H s tng quan c tnh bng cng thc sau:
x. y
x y - -----------N
R = -----------------------------------------2
2
( x)
( y)
2
2
{ x - ------- } { y - ------- }
N
N
Tng quan tng cp gia hai tp s liu A v B (NA=NB) (tng quan th hng) (RankDifference Correlation, tng quan Spearman rho):
2
6d
H s tng quan tng cp: rp = 1 - --------------2
N(N - 1)
Trong d l s khc bit ca tng cp gi tr ca NA v NB.
Z
30
25
X2
900
34
C
D
Y2
625
XxY t.hng X
t.hng Y
d t.hng
750
-2
d2 t.hng
4
38
1156 1444 1292 2
32
30
1024 900
-1
47
40
2209 1600 1880 1
960
72
20
400
49
140
10
-1
24
10
576
100
240
-2
27
22
729
484
594
-2
25
35
625
1225 875
22
28
484
784
616
16
12
256
144
192
10
277 247 8359 7355 7539
d= 0
2=36
- H s tng quan spearson:

247 277
7539
697,1
10
r.s p
0, 753
1254,1 683,1
247 2
277 2
[7355].[8356]
10
10
- H s tng quan Spearman:
6 36
216
r.rh0 1
1
1 0, 218 0, 782
10(100 1)
990
Kt lun: Trng hp ny, tng quan th hng spearman cht ch hn tng quan Spearson.
* S o tin cy:
- Trng hp xc nh tin cy bng trc nghim 2 ln (test - retest):
S dng h s tng quan tnh theo cng thc tnh r hay rp, G tin cy ca 2 ln trc
nghim cng 1 cho cng N th sinh d thi.
- Trng hp xc nh tin cy bng trc nghim 2 bi tng ng (equivalent forms) cng
s dng h s tng quan tnh theo cng thc tnh r hay rp G tng ng ca 2 bi v tin
cy ca bi trc nghim.
B - GI TR CA BI TRC NGHIM
L s o mc m mt bi trc nghim o c ng mc ch m n nh o, l gi
tr ca bi trc nghim.
Cn c vo mc tiu trc nghim, c th chia gi tr ca bi trc nghim thnh 3 loi chnh:
- gi tr ni dung: phn nh mc bi trc nghim c trc nghim c ng mc tiu, ni
dung mn hc ra khng.
- gi tr tiu ch: phn nh mc bi trc nghim o c theo cc tiu ch nh sn (tiu ch
chun on, tiu ch tuyn chn)
- gi tr cu trc: phn nh mc bi trc nghim o c cc nng lc hay cc phm cht nh
o theo mt cu trc l thuyt nh trc.
2. Yu cu i mi cng tc KT, G theo chun KT-KN ca mn hc

KHUNG THIT K KIM TRA MN TON
73
p ng c mc tiu mi ca gio dc ni chung v gio dc THPT ni ring l o to ra

nhng con ngi ch ng, sng to, thch ng vi yu cu cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc,
cng nh ho nhp lao ng khu vc v th gii, vic G cn phi c i mi mt cch ton din
v ng b trn nhng mt sau:
2.1 i mi mc ch G kt qu hc tp
Xc nhn kt qu hc tp cc phn mn tng hc k, tng giai on ca qu trnh hc tp ca
HS trong nhng nm hc bc THPT theo tng lnh vc, ni dung hc tp c quy nh trong
CT mn hc hay hot ng gio dc v trong quy nh v trnh chun ca mn hc.
Cung cp nhng thng tin quan trng v chnh xc v qu trnh hc tp mn hc cho HS, cng
nh qu trnh dy mn hc trong trng THPT cho GV, Ban gim hiu ca trng THPT, cho cn b
qun l mn hc nhng c quan qun l gio dc cp S v cp B; t nhng thng tin cn bn
ny rt ra c nhng quyt nh ng n v kp thi tc ng n vic dy hc cc mn hc
nhm nng cao cht lng hc tp ca HS.
2.2 i mi ni dung G kt qu hc tp
Ni dung G phi bao qut y nhng ni dung hc tp ca mn hc c quy nh trong CT
v trong quy nh v trnh chun ca mn . Nh vy v nguyn tc, CT c bao nhiu hc phn
kin thc v k nng th cn phi G nhng kin thc v k nng . KT v thi khng ch
th hin cc KT-KN m cn phi th hin ng mc , bo m s phn ho trnh ca HS qua
cc KT-KN, thi hc tp m trnh chun quy nh (v t duy, v bin i i s, v tnh ton, v
hnh nh hnh hc, v p dng...) v tng thch vi thi lng, thi im v cc mc tiu G.
2.3 i mi cch G
Ngay t lc chun b bi hc cho tng tit, tng mc trong CT ngi GV phi tnh n vic G
kt qu hc tp nhm gip cho HS v bn thn kp thi nm c nhng thng tin phn hi iu
chnh hot ng dy v hc. Ngoi vic G thng qua im s ca bi KT (ming hoc vit) GV cn
cn phi ch trng n vic G bng h s (thng qua hot ng, giao lu, tham gia xy dng bi,
cc phiu hc tp, nhn xt ca tp th vi mi HS). Khc phc thi quen chm bi ch thin v cho
im m t a ra li ph, ch r u, khuyt im ca HS trong khi lm bi KT hoc thi; thi quen t
hng dn HS pht trin k nng t G t iu chnh cch hc ca mnh.
Thc hin i tng c G bi c nhn, tp th thy gio v bn b. Thng tin G a ra
hnh thc chm im, hnh thc i thoi thy tr, tr vi bn b. Khng ch gi trn lp m cn
cc hi thi, cc xmina, thc hnh ngoi tri,...
2.4 i mi cng c G kt qu hc tp
C nhiu loi cng c dng G kt qu hc tp ca HS. Mi loi cng c c u th khc nhau
trong vic KT G tng lnh vc ni dung hc tp.
Mn Ton THPT s dng ch yu cc loi cng c G sau: bi KT vit trong s dng cc cu
hi trc nghim khch quan v t lun, v bi tp, s , biu bng, m hnh, cng, chuyn ,
xmina, thc hnh gii ton trn my tnh cm tay, thc hnh o c ngoi tri... trong KT thng
xuyn hoc nh k.
Trong vic bin son v s dng cu hi, bi tp KT, G cn bo m cc yu cu: ph hp
vi CT v Chun KT-KN, st vi trnh HS; pht biu chnh xc, r rng HS hiu n tr; cn c
c cu hi, bi tp mc trung bnh ln cu hi, bi tp phn ha i tng, cu hi mc o su,
vn dng kin thc tng hp, i hi t duy bc cao nhm phn ho HS.
Nhng cng c G mn Ton THPT
-Bi KT vit
-Cc loi cu hi
-Cu hi t lun
74
-Cu hi trc nghim

2.5 Quy trnh bin son KT mn Ton
Bin son mt KT c th bao gm cc bc(B):
B1: Xc nh mc ch, yu cu KT
KT l mt cng c G kt qu hc tp sau khi hc xong mt ch , mt chng, mt hc k
hay ton b CT mt lp, mt cp hc.
B2: Xc nh mc tiu dy hc
xc nh ni dung KT, cn lit k chi tit cc mc tiu dy hc v KT-KN, thi ca phn
CT ra G kt qu hc tp ca HS v cc hnh vi v nng lc cn pht trin tng thch vi
Chun nu trong CT GDPT ca B GDT ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 16/2006/QBGD&T
ngy 05/5/2006
B3: Thit lp ma trn hai chiu
bin son KT p ng cc mc nhn thc ca HS, GV cn lp mt bng c hai chiu,
mt chiu thng l ni dung hay mch kin thc chnh cn G, mt chiu l cc mc nhn thc
ca HS theo cc mc nhn thc (c th theo thang ca B.S. Bloom, nh trnh by phn trn).
Trong mi l hnh thc cu hi v s lng cu hi. Xc nh s lng cu hi cho tng mc tiu
tu thuc vo mc quan trng ca mc tiu v lng thi gian lm bi KT. Song, nhn chung,
cng nhiu cu hi nhiu mch kin thc khc nhau th kt qu G cng c tin cy cao hn.
Hnh thc cu hi cng a dng cng tt bi s gy hng th, tp trung ch , trnh nhm chn i
vi HS. Mi hnh thc u c nhng u im v nhc im khc nhau, ngi GV cn th nghim
nhiu ln c nhng kinh nghim thc tin kh thi.
V d:
Ma trn thit k KT cui nm lp 12
Ch
1.DH
Nhn bit
TNKQ TL
1
1
0,5
1,0
2.Hs lu tha,
m v logarit
3.Nguyn hm,
Tch phn
4.S phc
5.Khi a din.
Khi trn xoay
6.PPTKG
Tng
1
0,5
3
2,0
Thng hiu
TNKQ
TL
1
0,5
1
0,5
1
0,5
1
0,5
1
0,5
1
0,5
6
3,0
Vn dng
TNKQ
TL
1
1,0
1
1,0
1
0,5
1
1,0
1
1,5
5
5,0
Tng
4
3,0
2
1,5
2
1,0
1
0,5
2
1,5
3
2,5
14
10,0
Ch s bn trn, gc tri mi l s cu hi;

Ch s bn di, gc phi l tng s im ca cc cu hi trong mi
ma trn trn, cc ch c bn 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 v 6 c xc nh s im tng ng l 3,0; 1,5 ;
1,0; 0,5 ; 1,5 v 2,5 (cn c vo s tit qui nh trong phn phi CT l ch yu); cc mc Nhn
bit, Thng hiu, Vn dng c xc nh trng s im tng ng l 2,0 : 3,0 : 5,0. T suy ra
c s cu hi trong tng v tng s im trong tng tng ng.
B4. Thit k cu hi theo ma trn
75
Mc kh ca cu hi c thit k theo h thng mc tiu dy hc c xc nh B2;

hnh thc cu hi dng t lun hay trc nghim khch quan da trn ma trn xc nh B3.
B5. Xy dng p n v biu im
Theo qui ch, thang G gm 11 bc tng ng vi: 0, 1, ... 10 im, c th c im l bi KT
cui k, cui nm.
Ta c th xy dng biu im chm tng ng vi hnh thc KT t lun, TNKQ hoc kt hp c
hai, c th:
a) Biu im ca KT t lun: nh c.
b) Biu im ca KT TNKQ: c hai cch, nh di y.
c) Biu im ca KT kt hp c t lun v TNKQ, c hai cch, nh di y.
Cch 1: im ti a ton bi l 10, c phn chia cho tng phn t lun, TNKQ theo nguyn
tc: t l thun vi thi gian d nh HS hon thnh mi phn (c xy dng khi thit k ma trn);
mi cu hi TNKQ nu tr li ng u c s im nh nhau.
V d: Nu ma trn thit k dnh 60% thi gian cho t lun, 40% thi gian cho TNKQ, th im
ti a ca phn t lun l 6, cc cu TNKQ l 4; nu c 16 cu TNKQ th mi cu tr li ng l 0,25
im, cn sai l 0 im.
Cch 2: im ti a ton bi ph thuc vo s lng cu hi ca . S phn phi im theo
nguyn tc: t l thun vi thi gian d nh HS hon thnh mi phn (c xy dng khi thit k ma
trn); mi cu hi TNKQ nu tr li ng c 1 im, cn sai l 0 im. im ti a TNKQ ca phn
TNKQ bng s cu hi TNKQ; cn im ti a TL ca phn t lun l (TS TNKQ), trong TS
l tng s im ti a ca c tnh theo phn trm thi gian d kin cho t lun v TNKQ.
10X
Chuyn i v thang im 10 theo cng thc:
, trong X l s im t c ca HS.
TS
V d: Ma trn thit k dnh 60% cho t lun, 40% cho TNKQ, c 16 cu TNKQ; th im ti
a ca TNKQ l 16; im ti a ca phn t lun l
thang im 10 l
10 23
40
16 60
40
24 . Gi s mt HS t 23 im, qui v
5, 75 6 , quy trn l 6.
Nhn xt:
Cch 1 c u im l khng phi chuyn i v thang 10, nhng hn ch c bn l im ca tng
cu TNKQ phi ly l ti hai ch s thp phn.
Cch 2 c u im l ton im nguyn (im t lun c lm trn n phn nguyn), nhng
hn ch l phi quy v thang im 10.
3. Hng dn vic KT G theo chun KT-KN (xc nh mc ch KT G; bin son cu

hi, bi tp, KT; t chc KT; x l kt qu KT, G)
GII THIU MT S KIM TRA
3.1 1 (KT hc k I lp 11 nng cao)
Phn I. Trc nghim khch quan (3,5 im, mi cu 0,25 )
Trong mi cu t 1 n 14 di y u c bn phng n la chn l A, B, C, D, trong ch c mt
phng n ng. Hy khoanh trn ch ci ng trc phng n m em cho l ng.
3
Cu 1. Trong cc hm s sau, hm s no nghch bin trn khong ; ?
2 2
A. y = tgx
B. y = cotgx; C. y = sinx
D. y = cosx
76
Cu 2. Cho biu thc P =
3 sinx + 3cosx. Ta cn c th vit P di dng
B. P = 2 3cos x .
3
A. P = 2 3cos x .
3
C. P = 2 3sin x .
D. P = 2 3sin x .
3
3
Cu 3. Xt php th l: Trn mt phng to , ly ngu nhin mt im c honh v tung u

l nhng s nguyn dng. Nu honh ca im l s chn th ta vit C, cn l s l th ta vit
L. Cng lm nh th i vi tung . Khi , vi php th trn th khng gian mu s l
A. = (C ; L).
B. = (C ; C), (L ; L).
C. = (C ; L), (L ; C).
D. = (C ; C), (C ; L), (L ; C), (L ; L).
Cu 4. Nu dng cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4 vit cc s t nhin c 1 ch s hoc c 2 ch s phn bit

th c th vit c bao nhiu s?
A. 4 . A 24
B. 4 + A 24
C. 4 . 4 + 3
D. 4 + 4 + 3
Cu 5. Nu php di hnh f bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a ct a th php di hnh l

A. php i xng tm.
B. php i xng trc.
C. php ng nht.
D. php quay vi gc quay khc k180 (k Z ).
Cu 6. bin mt hnh bnh hnh ABCD thnh chnh n, ta c th dng php di hnh no sau y?
A. Php quay vi gc quay khc k180 (k Z ).
r
B. Php tnh tin theo vect khc 0 .
C. Php i xng tm .
D. Php i xng trc.
Cu 7. Trong cc mnh sau y, mnh no ng?
A. Nu ng thng a song song vi ng thng a nm trong mp(P) th a cng song song vi mp(P).
B. Nu ng thng a song song vi mp(P) th a song song vi mi ng thng nm trong mp(P).
C. Nu ng thng a khng song song vi mp(P) th n ct mp(P) ti mt im duy nht.
D. Nu ng thng a song song vi ng thng a nm trong mp(P) th a hoc song song vi mp(P) hoc
nm trong mp(P).
Cu 8. Xt thit din c c khi ct mt hnh chp t gic bi mt mt phng. Khng nh no sau
y l ng?
A. Thit din ch c th l hnh t gic.
B. Thit din ch c th l hnh ng gic.
C. Thit din c th l hnh lc gic.
D. Thit din c th l hnh tam gic.
Cu 9. Mt ti ng 12 qu cu, trong c 5 qu mu v 7 qu mu xanh. Ly ngu nhin 3 qu
cu trong ti . Xc sut ly c c 3 qu cng c mu l
A.
C35
3
C12
B.
3
C12
C.
C35
77
A 35
3
A12
D.
3
A12
A 35
Cu 10. Cho hai bin c c lp M v N vi P(M) =
1
1
v P(N) = . Khi
2
3
5
.
6
1
B. P(MN) = P(M) . P(N) = .
6
1
C. P(MN) = P( M) . P( N) = .
3
2
D. P(MN) = 1 P( M) .P( N) = .
3
A. P(MN) = P(M) + P(N) =
Cu 11. Trong khng gian cho ba ng thng a, b v c. Trong cc mnh sau y, mnh no
ng?
A. Nu a // b v c ct a th c ct b.
B. Nu a v b cho nhau, b v c cho nhau th a v c cho nhau hoc ct nhau.
C. Nu a // b, b v c cho nhau th a v c hoc cho nhau hoc ct nhau.
D. Nu a v b ct nhau, b v c ct nhau th a v c ct nhau hoc song song.
Cu 12. Cho t din ABCD. ng thng d ct cc cnh AB v CD ti M v N. ng thng d ct
cc cnh AB v CD ti Mv N (M' khc M v N' khc N). Khi , hai ng thng d v d
A. cho nhau.
B. ct nhau.
C. song song.
D. c th song song.
Cu 13. Hnh H1 gm mt ng trn (C1) v mt hnh vung ni tip ng trn . Hnh H2 gm
mt ng trn (C2) v mt hnh ch nht (khc hnh vung) ni tip ng trn . Hnh H3 gm
mt ng trn (C3) v mt hnh thoi ni tip ng trn . Trong cc mnh sau y, mnh
no ng?
A. Hnh H1 ng dng vi hnh H2.
B. Hnh H2 ng dng vi hnh H3.
C. Hnh H3 ng dng vi hnh H1.
D. Khng c hnh no ng dng vi hnh no.
Cu 14. Trong cc mnh sau y, mnh no ng ?
A. Php v t bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a song song vi a.
B. Php quay bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a ct a.
C. Php tnh tin bin mi ng thng a thnh chnh n.
D. Php i xng tm bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a song song hoc trng vi a.
Phn II. T lun (6,5 im)
Cu 15 (2,5 im). Gii cc phng trnh sau:
x
a) tg + cotg75 = 0 ;
2
b) cos3x cos5x = sin2x.
Cu 16 (2 im)
78
Trn mt gi sch c 13 cun truyn, trong c 5 cun truyn tranh v 8 cun tiu thuyt. Chn
ngu nhin 4 cun sch t gi sch .
a) C bao nhiu cch chn nh th?
b) Gi X l s cun tiu thuyt trong 4 cun sch c chn. Lp bng phn phi xc sut ca X.
Cu 17 (1 im)
Trn mt phng cho ng thng c nh v mt im O c nh khng nm trn . Gi f l php
bin hnh bin mi im M ca mt phng thnh im M c xc nh nh sau: ly im M1 i
xng vi M qua , ri ly im M i xng vi M1 qua im O.
a) Tm nh ca ng thng qua php bin hnh f .
b) Gi I l trung im ca on thng MM. Chng minh rng khi M thay i, im I lun nm trn
mt ng thng c nh.
Cu 18 (1 im)
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh.
a) Xc nh giao tuyn ca mp(SAB) v mp(SCD), giao tuyn ca mp(SAD) v mp(SBC).
b) Mt mt phng () ct cc cnh SA, SB, SC, SD ln lt ti cc im A, B, C, D sao cho A' khc
A v t gic ABCD cng l hnh bnh hnh. Chng minh rng mp() song song vi mp(ABCD).
P N V BIU IM
Phn I. Trc nghim khch quan (3,50 im)
Cu 1: C; Cu 2: D; Cu 3: D; Cu 4: B; Cu 5:D; Cu 6: C; Cu 7: D;
10: D; Cu 11: C; Cu 12: A; Cu 13: C; Cu 14: D.
Mi cu tr li ng c 0,25 im
Cu 15
a)
x
x
tg + cotg75 = 0 tg = -tg(150) = tg(15)
2
2
x
= 15 + k180
2
Phng trnh c cc nghim x = 30 + k360, k Z
b)
cos3x cos5x = sin2x 2sin4x sinx = 2sinx cosx
sinx 0
2sinx (sin4x cosx) = 0
sin4x cosx 0
* sinx = 0 x = k.
Cu 8: C; Cu 9: A; Cu
2,50 im
0,75 im
0,25 im
0,25 im
0,25 im
1,75 im
0,50 im
0,25 im
0,25 im

x
2
* sin4x cosx = 0 sin4x = sin
4x 2 x k2
x 10 k 5

4x x k2
x k 2
2
6
3
Kt lun : Phng trnh cho c cc nghim :
0, 50 im
79
0,25 im
2
k
v x = k
, k, k Z
10
5
6
3
Lu : Nu trong mt biu thc c dng c s o bng v bng radian th tr 0,25
im
Cu 16
2,00 im
4
0,25 im
a) S cch chn ngu nhin 4 quyn sch l: C13 = 715
b)
1,75 im
x = k ; x =
C8k .C54 k
715
Cc gi tr c th ca X l: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
Do , bng phn phi xc sut ca X nh sau:
X
0
1
2
3
P
1
16
56
56
143
143
143
143
Cu 17
Ta c P(X = k) =
0,75 im
0,25 im
0,75 im
4
14
143
1,00 im
M1
O
I
M'
a) Php i xng qua bin thnh chnh n. Php i xng qua O bin
ng thng thnh ng thng song song vi sao cho O cch u
v . Nh vy php bin hnh f bin thnh .
b)
V I l trung im MM, O l trung im ca M1M nn:
uur uuuur uuuuur 1 uuuuur uuuuuuu
r 1 uuuuur
OI M 'I M 'O M 'M M 'M 1 M 1M
2
2
uuuuur
uur
V M1M lun lun vung gc vi nn OI cng vung gc vi . Suy ra
0,50 im
0,50 im
0,25im
0,25 im
I nm trn ng thng c nh, i qua O v vung gc vi

Lu : Nu s dng ng trung bnh ca tam gic th phi xt thm trng hp tam
gic MMM1 suy bin
Cu 18
1,00 im
80
D'
A'
C'
B'
a) V mp(SAB) v mp(SCD) ln lt i qua hai ng thng song song AB

v CD nn giao tuyn ca chng l ng thng Sx // AB.
Tng t giao tuyn ca mp(SAD) v mp(SBD) l ng thng Sy // AD
b) Ba mt phng: (), (SAB), (SCD) i mt ct nhau theo ba giao tuyn
l AB, Sx, CD.
V AB // CD nn AB // Sx v do AB // AB.
Tng t ta c AD // AD. Suy ra mp() // mp(ABCD)
0,50 im
0,50 im
3.2 2 (KT hc k I lp 11)

Phn I. Trc nghim khch quan (3,5 im, mi cu c 0,25 )

Cu 1. Trong cc hm s sau, hm s no nghch bin trn khong ; 0 ?
2
A. y = tgx
B. y = cotgx C. y = sinx
D. y = cosx
Cu 2. Cho biu thc P =
A. P = 2 3cos x .
3
C. P = 2 3sin x .
3
3 cosx - 3sinx. Ta cn c th vit P di dng
B. P = 2 3cos x .
3
D. P = 2 3sin x .
3
Cu 3. Xt php th l: Trn mt phng to , ly ngu nhin mt im c honh v tung l

nhng s nguyn dng. Nu honh ca im l s chn th ta vit C, l s l th ta vit L. Cng
lm nh th i vi tung . Khi , khng gian mu ca php th trn s l
A. = (C ; L).
C. = (C ; L), (L ; C).
B. = (C ; C), (L ; L).
D. = (C ; C), (C ; L), (L ; C), (L ; L).
Cu 4. Xt php th l gieo mt con sc sc ng cht. Gi A l bin c xut hin mt c s chm l

s chn. Khi xc sut ca bin c A bng
81
1
2
3
4
B.
C.
D.
6
6
6
6
Cu 5. Nu php di hnh f bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a ct a th php di hnh l
A. Php i xng tm.
B. Php i xng trc.
C. php ng nht.
D. Php quay vi gc quay khc k180 (k Z ).
A.
Cu 6. bin mt tam gic u thnh chnh n, c th dng php di hnh no trong cc php sau
y ?
A. Php i xng tm.
B. Php i xng trc.
C. Php quay vi gc quay 600.
r
D. Php tnh tin theo vect khc 0 .
A. Hai ng thng cng song song vi mt mt phng th song song vi nhau.
B. P l mt phng i qua b, nu ng thng a song song vi ng thng b th a song song vi P.
C. Nu ng thng a song song vi mp(P) th n khng ct mi ng thng ca mp(P).
D. Nu ng thng a song song vi mp(P) th n song song vi mi ng thng ca (P).
Cu 8. Xt thit din c c khi ct mt hnh chp t gic bi mt mt phng. Khng nh no sau
y l ng?
A. Thit din ch c th l hnh t gic.
B. Thit din ch c th l hnh ng gic.
C. Thit din c th l hnh lc gic.
D. Thit din c th l hnh tam gic.
Cu 9. Mt gii bng c 12 i tham gia thi u. C bao nhiu kh nng xp cc i tham gia vo
cc v tr nht, nh v ba?
A. 12.11.10
B. 12+11+10
3
D. C12
C. 3!
Cu 10. Mt ti ng 12 qu cu, trong c 5 qu mu v 7 qu mu xanh. Ly ngu nhin 3 qu

cu trong ti . Xc sut ly c c 3 qu cng c mu l
A.
C35
3
C12
B.
3
C12
C.
C35
A 35
D.
3
A12
3
A12
A 35
Cu 11. Trong khng gian cho ba ng thng a, b v c. Trong cc mnh sau y, mnh no
ng?
A. Nu a // b v c ct a th c ct b.
S
B. Nu a v b cho nhau, b v c cho nhau th a v c cho nhau hoc
d
ct nhau.
N
C. Nu a // b, b v c cho nhau th a v c cho nhau hoc ct nhau.
d'
D. Nu a v b ct nhau, b v c ct nhau th a v c ct nhau hoc
N'
song song.
B
M
82
M'
A
D
H
nh 1
Cu 12. Trn hnh 1 ta c hnh chp S.ABCD, hai ng thng d v d ct cc cnh AB v SC ti M,

M v N, N (M khc M, N khc N). Khi hai ng thng d v d
A. cho nhau.
B. ct nhau.
C. song song
D. c th song song
Cu 13. Hnh H gm mt hnh ch nht ABCD (khng phi l hnh vung) v ng cho AC. Khi
hnh H
A. khng c trc i xng.
B. c mt trc i xng
C. c hai trc i xng.
D. c bn trc i xng
A. Php v t bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a song song vi a.
B. Php quay bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a ct a.
C. Php tnh tin bin mi ng thng a thnh chnh n.
D. Php i xng tm bin mi ng thng a thnh ng thng a song song hoc trng vi a.
Cu 15 (2,5 im). Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) cos3x = sin15 ;
b) ( 3 + 1)sin2x + 2sinx cosx ( 3 1)cos2x = 1.
Cu 16 (2 im)
Cho mt ti ng 5 qu cu, trong c 3 qu mu xanh v 2 qu mu . Ly ngu nhin 2 qu cu
t ti cho. Hy tm xc sut :
1) Ly c 2 qu cu mu xanh.
2) Ly c 2 qu cu cng mu.
3) Ly c 2 qu cu khc mu.
Cu 17 (1 im)
Trn mt phng cho ng thng c nh v mt im O c nh khng nm trn . Vi mi im
M thay i ca mt phng ta ly M1 l im i xng vi M qua v M l im i xng vi M1 qua
tm O. Gi I l trung im ca on thng MM. Chng minh rng khi M thay i, im I lun nm
trn mt ng thng c nh.
Cu 18 (1 im). Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh.
a) Xc nh giao tuyn ca mp(SAB) v mp(SCD), giao tuyn ca mp(SAD) v mp(SBC).
b) Mt mt phng () ct cc cnh SA, SB, SC, SD ln lt ti cc im A, B, C, D sao cho A' khc
A v t gic ABCD cng l hnh bnh hnh. Chng minh rng mp() song song vi mp(ABCD).
P N V BIU IM
Cu 1: B; Cu 2: A; Cu 3: D; Cu 4: C; Cu 5: D; Cu 6: B; Cu 7: C;
Cu 8: C; Cu 9: A; Cu 10: A; Cu 11: C; Cu 12: A; Cu 13: A; Cu 14: D
83
Mi cu tr li ng c 0,25 im
Cu 15
a)
cos3x = sin15 cos3x = cos75
3x 75 k360

3x 75 k360
Cc nghim ca phng trnh l
x = 25 + k120 v x = 25 + k120, k Z
b)
( 3 + 1)sin2x + 2sinx cosx ( 3 1)cos2x = 1
2,50 im
1,00 im
0,25im
0,50 im
0,25 im
1,50 im
0,25 im
3 sin2x + 2sinx cosx 3 cos2x = 0 (*)

Cc gi tr ca x m cosx = 0 khng nghim ng phng trnh.
Vi nhng x m cosx 0, ta c :
(*)
0,25 im
0,25 im
3 tg2x + 2tgx
3 =0
1
tgx = 3 hoc tgx =
3
0,25 im
0,50 im
+ k v x = + k , k, k Z
3
6
Lu : Nu trong mt biu thc c s dng c s o bng v bng radian th tr
0,25 im
Cu 16
2,00 im
a)
0,50 im
Gi A l bin c ly c 2 qu cu mu xanh.
0,25 im
Cc nghim ca phng trnh l x =
Tng s qu cu c trong ti l 5, nn khng gian mu c C52 = 10

phn t
V c 3 qu mu xanh nn s kt qu thun li cho A l C32 = 3 phn t.
Suy ra P(A) =
0,25im
3
.
10
b)
Gi B l bin c: Ly c 2 qu cu mu , C l bin c Ly c 2
qu cu cng mu. Khi :
A v B l hai bin c xung khc
C = A B.
Do P(C) P(A) P(B) .
1
Tng t phn a), ta tnh c P(B)
.
10
3 1 4
Suy ra P(C)
.
10 10 10
c)
Gi D l bin c: Ly c 2 qu cu khc mu, ta c: D C .
4 6
Do P(D) 1 P(C) 1
10 10
Cu 17
84
1,00 im
0,25 im
0,25 im
0,25 im
0,25 im
0,50 im
0,25 im
0,25 im
1,00 im
M1
O
I
M'
uur uuuur uuuuur 1 uuuuur 1 uuuuuuu

r 1 uuuuur
Ta c OI M 'I M 'O M 'M M 'M 1 M1M .
2
2
2
uur
1 uuuuur
V vect M1M lun lun vung vung gc vi nn vect OI cng
2
lun lun vung gc vi .
T suy ra im I lun nm trn ng thng c nh, i qua O v
vung gc vi .
Cu 18
S
0,50 im
1,00 im
D'
A'
C'
B'
0,25 im
0,25 im
a) Hai mt phng (SAB) v (SCD) ln lt i qua hai ng thng song

0,50 im
song AB v CD nn giao tuyn ca chng l ng thng Sx i qua S v
song song vi AB. Tng t , giao tuyn ca mp(SAD) v mp(SBC) l
ng thng Sy i qua S v song song vi AD.
b) Ba mt phng : ( ), (SAB) , (SCD) i mt ct nhau theo ba giao tuyn 0,50 im
AB, CD v Sx . V AB // CD nn AB//CD// Sx v do AB //
AB . Chng minh tng t ta c AD // AD. Suy ra mt phng( ) song
song vi mt phng(ABCD)
3.3 3 (KT hc k II lp 11 nng cao)
Phn I. Trc nghim khch quan (3 im)
Cu 1. Cho dy s (un), bit un 2n n , khi un1 bng:
A. 2n1 n 1
C. 2n1 n
B. 2n1 n 1
D. 2n1 n 1
85
Cu 2. Nu L = lim
2x2 3x 1
x1
A. L =
1
4
1 x2
th
B. L =
n 2 n 1
lim
2
Cu 3 . Nu T =
1
4
C. L =
1
2
D. L =
1
2
n 1 2n 3 3
th
1
1
1
B. T =
C. T = +
D. T =
2
2
8
Cu4. o hm (bc nht) ca hm s y = tg3x l kt qu no sau y?
1
3
3
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
2
2
cos 3x
cos 3x
cos 3x
sin2 3x
Cu 5. Nu mt hnh hp ch nht c cc kch thc l 3, 4 v 12 th ng cho ca hnh hp c
di l:
A. 19
B. 169
C. 13
13 2
D.
2
Cu 6. Nu mt hnh t din MNPQ c ba cnh MN, NP, PQ i mt vung gc vi nhau v c di
ln lt l 3, 4, 5 th di cnh MQ l:
A. 12
B. 5 2
C. 2 5
D. 4 3
Cu 7. Nu mt cp s cng (un) c u25 - u 16 = -36 th cng sai l:
A. -3,6
B. 4
C. - 4
12
D.
13
A. T =
Cu 8. Nu R = lim
A. R =
1
3
x2 3x 1
2
4x 1 x
B. R =
th
1
3
C. R =
1
2
D. R =
1
2
x 4
2 x th f '(1) bng:
x 5
D. 2
5
1
9
A.
B.
C.
4
2
4
4
2
Cu 10. Nu f(x) = x + 2x 3 th f '(x) > 0 khi v ch khi
A. x > 0
B. x < 0
C. x < -1
D. -1 < x < 0
Cu 11. Trong khng gian, mnh no sau y l ng?
A. C duy nht mt ng thng i qua mt im cho trc v vung gc vi mt ng thng cho
trc.
B. C duy nht mt mt phng i qua mt ng thng cho trc v vung gc vi mt ng thng cho
trc.
C. C duy nht mt ng thng i qua mt im cho trc v vung gc vi mt mt phng cho trc.
D. C duy nht mt mt phng i qua mt im cho trc v vung gc vi mt mt phng cho trc.
Cu 12. Trong cc mnh sau y mnh no ng?
A. Hnh hp c cc cnh bng nhau l hnh lp phng.
B. Hnh hp ng c cc cnh bng nhau l hnh lp phng.
C. Hnh hp c cc ng cho bng nhau l hnh lp phng.
D. Hnh hp ch nht c cc cnh bng nhau l hnh lp phng.
Cu 9. Nu f(x)
86
Phn II. T lun (7 im)
Cu 13. (1 im) Cho hm s y f(x)
1 x
khi x 1
x 8 3
6 khi x 1
Chng minh hm s f x lin tc ti x = 1.

Cu 14. (1 im) Cho mt cp s nhn gm 6 s hng, bit s hng u bng -5; s hng cui bng
160. Tm cc s hng cn li v tnh tng cc s hng ca cp s nhn .
Cu 15. (2,5 im) Cho hm s f(x) = 2x3 + 4x2 - 1 (1)
a) Tm x sao cho f '(x) < 0.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1) bit rng tip tuyn song song vi ng
thng y = -2x + 3.
c) Chng minh rng phng trnh f(x) = 0 c ba nghim phn bit.
Cu 16. (2,5 im) Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh a. Gi M, N ln lt l cc im nm
trn cc cnh AB v AD sao cho AM=AN= x (vi 0 < x < a) v I l trung im ca on thng MN.
a)Chng minh rng:
+ Hai ng thng MN v AC vung gc vi nhau;
+ Hai mt phng (A'MN) v (A'AI) vung gc vi nhau.
b)Xc nh gc gia ng thng AA' v mt phng (A'MN). Tnh tang gc theo a v x.
c)Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn mt phng (A'MN). Tnh AH theo a v x.
P N BIU IM
Mi cu tr li ng c 0,25 im.
Cu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
/A C
A
A
D
C
D
C
B
A
B
C
D
Cu
Ni dung
im
Cu 13
1,0 im
0,75im
2 x 3
1
Tnh limf x lim 2
x1
x1 x 1
8
V limf(x) f(1)
x1
1
nn hm s f(x) lin tc ti im x = 1
8
Cu 14
Gi cc s hng ca cp s nhn l u1, u2, u3, u4, u5, u6 v cng
bi ca cp s nhn l q
Ta c u1 = 3; u6 = -96
T u6 = u1.q5 -96 = 3. q5 q5 = -32 q = -2
Suy ra u2 = -6; u3 = 12; u4 = -24; u5 = 48
Tng cc s hng ca cp s nhn l:
S6
0,25im
1,0 im
0,25im
0,25im
0,25im
0,25im
u1(1 q6) 3(1 64)
63
1 q
1 2
Cu 15
a)
o hm ca hm s l: f '(x) = 6x2 + 8x
87
2,5 im
0,50im
0,25im
4
x
3
T : f '(x) 0 6x 8x 0
b)
V tip tuyn cn tm song song vi ng thng y = -2x + 7 nn
h s gc ca tip tuyn cn tm l k = -2.
Gi (x0; y0) l ta tip im ca tip tuyn cn tm th x0 l
nghim ca phng trnh:
1
f '(x0) = -2 6x02 + 8x0 = -2 x0 = -1 v x0 =
.
3
Vi x0 = -1 th y0 = f(-1) = -2 + 4 - 1 = 1.
Do phng trnh tip tuyn ti x0 = -1 l:
y = -2(x + 1) + 1 y = -2x - 1
1
1
17
Vi x0 =
th y0 = f(
) =27
3
3
1
Do , phng trnh tip tuyn ti x0 =
l:
3
1 17
35
y = -2(x + ) y = -2x 27
3 27
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y = -2x - 1 v y = -2x -
0,25im
1,0 im
0,25im
0,25im
0,25im
0,25im
35
.
27
c)
3
Cu 16
1,00im
0,25im
Hm s f(x) = 2x + 4x - 1 lin tc trn R.

Ta c f(-2) = -1; f(-1) = 1; f(0) = -1; f(1) = 5
V f(-2).f(-1) < 0 nn phng trnh cho c nghim x1 thuc
0,25im
khong (-2; -1)
V f(-1).f(0) < 0 nn phng trnh cho c nghim x2 thuc
0,25im
khong (-1; 0)
V f(0).f(1) < 0 nn phng trnh cho c nghim x3 thuc (0; 1)
V cc khong (-2; -1); (-1; 0); (0; 1) ri nhau nn ba nghim x1, 0,25im
x2, x3 phn bit.
2,5 im
S
I
C
B
H
a)
Gi H l giao im ca AC v BD. T gi thit ta c SAC, BAC,

DAC l cc tam gic u bng nhau nn HS = HB = HD. Suy ra
SBD l tam gic vung ti S.
b)
0,5 im
1,0 im
88
Gi E l trung im ca SB th EI l ng trung bnh ca tam

BC
, suy ra EI // AJ v EI = AJ.
2
Vy EIJA l hnh bnh hnh, suy ra IJ // EA.
Tam gic SAB cn ti A nn EA SB.
Suy ra IJ SB.
0,5 im
gic SBC nn EI // BC v EI =
c)
Ta c AE SB, CE SB nn () chnh l mt phng (AEC). Do
, thit din l tam gic AEC. Chng minh tam gic AEC cn v
c HE l ng cao.
SD
Tam gic SBD c HE l ng trung bnh nn HE =
=
2
0,5 im
1,0 im
0,75im
a 2
2
Vy din tch AEC l: SAEC =
AC.HE
a2 2
=
.
2
4
0,25im
3.4 4. BI KIM TRA CHNG 1 lp 12

A. PHN CHUN B:
MC TIU
Thng qua bi KT vit 45 nhm:
V kin thc:
- G mc tip thu cc kin thc c bn hc trong chng I, bao gm: S ng bin,
nghch bin ca hm s; Cc tr ca hm s; Gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s;
Tim cn; Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s.
- Trn c s kt qu ca bi KT, nm bt c trnh GV kp thi iu chnh PP ging dy,
c hng gip HS iu chnh vic hc tp cho ph hp.
V k nng:
- K nng vn dng cc kin thc tng hp hc vo gii cc bi ton trong bi KT vit
chng I, k nng trnh by bi KT.
- K nng kho st hm s, k nng v th hm s, k nng gii cc bi ton thng gp v
th hm s.
V t duy v thi :
- Pht trin kh nng t duy lgic, tng hp, sng to.
- Bit t G kt qu hc tp
- Rn luyn thi bnh tnh, t tin khi lm bi thi.
- Kch thch s hng th, yu thch mn hc ca HS.
CHUN B CA GV V HS
Chun b ca GV:
- Gio n
- bi, p n, thang im chi tit.
Chun b ca HS:
- dng hc tp, giy KT, giy nhp.
- Kin thc n tp chng I v cc kin thc c lin quan.
B. PHN LN LP
BI
A. PHN TRC NGHIM:
89
Mi bi tp di y u c 4 phng n la chn l A, B, C v D, trong ch c mt

phng n ng. Hy in phng n m em cho l ng tng ng vi mi bi vo bng tr li
phn cui trang.
1. Gi tr ln nht ca hm s f(x) = -2x4 4x2 + 5 l:
A. 5
B. 4
D.
C. 3
5
2
2x2 4x 4
2. Hm s f(x) =
ch c
x( x 1)
A. tim cn ng
B. tim cn ngang
C. tim cn xin
D. tim cn ng v
tim cn ngang
3. th ca hm s no di y i xng qua gc to ?
I. f(x) = 3x3 -2x
II. f(x) =3x + x5
III. f(x) = x + 5x2
A. Ch c hm I v II
B. Ch c hm II
C.Ch c hm II v
D. Ch c hm I v III
III
4. th hm s f (x) =
A.x = 1, y = 1
1- x
c ng tim cn l
1+ x
B.x = - 1, y = x
BNG TR LI
Cu s
Phng n ng
C .x = - 1, y = - 1
D.x = - 1
B. PHN T LUN:
Cho hm s: y = x3 + (m - 1)x2 - (m + 2)x - 1 (1) vi m l tham s
a. Khi m= 1, kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
b. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh x3 - 3x - 1 = m (*).
c. Chng minh rng, hm s (1) lun c mt cc i v mt cc tiu.
P N, THANG IM CHI TIT:
Cu
A. PHN
TRC
NGHIM:
B. PHN
T
LUN:
Phn a:
p n
Cu1: A
Cu 2: D
Cu 3: A
Cu 4: D
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s khi m
= 1.
10. Tp xc nh: R.
20. S bin thin:
. Chiu bin thin:
y = 3x2 - 3 = 0 x = 1.
90
Thang im
Mi cu
(1 im)
(4 im)
0.5 im
0.75 im
x
y
Du ca y:
-
-1
1
+
+
0 0 +
Hm s ng bin trn cc khong (- ; -1) v (1; + ).
Hm s nghch bin trn khong (-1; 1).
. Cc tr:
Hm s t gi tr cc tiu bng -3 ti x = 1
Hm s t gi tr cc i bng 1 ti x = -1.
. Gii hn ti v cc:
lim y ; lim y ;
x
. Bng bin thin:

x
y
y
-
+
-1
0 1
1
0 +
0.5 im
0.25 im
0.5 im
-3
1.5 im
(1 im)
30. th:
b. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh (*):
S nghim ca phng trnh (*) bng s giao im ca
th (C) v ng thng y = m, m l s thc. Vy:
. Vi m (- ; -3) (1 ; + ) phng trnh (*) c
mt nghim.
. Vi m = -3 hoc m = 1, phng trnh (*) c hai
nghim.
. Vi m (-3 ; 1) phng trnh (*) c ba nghim.
c. Chng minh rng, hm s (1) lun c mt cc i v
mt cc tiu.
Ta c: y = 3x2 + 2(m - 1)x - (m + 2).
V y = m2 + m + 7 > 0 m R nn phng trnh y =
0 lun c hai nghim phn bit. Do , hm s (1) lun c
mt cc i v mt cc tiu vi mi gi tr ca m.
3.5 5. KIM TRA HC K II (90), lp 12
91
(1 im)
A. CU HI TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN (3 IM)

Mi bi tp di y u c 4 phng n la chn l A, B, C v D, trong ch c mt phng n
ng. Hy in phng n m em cho l ng tng ng vi mi bi vo bng tr li phn cui
trang.
Cu 1. Cho hm s f ( x) ln( x 2 x 1) . Tp xc nh ca hm s l
A .R . B.[0; ). C.[1; ). D. (; 0)
Cu 2. Hm s no sau y l hm s ng bin trn R?
x
x
A . y ( x 2 1) 2 3 x 2.
B. y
.
C. y
.
2
x 1
x 1
D. y tan x.
x2 4x 1
c hai im cc tr x1 , x2 th tch x1.x2 bng
x 1
B. 5.
C. 1.
D. 4.
Cu 3. Nu hm s y
A . 2.
Cu 4. Hm s y
A . (1; 2).
x3
2
2 x 2 3x c im cc i l:
3
3
2
B. (1; 2).
C. (3; ).
D. (1; 2).
3
Cu 5. Hm s y 3sin x 4sin 3 x c gi tr ln nht trn khong (

A . 1.
B.1.
C. 3.

; ) l:
2 2
D. 7.
Cu 6. Nu M = log 4 48 log 1 3 th
2
A. M = 2 ; B. M = 3 ;
C. M=
1
log 2 3 ; D. M = log 2 3
2
1
c nguyn hm F(x) l biu thc no sau y, nu bit th ca hm s
sin 2 x
F(x) i qua im M ( ; 0) :
6
Cu 7. Hm s y
A . 3 cot x.
B.
3
cot x.
3
C. 3 cot x.
D.
3
cot x.
3
Cu 8. S o din tch ca hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng y x 2 x, y 3x c gi tr l:

32
16
.
B. .
C. 0.
D. 32.
3
3
Cu 9. Cho hnh ch nht ABCD vi cc kch thc AB = 1, BC = 2; M l trung im ca cnh AD.
Gc MBD bng argumen ca s phc no sau y?
A.
A. 2 i.
B.3 i.
C. 5 i.
D. 5 2i.
Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im I(1; 2; 5). Gi M, N, P ln lt l hnh

chiu ca im I trn cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz. Phng trnh mt phng (MNP) l
y z
y z
y z
y z
A . x 1.
B.x 1.
C. x 0.
D. x 1 0
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng ( P ) : x 2 y 2 z 5 0 . Khong cch
t M(t; 2; 1) n mt phng (P) bng 1 khi v ch khi
92
A . t 8.
t 14
.
t 8
t 20
D.
t 2
C. t 14.
B.
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt cu

( S ) : x 2 y 2 z 2 4 x 2 y 2 z 3 0. Mt phng tip din ca mt cu (S) ti im M (0;1; 2) l
A . 2 x 2 y z 4 0. B.2 x 2 y z 0 . C. 2 x 3 z 6 0. D. 2 x 2 y z 4 0
BNG TR LI
Cu s
1
Phng
n ng
10
11
12
A. BI TP T LUN (7 IM)
GII TCH (4 IM)
Bi 1. (2,5 im) Kho st v v th hm s y =
3x2 2x 1
.
2x 1
Bi 2. (1,5 im) Gii bt phng trnh log3 (x + 2 > log9 (x + 2).

HNH HC (3 IM)
Bi 3. (1 im) Cho hnh chp u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a, gc SAC bng 45. Tnh th tch
ca khi chp S.ABCD.
Bi 4. (2 im)
a) Xc nh giao im G ca ba mt phng sau y
(): 2x y + z 6 = 0; (): x + 4y 2z 8 = 0 v (): y = 0.
b) Vit phng trnh tham s v phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng k qua im G, ng thi
k nm trong mt phng () v vung gc vi giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (), ().
HNG DN P S
A. CU HI TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN (3 IM)
B.
Cu s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Phng
A
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
n ng
B. BI TP T LUN (7 IM)
3x2 2x 1
Bi 1. y =
.
2x 1
1
1) Tp xc nh : R\ { }.
2
2) S bin thin :
+ Chiu bin thin :
93
9
B
10
B
11
B
12
A
y'
(2x 1)(6x 2) 2(3x2 2x 1)

(2x 1)2
6x2 6x
(2x 1)2
x 0
y' 0 1
x2 1
1
y' khng xc nh khi x = ;
2
y' > 0 nu x < 1 hoc x > 0 v y' < 0 nu 1 < x < 0.
Vy hm s ng bin trn mi khong (- ; 1) v (0 ; + ),
1
1
nghch bin trn mi khong ( 1; ) v ( ; 0).
2
2
+ Cc tr :
Hm s t cc i ti x = 1 v yC = y( 1) = - 4.
Hm s t cc tiu ti x = 0 v yCT = y(0) = -1.
+ Tim cn :
lim y
x
1
2
3x2 2x 1
;
2x 1
1
lim
x
lim y
1
x
2
3x2 2x 1
.
1
2x 1
x
lim
1
V vy ng thng x = l tim cn ng.
2
y
3x2 2x 1 3
7
3
.
x
2x 1
2
4 4(2x 1)
3
2
7
4
3
3
7
0 , nn ng thng y = x l tim cn xin.
4(2x
1)
2
4
x
V lim (y ( x )) lim
x
+ Bng bin thin

x
y'
1
+
1
2
0
+
-4
C
+
CT
1
94
3) th
th ct trc tung ti im (0;-1), ct trc
1
1
honh ti hai im (1; 0), ( ; 0). Gi I ( ;
3
2
5
) l giao im ca tim cn ng v tim
2
cn xin. Nu ta tnh tin cc trc to theo
vect OI , p dng cng thc
xX2
yY 5
3
3
.
X
2
8X
y l mt hm s l. Vy th nhn im I
lm tm i xng.
ta s a hm s v dng Y
Bi 2. log3 (x + 2 > log9 (x + 2).

iu kin x > - 2, c log9(x 2)
log3(x 2)
log3(x 2) log3(x 2)
, do c
log3 9
2
1
1
.log3(x 2) .log3(x 2) 0 x 2 1 x 1.
2
2
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l x > - 1.

Bi 3.
Ta c:
1
VS .ABCD = B .h.
3
B = a2, h = SH = AH =
a 2
2
Do vy:
VS .ABCD
a3 2
=
.
6
Bi 4.
a) To ca giao im G c xc nh bi h :
y0
2x y z 6 0
x 4 y 2z 8 0
y0
2x z 6 0
x 2z 8 0
95
y0
x 4 .Vy im phi tm l G(4; 0 ; 2).
z 2
uur
ur
uu
r
b) Cc mt phng (), (), () ln lt c vect php tuyn l n (2; 1;1) ; n ' (1; 4; 2) v
n " (0;1;0) .
ur uu
r
n
,
n
' = (- 2;5;9).
Giao tuyn g = () () c vect ch phng l
ur uu
r
Gi (P) l mt phng i qua G v vung gc vi g, th n , n ' l vect php tuyn ca (P), nn
(P) c phng trnh :

2(x 4) + 5(y 0) +9(z + 2) = 0 hay 2x + 5y 9z + 26 = 0.
Giao tuyn ca (P) v () chnh l ng thng k cn tm.
uuu
r
uur
Mt phng (P) c vect php tuyn l nP ( 2;5;9) , mt phng () c vect php tuyn
n " (0;1;0) .
ur
uuu
r uur
Vy ng thng k c vect ch phng u nP , n "
= (9; 0; 2).
ng thng k i qua G nn phng trnh tham s v chnh tc ca n l :
x 4 9t
y0
z 2 2t
x4
9
Phn th ba
96
y
0
z2
2
HNG DN T CHC TP HUN TI CC A PHNG

T chc tp hun ti a phng gm cc cng vic sau
1. Nghin cu mc tiu, ni dung, i tng, iu kin bi dng: Thc hin cc ni dung nu ti
phn th hai ca ti liu ny
2. Xy dng k hoch chi tit t bi dng, tp hun ( thi gian, a im, s lng, yu cu)
Cc bo co vin c th tham kho k hoch nu di y xy dng k hoch c th cho
a phng
K hoch tp hun
Ngy, bui
Ngy
th
nht
Sng
Thi gian
8h - 11h00
Chiu
14h-16h30
8h - 11h00
Sng
Ngy
th
hai
14h-16h30
Chiu
Sng
Ngy
th
ba
Chiu
8h - 11h00
14h-16h30
Ni dung
- Khai mc chung;
- n nh t chc, tip nhn ti liu, thng bo ni dung, yu
cu hc tp.
- Gii thiu ti liu Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN mn
Ton lp 10, 11 v 12.
- Gii thiu mt s quan im thc hin Chun
Tho lun theo nhm, thc hin cc hot ng:
H1: hiu c cc khi nim c bn, nh: Chun, chun
kin thc k nng, mc t chun kin thc k nng (mc
bit, hiu, vn dng)
H2: hiu c dy hc bm st Chun kin thc k nng l
g? c th dy hc bm st Chun kin thc k nng ta phi
lm g? (xc nh mc tiu, thit k cc hot ng, d kin
phn hi, d kin phng n vi HS cha t chun,)
H3: Thc hnh dy hc bm st Chun kin thc k nng.
Mi nhm chn 01 ch , 01 mc hay 01 bi thit k bi
hc bm st Chun kin thc k nng
Tho lun theo nhm, thc hin cc hot ng:
H4: hiu c cc khi nim c bn: G trong GD, G kt
qu hc tp ca HS, hng i mi G kt qu hc tp ca
HS
H5: hiu c G theo Chun kin thc k nng l g?
c th G theo Chun kin thc k nng ta phi lm g? (xc
nh mc ch, thit k ma trn, d kin cu hi, to cng c,
)
H6: Thc hnh G theo Chun kin thc k nng. Mi
nhm thit k 01 KT hc k, theo Chun kin thc k nng
- i din nhm bo co sn phm thc hnh v trao i chia
s kinh nghim thc tin
- Np sn phm bi son, KT v bi thu hoch (theo file
ghi USB copy cho ton lp)
- Trao i, chia s kinh nghim ph o HS yu, km; t chc
n tp cui chng, cui k.
- Tng kt kha tp hun
97
K hoch c th ca mi bui hc
Bui 1.
n nh t chc, tip nhn ti liu, thng bo ni dung, yu cu hc tp.
1. Mc ch:
- Hnh thnh t chc hc tp nghim tc m ci m, thn thin, ha hp chia s kinh nghim
- R trch nhim ct cn, ngh tho g khc mc, trn tr trong chuyn mn, nghip v lin
quan dy mn hc theo yu cu i mi
2. Kt qu mong i:
- BCV, HV lm quen; n nh t, nhm; Lp trng
- Nhm ct cn mi a bn c nhng ngh c th cn tho g v: nhn thc, cch ngh, quan
im; ni dung, hnh thc th hin, cch lm, mc t; Tin trnh thc hin trong dy ca GV, t
chc hc b mn cho tng khi lp, cho ton trng; Cc t liu v bi ging, KT, phn mm, PT
thit b.
3. T chc thc hin:
Bo co vin v hc vin thc hin cc hot ng tng ng t kt qu mong i trn
Bi son, KT bo co theo nhm.
Hc vin no cng c bn bo co v p dng mt k thut dy hc hay PPDH vo mt hot
ng ton c th (mt tnh hung vi th php s phm kch hot HS hc tch cc)
Bui 2.
Gii thiu ti liu Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN mn Ton lp 10, 11 v 12.
Gii thiu mt s quan im thc hin Chun.
1. Mc ch:
- Cho hc vin r s cn thit ca Chun v vn bn hng dn thc hin chun; Trn c s bit
v hiu ni dung CT v SGK phn tch c cc c im, cu trc ca ti liu hng dn thc
hin chun KT-KN mn hc; Nhn thc ng mc ch, ngha v quan im thc hin chun.
- p dng k thut t duy: Lc t duy, PP lin tng ... nghin cu tch cc ni dung
chun gn vi cc k nng vit, c, t duy ph phn, k nng phn tch, tng hp v G cc ti
liu chuyn mn; k nng gii quyt vn , k nng trnh by trc m ng v k nng x l
tnh hung trong dy hc.
2. Kt qu mong i:
- HV phn tch, tng kt, phn loi, G c cc ni dung trong Chun KT-KN mn hc thc
hin.
- Cc HV c thc v tinh thn hp tc, lm vic theo nhm; HV t c cc cu hi c th lin
quan n vic xy dng chun KT-KN; Bit cch s dng chun KT-KN kt hp vi CT v SGK
(thng qua cc ch KT-KN bit tch ni dung ch cho ph hp vi bi dy v tit dy, son
bi, ln lp, KT G,Bit s dng SGK minh ha cho mc tiu ca chun KT-KN)
- Qua trao i, tho lun thy c s cn thit phi dy hc theo CT v Hng dn thc hin
chun KT-KN.
3. PT G:
- Quan st cc thnh vin tham gia
- Kt qu tho lun ca HV
4. Hc liu cn:
- Khung CT v hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN mn Ton THPT
- Gii thiu chung v chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT
- CT GDPT.
98
- Ti liu Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN mn Ton (10, 11, 12); SGK. SGV.
- Giy A4, giy trki A0, bt d, bng dnh hai mt.
5. T chc hot ng: bo co vin (BCV), hc vin (HV)
- BCV:
+ Phn nhm hc tp, giao nhim v nghin cu Chun theo nhm, theo khi lp:
* Nhm 1: Lp 10
* Nhm 2: Lp 11
* Nhm 3: Lp 11
* Nhm 4: Lp 12
* Nhm 5: Lp 12
+ Gii thiu k thut t duy (lc t duy) v k thut t cu hi (5W1H) (ph lc 1)
nghin cu chun, ti liu hng dn thc hin chun, quan im thc hin chun.
+ Thu sn phm ca HV v nhm hc tp, nu mt kt qu nh hng ti kt lun ng,
nht.
- HV:
+ Hot ng nhm p dng tch hp hai k thut lc t duy v 5W1H vo nghin cu
Chun: qua CT, SGK, Hng dn thc hin chun; HV th hin kt qu: bn ghi trn giy,
trn USB,...
Bui 3.
Hng dn: Vi mi hot ng, mi nhm dnh khong 15 nghin cu ti liu, tip theo dnh
khong 30 trao i, thng nht, sau khi thng nht ghi bin bn kin ca nhm hoc ghi vo
phiu ca tng hot ng. Mi nhm chn 01 lnh vc minh ho (chn trong cc lnh vc: i s,
gii tch, hnh hc, xc sut-thng k, s,). Lp trng phn cng sao cho cc nhm khng trng
nhau v lnh vc minh ho.
1. Mc ch:
- Hiu c cc khi nim c bn: Chun, chun kin thc k nng, mc t chun kin thc k
nng (mc bit, hiu, vn dng); Dy hc theo chun v Thc hnh dy hc theo Chun
- Trn c s bit v hiu v ni dung, CT, SGK, phn tch c mc ca ni dung b mn theo
chun KT-KN v mch kin thc mn hc; HV khai thc c chun KT-KN trong dy hc; cch
thc t c mc tiu dy hc; khng b l thuc hon ton vo SGK. Thng nht thc hin
chun KT-KN trong dy, hc, i mi KT, G.
- Nu c cc tiu ch, cc k thut thit k bi ging, t chc iu khin qu trnh dy mn hc
trn lp theo m hnh dy hc tch cc, gii quyt vn , hng dn t hc.
- HV p dng c cc ni dung trong Chun KT-KN mn hc v k thut dy hc tch cc
thc hin thit k v xy dng bi son v t chc dy hc trn lp.
- T chc iu khin cc tit dy mn hc trn lp theo nh hng i mi PPDH nng cao hot
ng ca HS.
- Hiu bit v ng dng CNTT trong dy hc mn Ton.
- Vn dng c k thut dy hc vo vic truyn t ni dung cn hng dn
- C kh nng sng to: cu hi-bi tp, PPDH, k thut dy hc, PT dng dy hc mi.
- C thc hc hi, t nghin cu nng cao kh nng v cp nht cc tri thc ng dng
CNTT-TT trong cng vic chuyn mn v nghin cu.
2. Kt qu mong i:
- Phn tch, tng kt, phn loi, G c cc ni dung trong Chun KT-KN mn hc
ng ca HS.
99
- G c trnh HS xc nh khi lng tri thc, k nng ph hp cho bi ging ca mnh,

tch hp dy hc phn ha trong dy mn hc.
- Vn dng c cc k thut hc thit k cc hot ng ca bi ging (Son c mt bi
hoc mt ni dung ca bi; bit xc nh ng mc tiu v kin thc v k nng ca bi hc, bit son
mt bi hoc mt trch on st ng ni dung chun KT-KN, bit cch s dng HD chun KT-KN
kt hp vi SGK trong qu trnh son bi).
- Vn dng c cc k thut hc vo bi son
- Hc vin so snh ni dung chun KT-KN vi CT v SGK t iu chnh ni dung hc v cch
s dng ti liu.
3. PT G:
- Cc vn bn ngi hc ghi; Sn phm thc hin ca cc k thut
- Bi son, cu hi ca cc nhm
- Quan st cc thnh vin tham gia; Nghe cc thnh vin trao i ti cc nhm.
4. Hc liu cn:
- CT GDPT.
5. T chc hot ng: son bi (BG), KT (KT)
+ Phn nhm
* Nhm 1: Son bi v dy hc kin thc mi
* Nhm 2: Son bi v dy hc bi tp
* Nhm 3: Son bi v dy hc nh l
* Nhm 4: Son bi v dy hc n tp (chng)
* Nhm 5: Son bi v thc hnh ton (s dng my tnh gii ton,)
+ T chc trao i ni dung tr li cc cu hi.
+ Hot ng nhm, th hin kt qu: bn ghi trn giy, trn USB,...
- BCV: Thu sn phm ca HV v nhm hc tp, nu mt kt qu nh hng ti kt lun ng,
nht.
Bui 4.
1. Mc ch:
- Hiu c cc khi nim c bn: G trong GD, G kt qu hc tp ca HS, hng i mi
G kt qu hc tp ca HS; Hiu yu cu G theo chun; Thc hnh G theo chun
-HV p dng c cc ni dung trong Chun KT-KN mn hc v k thut dy hc tch cc xy
dng bi v t chc dy hc trn lp theo hng i mi KT, G cht lng hc tp mn hc ca
HS.
2. Kt qu mong i:
- Hc vin thc hnh son cu hi hoc kim tra bm st chun KT-KN
100
- Bit cch tm kim thng tin phn hi, trong v sau khi dy hc, sao cho m bo HS t chun
KT - KN
- Hc vin bit cch s dng HD chun KT-KN, SGK son KT.
- Vn dng c cc k thut hc ra KT
3. PT G:
- Bi son, KT ca cc nhm
- Quan st cc thnh vin tham gia
4. Hc liu cn:
- CT GDPT.
5. T chc hot ng:
Bui 4: T nghin cu, HV hot ng theo nhm xy dng sn phm chung
* Nhm 1: Ra 01 kim tra hc k I v 01 kim tra hc k II lp 10
* Nhm 4: Ra 01 kim tra 1 tit v i s hc k I v 01 kim tra 1 tit v hnh hc
hc k II lp 10
* Nhm 5: Ra 01 kim tra 1 tit v gii tch v 01 kim tra 1 tit v xc sut thng k
lp 12
Bui 5: i din nhm bo co sn phm thc hnh v trao i chia s kinh nghim thc tintheo
nhm phn cng nu trn.
- HV: Hot ng nhm p dng khung bi son, khung KT vo thc hnh son bi v KT tng
thch vi CT, SGK, Hng dn thc hin chun nh th no?
- HV th hin kt qu: bn ghi trn giy, trn USB,...Np sn phm bi son, KT v bi thu
hoch v k thut dy hc (theo file ghi USB copy cho ton lp)
- BCV: Trao i, phn tch sn phm ca HV v nhm hc tp, nu mt kt qu nh hng ti kt
lun ng, nht.
Bui 6.
Trao i, chia s kinh nghim ph o HS yu, km; t chc n tp cui chng, cui
k .
Tng kt kha tp hun (tip nhn sn phm ca nhm, bi thu hoch ca c nhn, kt
lun nhng vic cn lm sau tp hun)
1. Mc ch:
- HV nhn din c HS yu km; Bn lun thng nht gii php v dy, KT G, n tp.
- HV thu hoch c cc mu khai thc trong dy hc; cch thc t c mc tiu dy hc;
khng b l thuc hon ton vo SGK. gn vi chun
- Nhn thc r mc tiu dy hc v ng thun, thng nht cng tc ch o KT, G.
2. Kt qu mong i:
Mi hc vin ct cn t r sot kh nng v hc liu tip thu m bo bo co c v:
- Vn dng cc ni dung thc hin Chun KT-KN mn hc v k thut dy hc tch cc thc
hin:
+ Thit k v xy dng bi son v t chc dy hc trn lp.
+ KT G cht lng hc tp mn hc ca HS.
101
- Vn dng cc tiu ch, cc k thut thit k bi ging, t chc iu khin qu trnh dy mn hc

trn lp theo m hnh dy hc tch cc, gii quyt vn , hng dn t hc.
ng ca HS.
- Hiu bit v ng dng CNTT trong dy hc b mn.
- D kin trao i, tho lun lm r cc vn hc vin cn vng mc.
3. PT G:
- Cc vn bn ngi hc ghi; Sn phm thc hin ca cc k thut
PH LC
PH LC 1. DY V HC TCH CC
Dy v hc tch cc xin c hiu theo ngha:
Hot ng dy ca GV v hot ng hc ca hc vin c phi hp vi nhau mt cch cht
ch sao cho ngi hc ch ng chim lnh kin thc, vn dng kin thc v sng to kin thc trong
qu trnh bin thng tin thnh tri thc ca mnh.
Ni dung dy v hc tch cc
Dy tch cc:
Chun b bi ging tch cc
+ Nm vng mc tiu mn hc
102
+ Xc nh kin thc ct li
+ Son bi ging theo mc tiu v kin thc ct li
+ Chun b ti liu tham kho, cu hi bi tp cho bi ging
Ging tch cc
+ Nu r mc tiu kin thc hay k nng, hng dn l gii, bnh lun v G kin thc hay k nng
+ Nu vn v hng dn gii quyt vn bng kin thc hay k nng
+ Dy pht trin t duy, dy c t duy v dy v t duy
G dy tch cc
+ Qua cc vn hoc cu hi (vn - p) a ra khi ging
+ Qua cc cu hi v bi tp a ra khi kt thc bi ging
Hc tch cc:
Chun b hc tch cc
+ Chun b sinh lc
+ Chun b t liu v chun b thng tin
Hc tch cc
+ Phn tch v l gii thng tin
+ H thng ho thng tin
G hc tch cc
+ Tch cc pht biu kin (hi v p)
+ Hon thnh y , ng hn cc bi lm
Phi hp dy v hc tch cc:
Chun b phi hp dy v hc tch cc
+ Xc lp ni dung kin thc hay k nng
+ t cc cu hi v kin thc hay k nng
Phi hp dy v hc tch cc
+ Phi hp phn tch v l gii kin thc hay k nng
+ Phi hp vn dng kin thc gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt nh
G phi hp dy v hc tch cc
+ Qua mc i thoi trong gi ging
+ Qua cc hng dn l gii hay gii quyt vn trong gi ging.
CC CU HI V DY V HC TCH CC
1-Chun b phi hp dy v hc tch cc
+ Xc lp ni dung dy v hc tch cc: Nu nh ngha
+ t cc cu hi v dy v hc tch cc:
Cu hi 1: Th no l dy tch cc?
Cu hi 2: Dy tch cc nht l dy:
a. truyn t y kin thc
b. phn tch v l gii tng kin thc
c. cch tip thu kin thc
d. dy theo trnh ngi hc
Cu hi 3: Th no l hc tch cc?
Cu hi 4: Hc tch cc nht l hc n mc:
a. thuc y cc kin thc
b. hiu y cc kin thc
c. vn dng c cc kin thc
d. G c cc kin thc
Cu hi 5: G dy v hc tch cc thng qua cc minh chng no?
Cu hi 6: Minh chng ng nht cho vic dy tch cc l ngi hc:
103
a. lm c tt bi thi
b. ging li c cho bn
c. phn tch c kin thc
d. vn dng c kin thc
Cu hi 7: Minh chng ng nht cho vic hc tch cc l ngi hc:
a. hon thnh y cc bi lm
b. thng xuyn t cu hi
c. nm vng cc kin thc
d. thuc ht cc kit thc
2-Phi hp dy v hc tch cc
+ Nhn thc v phi hp dy v hc tch cc
Cu hi 8: Th no l phi hp dy v hc tch cc?
Cu hi 9: Cch tt nht cho vic phi hp phn tch v l gii tch cc trong gi hc ti lp l:
a.GV t vn , ngi hc tm cch phn tch v l gii
b.GV ging cch phn tch v l gii
c.ngi hc hi cch phn tch v l gii
d.ngi hc ch nghe bi ging phn tch v l gii
+ Phi hp dy v hc tch cc gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt nh
Cu hi 10: Th no l phi hp dy v hc tch cc gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt nh?
Cu hi 11: Cch tt nht cho vic phi hp dy v hc tch cc gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt
nh l:
a- GV t vn , ngi hc tm cch gii quyt hoc ra quyt nh
b- ngi hc c GV hng dn gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt nh
c- ngi hc hi cch gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt nh
d- ngi hc phi hp bi ging v t liu gii quyt vn hoc ra quyt nh
3-G phi hp dy v hc tch cc
+ Tm cc minh chng cho s phi hp dy v hc tch cc:
-Cc cu hi GV v hc vin t ra.
-Cc kin ca hc vin l gii hay gii quyt vn .
-Cc hng dn, cc li bnh ca GV a ra.
+ Trc nghim G phi hp dy v hc tch cc
Cu hi 12: Minh chng tt nht cho s phi hp dy v hc trong gi ging l:
a. ch c GV ni
b. c GV v hc vin u ni
c. ch yu l hc vin ni
d. ch yu l GV ni
Cu hi 13: Cch tt nht G c s phi hp dy v hc tch cc l tp hp:
a.Cc cu hi ca GV a ra trong gi ging
b.Cc cu hi ca hc vin a ra trong gi ging
c. Cc l gii ca hc vin a ra trong gi ging
d-Cc l gii ca GV a ra trong gi ging
Cu hi 14: Cng c tt nht G hiu qu s phi hp dy v hc tch cc l:
a. bi trc nghim ngn cui bi ging
b. bi trc nghim tip thu mn hc
c. phng vn ngi hc cui gi hc
d. nhn xt ca ngi hc cui mn hc
Dy v hc tch cc th hin qua cc hot ng trong gi hc nhm cho ngi hc ng no,
t t duy n gin n t duy sng to, thng qua phi hp cht ch gia hng dn ca GV v ch
ng ca hc vin.
104
Trong hc theo chun u ra, ngi hc c ch ng chn kin thc, t xy dng chng trnh k hoch hc, v vy dy v hc tch cc s gp phn p ng nhu cu t chim lnh kin
thc v lm ch kin thc ca ngi hc.
PH LC 2. K thut thc hin lp k hoch dy hc

Gii thiu tm tt v lp k hoch dy hc
Trong trng s phm lu nay o to GV v lp k hoch dy hc thng ch tp trung nhm
n cc k thut son bi c c th ha bng vic thit k gio n da trn cc yu cu ca CT
(c ban hnh bi cc cp qun l).
Lp k hoch dy hc cn c hiu l mt t hp phc tp cc th tc v qui trnh s phm
nhm cung cp mt bc tranh va tng th va chi tit cho tt c cc bn lin quan: GV, HS v nh
qun l.
Xy dng k hoch dy hc (tng th v chi tit: cho c nm hc, tng hc k, tng bi dy)
gip ngi GV t duy mt cch h thng v cc thnh t cn c trong qu trnh dy hc, ch ng
trong thc hin v c c nhng G hu ch trong pht trin chuyn mn.
Theo cch tip cn trong o to GV chun quc t ca CIE, lp c k hoch dy hc,
ngi GV cn phi thc hin cc nhim v sau: xc nh nhu cu v phong cch hc tp ca HS; xy
dng (chi tit ha) cc mc tiu dy hc; xc nh c cc yu cu v ni dung dy hc; xy dng
c trin khai bng cc PP, PT dy hc hiu qu; xy dng c ngun hc liu h tr hc tp
cho HS; xy dng c k hoch KT G kt qu hc tp ca HS.
Mt khc, cn xc nh r v tr ca mn hc trong ton b CT kha hc (hc k, nm hc),
khi hc, cp hc.
Tm tt qui trnh lp k hoch dy hc nh s di y
Xc nh, phn tch nhu cu
Xc nh, phn
ngitch
hcnhu cu
ngi hc
Xc nh mc ch,
Xc nh
mc
ch,
mc
tiu
mc tiu
Thit k cu trc
Thit Ni
k cu
trc
dung
Ni dung
La chn hnh thc t chc dy hc

La chn hnh thc t chc dy hc
PP hc
PP dy
KTG thng xuyn
Xc nh hnh thc, PP
Xc nh
thc,gi
PP
kimhnh
tra nh
kim tra nh gi
nh gi ci tin, pht trin

nh gi chuyn
ci tin,mn
pht trin
chuyn mn
I. Xc nh nhu cu, phong cch hc ca HS (Tr li cu hi: GV cn bit nhng g, bng cch
no v HS?)
105
Mn hc c trin khai bt u t vic tm hiu v nhn din c nhu cu v phong cch

hc tp ca HS. Cc thng tin y v nhu cu, k vng v phong cch hc tp ca HS s gip GV
phc ha c k hoch t chc trin khai v qun l hiu qu vic dy hc, thc y cc qu trnh tm
kim c hi h tr cho HS trong sut qu trnh dy hc.
Cc thng tin lin quan n HS bao gm:
- Trnh kin thc, nng lc hin ti;
- S thch, hng th, ng c, ch hc tp;
- iu kin, hon cnh hc tp;
- Nhng mong mun: v kt qu, thnh tch s t c; v s h tr ca GV; v cc kiu t
chc hot ng ca mn hc; v cch KT G
- K vng: v s pht trin ca chnh c nhn HS
Cc PP tm hiu HS
GV c th p dng nhiu PP thu thp thng tin v HS. Cc PP cn m bo tnh tch hp, a
chiu, m v n gin (bng cc con ng t nhin nht). C th thu thp thng tin v HS bng 2
cch: chnh thc v khng chnh thc.
Chnh thc:
- Bng hi
- Phng vn (HS, GV tng lm vic vi lp t nm trc, cha m HS)
- H s (hc b), bng im, thnh tch hot ng nm trc (k trc), ca HS
- Nhng ghi chp khc
Khng chnh thc:
- Trao i, tr chuyn: trc tip (c th lng ghp trong cc bui sinh hot) v gin tip (qua
e-mail) vi cc i tng lin quan (HS, ng nghip, cha m HS, cn b on)
- Thu thp thng tin t cc forum, blog, chat ca HS
- Quan st hot ng ca HS
Bi tp thc hnh
Hy lp danh sch cc vn trng tm cn tm hiu v HS trong lp.
Thit k b cu hi tm hiu HS cho bui hp ph huynh HS u nm
Mt s cu hi quan trng:
1. c im chung nht ca lp HS ny l g?
2. Mt bng kin thc v hiu bit hin ti ca h n u?
3. S chnh lch (v KT-KN) trong hc tp gia cc nhm HS c th hin nh th no?
4. HS trong lp thch c hc nh th no?
5. HS trong lp c nhng thnh tch g trong hc tp v hot ng x hi ( tng mn,
tng lnh vc nhn thc, hot ng) trong nm (hc k) va qua?
6. iu g khin h t c nhng thnh cng ?
7. HS trong lp c c nhng k nng hc tp no? H cm thy t tin nht k nng
no?
8. H mong mun iu g nht mn hc ny?
9. iu kin hc tp ca h ra sao?
10. S phn ha trong lp HS c th hin r nht kha cnh no?
II. Xy dng h thng mc tiu dy hc (Tr li cu hi: Ngi hc s phi lm c nhng g
sau khi kt thc bi hc ny?)
Xy dng h thng mc tiu dy hc c coi l khu trng tm cho vic lp k hoch dy
hc v KT G sau ny.
Mc tiu dy hc c xy dng nhm thc hin 2 chc nng chnh:
- nh hng trong dy v hc.
- Cn c KT G kt qu tin b ca HS.
106
Da trn mc tiu yu cu ca phn phi CT, GV cn c th ha cc mc tiu p ng cc ch

s v cc tiu ch hnh vi (lm c g?), tiu ch thc hin (lm c bao nhiu l ) v tiu ch
iu kin (lm c trong iu kin no?).
H thng mc tiu dy hc cn m bo cc yu cu:
- Quan st c
- Lng ha c
- Kh thi
- nh hng c cch dy v hc
Tham kho tiu ch SMART trong xy dng mc tiu:
S (specific): c th, chi tit, r rng, d hiu
M (measuable): quan st c, o m c
A (achiveable): kh thi, va sc
R (realistic): thc t
T (time-scale): c gii hn v thi gian
Mt s li thng gp khi xy dng mc tiu
- Mc tiu khng r rng, c th (s dng cc t kh xc nh, kh lng ha nh nm,
nhn thc, t duy, kin thc c bn, kin thc trng tm, mt s, vi,
nhng v.v.)
- Mc tiu din t kh hiu/mc tiu qu vn vt
- Mc tiu qu cao
- Mc tiu khng gi cho HS v cch m h c th s dng t c mc tiu
- Mc tiu khng c cng b trc cho HS
Gi xy dng mc tiu
- Xc nh mc tiu chun (trung bnh) cn phi t
- Bt u bng tuyn b: sau bi hc ny (phn ny, chng ny...) ngi hc s/c
th/phi:.
- S dng cc ng t ch hnh vi, c th quan st, lng ha c
- S dng 6 thang bc t duy nhn thc ca B.J.Bloom phn cp mc mc tiu:
+ Ti hin (trnh by, lit k, m t): bc 1
+ Ti to (so snh, chng minh, lp lun): bc 2
+ Sng to (a ra nhn xt, kin, d bo, phn bin): bc 3
- Gp nhm cc mc tiu cng cp
- H thng ha cc mc tiu theo ma trn
Ni dung
Mc tiu
Bc 1: Bit
Bc 2: Hiu
Bc 3: Vn dng
Ni dung 1
Ni dung 2
Ni dung 3
Ni dung N
- Chia s kin ng nghip
Bi tp thc hnh:
- Lp danh sch cc ng t ng vi cc 6 cp nhn thc ca B.J.Bloom: bit hiu
vn dng phn tch tng hp G
- Chn 1 ni dung dy hc bt k, xy dng cc mc tiu dy hc theo 3 bc.
III. Xc nh yu cu v ni dung bi dy hc (Tr li cu hi:Ngi hc cn phi bit, nn bit
v c th bit nhng g t bi hc ny?
Trong cc ti liu hng dn phn phi, trin khai CT dy hc ca cc
cp qun l vch ra kh r cc ni dung trng tm cn t ca tng CT, chng hc v bi hc.
Tuy nhin trong thc t trin khai ni dung dy hc thng bt gp mu thun gia yu cu ni dung,
thi gian v hnh thc thc hin.
107
C 2 khi nim gn nhau v ni dung dy hc, l: ni dung CT (ND1) v ni dung dy hc

c th trn lp (ND2).
ND1: l ton b ni dung kin thc c thit k mang tnh tng th, chung cho mt
cp hc, CT hc, c c trnh by theo mt trt t logic khoa hc, c qui nh v
th ch ha (CT SGK)
ND2: l nhng ni dung dy hc theo CT nhng c cu trc li nhng vn m
bo tnh h thng, logic khoa hc, c trnh by trong cc hnh thc dy hc khc
nhau mang du n c nhn ca GV (trong tng trng hp dy hc c th)
Nh vy, m bo thc hin ng, cc yu cu v ni dung dy hc ca CT ra, m
bo mc tiu dy hc ng thi dung ha c nhng p lc v thi gian, khng gian, i tngbt
k GV no cng cn phi thc hin qu trnh cu trc ha li ni dung cho ph hp vi iu kin
dy hc c th.
Vic cu trc li ni dung CT dy hc gip cho GV:
- Tng kh nng p dng a dng cc PP v hnh thc t chc dy hc (trong v ngoi gi
ln lp)
- Phn b thi gian trin khai mt cch hp l (c th coi l mt trong nhng gii php
gim ti hin nay)
- Tng c hi dy hc phn ha (cho ton lp/ nhm/c nhn)
- Tng c hi hc tp tch cc cho HS
- Kch thch tnh ch ng ca HS
- Thit k a dng cc bi tp thc hnh, tnh hung c vn , bi tp nghin cu
V d:
ND1 = N1 + N2 ++ N10
Trong :
N1 N10 l cc ni dung theo yu cu ca CT
N1, N3, N7 l nhng ni dung ct li (ND2CL)
N2, N5, N4, N9 l nhng ni dung c bn (ND2CB)
N6, N8, N10 l nhng ni dung b tr (ND2BT)
Nh vy, chng hn i vi ND2CL (gm N1, N3, N7) GV c th s s dng nhiu thi gian
hn ging bi trn lp, cho HS lm bi luyn tp, tng cng hn cc PP tch cc nhm gip HS
lnh hi kin thc mt cch chc chn.
Nhng i vi cc ni dung b tr ND2BT (gm N6, N8, N10), GV c th khng dy trc tip
trn lp m tch hp vo cc bi tp nghin cu, tnh hung giao cho HS v nh lm (c hng
dn v tiu ch KT G).
Bi tp thc hnh:
- Xc nh cc ni dung ct li, c bn v b tr trong ni dung ca 1 bi bt k trong CT
SGK ca mn hc.
- Vit cc mc tiu (c th c) ca ni dung ct li xc nh trn.
IV. La chn PP, PT, mi trng dy hc (Tr li cu hi: Cn phi lm vic nh th no v
bng cng c no vi ngi hc?)
Vic la chn cc hnh thc t chc v PPDH, PT v mi trng dy hc ng vai tr quyt
nh n tnh hiu qu v hiu sut ca qu trnh dy hc. y l bc kh khn nht trong qu trnh
lp k hoch bi dy, i hi s sng to ca GV, nng lc s phm (v ng nhin c nng lc
chuyn mn), kh nng d bo cc tnh hung kh khn cng nh hiu bit thu o v i tng HS
trong lp. Vic trin khai, t chc cc hnh thc v PPDH cn bm st vo mc tiu, ni dung v i
tng ngi hc (c bit lu vi trng chuyn, lp chuyn, mn chuyn).
Yu cu ca vic la chn hnh thc t chc dy hc:
- a dng, to c hi p ng phong cch hc ca HS
- Kh thi
- Thc y hng th, tch cc ca HS
Yu cu ca vic la chn PPDH:
- Khoa hc v hiu qu (ph hp vi mc tiu, ni dung dy hc)
- Kh thi (ph hp nng lc, iu kin khch quan, ch quan, thi gian)
108
- H tr hc tp tch cc (to c hi dy hc phn ha, tng tc)

Yu cu ca vic la chn PT dy hc:
- Tnh s phm
- Tnh kinh t
- Tnh kh thi
Yu cu to dng mi trng hc tp
- An ton (mi trng bn ngoi v bn trong HS)
- Thn thin
- Cng bng
Cc hot ng ca GV v HS cn c tnh ton, cn nhc, trin khai th nghim v rt kinh
nghim, ci tin thng xuyn. Vic p dng cc PPDH tch cc, ci tin, khc phc nhng nhc
im ca tng PP cn c tin hnh thng xuyn song song vi vic ly kin phn hi t HS v
ng nghip.
Mt khc, vic la chn PP, PT v mi trng dy hc cn b chi phi bi trit l ging dy v
s nhn thc ca chnh GV v vai tr ca bn thn v HS.
Mt s vai tr mi ca ngi GV theo quan im l lun dy hc hin i:
- Ngi nh hng
- Ngi ch dn
- Ngi h tr
- Chuyn gia
-
Bi tp thc hnh:
in cc ni dung chi tit vo cc bng sau:
Bng 1:
Mc ch Cc mc
Hnh thc PP trin
Hot ng Hot ng PT
bi dy
tiu bi
trin khai khai
ca GV
ca HS
dy
Mt kha cnh khng km phn quan trng h tr cho qu trnh dy hc hiu qu l vn xy

dng ngun hc liu h tr dy hc.
Ngun hc liu ny bao gm:
- Hc liu h tr dy hc trn lp
- Hc liu h tr HS t hc nh
- Hc liu h tr KT G
- Hc liu pht trin chuyn mn (dnh cho GV)
V. Xy dng k hoch KT G, tch hp KTG trong dy hc (Tr li cu hi:Thng tin v s
tin b ca ngi hc c thu thp bng cch no?)
Theo quan im l lun dy hc hin i, vic KT G cn phi c tin hnh thng xuyn,
lin tc, nh k, v s tin b ca ngi hc. Ni cch khc, KT G l qu trnh thu thp cc thng
tin v minh chng v s tin b ca ngi hc, gip ngi hc nh hng r rng nht v cch t
c nhng mc tiu dy hc.
KT G cn phi c coi l mt thnh phn bt buc trong k hoch dy hc. Trong qu trnh
lp k hoch KT G kt qu hc tp ca HS tch hp vo trong sut qu trnh dy hc, cn lu
n nhng cng on sau:
- Thit k tng v cc hnh thc KT G trc, trong v sau mn hc (chng hc, bi
hc)
- Xy dng cc cch KT G: chnh thc/khng chnh thc, cho im/khng cho im
- Thit k tng v s cng tham gia trong G ca c nhn HS v cc HS khc trong lp
hc
- Xy dng cc cng c G a dng
109
Xy dng cc cng c lu gi cc thng tin KT G, thnh tch hc tp, s tin b ca HS

Lp k hoch lm vic vi HS v vn KT G
Thit k tng s dng cc thng tin v KT G
M t nhim v v k hoch G
Lch trnh nh gi
Trc khi thc hin nhim
v
Xc nh vn
Lp k hoch
Xy dng gi thuyt
Thu thp ti liu
Trong khi thc hin nhim v
Nng lc gii quyt vn
Tinh thn, thi tham

gia
Bi tp thc hnh:
1. in cc ni dung chi tit vo bng sau:
TT Ni dung dy hc
Mc tiu
Kt thc nhim v
Kt qu gii quyt vn
Tnh sng to
Nng lc bo co, trnh
by
Cc kh nng p
dng KTG
2. xut tng tch hp KT, G thng xuyn (khng chnh thc/khng cho im) trong dy
hc
3. Lp k hoch lm vic vi HS v mc tiu dy hc v KT, G
VII.
Xy dng k hoch G ci tin, pht trin ngh nghip (Tr li cu hi: Qu trnh
dy hc tip theo s din ra nh th no?)
Mt trong nhng nng lc quan trng ca ngi GV hin nay l G v t G. Cc thng tin
lin quan n ton b qu trnh dy hc cn c ghi chp y , c h thng lm cn c cho k
hoch nng cao nng lc chuyn mn v pht trin k nng ngh. Do , qu trnh G ci tin (G
pht trin) c coi nh cng on cui cng ca qui trnh vng xoy lin tc cho bc lp k hoch
dy hc tip theo.
Trong qu trnh lp k hoch G ci tin cn lu n nhng cng on:
- Xy dng k hoch pht trin chuyn mn (trong nm, hc k)
- Xc nh nhng vn chnh cn phi thc hin G ci tin
- Xy dng k hoch thu thp cc thng tin G (t bn thn, t HS)
- Xy dng k hoch d gi, chia s kinh nghim vi ng nghip
- Xy dng cng c lu gi thng tin G ci tin.
Bi tp thc hnh
in cc ni dung chi tit vo bng sau:
TT Vn cn rt kinh nghim Ngun thng
K hoch ci
Cc ngun lc
tin,minh chng tin
h tr
110
Mt s lu v: Lp k hoch dy hc
Vic xy dng cc ni dung cho bn k hoch dy hc cn c thc hin chi tit, mch lc v
c h thng (c k hoch cho vic lp k hoch dy hc)
Ch n tnh mc ch, mc tiu v tnh kh thi khi xy dng cc ni dung thnh phn ca
bn k hoch. Trong tng ni dung cn ch n cc iu kin, ngun lc thc hin.
Cc ni dung thnh phn c th c thit k ring r tp hp thnh mt bn k hoch dy
hc hon chnh; lu gi di dng h s, c s d liu tin s dng trong cc khu tip
theo
Ch n tnh linh hot, iu chnh v cp nht ca k hoch dy hc (trong thc t khng
phi vic trin khai no cng ph hp tuyt i ng vi k hoch lp, cn tnh ton cc
phng n trin khai d phng)
Chia s kinh nghim, ly kin ng nghip v k hoch dy hc
Tham kho cc mu lp k hoch dy hc sau
Mu 1.
TRNG THPT .
T . . . . . . . .
K HOCH DY HC T NHM CHUYN MN
1. Mn hc:
2. CT:
C bn
Nng cao
3. Hc k:
Nm hc:
4. H v tn GV
.. in thoi:
.. in thoi:
.. in thoi:
.. in thoi:
5. a im phng T b mn
in thoi:
E-mail:
Lch sinh hot T:
Phn cng trc T:
6. Cc chun ca mn hc (ghi theo chun do B GD-T ban hnh)
- Kin thc
- K nng
7. Yu cu v thi (ghi theo chun do B GD-T ban hnh)
8. Mc tiu chi tit
Mc tiu
MC TIU CHI TIT
Ni dung
M t mc tiu chi tit theo cc mc: ch r cc kt qu HS cn
t, m bo cc mc tiu c th lng ha, quan st c
Bc 1: Bit
Bc 2: Hiu
Bc 3: Vn dng
Chng
Phn
Bi
Tit
9. Khung phn phi CT (da theo khung PPCT ca B GD-T ban hnh)
V d: Mn Ton lp 10, CT nng cao
Ni dung bt buc/s tit
ND t
Tng s
chn
tit
L
Bi tp
Thc
n tp
KT
thuyt
hnh
111
Ghi ch
C
hng
dn
ring
10. Lch trnh chi tit
Bi
Tit
Hot ng dy hc chnh/
hc
Hnh thc dy hc
L thuyt
PP, PTDH
46t S
26t HH
KT, G
G ci tin
Bi tp
Thc hnh
n tp
KT
11. K hoch KT, G
- KT thng xuyn (cho im/khng cho im): KT bi lm, hi trn lp, lm bi test
ngn
- KT nh k:
Hnh thc KTG
S ln
Trng s
Thi im/ni dung
KT ming
Tun hc/Bi hc
KT 15
KT 45
KT 90
Lu : Phn b hp l cc bi KT 45 vo cui chng/phn hoc cch nhau t nht khong t
10-15 tit hc.
12. Tiu ch G
Hnh thc
MC T
KTG
M t chi tit cc tiu ch th hin mc t c ca HS
(c th c th ha thang im, cho im l n 0,5)
Xut sc
Gii
Kh
Trung bnh
Khng
(9-10)
(8)
(7)
(5-6)
t
di 5
KT ming
KT 15
KT 45
KT 90
Khc
13. K hoch trin khai cc ni dung ch bm st
14. K hoch trin khai cc hot ng gio dc ngoi gi ln lp
15. K hoch trin khai cc hot ng gio dc hng nghip
* Ni dung chi tit ca cc mc 13, 14, 15 c th xy dng theo mu (t 10-12)
T TRNG B MN
HIU TRNG
112
Mu 2
K HOCH DY HC C NHN
Tun/bi
I. GV
H v tn GV
in thoi
E-mail
II. TUN HC
Tun hc
Tiu bi dy
Tm tt bi dy
Cu hi khung CH khi qut
CH bi hc
CH ni dung
Hnh thc dy hc
Ging l thuyt
Tho lun
Lm vic nhm
III. MC TIU BI HC
Bc 1: Bit
Mc tiu
bi dy
Mc tiu
chi tit
Bc 2: Hiu
IV. HNH THC T CHC DY HC

* GING L THUYT
1
2
3
4
5
* THO LUN
1
2
3
4
Bc 3: Vn dng
Tg
Tg
* LM VIC NHM
1
2
3
4
Tg
V. HC LIU, PTCN
SGK
113
Ti liu tham kho

Bi tp tnh hung
Cc cu hi
Ti liu pht thm
Trang PowerPoint
Gio n vit
Trang web
Photo
Video
Cc hc liu khc
VI. IU CHNH PH HP VI I TNG
i tng
Gii php
Tip thu chm
Nng khiu
C vn v
Cn tr gip c bit
VII. K HOCH G
Thi im
Hnh thc
Ging bi
Xemina
LVN
Khc
Ni dung
VIII. CC TIU CH G NGI HC

Hnh thc/
Tiu ch
Cng c
IX. GHI CHP G CI TIN

Ngy
Lp
Tn ti
TG
Minh chng
Mu 3
K HOCH BI DY THEO D N
(Bn quyn 2007 ca Tp on Intel)
Ngi son
H v tn
Qun
Trng
114
Gii php ci tin
Thnh ph
Tng quan v bi dy
Tiu bi dy
Mt ci tn tht hay v sng to m t bi dy ca bn.
Tm tt bi dy
Tm tt cc im chnh ca bi dy, trong bao gm ch m bi dy cn th hin, m t ngn gn
kin thc trng tm, gii thch ngn gn v cc hot ng s gip cho HS tr li cu hi bi hc,
cu hi ni dung v cu hi khi qut.
Lnh vc bi dy
Cc mn hc c lin quan n bi dy ca bn (Nu vn tt chun, mc tiu v cc bc hng dn)
Cp / lp
Cp / lp s p dng bi dy
Thi gian d kin
V d nh : 8 tit mi tit 45 pht, 6 tun, ba thng.
Chun kin thc c bn
Chun ni dung v quy chun
in vo cc yu cu v chun KT-KN theo CT ca B GD&T, sau chn lc li chun kin
thc bao gm nhng phn quan trng c sp xp theo th t m HS cn t c cng nh bn
G vo cui bi hc.
Mc tiu i vi HS / kt qu hc tp
Mt danh mc theo th t u tin cc mc tiu ni dung m HS s nm c sau khi kt thc bi hc.
B cu hi nh hng
Cu hi khi
Cu hi bao qut ton din c th lin quan n nhiu bi hc v nhiu mn hc.
qut
Cu hi bi hc Cc cu hi hng dn cho bi dy ca bn.
Cu hi ni
Cc cu hi ni dung hay cu hi nh ngha.
dung
K hoch G
Lch trnh G
Trc khi bt u d n
Cc cng c G gip bn
quyt nh kin thc c sn,
k nng, thi v nhn
thc sai lch ca HS
HS thc hin d n v
hon tt cng vic
Cc cng c G nh G
nhu cu HS, gim st tin
trnh, KT s tip thu,
khuyn khch trao i tri
thc, t nh hng v
cng tc
Sau khi hon tt d n

Cc cng c G kin
thc v k nng ca
HS, khuyn khch trao
i tri thc, G nhu
cu ca HS h tr
cho vic ging dy
trong tng lai.
Tng hp G
M t nhng G m bn v HS s s dng G nhu cu, t ra mc tiu, gim st tin trnh, phn
hi, G t duy v tin trnh, v n tp trong sut qu trnh hc tp. Ti ny c th b sung cc cng
c bng biu, nht k thc hin, ghi ch nh, cc bng kim mc, ni dung tho lun, cc cu hi v
cc bng tiu ch G. M t sn phm HS m bn s G, v d nh bi trnh din, bi vit hay cc
mu G m bn s dng. Bn cn gii thch thm trong Cc bc tin hnh bi dy v cch G,
ngi G v thi im G.
115
Chi tit bi dy
Cc k nng thit yu
Kin thc v k nng cng ngh m HS cn c c th tham gia vo bi hc.
Cc bc tin hnh bi dy
Mt bc tranh r rng ca chu k dy - hc. M t v phm vi v trnh t hot ng ca HS v gii
thch cch thc HS tham gia hoch nh vic hc ca cc em ra sao.
iu chnh ph hp vi i tng
HS tip thu chm
HS cn tr gip c
bit
HS nng khiu
M t nhng thay i dnh cho i tng HS, v d nh dnh thm thi

gian nghin cu, iu chnh mc tiu hc tp, thay i cc mu G,
chia nhm, lch trnh G, k nng cng ngh v s h tr ca cc
chuyn gia. M t nhng thay i v cch m HS s trnh by kt qu
hc tp (V d nh thay bi KT vit tay bng bi thuyt trnh)
M t ngun h tr ngoi ng, v d nh hng dn hc ting Anh t
cc HS bit ting Anh hoc t nhng ngi tnh nguyn ca cng
ng. M t cc ti liu ph hp nh ti liu bn ng, cng c bng
biu, ti liu minh ho, t in song ng v cc cng c dch thut. M
t nhng thay i v cch m HS s trnh by kt qu hc tp (V d
nh trnh by bng ting Vit thay v ting Anh, hoc mt bi thuyt
trnh thay cho bi KT vit)
M t s a dng trong cch thc HS tm hiu ni dung bi hc, bao
gm nghin cu c lp, nhiu tu chn HS th hin v trnh by
nhng g hc, v d nh hon thnh nhng th thch kh khn hn,
i hi nghin cu su rng hn cc ch c lin quan n thin
hng ca HS, d n / nhim v c mt kt thc m.
Cng ngh - Phn cng (nh du vo nhng thit b cn thit)

My quay
a Laser
u my VCR
My tnh
My in
My quay phim
My nh k thut s
My chiu
Thit b hi tho Video
u a DVD
My qut nh
Thit b khc
Kt ni Internet
TiVi
Cng ngh - Phn mm (nh du vo nhng phn mm cn thit)
C s d liu/ bng tnh
Phn mm x l nh
Phn mm thit k Web
n phm
Trnh duyt Web
H son tho vn bn
Phn mm th in t
a PT
Phn mm khc
Bch khoa ton th trn a CD
T liu in
SGK, cng, hng dn thc hnh phng Lab, ti liu tham kho v.v.
Nhng vt cn thit cho bi dy. ng lit k nhng vt dng hng ngy
H tr
c sn trong phng hc.
Ngun Internet
a ch trang Web tr gip cho bi dy ca bn.
Khch mi, ngi hng dn, chuyn i thc t, HS lp khc, ph huynh
Yu cu khc
v.v.
Mu 4.
CC PHIU HC TP CHO HC SINH
116
PHIU 1: Biu Ven
?
Vn 2
Vn 1
!!
?
Vn 3
PHIU 2: Biu K-W-L-H

Ch :
.
K
(iu bit)
W
(iu mun bit)
L
(iu hc c)
H
(Cch hc)
PHIU 3: Bnh xe khi nim
?
!
?
?
?
!
PHIU 4: G lm vic nhm
117
Phiu 4A
Hn ch
Kh
Tt
Xut sc
S gip ln nhau trong

nhm lm
K nng lng nghe ln nhau
S tham gia ca cc thnh
vin trong nhm
Kh nng tranh bin v
thuyt phc
K nng t cu hi, pht
hin v nu vn
S tn trng ln nhau trong
nhm
S chia s trong nhm
Tng im
Phiu 4B
Tt
Kh
p ng
Khng p ng
Xy dng mc tiu, nhim v

Lp k hoch
T chc nhm
Hot ng ca nhm
Trnh by sn phm nhm
PHIU 5: T G tham gia lm vic nhm

Lun lun Thnh thong Khng bao
gi
Em t ra cc mc tiu r
Em xc nh cc nhim v
Em vch ra cc PP
Em gi cc tng v
phng hng mi
118
Nhn xt
Trng
s
Lun lun Thnh thong Khng bao

gi
Em tnh nguyn gii quyt
nhng nhim v kh.
Em t ra cc cu hi
Em tm kim cc s kin
Em yu cu phi lm r
Em tm v chia s cc ngun
ti nguyn
Em ng gp cc thng tin v
cc quan im
Em p li cc kin khc mt
cch nhit tnh
Em mi tt c mi ngi tham
gia
Em khin cc bn c cm gic
tt v nhng g cc bn
ng gp cho nhm
Em tm tt li nhng im
chnh ca cuc tho lun
Em n gin ha cc kin
phc tp
Em xem xt vn di nhiu
quan im khc nhau
Em gi cuc tho lun ng
tin v ni dung
Em gip nhm to mt thi
gian biu v t th t cc u
tin.
Em gip nhm iu khin phn
chia cc nhim v.
Em gip nhm xc nh cc
thay i cn thit khuyn
khch nhm thay i.
Em kch thch cuc tho lun
bng cch gii thiu cc quan
im khc nhau.
Em chp nhn,tn trng cc
quan im khc nhau ca
nhm
Em tm kim cc gii php
thay th.
Em gip nhm t c cc
quyt nh cng bng v hp
l.
119
Nhn xt
PHIU 6: Giao bi tp v nh
Ngy:
Mn hc:
Ch bi hc:
Nhim v:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thi
hnG:
hon thnh:
Tiu ch
Sn
np:
1. Vphm
kin cn
thc:
2. V k nng:
Cc ngun hc liu:
PHIU 7: Giao bi tp trn lp (c nhn/nhm)

Mc tiu cn t:
Ni dung nhim v:
Tiu ch G:
PHIU 8: T G phn trnh by
120
Khng Nhn xt
Em chun b ch k lng cho bi trnh by

Em rt t tin, bnh tnh, thoi mi trc khi trnh by
Em lun duy tr giao tip bng mt vi ngi nghe (khn
gi)
Em s dng ngn t lu lot, linh hot
Phn trnh by ca em rt n tng, thu ht ngi nghe.
Em s dng m lng ging ni , tc hp l
C to lng nghe chm ch, thu nhn c nhng
thng tin mi khi em trnh by
Phn trnh by ca em c cu trc mch lc, logic, cc
phn kt ni uyn chuyn, linh hot
Em t cu hi v tr li rt lu lot, t nhin
Ems dng ngn ng c th tt
Em s dng cc PTTQ hp l, to hiu ng tt
Em to c bu khng kh thn thin, vui v bng
nhng v d hi hc
Em to c mi lin kt, giao lu thn mt vi c to
Em tp trnh by mt vi ln
Em c chun b mt vi tnh hung bt ng c th xy ra
B TH PP DY HC
TH 1: PP M U BI GING
Mc tiu:
- Thit lp mi trng, khng gian hc tp
- To s quan tm hng th
- Lin kt ni dung c v mi
Qui trnh trin khai:
- Trc tip: gii thiu khi qut, trnh by nhng im chnh ca bi hc, tin trnh (d
kin), nguyn tc lm vic, kt qu cn t
- Gin tip: s dng tnh hung c vn , v d minh ha, s kin c tht lin quan n ch
bi hc, t cu hi cng no, kch thch t duy
Lu :
- M u l mt ngh thut v i (Longfellow)
- Phn m u cn ngn gn, i thng vo vn
- To phn chuyn tip nhp nhng
- Cn sng to, trnh lp li
TH 2: PP TIA CHP
Mc tiu:
- Kch thch t duy
- To c hi chia s quan im
- To bu khng kh hc tp hng th, c hi lm vic cng bng
- Gi m, nh hng vo bi hc
Qui trnh trin khai:
- La chn vn , xy dng cu hi im (trng tm) c nhiu phng n tr li
121
Yu cu ngi hc tr li nhanh
Yu cu ngi hc khng lp li kin hoc cu tr li c
Ngi dy tng hp v cht li vn
Cu tr li ngn gn, nhanh

Khng bnh lun
Khng trin khai qu lu
Lu :
TH 3: PP B C
Mc tiu:
- To c hi tho lun su v mt vn
- To c hi cng quan st nhm lm vic, hnh vi, hot ng ca nhm
- Rn k nng tranh lun, quan st v lng nghe
- To c hi chia s kinh nghim
Qui trnh trin khai:
- Xy dng B c: nhm ngi hc ngi thnh vng trn nh
- Xy dng nhm quan st: nhm ngi quan st ngi thnh vng trn ln
- Giao nhim v tho lun cho B c, giao nhim v ghi chp cho nhm quan st
- Trong qu trnh/sau khi B c tho lun, cho php ngi quan st c tham gia ng
gp kin khi cn thit
- Tng kt, G, cht li vn
Lu :
- B c c s lng va : 5-7 c
- Mc tiu nhim v phi r rng, c tnh vn cao, va sc vi ngi hc
- Ni dung nhim v mang tnh m, c nhiu c hi, kh nng gii quyt
- Ph hp vi cc bui tho lun hay thc hnh, th nghim, bi hc tng kt chng
TH 4: PP TNH HUNG C VN
Mc tiu:
- Kch thch t duy ph phn, k nng phn tch v gii quyt vn
- Khuyn khch ngi hc tm kim gii php mi
Qui trnh trin khai:
- Xy dng cc bi tp, tnh hung c vn (xc nh mc tiu ni dung bi hc> xc nh
cu hi, tnh hung> thu thp thng tin, to tnh hung> phc tho tnh hung> vit bi tp
tnh hung> bin tp, chnh sa tnh hung> th nghim)
- Gii thiu, thng bo tnh hung cho ton lp/nhm
- Ngi hc gii quyt tnh hung
- Ngi dy h tr, iu khin, t chc qu trnh gii quyt tnh hung
- Ngi hc trnh by cc phng n gii quyt tnh hung
- Tho lun, G, tng kt cc phng n gii quyt c xut
Lu :
- Tnh hung phi cha ng mu thun, gn vi ni dung dy hc: tnh hung ha ni dung
- Tnh hung phi kh thi, hp dn, th v
- Khng phn xt, ch trch
- Duy tr mi trng hc tp an ton, mang tnh khuyn khch, ng vin
TH 5: PP DY HC THEO D N
Mc tiu:
- Kch thch t duy bc cao
- Rn k nng gii quyt vn , pht trin k nng sng, k nng hp tc
- To c hi dy hc p ng cc phong cch hc khc nhau
122
- Tch hp lin mn
- To c hi G thc
Qui trnh trin khai:
- La chn ni dung dy hc gn vi cc nhim v thc c th trin khai trn thc t
- Xy dng cc tng d n
- La chn cc ngun lc h tr ngi hc
- Phn chia cc nhm thc hin d n
- Xy dng cc nhim v d n c th (c th cng phi hp vi ngi hc)
- Trin khai cc d n trong phm vi thi gian, bi cnh cho php
- Trnh by cc sn phm, kt qu d n
- G, tng kt cc d n
Lu :
- D n mang tnh kh thi, thch thc nhng th v, hp dn
- K hoch thc hin d n phi chi tit, tnh ton c th cc ngun lc
- Khng thc hin qu nhiu d n trong mt hc k
- Xy dng cng c G theo tin trnh, G tng kt mt cch chi tit
- m bo cc ngun lc h tr cn thit
- Duy tr s theo di, gim st thng xuyn
TH 6: PP NG VAI
Mc tiu:
- Kch thch kh nng c lp gii quyt vn trong tnh hung c th
- Rn k nng giao tip (th hin quan im, thi )
- Thay i mi trng hc tp
Qui trnh trin khai:
- Xy dng kch bn chi tit, bm st mc tiu, ni dung bi hc
- Xy dng tnh tit (tnh hung) kch tnh (khng nht thit phi c tnh kch)
- Hng dn chun b nhn vai (i vai)
- Yu cu th hin vai (i vai)
- Bnh lun,nhn xt, G
Lu :
- C th a dng ha PP ny bng: i vai, ng vai nhn vt, ng vai tnh hung
- Khng trin khai qu lu
- Duy tr, qun l mi trng hc tp
- Cn sng to, khng lp li
I. Cc mu biu, phiu s dng trong t tp hun
II. Cc ti liu, gio n, KT tham kho
III. Ti liu tham (nhm tc gi s dng trong qu trnh bin son ti liu tp hun)
Ph lc 3. PHNG TIN, THIT B DY HC

Mc ch s dng thit b dy hc
Hng dn v y mnh hot ng nhn thc, gip HS hiu su kin thc, gp phn nng cao
cht lng dy hc mn Ton trng THPT.
123
Gip HS hnh dung mt cch trc quan ni dung c hc, pht trin c quan st, kh nng
phn tch tng hp v so snh.
H tr i mi PPDH b mn, hp l ho qu trnh hot ng ca GV GV v HS.
To hng th hc tp b mn .
Gp phn bi dng th gii quan duy vt bin chng, gio dc nhn cch ca ngi lao ng
mi.
Nguyn tc s dng TBDH

nng cao hiu qu s dng TBDH trng ph thng, trong qu trnh dy hc cn m bo mt
s nguyn tc c bn sau:
S dng PT dy hc (PTDH) ng lc, tc l:
- Trnh by vo lc cn thit, lc HS mong mun nht c quan st, gi nh,...;
- a PTDH theo trnh t bi ging; vic a ra v ct ng lc;
- B tr lch s dng PTDH hp l, ng lc, thun li trong mt ngy
S dng PTDH ng ch, tc l:

Tm v tr gii thiu PTDH hp l nht, gip HS c th s dng nhiu gic quan nht;
Tm v tr lp t n sao cho ton lp c th quan st c r rng;
V tr trnh by phi m bo yu cu v sng cng nh cc yu cu k thut khc;
c gii thiu v tr m bo an ton;
c b tr sao cho GV chun b khng my kh khn;
B tr ch ct sau khi s dng khng lm phn tn t tng HS
S dng PTDH cng , tc l:

- Thch hp, va vi trnh tip thu v la tui HS;
- Khng nn ko di qu hoc lp i, lp li mt loi PTDH qu nhiu ln trong mt bui dy.
Kt hp s dng TBDH c trang b vi vic tn dng khai thc, s dng c s vt cht,
k thut ngoi x hi.
Mi quan h gia cc loi PT, TBDH vi cc mc tiu dy hc

Mc tiu dy hc
PT
Thng
S nhn
Nguyn l, PP
dy hc
tin s
bit qua
khi nim,
kin
nhn
quy tc
Hnh tnh
Phim
TV
Vt tht
TB
TB
TB
Y
C
C
TB
C
TB
C
C
Y
124
TB
C
TB
Y
Cc
hnh vi
ng c
tm l
Y
TB
Y
Y
Thi
v cc
suy ngh
nng
ng
Y
TB
TB
Y
Bng m thanh
TB
Y
Y
TB
Y
TB
Biu din
Y
TB
Y
C
TB
TB
Thc hnh
TB
Y
TB
TB
Y
TB
Trong bng trn cc k hiu TB, C, Y tng ng l Trung bnh, Cao v Yu. (Theo Allen, 1967)
Mi quan h gia cc loi PT, TBDH vi i tng, phng din nhn thc v gic quan trong
qu trnh dy hc
PT,
i tng
Phng din thch hp
Gic quan
thit b
c s
Nhn
Tnh
ng c tm dng
thc
cm
l
Ti liu in
C nhn
Rt tt
Kh
Tt
Mt
Bi ging
Nhm
Kh
Tt
Ngho nn
Mt, tai
ngho
Bng m thanh
Nhm hay c
Ngho
Kh
Ngho nn
Tai
nhn
nn
Slide
Nhm hay c
Tt
Tt
Tt
Mt
nhn
My chiu
Nhm
Tt
Kh
Kh
Mt, tai
qua u
Slide
Nhm hay c
Tt
Tt
Rt tt
Mt, tai
c m thanh
nhn
TV
Nhm hay c
Kh
Rt tt
Rt tt
Mt, tai
nhn
Phim
Nhm hay c
Kh
Rt tt
Rt tt
Mt, tai
nhn
Luyn tng t
C nhn
Tt
Tt
Rt tt
Mt, tai,
mi, tay,
thn th
(Theo Durham, Gerheat v Austin, 1974)
Mi quan h gia cc loi PT, TBDH vi cc chc nng trong qu trnh dy hc
Chc nng dy
PT dy hc
hc
Vt
Truyn thng PT in
Hnh tnh Phim
Phim
My
biu
vn p
cm
c ting dy
din
hc
Trnh by s kch C
G
G
C
C
C
C
thch
Hng dn s
ch v cc hot K
C
C
K
K
C
C
ng khc
Cung cp mt
mu ca cc
G
C
C
G
G
C
C
thnh tch c
yu cu
Cung cp s
nhc nh bn
G
C
C
G
G
C
C
ngoi
Hng dn t
K
C
C
K
K
C
C
125
Hiu qu s dng ca tng loi PTDH trong qu trnh dy hc tng theo chiu mi tn
duy
Gii thiu
G
C
G
G
G
G
G
chuyn giao
G nhn thc
K
C
C
K
K
C
C
Cung cp phn
G
C
C
K
G
C
C
hi
Trong bng trn cc k hiu C, G, K tng ng l C, Gii hn v Khng. (Theo Gagne, 1965).
Qua nhng iu nu trn, nng cao hiu qu s dng TBDH trong qu trnh dy hc ton
trng ph thng cn ch mt s im sau:
- C th s dng TBDH dy hc c lp, vi hnh thc ny TBDH thng c s dng
biu din sau GV t cu hi cho HS tr li nhm pht hin tri thc.
- Cng c th p dng chia nhm thc hnh, mi nhm c mt thit b vn hnh, quan st,
tho lun v tr li nhng cu hi do GV t ra.
Do c im ca mn Ton, khi s dng TBDH cn ch : trc quan l ch da gi vn ,
d on, khm ph ch khng phi l PT chng minh ton hc.
GV cn tm hiu v s dng c th nng cao hiu qu dy hc mn Ton trng THPT.
Hiu qu s dng mt s loi TBDH thng s dng trng ph thng
Li ni
Bng, phn trng
Phn mu
Tranh
Hnh v trn bng
M hnh tnh
M hnh b phn
M hnh ng
Tranh c tm su
n chiu o
Slide en trng
Slide mu
Phim vng
Hnh chiu qua overhead
Phim ng en trng
Phim ng mu, c ting
Phim mu mu
TV
Thc hnh
Thc hnh c nhn
n tham quan
126
PP km hiu qu
PT khng chiu
PT chiu hiu qu hn
PT khng chiu
PT trc tip hiu qu

nht
Ph lc 4. NG DNG CNTT I MI PPDH v I MI KIM
TRA, NH GI KT QU HC TP CA HC SINH, MN
My vi tnh vi cc phn mm phong ph tr thnh mt cng c a nng ng dng trong mi
lnh vc ca nghin cu, sn xut v i sng. Tuy nhin nu nh cng dng ca my l tnh l c th
o m c th s ra i ca mng my tnh ton cu (Internet) em li nhng hiu qu v cng ln,
khng th o m c. Chnh v vy, ngy nay chng ta thng nghe ni n thut ng
CNTT&Truyn thng (ICT) thay v CNTT (IT).
ng dng CNTT i mi phng php dy hc (PPDH) v i mi kim tra nh gi

kt qu hc tp (KT G KQHT) mn Ton Trung hc ph thng (THPT) l mt xu th tt
yu. Thc t c nhiu nh khoa hc, ton hc, tin hc, nh gio v nh qun l khng
ngng xy dng, thit k v s dng cc phn mm qun l, cc phn mm h tr ging dy,
phn mm tnh ton, phn mm ng dng CNTT cho mn Ton ... phc v vic dy-hc,
i mi PPDH v KT G KQHT mn Ton trng ph thng. Tuy nhin, ty theo iu kin
dy hc, ni dung tng bi hc, i tng nghin cu c th m chng ta c phng php ng
dng CNTT vi cc mc v hnh thc khc nhau sao cho vic dy-hc v KT G KQHT
t yu cu khoa hc v hiu qu mong i. y, chng ta s dng thut ng CNTT vi
ngha rng, bao gm thit b k thut, chng trnh phn mm, v.v
Ngy nay CNTT xm nhp rt mnh m vo trng ph thng. Vi s pht trin mnh m
ca Internet v Multimedia, xu hng dy hc c h tr ca my tnh ang c rt nhiu
ngi quan tm. Hin nay, trn th gii ngi ta phn bit r rng 2 hnh thc ng dng CNTT
trong dy v hc, l Computer Base Training, gi tt l CBT (dy da vo my tnh), v e-learning
(hc da vo my tnh). Trong :
- CBT l hnh thc GV s dng my vi tnh trn lp, km theo cc trang thit b nh my chiu (hoc
mn hnh c ln) v cc thit b multimedia h tr truyn ti kin thc n HS, kt hp vi pht
huy nhng th mnh ca cc phn mm my tnh nh hnh nh, m thanh sinh ng, cc t liu phim,
nh, s tng tc ngi v my.
- E-learning l hnh thc HS s dng my tnh t hc cc bi ging m GV son sn, hoc xem
cc on phim v cc tit dy ca GV, hoc c th trao i trc tuyn vi GV thng qua mng
Internet. im khc c bn ca hnh thc E-learning l ly ngi hc lm trung tm, ngi hc s t
lm ch qu trnh hc tp ca mnh, ngi dy ch ng vai tr h tr vic hc tp cho ngi hc.
127
Nh vy, c th thy CBT v e-learning l hai hnh thc ng dng CNTT vo dy v hc khc
nhau v mt bn cht:
+ Mt bn l hnh thc h tr cho GV, ly ngi dy lm trung tm v c bn vn da trn m hnh
lp hc c ( CBT )
+ Mt bn l hnh thc hc hon ton mi, ly ngi hc lm trung tm, trong khi ngi dy ch l
ngi h tr ( E-learning )
C th ni vic ng dng my tnh vo dy hc mn Ton kh sm. Sau khi a

phng tin ra i CNTT li c thm iu kin thun li thm nhp tt hn trong dy hc
mn Ton v hu ht cc mn hc trng ph thng. Mt trong nhng li th CNTT
c p dng sm v mnh m trong mn Ton l v mn hc ny tim n rt nhiu thut
ton, c th gii quyt bng lp trnh.
Ngy nay vic my tnh kt hp vi k thut a phng tin, ngi ta c iu kin rt tt
thc hin nguyn tc c th ho trong dy hc. My tnh c kh nng to lp mc kin
thc cn trnh by mt cch ph hp vi trnh hc tp ca tng HS. HS hc vi s tr gip
ca my tnh c th theo tin ring. HS c c hi tho mn cc nhu cu, s thch, pht trin
thin hng, tin hnh hc theo tin ring ca mnh.
Do c nhiu tnh nng u vit, CNTT c th to ra c nhng thay i v ni dung v
PPDH mn Ton, nh:
- To ra mi trng hc tp c bit, m phng cc hin tng, cc qu trnh, cc h thng
t nhin hoc nhn to. Mt th d sm nht v iu ny l mi trng hc tp vi th
gii ca phn mm ton hc LOGO.
- Truy nhp thng tin v tm kim thng tin qua mng. Trn Internet c nhiu Web-sites cc
vn ang c quan tm v ton.
- Nhiu phn mm c kh nng c bit: x l c trn cc biu tng, v th, gii
phng trnh ... Cc phn mm thuc loi ny nh MATHEMATIC, MAPLE, GSP,
VIOLET,
- Kh nng lu tr, x l, lp bo co kt qu cc cuc iu tra; th d cc phn mm nh
SPSS, AMOS, QUEST ...
- Kh nng hin th, son tho ti liu trnh by mt chuyn trong nhm hc tp, lp.
Minh ho v tnh nng ny l cc phn mm nh POWERPOINT, WORD,
- C cc phn mm to ra mi trng thuc lnh vc gii ton, l mi trng m c kh
nng gii quyt c mt s dng ton, s giao tip gia ngi v my rt thun tin. Th
d v lnh vc ny l MAPLE, CABRI-GEOMETRE...
- My tnh c th thit lp mi trng nhm to iu kin d dng cho cc nhm hc tp
hp tc.
- Trang tnh s (Spreadsheet) c rt nhiu ng dng trong ton thng k, lp biu bng bo
co.
128
Ngn ng siu vn bn c kh nng giao tip cao kt hp vi cc ng dng a phng

tin, c kt ni mng to iu kin trao i thun tin gia GV, ph huynh, cc chuyn
gia. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn t chc dy hc t xa, hi ngh o v nhiu ng dng khc.
S DNG PHN MM H TR I MI PHNG PHP DY HC v KIM

TRA, NH GI KT QU HC TP MN TON TRNG TRUNG HC PH
THNG
Powerpoint vi rt nhiu u im v tnh nng mnh m, linh hot tr thnh phn
mm trnh chiu c GV s dng nhiu trong ging dy mn Ton. L phn mm trnh din,
do Powerpoint phi cn n cc phn mm h tr khc, nh Cabri, Geometer Sketchpad,
Geogebra... c th chn, nhng cc d liu.
Trong phn ny chng ta s ln lt tip cn v cch nhng, chn vo bi ging cc d liu
c xy dng t cc phn mm Cabri II Plus, Cabri 3D, Geometer Sketchpad v Geogebra.
Nhng (Tch hp) Cabri II Plus trong Powerpoint
c th nhng Cabri II Plus trong Powerpoint, ta cn thc hin cc bc sau:
Trc ht ta cn ti phn mm Cabri II Plus Plugin, t Website chnh thc c a ch
www.cabri.com. Sau khi ti, ta tin hnh ci t phn mm ny, ch cn nhp chut v thc
hin ng ch dn.
Cng vic ca ta lin quan n cc slide Powerpoint v cc tp dng *.fig ca Cabri. Trc
ht ta to mt th mc v tp *.ppt v tp *.fig vo cng th mc va to, vic ny gip
chng ta khi chn s d dng tm c cc tp Cabri cn thit.
Thc hin lnh Insert => Object trong Powerpoint xut hin ca s chn i tng
nhng c dng nh sau:
129
Chn i tng nhng l Cabri II Plus ri nhn OK. Trong slide ca Powerpoint lc ny
xut hin i tng nhng kiu Cabri II Plus nh hnh di y:
Nhy chut phi ln i tng, trong slide xut hin menu chn, di chut n dng Cabri
II Plus Object, chn Import ri nhn chut
Sau khi nhn chut ln lnh Insert s xut hin ca s tm tp *.fig cn chn
Khi ca s ny xut hin ta tm th mc cha tp *.fig cn chn. Sau khi tm thy ta nhn
nt Open, khi trong slide ca Powerpoint s xut hin hnh nh ca tp *.fig chnh xc
nh khi tp ny nm trong ca s lm vic ca Cabri II Plus.
130
Phn mm Cabri II Plus Plugin l phn mm h tr, cho php ta tch hp c Cabri II
Plus trong Powerpoint. iu ny c ngha rng tp *.fig nhng vo trong Powerpoint s
lm vic ht nh trn ca s ca Cabri II Plus.
2.1 Nhng (tch hp) Cabri 3D trong Powerpoint
c th nhng Cabri 3D trong Powerpoint, trc ht cn ti phn mm Cabri 3D Plus
Plug-in t Website chnh thc c a ch www.cabri.com. Sau khi ti, ta tin hnh ci t, ch
cn nhp chut v thc hin ng ch dn.
Cng vic ca ta lin quan n cc slide Powerpoint v cc tp dng *.cg3 ca Cabri.
Trc ht ta to mt th mc v tp *.ppt v tp *.cg3 vo cng th mc va to, vic ny
cho php chn d dng cc tp Cabri cn thit tm c.
Thc hin lnh Insert => Object trong Powerpoint xut hin ca s chon i tng
nhng c dng nh sau:
131
Chn i tng nhng l Cabri 3D ri nhn OK. Trong slide ca Powerpoint lc ny xut
hin i tng nhng kiu Cabri 3D nh hnh di y:
Nhy chut phi ln i tng, trong slide xut hin menu chn, di chut n dng Cabri
3ActiveDoc Object, chon Import ri nhn chut
132
Sau khi nhn chut ln lnh Insert s xut hin ca s tm tp *.fig cn chn
Khi ca s ny xut hin chng ta tm th mc cha tp *.cg3 cn chn. Sau khi tm thy
ta nhn nt Open, khi trong slide ca Powerpoint s xut hin hnh nh ca tp *.cg3
chnh xc nh khi tp ny nm trong ca s lm vic ca Cabri 3D.
133
Phn mm Cabri 3D Plugin l phn mm h tr, cho php ta tch hp c Cabri 3D

trong Powerpoint. iu ny c ngha rng tp *.cg3 nhng vo trong Powerpoint s lm
vic ht nh trn ca s ca Cabri 3D.
Chn Web browser vo slide ca Powerpoint bng Control Microsoft Web
Browser
Phn ln cc phn mm dng to cc bi ging Ton hc nh Geometer Sketchpad,
Maple, Geogebra u c chc nng kt xut tp thnh cc tp HTML (HTM). Nh vy
cc bi ging c th a ln website mt cch ht sc d dng, nhanh chng. Cc tp c
to ra bi cc phn mm ton hc ny tt nhin cng c th chn vo Powerpoint, mt cng
c trnh din mnh m. chn cc trang HTML (HTM) cha ni dung bi ging vo slide
ca Powerpoint bng i tng Web browser tch hp sn vo ca Microsoft trong
Powerpoint chng ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Trc ht phi ci t Plugin OfficeOne: PowerPoint Web Browser Assistant
(PPWBA11.exe). Chng ta ln Internet vo Google Search tm kim Plugin ny, sau khi
ti tp ny v, nhy p vo tp tin hnh ci t
Lm theo hng dn trong qu trnh thc hin ci t Plugin, thc cht vic ci t ny
khng phc tp. Sau khi ci t xong chng ta tip tc thc hin cc bc sau
Khi to Microsoft PowerPoint, vo menu Tools => Add-In
134
Nu khi vo n ca s Add-In lit k cc Plugin, nu ta cha nhn thy Plugin PPWBA

th cn tip tc tin hnh nh sau Add Plugin vo. Nhn nt Add New i tip theo
ng dn C => Program Files => OfficeOne => PowerPoint Web Browser Assistant =>
Chn PPWBA.ppa nhn OK
Hoc n gin hn, sau khi chng ta nhn nt Add New ca s Add-In ca Powerpoint
hin ra
135
Khi , ta ch cn nhp chut vo tp PowerPoint Web Browser Assistant. Nh vy qu

trnh ci t Plugin PPWBA kt thc, lc ny ta nhn thy ca s Add-In ca Powerpoint c
hnh nh sau
Ta Check vo vung nh chn Plugin. Cng vic chun b hon tt, tip theo chng
ta thc hin tng bc chn HTML (HTM) theo trnh t sau:
Sau khi ta chn Wiev => Toolbars => Control Toolbox trn ca s Powerpoint xut hin
Menu Control Toolbox. Trn Control Toolbox chn More Controls. Khi , ta tip tc
nhn thy mt ca s khc, trong ca s ny c rt nhiu Control tuy nhin chng ta ang
quan tm n vic chn HTML (HTM) trong Powerpoint nn chng ta s duyt cc Controls
v chn Microsoft Web Browser
136
Lc ny con chut bin i thanh hnh u +, chng ta v mt hnh ch nht trn slide (i
tng Web Browser) y s l ni hin th tp HTML (HTM)
Tip tc nhy p vo i tng Web Browser, xut hin ca s Microsoft Visual Basic
Lc ny phi vit cc dng lnh vo gia 2 dng ny bo cho Powerpoint bit l ta s

chn tp no vo Web Browser nu trn. V d:
Mt iu ta c th d dng thy l vic chn bng cng c ny hi phc tp, n i hi phi

bit t nhiu v Macro hoc Visual Basic for Application (VBA). Hn na (theo kinh nghim
ca chng ti), cc tp HTML(HTM) c chn bng phng php ny thng chy chm.
i khi ta phi quay i quay li cc slide khi trnh chiu th chng mi hin th c.
khc phc nhc im trn sau y ta tip tc tm hiu thm cch chn Web Browser
bng Add-in
Chn Slide cha Web Browser vo Powerpoint bng Add-in LiveWeb
137
chn Add-in LiveWeb vo Powerpoint, trc ht ta phi download t Internet phn

mm LiveWeb. Ln Internet vo Google Search v g LiveWeb Google s cho ta bit
download phn mm di dng setup c tn lwsetup.exe u. Nh rng phn mm ny
hon ton min ph.
Sau khi ly c tp ny v, ta tt Powerpoint nu ang chy phn mm ny, nhy p vo
tp v thc hin theo ch dn ca phn mm.
Trong thc t phn mm Add-in ny rt d ci t, ch cn nhp chut v thc hin theo ch

dn l chng ta ci t xong.
By gi cho chy Powerpoint v kim tra xem Add-in LiveWeb c chn vo
Powerpoint cha
Chn Tools => Add-In
Chng ta nhn thy Add-in LiveWeb c chn vo Powerpoint v c chn (Du

chn). Nhn nt Close chun b thc hin cc bc chn HTML (HTM) vo Powerpoint
138
Chn Insert => Web Pages. Thc cht y ta chn mt slide c cha Web Browser vo
Powerpoint cho nn chng ta hiu ti sao li l chn mt Web pages vo Powerpoint
Sau khi chn chn Web pages ta s thc hin theo hng dn ca Add-in ny
C th check vo vung nh hoc khng check, khi phn mm hi ln sau bn c cn hin

th bc (hnh ny) na khng?
Ta g a ch tp HTML (HTM), a ch ca tp c th l a ch th mc trn Windows hoc

a ch mt Website trn Internet. Sau khi g xong nhn Add, a ch va g s chuyn xung
di. Nhn Next
139
Chn Check th nht lun c lm mi Webpage. Nhn Next
Cn quy nh Web page s chim bao nhiu % din tch slide, thng ta chn 90% v nh
vy s p v c tnh m thut hn. Ti th hai ta chn Center of Slide t i tng
Web Browaer vo chnh gia slide.
C th chn chy slide ngay sau khi chn web page vo Powerpoint hoc khng chn tip
tc chn cc web pages khc.
140
Chng ta nhn thy rng chn Web Pages bng Add-in LiveWeb s d dng hn rt nhiu
so vi vic phi vit Macro trong Microsoft Web Browser.
Kt xut tp ca cc phn mm ton hc thnh tp HTML
Cc phn mm ton hc u cho php kt xut cc tp ca mnh ra nhiu dng tp khc
nhau trong c dng HTML. iu ny ht sc th v, v vi dng HTML c th a cc bi
ging m chng ta dy cng xy dng ln cc trang Web, ln Blog c nhn v chia s vi
cc bn ng nghip trn Internet. Trong phn ny chng ti gii thiu phng php kt xut
ra tp HTML ca mt s phn mm ton hc
Cabri II Plus v Cabri 3D
Trc kia, vic kt xut cc tp ca Cabri ra dng HTML l mt vic lm tng i phc
tp. Tuy nhin t khi Cabri xut bn cc Plugin: Cabri II Plus Plugin v Cabri 3D Plugin th
khng ch vic nhng cc tp ca hai phn mm trn trong PowerPoint tr nn linh hot v d
dng hn m vic kt xut ra cc tp HTML cng v cng n gin.
Chn File => Export
Gi nguyn tn tp hoc i tn tp ty sau ghi vo th mc momg mun
141
Vi Cabri II Plus chng ta cng thc hin tng t nh vy, c th l: Chn File => Export
(HTML, PNG, TI). Sau ghi li vo th vy ty .
Geogebra
Vi phn mm hnh hc ng Geogebra, vic kt xut ra tp dng HTML khng phc tp.
Chng ta s thc hin iu qua cc bc sau:
H s => Xut => WorkSheet dng webpage (HTML)
Trong Vng lm vic ca ca s xut, trc ht chng ta in cc thng s cn thit vo

Tag Tng quan sau chuyn sang Tag Nng cao
142
Trong Tag ny chng ta in tip cc thng s, sau nhn nt xut v ghi li tp
Trong th mc cha tp *.HTML v *.ggb cn phi c thm cc tp khc h tr vic hin

th bi ging trong Applet va kt xut. Cc tp gm: geogebra.jar, geogebra_properties.jar,
geogebra_main.jar.
Nh vy sau khi kt xut c cc tp ca phn mm ton hc ra tp HTML chng ta ng
thi cng c th chn cc tp ny ln Powerpoint bng mt trong cc phng php trnh
by trn: S dng i tng Microsoft Web Browser hoc LiveWeb.
Phn tip theo chng ti s gii thiu tip cc v d c th khi chn cc tp kt xut t
Geometer Sketchpad, Maple v Geogebra.
143
ng dng CNTT gp phn i mi PPDH v kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp mn

Ton trng THPT
Ni dung c bn lin quan n vic ng dng CNTT i mi PPDH, l thit k bi hc
theo nh hng i mi, bao gm cc vn nh: xc nh mc tiu; d kin v thit k cc
hot ng hc tp; la chn PPDH thch hp; i mi nh gi kt qu hc tp.
GV v HS cn bit c mi ni dung dy hc tim n nhng hot ng (hay H thnh
phn) no, qua mi H HS t c kt qu g. Tc l gip cho vic hc tp ca HS tr thnh
qu trnh pht minh li tri thc m nhn loi c trong khun kh thi lng bi hc. c
th t c, trc ht GV cn ng vai tr ngi hc hnh dung cc bc, cc khu, cc
hot ng cn thc hin chim lnh c tri thc mt cch ch ng sng to. Hn na GV
hiu c i tng, c c cp t duy ph hp vi ngi hc c th hiu qu trnh
chuyn ha tri thc nhn loi thnh ca mnh. Sau , vi vai tr ngi dy, thit k v t
chc cc hot ng hc tp, chuyn ha s phm sao cho qua cc hot ng y HS t c
mc tiu bi hc.
ng dng CNTT trong dy hc c th theo hng Computer Base Training (dy da vo
my tnh) hay e-learning (hc da vo my tnh).
Theo hng Computer Base Training, ta c th coi CNTT nh mt phng tin h tr GV
trong dy hc, h tr cch thc tng tc v giao lu ca GV v HS, nhm gp phn gip
ngi hc tch cc, ch ng pht hin, khm ph, tin ti chim lnh c tri thc, hc tp
mt cch hiu qu v sng to. Theo hng ny, ng dng CNTT i mi PPDH GV cn
u t nghin cu xem trong tin trnh bi hc, ni dung no, phn no cn c s h tr ca
CNTT v vi s h tr vic nhn thc c tch cc nht.
Theo hng e-learning, ly ngi hc lm trung tm, ngi dy ch l ngi h tr. Khi
, ng dng CNTT i mi PPDH, GV cn ch ng la chn phn mm thch hp, son
gio n c s dng CNTT h tr dy hc, t chc cho HS hot ng trong mi trng hc tp
giu cng ngh. Vi thit k nh th, GV to tnh hung, to mi trng hc tp HS hot
ng, ch ng chim lnh tri thc, HS t tm ti khm ph kin thc v hc tp theo tin
144
v kh nng ring ca mnh. Theo hng ny ta c th c lp hc thng minh, bng thng

minh,
c th ng dng CNTT i mi PPDH, KT G mt cch hiu qu ta phi:
a) Bit s dng my tnh v mt vi phn mm h tr thit k bi hc (GV c th tham kho
ni dung phn 2 trn). Hiu c th mnh ca phn mm m mnh bit dng i vi
vic dy hc b mn
b) Thit k v s dng c TBDH (ch mc ch, nguyn tc s dng TBDH), to hng
th hc tp cho HS
c) Am hiu v PPDH (nht l cc PPDH trc quan, phng php trnh din, hp tc nhm
nh, pht hin v gii quyt vn ) la chn phng php thch hp. Hiu c cc
tnh hung in hnh trong PPDH b mn (dy hc khi nim mi, dy hc bi tp,)
c th p dng v pht huy c hiu qu ca TBDH
d) Thit k c bi hc theo tinh thn i mi (nh phn trn va im li)
Ty theo i tng HS, ni dung dy hc, thi lng, thi quen, iu kin a phng,
m la chn cch ng dng CNTT dy hc theo Computer Base Training hay e-learning.
Da vo thit k bi hc v kinh nghim ca mnh GV la chn hot ng (hoc hot
ng thnh phn, hoc ni dung, hoc phn,..) cn c s tr gip ca CNTT v s tr gip ny
ng lc, ng i tng v thi gian, thc s hiu qu, t c mc tiu t ra.
e) Thc hin bi hc theo tinh thn i mi, vi tin trnh: Tip cn vn nhn thc; Pht
hin vn nhn thc; Chim lnh tri thc, trnh by kt qu; Cng c, khc su kin thc
mi. i mi tin trnh bi hc, GV nn l o din cn HS l din vin, sao cho HS tch
cc nhn thc.
f) Pht hin v s l kp thi thng tin phn hi qua din bin bi hc.
Ch :
Ta c th ng dng CNTT i mi PPDH v KT-G KQHT ca HS vi ton bi

hc, cng c th ch ng dng vi mt phn ca bi hc,min sao vi s h tr ca
CNTT vic nhn thc ca HS c tch cc, kin thc thu c mt cch bn cht, t
c mc tiu bi hc.
Trong mt s trng hp do th mnh ca CNTT, nh tnh trc quan, d hnh

dung, m nhiu HS ng nhn kt qu, cho rng khng cn hoc khng c nhu cu
gii ton na. T , cn ch mt tri ca n, khng lm dng, hnh thc.
Khi hiu v ng dng c CNTT i mi PPDH mt bi no , mt ni

dung no , th vn c th i mi c PPDH bi , ni dung trong iu kin
khng c CNTT. Tng cng thit b t to trong dy hc.
C th pht huy th mnh ca CNTT trong dy hc, tuy nhin vic chun b bi
hc c ng dng CNTT tn khng t thi gian. Do nn tng cng kh nng hp tc
trong vic ng dng CNTT i mi PPDH v i mi KT G KQHT ca HS. C th
GV ton thit k bi ging theo tinh thn i mi, d kin ni dung, hay phn, cn c s
h tr ca CNTT, nhng kh nng cha cho php c th nh GV tin hc hoc chuyn
gia tin hc thit k h cng c tr gip.
MINH HA NG DNG CNTT I MI PPDH v KIM TRA, NH GI KT QU
HC TP MN TON TRNG THPT
Bi 1: Php tnh tin

A. Mc tiu bi hc:
V kin thc:
145
Bit nh ngha "Php Tnh Tin "
Hiu c tnh cht ca "Php Tnh Tin "
V k nng:
-
V c nh ca mt im, ng thng, ng trn, tam gic, vect qua mt php tnh

tin cho trc.
V t duy v thi : tch cc hot ng, tr li cu hi.

Pht trin t duy logic, t duy hm.
B. Chun b:
- Phn mm Cabri Gerometry II Plus.
- Phiu hc tp
C. V PPDH
- C bn l gi m vn p, nu vn , an xen hot ng nhm;
- Ch pht huy tnh tch cc hc tp ca hc sinh.
D. Tin trnh bi hc
GV ng dng CNTT qua cc hot ng dy hc c bn sau
(PowerPoint) Bi 2: Php Tnh tin
1. nh ngha php tnh tin
(Cabri)
uuuuur
V vect a , im M, v vect MM ' a bng cc php dng hnh

c bn
GV: M c gi l nh ca M qua php tnh tin theo vect a .

(PowerPoint) Hin ni dung nh ngha v v d 2 trong SGK trang 4.
(Cabri)
Dng thm im N v nh N.
So snh MN v MN. Dng Drag mouse thay i M, N. HS
quan st.
146
GV: D kin iu g? Chng minh c khng ?

(PowerPoint) 2. nh l: Php tnh tin l mt php di hnh.
(Cabri)
Chng minh?
Cch 1: Dng phng php ta .
Hin ta v d kin biu thc.
(PowerPoint) Hin ni dung hot ng 1.

Hc sinh chng minh cng thc ta ca Php Tnh Tin.
r
u ( a, b)
So snh M '( x ', y ') & M ( x, y )

uuuuur r
M ' Tur ( M ) MM ' u
uuuuur
r
M MM ' ( x ' x; y ' y ) & u (a; b)
uuuuur
x ' x a x ' x a
y ' y b y ' y b
Nn MM ' u
Hc sinh chng minh MN = MN.

Gi s qua php tnh tin, M ( x1 , y1 ) c nh l M '( x2 , y2 ) v N ( x3 , y3 )
c nh l N '( x4 , y4 )
Ta c:
147
MN ( x3 x1 ) 2 ( y3 y1 ) 2
M ' N ' ( x4 x2 ) 2 ( y4 y2 ) 2
x2 x1 a x4 x3 a
y2 y1 b y4 y3 b
Th vo ta c:
M 'N '
( x3 a) ( x1 a) ( y3 b) ( y1 b)
2
M ' N ' ( x3 x1 ) 2 ( y3 y1 ) 2 MN
Cch chng minh khc? ( dng ng thc vect )

(PowerPoint) H qu: php tnh tin bin ng thng
(Cabri)
Dng nh ca ng thng, tam gic, ng trn qua php tnh
tin.
HS thao tc trc tip theo nh ngha
HS pht biu nu cc bc dng
To v s dng macro h tr v nhanh
Khi a 0 th iu g xy ra. ( Dng drag mouse thay i dn vect

a v vect 0 )
148
(PowerPoint) Php bin i ng nht. V d, trang 5 SGK.

(PowerPoint) 3. p dng:
(Cabri)
Bi ton 1: (Trnh chiu bi)

Cho v hnh.
Cho v nhiu im A khc nhau trn ng trn, v hin vt ca

cc im H tng ng.
V thm A1, H1, A2, H2 (dng Macro)
(Quan st nhn bit php tnh tin)
149
uuuu
r
V vect AH , hy cho bit vect ny c c im g khi A di

uuur
chuyn? (So snh vi AB )
uuuu
r
AH c phng v moun khng i.
. GV: Hy quan st s di chuyn tng ng ca H v A
uuuu
r
Nhu cu chnh: AH bng vect hng

uuuu
r
GV: Tm vect hng cng phng vi AH
150
uur
OI
uuuu
r
uur
uur
o di 2 vect v chng minh AH 2OI . Tm vect 2OI .
uuuu
r uuuur
Chng minh AH B ' C
Kt lun:
151
Cng c
Phiu hc tp
Nu mc tiu bi hc
Hng dn hc bi v bi tp v nh
Ghi ch: Trn y chng ti trnh by s lc b cc v bi dy PHP TNH TIN c

ng dng CNTT h tr i mi PPDH. Bi c chun b gm mt gio n, l kch bn
chung th hin cc s phm v cc bin php thc hin v mt tp tin power
point, h tr cho vic trnh chiu cc ni dung bi dy. Cc hnh v Cabri n gin hoc
mun HS cng theo di c cc bc hnh thnh ca n th s c v trc tip trong gi ln
lp. Mt s hnh v Cabri khc, do tnh phc tp hoc do mun tit kim thi gian th cng s
c v sn.
Bi 2: Hm s hu t (bc nht/bc nht)
Ni dung v cc hot ng c bn ca bi c thit k nh GSP nh hnh sau v s c
thc hnh trn my tnh khi dy hc.
152
V c bn, ton b ni dung dy hc c hin th trn mn hnh ca GSP (v c trnh

chiu nu c kt ni vi projector khi dy hc).
Vi thit k nh trn, thng qua hng dn GV c th dng dy, hoc HS dng hc,
n tp. Khi dy, GV c th a ra cc lnh, HS suy ngh v c s h tr ca SGP pht
hin, khm ph, chim lnh tri thc. Nu HS c copy bi hc v v bit s dng cng c th
t n, t hc.
C th coi y l mt cng c h tr GV khi dy ni dung ny, tt nhin cha phi l
gio n. GV cn cn c i tng HS ca mnh son bi v khi tin hnh bi hc trn lp
cn thm cc cu hi dn dt, to tnh hung, sao cho pht huy c hiu qu ca cng c.
Vi s h tr ny th:
- GV tn rt t thi gian thao tc trn chng trnh chun b.
- Giao din bi dy c trnh by gn, p. iu kin cc hiu ng v hnh hay ni
dung ch thao tc trn cc nt bm (mi nt u c s thng nht v mu sc,c ghi ni
dung vn tt).
Bi 3: Hai mt phng vung gc (lp 11 nng cao)
Vi tng tng t nh ni Bi 2 trn, bi ny cng c thit k c ng dng
GSP h tr i mi PPDH.
Ni dung v cc hot ng c bn ca bi c thit k nh GSP nh hnh sau v s
c thc hnh trn my tnh khi dy hc.
153
Ca
ch xa
c nh go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng
?1 Khi (P)//(Q) hay (P)(Q) th
go
c gi
a chu
ng ba
ng bao nhie
u?
Tral
i?1
Khi (P)//(Q) hay (P)(Q) th hai
ng tha
ng la
n
lt vuo
ng go
c v
i hai ma
t pha
ng osesong song
hay tru
ng nhau,v va
y go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng (P)
va(Q) ba
ng 0.
Phng pha
p Khi hai (P) va(Q) ca
t
nhau theo giao tuye
n .etnh go
c
gi
a chu
ng:
B1) Tm (R) vuo
ng go
c v
i,
B2) Tm giao tuye
n p vaq cu
a (R) la
n
lt v
i (P) va(Q).
B3)Go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng (P) va(Q)
ba
ng go
c gi
a hai
ng tha
ng p vaq.
V
Hi de Tieu de
Tro l ai tu da u
Ve (P),(Q)
Hi de a,b
Hi de ?1
Hi de (R)
Hi de Delta
Hi de PPhap
Hi de TL-?1
Ve (R)
Ve p,q
Xoay
Hi de (P)
Hi de p,q
Hi de (Q)
Ve a,b
Vi nhng HS tr tng tng khng gian khng cao, ta c th xoay hnh, gip HS nhn
gc khc nhau. Chng hn:
Nhn hnh ca bi t gc t trn xung:
Ca
ch xa
c nh go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng
go
c gi
a chu
ng ba
ng bao nhie
u?
Tral
i?1
ng tha
ng la
n
lt vuo
ng go
c v
i hai ma
t pha
ng osesong song
hay tru
ng nhau,v va
y go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng (P)
va(Q) ba
ng 0.
Phng pha
t
nhau theo giao tuye
n .etnh go
c
gi
a chu
ng:
B1) Tm (R) vuo
ng go
c v
i ,
B2) Tm giao tuye

n p vaq cu
a (R) la
n
lt v
i (P) va(Q).
B3)Go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng (P) va(Q)
ba
ng go
c gi
a hai
ng tha
ng p vaq.
Nhn hnh ca bi t gc t pha sau:
154
V
Hi de Tieu de
Tro lai tu da u
Ve (P),(Q)
Hide a,b
Hi de ?1
Hi de (R)
Hi de Delta
Hi de PPhap
Hi de TL-?1
Ve (R)
Ve p,q
Xoay
Hi de (P)
Hide p,q
Hi de (Q)
Ve a,b
Ca
ch xa
c nh go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng
go
c gi
a chu
ng ba
ng bao nhie
u?
Tral
i?1
ng tha
ng la
n
lt vuo
ng go
c v
i hai ma
t pha
ng osesong song
hay tru
ng nhau,v va
y go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng (P)
va(Q) ba
ng 0.
a
b
Phng pha
t
nhau theo giao tuye
n .etnh go
c
gi
a chu
ng:
B1) Tm (R) vuo
ng go
c v
i,
B2) Tm giao tuye
n p vaq cu
a (R) la
n
lt v
i (P) va(Q).
B3)Go
c gi
a hai ma
t pha
ng (P) va(Q)
ba
ng go
c gi
a hai
ng tha
ng p vaq.
p
R
V
Hi de Tieu de
Tro l ai tu da u
Ve (P),(Q)
Hi de a,b
Hi de ?1
Hi de (R)
Hide Delta
Hi de PPhap
Hi de TL-?1
Ve (R)
Ve p,q
Xoay
Hi de (P)
Hi de p,q
Hi de (Q)
Ve a,b
Ghi ch:
-Hnh c thit k ng t l hnh ca bi ton hay hnh cho trc.
-Nu cc im, ng thng, mt phng thay i th c nt iu khin s thay i .
-Thit k sao cho thng qua hnh v HS c th nhn thy nh l cc em ang quan st
mt hnh tht trong cuc sng i thng.
Ba
i 10/114
D
H
HD. a) Ta cotgia
c ABCD lahnh
vuo
ng cocanh ba
ng a vaSO (ABCD).
Do o:
a 2 2 a2
SO2 =SA2 - OA2 =a2 =
2
2
a 2
.
SO =
2
=
v
Tro l ai tu da u
Hi de H
Ve ABCD
Ve SH
Hi de A,B,C,D
Hi de S
Hi de v
Hi de v
Ve AC,BD
Ve SA,SB,SC,SD
Hi de v
Hi de M
Ve MB,MD
b) Ta coSBC latam gia

c e
u canh a ne
n
BM SC, tng tDM SC
SC (BDM)
Do o(SAC) (BDM).
Hi de v
Hi de a
Hi de HDa
Hi de HDb
Xoay
Nhn hnh ca bi t gc t trn xung:
155
Ba
i 10/114
a
C
M
S
H
B
Tro lai tu dau
Hi de H
Ve ABCD
Ve SH
Hi de A,B,C,D
Hi de S
Hi de v
Hi de v
Ve AC,BD
Ve SA,SB,SC,SD
Hi de v
Hi de M

c e
u canh a ne
n
BM SC, tng tDM SC
SC (BDM)
Do o(SAC) (BDM).
HD. a) Ta cotgia
c ABCD lahnh
vuo
ng cocanh ba
ng a vaSO (ABCD).
Do o:
a 2 2 a2
SO2 =SA2 - OA2 =a2 =
2
2
a 2
.
SO =
2
Ve MB,MD
Hi de v
Hi de a
Hi de HDa
Hi de HDb
Xoay
Nhn hnh ca bi t pha trc:

Ba
i 10/114
A
D
a
B
Hi de H
Ve ABCD
Ve SH
Hi de A,B,C,D
Hi de S
Hi de v
Hi de v
Ve AC,BD
Ve SA,SB,SC,SD
Hi de v
Hi de M

c e
u canh a ne
n
BM SC, tng tDM SC
SC (BDM)
Do o(SAC) (BDM).
Tro l ai tu da u
HD. a) Ta cotgia
c ABCD lahnh
vuo
ng cocanh ba
ng a vaSO (ABCD).
Do o:
a 2 2 a2
SO2 =SA2 - OA2 =a2 =
2
2
a 2
.
SO =
2
Ve MB,MD
Hi de v
Hi de a
Hi de HDa
Hi de HDb
Xoay
Ph lc 5.
156
MT S IU NN V KHNG NN TRONG GING DY

Theo Website ca GS.Nguyn Tin Dng
Trong vic dy hc: mt ngi m dy qu nhiu nm cng mt th, th d dn n nhm chn tr tr.
Nhiu trng c phn chia vic dy theo khi lp, theo lp hoc phn mn, hoc chuyn cho cc
thnh vin t b mn, vic phn chia nh vy c ci li l m bo cht lng dy, c bit l trong
iu kin trnh GV cn bn, phi chuyn mn ha trong vic dy m bo cht lng ti
thiu. Tuy nhin n c im hn ch, l n to ra xu hng ngi dy s ch bit chuyn ngnh hp
y, tm nhn khng m rng ra.
Tt nhin, vic thay i dy i hi cc GV phi c gng hn trong vic chun b bi ging (mi ln
i ni dung dy, l mt ln phi chun b bi ging gn nh t u), nhng i li n lm tng trnh
ca bn thn GV, gip cho GV tm hiu nhng ci mi (m nu khng i ni dung dy th s
khng tm hiu, do sc ). c bit l cc ni dung chn, ni dung chuyn: vic chun b bi ging
cho mt ni dung mi chuyn su c th gip ch trc tip cho vic nghin cu khoa hc ca GV. Tt
nhin c nhiu ngi, do iu kin cng vic, phi dy cng mt lp (v d nh mn Ton lp 12)
trong nhiu nm. trnh tr tr trong trng hp , cn thng xuyn ci tin PP v ni dung ging
dy (a vo nhng v d minh ha mi v bi tp mi t thc t hin ti, s dng nhng cng ngh
mi v cng c hc tp mi, tm cc cch gii thch mi d hiu hn, v.v.)
1. Nn: Dy v KT kin thc HS theo li hc hiu
Khng nn: To cho HS thi quen hc vt, ch nh m khng hiu
Cc nh gio dc hc v thn kinh hc trn th gii lm nhiu phn tch v th nghim cho thy,
khi b c con ngi hiu mt ci g (tc l c th make sense ci , lin tng c vi
nhng kin thc v thng tin khc c sn trong no) th d nh n (do thit lp c nhiu dy
ni lin quan n kin thc trong mng thn kinh ca no mt neuron thn kinh c th c hng
chc nghn dy ni n cc neuron khc), cn khi ch c nhi nht cc thng tin ring l vo no (kiu
hc vt) m khng lin h c vi cc kin thc khc c trong no, th thng tin rt kh nh,
d b o thi.
Thc ra th mn hc no cng cn hiu v nh, tuy rng t l gia hiu v nh gia cc mn
khc nhau c khc nhau, nhng ton hc th ngc li: khng cn nh nhiu lm, nhng phi hiu
c cc kin thc, v qu trnh hiu i hi nhiu cng sc thi gian. C nhng cng thc v
nh ngha ton m nu chng ta qun i chng ta vn c th t tm li c v dng c nu hiu
bn cht ca cng thc v nh ngha , cn nu chng ta ch nh cng thc v nh ngha nh
con vt m khng hiu n, th cng khng dng c n, v nh vy th cng khng hn g ngi
cha tng bit n. V d nh cng thc tnh cn phc tp, l mt cng thc hi di, chng bao gi nh
c chnh xc n, c mi ln ng n th xem li, nh c mt lc, ri li qun. Nhng iu
khng nn bn khon, v nu hiu bn cht, t c th t ngh ra li c cng thc nu cn thit
(tn mt vi pht) hoc tra trn internet ra ngay.
HS ngy nay (l nhng chuyn gia ca ngy mai) c th tra cu rt nhanh mi nh ngha, cng thc,
v.v., nhng hiu chng th vn phi t hiu, khng c my mc no hiu h c. Nhng nm
trc, theo thng l, thng khng cho php HS s dng ti liu trong cc k KT, thi cui hc k v
bi thi hay c 1 s cu hi l thuyt (tc l pht biu ng 1 nh ngha hay nh l g th c
im). Nhng trong thi i mi, vic nh y nguyn cc nh ngha v nh l c t gi tr, m ci
157
chnh l phi hiu m s dng c chng. Bi vy, trong cc k KT, thi vic cho php HS mang
bt c ti liu no cn t ra v KT, thi khng cn cc cu hi v nh nh pht biu nh l ? ....
Thay vo l nhng bi tp (tng i n gin v thng gn ging cc bi c trong cc ti liu
nhng thay tham s) KT xem HS c hiu v s dng c cc kin thc c bn khng.
V mt hnh thc, CT hc Vit Nam (k c bc ph thng ln bc i hc) kh nng, nhng l nng
v nh m nh v hiu v trnh trung bnh ca HS Vit Nam th yu so vi th gii (tt nhin
vn c HS rt gii, nhng t l HS gii thc s rt t, v cng kh so c vi gii ca phng Ty).
Vn khng phi l do ngi Vit Nam sinh ra km thng minh, m l do iu kin v PP gio dc,
ch tr em gc Vit Nam ln ln nc ngoi thng l thnh cng trong ng hc hnh. Hin
tng rt ph bin Vit Nam l HS hc thuc lng cc kin thc trc mi k KT, ri sau khi KT
xong th ch thy tr thy. Vit Nam rt cn ci cch CT gio dc theo hng tng s hiu ln, v
gim s hc go, nh nh con vt.
Nhiu HS tt nghip loi gii ton Vit Nam, nhng khi hi mt s kin thc kh c bn th nhiu
em li khng bit. Li khng phi ti cc em m c l ti h thng gio dc. Nhiu thy c gio ch
khuyn khch HS lm bi KT ging ht li gii mu ca mnh, ch lm kiu khc i, tuy c th th v
hn cch ca thy th c khi li b tr im. Nhiu trng hp HS ch t im thi 7-8 li gii hn HS
t im thi 9-10 v kiu chm thi nh vy. Kiu chm im nh th ch khuyn khch hc vt ch
khng khuyn khch s sng to hiu bit.
2. Nn: Dy nhng ci c bn nht, nhiu cng dng nht
Khng nn: Mt nhiu thi gi vo nhng th t hoc khng dng n
Trn i c rt nhiu ci hc, trong khi thi gian v sc lc ca chng ta c hn, v bi vy chng
ta lun phi la chn xem nn hc (hay dy hc) ci g. Nu chng ta phung ph qu nhiu thi gian
vo nhng ci t cng dng (hoc thm ch phn tc dng, v d nh nhng l thuyt v chnh tr hay
kinh t tri ngc vi thc t), th s khng cn thi gian hc (hay dy hc) nhng ci quan
trng hn, hu ch hn.
Tt nhin, mc quan trng, hu ch ca tng kin thc i vi mi ngi khc nhau th khc
nhau, v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thi gian, hon cnh, s trng, v.v. V d nh hc ni v
vit ting Vit cho ng hong l khng th thiu vi ngi Vit, nhng li khng cn thit vi ngi
Nga. Nhng ngi mun lm ngh ton th phi hc nhiu v ton, cn HS nh hng nghip theo
cc ngnh khc ni chung ch cn hc mt s kin thc ph thng c bn c bn nht m s cn trong
cng vic ca h.
Ngay trong ton ph thng, khng phi kin thc no cng quan trng nh nhau. V quan trng
v phc tp l hai khi nim khc nhau: khng phi ci g quan trng cng phc tp kh hiu v
khng phi ci g rm ri kh hiu cng quan trng. GV cn trnh dn dt HS lao u vo nhng ci
rm ri phc tp nhng t cng dng. Thay vo , cn dnh nhiu thi gian cho nhng ci c bn,
nhiu cng dng nht. Nu l ci va c bn v va kh, th li cng cn dnh thi gian cho n, v
khi nm bt c n tc l nm bt c mt cng c mnh.
Mt v d l o hm v tch phn. y l nhng khi nim c bn v cng quan trng trong ton hc.
HS cn hiu nh ngha, bn cht v cng dng ca chng, v nm c mt s nguyn tc c bn v
cng thc n gin, v d nh nguyn tc Leibniz cho o hm ca mt tch, hay cng thc o hm
ca sinx bng cosx. Tuy nhin nu bt HS hc thuc hng trm cng thc tnh o hm v tch phn
158
khch nhau, th s tn thi gian v ch v phn ln cc cng thc s khng dng n sau ny, hoc
nu dng n th c th tra cu c d dng. Ta tng c sch v tnh tch phn cho HS, dy hn
150 trang, vi rt nhiu cng thc phc tp di dng (v d nh cng thc tnh tnh phn ca mt hm
s c dng thng ca hai biu thc lng gic), m ngay nhng ngi lm ton chuyn nghip cng
rt him khi cn n. Thay v tn nhiu thi gian vo nhng cng thc phc tp m khng cn dng
, hc nhng th c bn khc s c ch hn. Nhng khi nim v nh l ch c hc mt cch hnh
thc, khng c lin h vi cc v d c th khc, th l hc trn my trn gi.
Mt v d khc: cc bt ng thc. C nhng bt ng thc c tn tui, khng phi v n kh, m
l v n c ngha (n xut hin trong cc vn hnh hc, s hc, v.v.). Ch nu hc mt ng hng
ngn bt ng thc m khng bit chng dng lm g, th kh l ph thi gian. Phn ln cc bt
ng thc (khng k cc bt ng thc c tnh t hp) c th c chng minh kh d dng bng mt
PP c bn, l PP dng o hm. PP ny HS ph thng c th hc c, nhng thay vo HS li
c hc cc kiu mo mc chng minh bt ng thc. Cc mo mc c t cng dng, ch dng
c cho bi ton ny nhng khng dng c cho bi ton khc (bi vy mi l mo mc ch
khng phi PP). Mo mc c th lm cho cuc sng thm phong ph, nhng nu mt qu nhiu
thi gian vo mo mc th khng cn thi gian cho nhng ci c bn hn, gip tin xa hn. Nh l
trong cng ngh, c ci tin ci n du n my th n cng khng th tr thnh n in.
HS lp 10 gii bi ton tm cc i, dng o hm tnh ngay ra im cc i. Cch lm l do HS
t c sch m ra ch khng c dy. Nhng khi vit li gii th li phi gi v on m im cc
i, ri vit hm s di dng mt s (gi tr ti im ) cng vi mt biu thc hin nhin l khng
m (v d nh v c dng bnh phng) th mi c im, ch nu vit o hm th mt ht im.
Nu nh thy gio tr im HS, v HS gii bi thi bng mt PP c bn nhng khng c trong sch
thy, th iu s gp phn lm cho HS hc mo mc, thiu c bn.
3. Nn: Gii thch bn cht v cng dng ca cc khi nim mi mt cch trc gic, n gin
nht c th, da trn s lin tng ti nhng ci m HS tng bit.
Khng nn: a ra cc khi nim mi bng cc nh ngha hnh thc, phc tp, ti ngha.
Cc khi nim ton hc quan trng u c mc ch v ngha khi chng c to ra. V khng c
mt khi nim ton hc quan trng no m bn thn n qu kh n mc khng th hiu c. N ch
tr nn qu kh trong hai trng hp: 1) ngi hc cha c kin thc chun b trc khi hc khi
nim ; 2) n c gii thch mt cch qu hnh thc, rm ri kh hiu. Trong trng hp th nht,
ngi hc phi c hng ti hc nhng kin thc chun b (v d nh trc khi hc v cc qu
trnh ngu nhin phi c kin thc c s v xc sut v gii tch). Trong trng hp th hai, li thuc
v ngi dy hc v ngi vit sch dng hc.
Cc nghin cu v thn kinh hc (neuroscience) cho thy b nh ngn hn ca no th rt nh (mi
lc ch cha c khong 7 n v thng tin?), cn b nh di hn hn th chy chm. Th no l mt
n v thng tin? Ti khng c nh ngha chnh xc y, nhng v d nh dng ch SEE YOU
AGAIL i vi mt ngi Anh th n l mt cu ting Anh ch cha khng qu 3 n v thng tin,
rt d nh, trong khi i vi mt ngi Vit khng bit ting Anh th dng ch cha n hng chc
n v thng tin mi ch ci l mt n v thng tin rt kh nh. Mt nh ngha ton hc, nu
qu di v cha qu nhiu n v thng tin mi trong , th HS s rt kh khn hnh dung ton b
nh ngha , v nh th th cng rt kh hiu nh ngha.
159
Mun cho HS hiu c mt khi nim mi, th cn pht biu n mt cch sao cho n dng n mt
lng n v thng tin mi t nht c th (khng qu 7?). gim thiu lng n v thng tin mi,
cn vn dng, lin tng ti nhng ci m HS bit, d hnh dung. y cng l cch m cc cha
o ging o cho con chin: dng ngn ng gin d, m con chin c th hiu c, ging gii
nhng t tng ln. Khi c mt khi nim mi rt phc tp, th phi cht n thnh cc khi nim
nh n gin hn, dy hc cc khi nim n gin hn trc, ri xy dng khi nim phc tp trn c
s cc khi nim n gin hn (sau khi bin mi khi nim n gin hn thnh mt n v
thng tin).
V d: khi nim nhm. C (t nht) 2 cch nh ngha khc nhau th no l mt nhm.
Cch 1: Mt nhm l mt tp hp, vi 2 php tnh (php nhn v php nghch o), mt phn t c
bit (phn t n v), tha mn 4-5 tin g .
Cch 2: mt nhm l tp hp cc i xng (hay ni rng hn l cc php bin i bo ton mt
s tnh cht) ca mt vt.
Cch 1 chnh xc v mt ton hc, nhng di, kh nh, kh hiu vi ngi mi gp khi nim nhm
ln u. Cch 2 trc gic hn, cho ngay c nhiu v d minh ha c th. Tuy rng cch th hai ny
thiu cht ch v ton hc (khng thy php nhn u trong nh ngha, nhng n phn nh ng
bn cht vn ca khi nim nhm v n cn dng lng mt thng tin mi t hn nhiu so vi cch
1. Tt nhin ton hc cn s cht ch logic. Nhng s cht ch logic s n sau khi hiu bn
cht vn (HS khi hiu nh ngha 2, th s hiu ngay nh ngha 1 chng qua l nhm hnh thc
ha mt cch cht ch nh ngha 2), ch khng phi ngc li.
Ni theo nh ton hc ni ting V.I. Arnold, th mt nh ngha tt l 5 v d tt. nh ngha no m
khng c v d minh ha th ng ng. i km vi nhng khi nim mi, nh ngha mi, lun cn
nhng v d minh ha (hay bi tp) c th th hin bn cht, ngha ca khi nim, nh ngha .
C nhng khi nim ton hc rt kh hiu, khng phi v bn thn n qu kh hiu, m l bi v
n c trnh by mt cch rm ri ti ngha.
Khi c cc ti liu ton cng rt vt v cht vt hiu cc khi nim trong , v tt nhin c nhiu
khi nim, vn khng hiu v c th s khng bao gi hiu. C nhng khi hiu ra ri th li thy n
n gin m ti sao ngi ta vit n rm ri th. Khi nim xc sut thng k l mt v d: hnh thc,
phc tp m khng th hin r bn cht ca cc khi nim. Tt nhin cng c cch nh ngha v xc
sut thng k vit d hiu, gii thch c ng bn cht khi nim m khng cn phi dng n
nhng ngn ng ton hc ao to ba ln.
Trn th gii, c nhiu ngi m dng nh ngh ca h l bin ci d hiu thnh ci kh hiu,
bin ci n gin thnh ci ri ren. Nhng ngi lm qung co, th khin cho ngi tiu dng khng
phn bit ni hng no l tt tht i vi h na. Nhng ngi lm thu, th ra mt b thu rm ri
ngi thng khng hiu ni, vi mt t l hng trong , v.v. Ngay trong khoa hc, c nhng ngi
c quan nim rng c phi phc tp ha th mi quan trng. Thay v ni Hnh chiu ca ng
trn th h ni c 1 ng trn, m nh qua nh x tn gi l php chiu vung gc, thuc cc php
di hnh
Mt ngi thy thc s, phi lm cho nhng ci kh hiu tr nn d hiu i vi hc tr.
4. Nn: Lun lun quan tm n cu hi lm g ?
160
Khng nn: Khng cho HS bit h hc nhng th GV dy lm g, hay t hn l bn thn

GV cng khng bit lm g.
Qu trnh hc (tip thu thng tin, kin thc v k nng mi) l mt qu trnh t nhin v lin tc ca
con ngi trong sut cuc i, xy ra mi ni mi lc (ngay c gic ng cng gp phn trong vic
hc) ch khng phi ch trng hay khi lm bi tp v nh. Nhng ci m b no chng ta tip thu
nhanh nht l nhng ci m chng ta thy thch v/hoc thy d hiu v/hoc thy quan trng. Ngc
li, nhng ci m chng ta thy nhm chn, v ngha, khng quan trng, s b b no o thi khng
gi li, d c c nhi vo. Bi vy, mun cho HS tip thu tt mt kin thc no , cn lm cho HS
c c t nht mt trong my iu sau:
1) thch th t m tm hiu kin thc ;
2) thy ci l c ngha (lin h c nhiu vi nhng hiu bit v thng tin khc m HS c
trong u);
3) thy ci l quan trng (cn thit, c nhiu ng dng).
Tt nhin 3 im lin quan ti nhau, y ch yu ni n im th 3, tc l lm sao HS thy
rng nhng ci h c hc l quan trng, cn thit.
Mt kin thc ng hc l mt kin thc c ch g , lm g . Nu nh HS hc mt kin th
vi l do duy nht l thi ch khng cn l do no khc, th khi thi xong ri kin thc s d
b o thi khi no. Nhng mn thc s ng hc, l nhng mn, m k c nu khng phi thi, HS
vn mun c hc, v n em li s hiu bit m HS mun c c v nhng k nng cn cho cuc
sng v cng vic ca HS sau ny. Cn nhng mn m hc ch thi c l l nhng mn khng
ng hc.
GV c th bit l hc chng lm g, v sao ng hc, trong khi m HS cha chc bit. Chnh
bi vy lun cn t cu hi lm g, khuyn khch HS t cu hi , v tm nhng tr li cho
cu hi . Mt tr li gio iu chung chung kiu n quan trng, phi hc n t c gi tr, m cn
c nhng tr li c th hn, n quan trng ch no, dng c vo trong nhng tnh hung no,
em li cc k nng g, v.v.
Tic rng vic gii thch ngha v cng dng ca cc kin thc cho HS cn b coi nh. V d hi:
PP to dng lm g? Phng trnh ng no xut pht t thc t i sng. cu hi no HS
cng tr li l khng h bit. Nu nh GV gii thiu cho HS bit cc cng dng ca nhng kin thc
h c hc qua cc v d (v d nh nhng phng trnh ng conic xut hin th no trong cc m
hnh thit din mt nn, hnh kch thc qu kh t giy), th c th h s thy nhng ci h hc c
ngha hn, ng hc hn, d nh hn.
Trong cng vic sau ny ca HS khi ra trng, th cu hi lm g li cng c bit quan trng.
Mi hot ng ca mt t chc hay doanh nghip tt nhin u phi c mc ch. Ngay trong vic
hc, c nhiu HS khng t c kt qu hc tp, khng phi l v dt m l v khng bit la
chn vn hc, mt thi gi hc vo nhng ci t ngha. Bi vy HS cn lm quen vi vic s
dng cu hi lm g trong hc, nh mt v kh li hi trong vic chn la cc quyt nh ca
mnh.
5. Nn: T chc KT, thi c sao cho nh nhng nht, phn nh ng trnh HS, v khin cho HS
hc tt nht.
Khng nn: Chy theo thnh tch, hay t hn l gian tr v khuyn khch gian tr trong thi c.
161
Vic KT G trnh v kt qu hc tp ca HS (cng nh trnh v kt qu lm vic ca ngi ln)

l vic cn thit. N cn thit bi c rt nhiu quyt nh phi da trn nhng s KT v G , v d
nh HS c trnh c th hiu nhng mn hc tip theo khng, c ng tin tng giao cho
mt vic no khng, c xng ng c nhn hc bng hay gii thng no khng, v.v. Bi vy
GV khng th trnh khi vic t chc KT, thi c cho HS. Ci chng ta c th trnh, l lm sao
ng bin cc cuc KT thi c thnh s tra tn HS, v c khi c GV.
Mt nh lut trong gio dc l THI SAO HC VY. Tuy mc ch cao c di hn ca vic hc l
m mang hiu bit v rn luyn k nng, nhng phn ln HS hc theo mc ch ngn hn, tc l
thi cho hay cho c gii. Trch nhim ca ngi thy v ca h thng gio dc l lm sao cho
hai mc ch trng vi nhau, tc l cn t chc thi c sao cho HS no m mang hiu bit v rn
luyn cc k nng c nhiu nht cng l HS t kt qu tt nht trong thi c.
Nu thi lch th HS s hc lch. V d nh thi tt nghip ph thng, nu ch thi c 3-4 mn th HS
cng s ch hc 3-4 mn m b b cc mn khc. Trong mt mn thi, nu ch hn ch thi vo mt
phn kin thc no , th HS s ch tp trung hc phn thi, b qun nhng phn khc. Nu thi
ton bi mo mc, th HS cng hc mo mc m thiu c bn. Nu thi c c th gian ln, th hc hnh
cng khng thc cht. Nu thi c qu nhiu ln, th HS s rt mt mi, sut ngy phi n thi, khng
cn th gi cho nhng kin thc mi v nhng th khc. Nu thi theo kiu bt nh nhiu m suy ngh
t, th HS s hc thnh nhng con vt, hc thuc lng cc th, m khng hiu, khng suy ngh. My
thi trc nghim my nm gn y ang c xu hng nguy him nh vy: thi di, vi nhiu cu
hi tn mn, i hi HS phi nh m in cu tr li, ch khng i hi phi o su suy ngh g ht.
Thm ch thi HS gii ton ton quc cng c ln c thi theo kiu bi tn mn nh vy, v kt qu l
vic chn lc i tuyn thi ton quc t nm b sai lch nhiu. Bn thn chuyn thi trc nghim
khng phi l mt chuyn ti, thi trc nghim c nhng cng dng ca n, cch dng n trong thi c
ta cha c tt .
Thi c c th chia lm 2 loi chnh: loi KT (v d nh KT xem c trnh ng c ln lp
hay c cp bng khng), v loi thi u (tuyn chn, khi m s sut hay s gii thng c hn).
Loi thi u th cn thang im chi tit (v d nh khi hai ngi c im xp x nhau m ch c 1 gii
th vn phi loi 1 ngi, v khi th chnh nhau im cng quan trng), nhng i vi loi KT,
khng cn chm im qu chi li: nhng thang im qu nhiu bc im (v d nh thang im 20, tnh
tng im mt, tng cng thnh 41 bc im) l khng cn thit, m ch cn nh cc nc Nga,
c hay M (ch c 4-5 bc im) lm l . Kinh nghim chm thi cho thy chm chi li tng im
nh mt ch mt thi gi m khng thay i bn cht ca im KT: HS no km, HS no gii ch cn
nhn qua tng th bi KT l bit ngay.
Vn p l mt hnh thc KT kh tt: trong vng 10-15 pht hi thi cng vi mt vi bi tp lm ti
ch l GV c th c lng c mc hiu kin thc ca HS kh chnh xc. Tuy nhin, kiu thi ni
cn rt him ta. C nhiu ngi lo ngi rng thi ni s kh khch quan. iu ny c l ng trong
iu kin hin nay, khi cn c GV thiu nghim tc trong KT, thi c. im KT tnh s trong iu
kin nh vy th cn qua thi vit cho khch quan, b gian ln. Nhng khng phi bi KT no cng
cn tnh vo s. S lng cc KT chnh thc, tnh s nn t thi, ngoi ra thay bng nhng KT
khng chnh thc, khng phi tnh im HS, m gip HS hay ph huynh HS bit xem trnh
162
ang ra sao, c nhng im yu im mnh g. im khng phi l im 7 hay 10 m l im

phn ny nm tt, phn kia cn phi hc thm.
Vic giao nhiu bi tp bt buc v nh, ri KT tnh im cc bi , nu khng cn thn c th bin
thnh nhc hnh vi HS. Nu HS ngy no cng phi thc qu na m lm bi tp, khng thi
gian ng, th iu s lm nh hng xu n s pht trin bnh thng ca HS. Chng ta nn
ch rng gic ng cng l mt phn quan trng trong qu trnh hc: chnh trong gic ng, no c
lm v sinh, thi bt rc ra khi no c ch cho hm sau n nhn thng tin mi, v sp xp
li cc thng tin thu nhn trong ngy li, lin kt vi cc thng tin khc c trong no, n tr
thnh thng tin di hn, kin thc. Giai on con ngi hc nhanh nht l khi cn t tui, cng l
giai on c nhu cu ng nhiu nht, cn cng ln tui hc ci mi cng t i v nhu cu ng cng t
i. Trnh HS, t ra l trong mn ton, khng th hin qua vic lm bao nhiu bi tp dng
m l nu gp bi tp nh vy c lm c khng. Tt nhin mun hiu bit th phi luyn tp.
Nhng c lm tht nhiu bi tp ging nhau nh mt ci my m khng suy ngh, th ph thi gian.
Thay vo ch cn lm t bi hn, nhng lm bi no hiu bi . Theo ti ni chung khng nn tnh
im bt buc cho cc bi tp v nh, m thay vo tnh im thng th tt hn.
Mt iu kh ph bin v ng lo ngi l HS c chnh thy c gio dy cho s lm n gian di. C
khi GV lm th ly thnh tch cho mnh. V d nh khi c on KT n d lp, th dn trc l
c lp phi gi tay xin pht biu, c s ch gi my bn nhm trc thi. Hay l giao bi tp rt kh
v nh cho HS, m bit chc l HS khng lm c nhng b m HS s lm h cho, ly thnh tch
dy gii. Hoc l mua bn im vi HS: c np thy 1 triu th ln 1 im chng hn. Nhng cng c
nhiu trng hp m GV c nh tt, v t li, nhng v quan im l lm nh th l gip HS
nn tm cch cho HS n gian c thm im.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, th khuyn khch HS gian di l lm hi HS. Nh Mark Twain c ni:
It is better to deserve honors and not have them than to have them and not deserve them. C gn bao
nhiu thnh tch rm vo ngi, th cng khng lm cho ngi tr nn gi tr hn. HS m c dy
thi lm n gian di t b, th c nguy c tr thnh nhng con ngi gi di, mt gi tr. Tt nhin,
trong mt x hi m c ch v lut l m , v gian di tr thnh phong tro, ai m khng gian di,
khng lm sai lut th thit thi khng sng c, th buc ngi ta phi gian di. Chng ta khng ph
phn nhng hnh ng gian di do hnh cnh bt buc. Nhng chng ta ng lm dng v kh
ny, v hy hng cho hc sinh ca chng ta n mt x hi mi lnh mnh hn, m t cn n
s gian di. t c vy, tt nhin cc lut chi phi c thay i sao cho hp l v minh
bch hn.
Tt nhin, c nhiu ngi hm danh ho v lm n gi di, ngay c GV c trnh cao, nhng v
qu hm danh nn dn n lm n gi di. Ni chung, ai i hc cng tng quay cp, tt nhin chng
c g t ho v chuyn , nhng cng khng n ni qu xu h khi m nhng ngi xung
quanh cng quay cp. Chng ta l con ngi th khng hon thin, nhng hy hng ti hon thin,
gip cho cc th h sau hon thin hn.
6. Nn: Dy hc nghim tc, tn trng HS.
Khng nn: Dy qua qut, coi thng HS
iu trn gn nh l hin nhin. C nhng GV dy hc qua qut, ni lm nhm HS khng hiu, b HS
than phin rt nhiu, ai m dy hc cng -kp vi h th kh cc ly. Ngi no m khng thch hoc
163
khng hp vi dy hc, th nn chuyn vic. Nhng nhn vic c gn dy hc (nh l cng vic
gm c qun l v ging dy) th phi lm vic cho nghim tc. D c ti gii n u, cng
khng nn t cao mnh qu m coi thng HS.
C mt s bn tr, bn thn cha c ng gp g quan trng, nhng vi ch bai nhng ngi thy
ca mnh, l nhng ngi c nhng hn ch v trnh v kt qu ging dy (do iu kin, hon
cnh) nhng c nhiu cng hin trong o to, nh th khng nn.
Nn: i thoi vi HS, khuyn khch HS t cu hi.
Khng nn: To cho HS thi quen hc th ng kiu thy c tr chp
Qua tho lun, hi p mi bit HS cn nhng g, vng mc nhng g, bi ging nh th n cha,
Khi HS t cu hi tc l c suy ngh v no ang trng thi mun ht thng tin. HS nhiu khi
mun hi nhng ngi, nu c khuyn khch th s hi.
Nn: Cho HS thy rng h c th thnh cng nu c quyt tm
Khng nn: Nho bng HS km
Vic GV s nhc HS, v d nh vit ln bi thi ca HS nhng cu kiu th my i hc lm g cho tn
tin hoc y l phn t nguy him cho x hi. Nh ngi ta thng ni ngi ph n c khen
p th s p ln, b ch xu th s xu i. HS b i x ti t, coi nh b i, th s b c ch
khng hc c na, vic hc tr thnh a ngc. Nhng nu c i x t t, cm thy c tn
trng cm thng, th h s c gng, d thnh cng hn. Nu h c rt, th h vn cn nhiu c hi
khc thnh cng, min sao gi c nim tin v ch. HS hc km, nhiu khi khng phi l do
khng mun hc hoc khng thng minh hc, m l do c nhng kh khn no , nu c
gii ta th s hc c. Tr em sinh ra thiu hiu bit ch khng ngu ngc. Nu khi ln ln tr thnh
ngi ngu ngc, khng bit suy ngh, th l do hon cnh mi trng v li ca h thng gio dc.
Ngi thy thc s phi gip HS tm li c s thng minh ca mnh, ch khng lm cho h n
n i.
Nn: Cho HS nhng li khuyn chn thnh nht, hng cho h lm nhng ci m GV thy s c li
nht cho h, ng thi cho h t do la chn nhng g h thch.
Khng nn: Bin HS thnh ti sn ca mnh, bt h phi lm theo ci mnh thch. Cc bc cha m
cng khng nn bt con ci phi i theo nhng s thch ca cha m, m hy cho chng la chn
ci chng thch.
7. Nn: Hng ti cht lng.
Khng nn: Chy theo s lng v hnh thc
Khng ch trong dy hc, m trong hu ht mi lnh vc khc, cht lng l ci c bit quan trng.
V d nh trong kinh t, s pht trin bn vng chnh l s pht trin v cht. Chng ta khng th tng
khi lng ca cc sn phm hay dch v ln mi nm 5-7% mi c, v ti nguyn thin nhin l
hu hn, nhng ci chng ta c th tng ln, l cht lng. Nu chng ta c ph rng ph ni, hy
hoi mi trng t con s % pht trin GDP, th c nguy c bin t nc thnh bi rc. Ci my
tnh b ti ngy nay khe hn c mt khi thp my tnh nng hng chc tn ca th k trc,
164
l pht trin v cht. Cng l n vi lng calor nh nhau, nhng cht lng khc nhau th gi tr
c th chnh nhau hng chc ln. ta, n khng m bo v sinh v cha nhiu cht c nn gi
tr thp, tuy gi c th r nhng tnh t l cht lng chia cho gi c khi vn thp; Trong vn hc,
cng c nhng tc phm vn hc m nhng th k sau ngi ta vn cn nh n, trong khi c hng
nghn, hng vn tc phm vn hc khc nhanh chng ri vo lng qun. Trong gio dc, cht lng
cng l ci cc k quan trng. nh hng ca mt ngi thy l rt ln: trc tip n hng trm, hng
nghn hc tr, v gin tip c th n hng triu ngi. Gi tr ca gio dc kh qui i thnh tin
(mt ngi v vn ha, th c p thm 1 triu USD vo th vn v vn ha). Cht lng ngi thy
tt ln th lm cho cht lng x hi tt ln, v ci s thay i cht lng khng o c bng tin.
Nhng c th hnh dung mt cch th thin l, mt ngi thy tt em li li ch cho hc tr thm
hng nghn hay thm ch hng chc nghn USD (th hin qua vic hc tr c c vic tt hn, lm ra
nhiu tin ca hn ) so vi mt ngi thy khng tt bng. Vi hng trm hay hng nghn hc tr
qua tay trong cuc i, th mt ngi thy tt c th em li li ch hng trm nghn, hay thm ch
hng triu USD, nhiu hn cho x hi so vi mt ngi thy km hn.
Mun c cht lng tt, th cht lng phi c (x hi) coi trng ng mc, v (ngi thy) phi
ch tm tm cch nng cao cht lng. Cc GV cc nc tin tin thng khng phi dy qu nhiu
gi (trung bnh khong 12 ting mt tun), v cng khng phi lo kim cm thm ngoi cng vic
chnh. H c thi gi tip cn thng tin khoa hc mi, chun b bi ging cho t t, suy ngh ci
tin cch dy cho hay, (y l i vi nhng ngi c thc trong vic dy hc). ta, cc GV dy
qu nhiu gi, ngoi gi chnh thc nhiu cn dy thm trn lan, c ngi bn cho phi lin tc
mt ngy n mi my tit. H b li vic th lao cho tng gi dy thp, bng vic dy rt nhiu
gi. Nhng trong iu kin nh vy, th h s dy nh ci my, t suy ngh, t nhit tnh vi HS, t
thi gian chun b, khng c thi gi cp nht kin thc, kh m c cht lng cao c.
Xu hng ca thi i internet, l cc GV c cht lng dy hc cao s ngy cng tr nn c gi tr,
trong khi nhng ai dy d s ngy cng mt gi tr. Trong iu kin khng c la chn, th thy dy
hay dy d th no HS vn phi hc thy, nhng khi c la chn, HS s chn hc thy hay v
khng n hc thy d. Vic im danh bt HS i hc, theo ti l mt hnh thc gi k lut th
thin km hiu qu. Thay vo im danh, nu dy hay, dy ci c ngha, th khng bt HS cng t
ng tranh nhau i hc. Internet s to iu kin cho HS tm n thy hay d dng hn, qua cc bi
ging video, cc bi ging online, Cc GV s phi ging t gi hn trc, nhng chun b cho mi
bi ging nhiu hn, v mi bi ging hay s n c vi nhiu HS hn qua internet.
B quyt t c nhng kt qu c gi tr nh vy l g? l: dy hc thc s , c cp
lng bng tt yn tm tp trung dy hc (v hc nhng kin thc cn thit phc v cho vic
dy), c iu kin lm vic tt, v khng b sc p ca nhng th hnh thc (nh phi thi t chun,
phi c my sang kin kinh nghim, ) hay sc p v ti chnh lm cn tr dy hc. ta, bao gi to
c nhng iu kin nh vy, th mi hy vng c nhiu HS ra l tr thnh ngi lao ng, nh
khoa hc c nng lc thc s.
Ti liu dn
1- SGK, SGV Ton 10, 11, 12 - GS. on Qunh v cc tc gi.
2- SGK, SGV Ton 10, 11, 12 - PGS.TS Trn Vn Ho v cc tc gi.
165
3 - Hng dn thc hnh ton trn my tnh Casio fx-500MS, fx-570MS Nguyn Th Thch
v cc tc gi
4 - Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN mn Ton 10,11,12 Nguyn Th Thch v cc tc
gi.
5 i mi PPDH TS. Phm c Quang.
6 PP Cng ngh dy hc hin i TS. Tn Quang Cng
166

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B GIO DC V O TO

CHNG TRNH PHT TRIN

THC HIN DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI

H Ni, thng 7 - 2010

CHNG TRNH PHT TRIN

TI LIU TP HUN GIO VIN

Nhm bin son:

t nc ta va tri qua 20 nm i mi v Chnh tr - Kinh t - X hi. Khi ngun

Danh mc cc t, cm t vit tt trong vn bn ny

KT-KN: Kin thc, k nng

3. K thut hc hp tc: K thut b c; K thut bi.

4. Gii thiu ti liu tp hun

KHI QUT V TI LIU TP HUN GIO VIN THC HIN DY HC V KIM

phng nh nh thc cp 3, vit phng trnh mt phng nh chm mt phng, v.v... to nn s qu

2. Mc ch bin son ti liu

4. Yu cu ca vic s dng ti liu

- C th ng dng nhng cn nghin cu thm;

i vi lun im tranh lun.

B.T CHC DY HC THEO CHUN KIN THC K NNG

2 - Gii thiu chung v Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT

nhng yu cu ca chun th cng c ngha l t c mc tiu mong mun ca ch th qun l hot

3.1. Chun c chi tit, tng minh bi cc yu cu c th, r rng v KT-KN.

La chn, b sung, sp xp li nhng thng tin cn thit gii quyt mt vn no .

Nhn nh nhn t mi xut hin khi thay i cc mi quan h c.

3 - Yu cu dy hc bm st chun KT-KN ng thi vi i mi PPDH

4 - Yu cu KT, G bm st chun KT-KN

vic gii quyt cc nhim v phc hp. Cn c v c im ca tng mn hc v hot ng gio dc

c iu kin b tr GV v kinh ph chi tr gi dy vt nh mc (trong c cc trng hc nhiu

chc chn v bn vng m cn xc nh PP hc tp v k nng vn dng tri thc, rn luyn

+ Khch l nhng HS c cch gii ng nh nhng n lc hc tp ca bn thn.

i s v Gii tch 78 tit

i s v Gii tch 78 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (72 tit)

CT T CHN NNG CAO I VI CT CHUN

2. T chc dy hc theo chun kin thc k nng ca mn hc

Cu hi 4: Hy nu nhng im m bn thy cn lm r v: tng, tnh php qui, cu trc, hu

2.2. S dng Chun KT-KN xc nh mc tiu tit dy

Bit mi lin h gia s ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s v du o hm cp mt ca

Xc nh c to tm v tm c di bn knh ca mt cu c phng trnh cho trc.

2.3. La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun KT-KN

a 2 b 2 sin(x+ ), a phng trnh (1) v phng

phng trnh bc hai i vi t.

* Ch : i vi phng trnh asin2x + bsinxcosx + ccos2x = d, (a, b, c, d R , a2 + b2 + c2 0) ta

- Bit c o hm ca hm s lng gic.

- Tnh c o hm ca mt s hm s lng gic.

3) a v b trng nhau, ta k hiu a b.

3. T chc dy hc theo chun kin thc k nng ca mn hc

6t2 - 2 5 t + 2 = 0. Phng trnh ny nn v nghim (c = - 7 < 0), vy phng trnh cho v

Khi , t t = cosx, t 1, ta c phng trnh l: 2t2 - 3t + 2 = 0.

hay phng trnh: cosx + ( y0 - 2 )sinx = 2y0

a) Chng minh rng AM // AM.

2. Vn dng chun KT-KN v k thut dy hc tch cc xy dng cc hot

Hc sinh phn tnh , t pht

Bn t duy tm tt cc dng ton v PT mt cu

Cho mt PT, xt xem PT cho c l PT ca mt mt cu khng?

Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta tm v i qua mt

Vit PT mt cu khi bit ta 2 u mt ca mt

(x -1)2 + (y -2)2 + (z -3)2 = 1.

3. Phn tch mt s gio n minh ho

LM TH NO CHUN B BI DY THT HIU QU?

Lm th no G mc hiu bi ca ngi hc (trc-trong-sau)?

KHUNG THIT K BI SON MN TON

+ Chun b ca GV v HS: ch r mt s PT, TB ch yu c trng cho gi hc, bi hc, nh: