PROBLEM: A mammography service examined 327 patients during the third

calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films were exposed during this period, eight of which
were repeats. What is the repeat rate?
. = 719.8 100% = 1.1%
ANS: 1.1%
PROBLEM: If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its widest point, and its
image on chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what is the magnification factor?
SOLN:=
= 14.712.5= 1.18
ANS: 1.18
PROBLEM: A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private office has a
maximum capacity of 100 milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA. What is the power
rating?
SOLN:
= (0.7)

1000

= (0.7)

(500)(120)

= 42

1000

ANS: 42 kW
PROBLEM: Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9
cm cuts a magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per
second.
SOLN:

50
(175 . )(250 )

50(0.9 )

= 309
ANS: 309 uV
PROBLEM: Given the energy level of 6.624x10-18 J imparted to an electron stream
by an X-ray device, calculate the frequency in MHz
= 6.624 10
=6.624 10
=1010 MHzSOLN:
ANS: 1010 MHz

PROBLEM: For the given parameters, determine the energy per bit-to noise power
density ratio. C = 10e-12W,
fb = 60 kbps,
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W,
B = 120 kHz
SOLN:

= 10 log

= 10 log

10

120

1.2 10

60

ANS: 22.2 dB
PROBLEM: A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is positive with its
voltage one-half the maximum value. What proportion of the maximum output
voltage is produced?

SOLN:
ln(1+
=

ln(1+
ln(1+

)
)

(255)(0.5

== 0.876 ln(1+255)
ANS: 0.876Vmax
PROBLEM: A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12000
frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?
SOLN:

12000 10000

2 Mbps

60

ANS: 2 Mbps
PROBLEM: A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB above 40. What is the
minimum number of bits?
SOLN:
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40 n = 6.35
ANS: 6.35
PROBLEM: An IPv4 has an address space of how many?
SOLN:
232 = 4294967296
ANS: 4294967296
PROBLEM: A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time slot of 2
bits, determine the frame duration.
SOLN:
The link carries 50,000 frames/sec The frame duration = 1/50,000 The frame
duration = 20 s
ANS: 20 s
PROBLEM: Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords ( 10101, 11001)
SOLN:
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 (presence of two 1)
ANS: two

PROBLEM: A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel
uses 1024 colors, how many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a
screen?
SOLN:
1,200 x 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb
1024 colors requires 10 bits 210= 1024
ANS: 12 Megabits
PROBLEM: A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6GHz has a
separation of 40km between antennas. An obstacle in the path is located 10km
form the transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam clear the obstacle?

SOLN:
1

= 10.4 ( 1+ 2)
= 10.4 10 30
6(10+30)
R = 11.6m
ANS: 11.6m
PROBLEM: Determine the wavelength of a 4 GHz signal.
SOLN:=
ANS: 0.075m
PROBLEM: The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s.
Assuming no noise.
SOLN:
ANS: 10,000
PROBLEM: Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary FSK signal with a
mark frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51 kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps.
SOLN:= 2

= 49

=1

51

ANS: 1 kHz
PROBLEM: For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency of 4 kHz, determine
the minimum sample rate.
SOLN:= 2

= 2(4 ) = 8
ANS: 8 kHz
PROBLEM: An interest rate of 10% compounded continuously is desired of an
investment of P15,000. How many years will be required to recover the capital with
the desired interest if P2,500 is received each year?
SOLN:
A=Pert
15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500tt = 9.375 years
ANS: 9.375 years
PROBLEM: Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 16bit quantizing.
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16) DR = 98.08 Db
ANS: 98.08 dB
PROBLEM: Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM signal.
SOLN:
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits per signal element since 26 = 64.
Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6
baud rate = 12000 baud

ANS: 12000 baud

PROBLEM: A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via
net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo.
SOLN:
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB VNL = 0.8 dB
ANS: 0.8 dB

PROBLEM: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4KHz.What is the bandwidth

needed if we modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for now.
SOLN:
BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz
ANS: 8 KHz
PROBLEM: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz, what is the
bandwidth if we modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulations.
SOLN:
An FM signal requires 10 times the bandwidth of the original signal. BW=10x4 = 40
MHz
ANS: 40
PROBLEM: For PCM system with the following parameters determine the minimum
number of bits used. Maximum analog frequency= 4 kHz,
maximum decoded voltage=2.55, Minimum dynamic range = 199.5
SOLN:= ( . ) = 7.63
=8
ANS: 8
PROBLEM: Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM system using 8bit quantizing
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
ANS: 49.92 dB
PROBLEM: An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency of 30 kHz using a
digital audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
would result?
SOLN:
fa = fs fm = 44.1 kHz 30 kHz fa = 14.1 kHz
ANS: 14.1 kHz

PROBLEM: Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has a S/N of 1023?
SOLN:
The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about 3KHz C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
=3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
=30000 b/s
ANS: 30,000 b/s
PROBLEM: Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with sampling
rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per sample.
SOLN:
D = fsm
D = 30 x 103 x 14 D = 420 x 103 b/s D = 420 Kb/s
ANS: 420 Kb/s
PROBLEM: Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
SOLN:
x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 +x + k
10

ANS: 100001011
PROBLEM: Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is the baud rate?
SOLN:
baud rate = bandwidth 6000 Hz = 6000 Hz
ANS: 6000 Hz
PROBLEM: Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal.
SOLN:
bit rate = baud * 4 2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
ANS: 8000 bps
PROBLEM: A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of
40dB. A signal is transmitted down this line using a four level code. What is the
maximum theoretical data rate?

SOLN:
C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) C = 18 kbps
S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000 C = Blog2(1+S/N)
C = (4.5x103)log2(1+10000) C = 59.795 kbps
Since both results are maxima, we take the lesser of the two, 18 Kbps...
ANS: 18 kbps
PROBLEM: Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 8bit quantizing.
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB DR = 49.92 dB
ANS: 49.92 dB
PROBLEM: The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a 200kHzchannel, with a channel
data rate of 270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency shift between mark and space.
SOLN:
fm - fs = 0.5fb =
0.5 (270.833 kHz) = 135.4165 kHz
ANS: 135.4165kHz
PROBLEM: For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial cable with a
velocity factor of 0.66. What is the propagation delay?
SOLN:
T = d/(Vf*c)
T = 2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s) T =12.6 s
ANS: 12.6s
PROBLEM: A signal at the input to a -Law compressor is positive, with its
voltage one-half the maximum value. What proportion of the maximum output
voltage is produced?
SOLN: ( (( ). ))
Vo = Vo

Vo =0.876Vo
ANS: 0.876Vo
PROBLEM: A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via
net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo
SOLN:
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8
ANS: 0.8 dB
PROBLEM: How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745 using pulse dialing
with .5s inter digit time?
SOLN:
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s
ANS: 6.8s
PROBLEM: We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 MHz. What is the
bandwidth modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulation.
SOLN:
BW = 10 x 5MHz = 50MHZ
ANS: 50 MHz
PROBLEM: An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency of 25 kHz using
digital audio system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
would result?
SOLN:fa = fs - fm
fa = 44.1kHz 25kHz fa = 19.1kHz
ANS: 19.1kHz
PROBLEM: The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of dBm. If the receiver
is receiving 200 mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this signal?
SOLN:
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm
ANS: 23 dBm

PROBLEM: An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is connected to a

receiver input with a noise temperature of 300 K. Given the reference temperature
T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of the system.
SOLN:
The total noise temperature of the antenna and receiver is: NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375.
The noise temperature is given by:
NT T 0 NR 1where:
NT noise temp, NR = Noise ratio
Rearranging the above to find NR gives: NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29
The Noise figure is the decibel equivalent of the noise ratio, such that: NF = 10 log
NR = 3.6 dB
ANS: 3.6 dB
PROBLEM: The modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power
is 500W, what is the total transmitted power?
SOLN:
The modulation index m is related to the total transmitted power Pt by:
m2

Pt Pc 1

2
Where:
Pt = total transmitted power,
Pc = carrier power
ANS: 641 W
PROBLEM: An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a
very stable 108MHz final carrier frequency. The output of the crystal oscillator is fed
to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz signal. The sum output of the
mixer is filtered out, while the difference is fed to another multiplier in order to
generate the final carrier frequency. What is the multiplier value?

SOLN:
Basic Block Diagram of the FM carrier generator:
1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer > Multiplier > 108MHz carrier
First Multiplier output: 1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz Mixer output:
36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz (filtered output)
36MHz 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz (difference fed to the next multiplier) Multiplier stage:
Output = 108MHz Output = 1.5MHz x n N = 108/1.5 = 72
ANS: 72
PROBLEM: Determine the worst-case output S/N for a narrowband FM receiver with
deviation maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The
S/N input is 3:1.
SOLN:
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad = x fi = 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz The S/N will be:
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
ANS: 10
PROBLEM: Determine the time taken for a signal to travel down a 10 m transmission
line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.
SOLN:
T= L / (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m /((0.7)(3x108 m/s))
T= 47.6 ns
ANS: 47.6 ns
PROBLEM: The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable
is 52 V and its minimum voltage is 17 V. How many percent of the incident power is
the reflected power?
SOLN:
2 = Pr/Pi


= SWRSW
R
; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin
= 52/17 = 3.05
= (3.05 1)/( 3.05 +1) = 0.51 Thus :
2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident power
ANS: 26%
PROBLEM: Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz signal
to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric constant of 2.3.
SOLN:
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees
ANS: 108 degrees
PROBLEM: The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and the unmodulated
carrier value is 85V. What is the modulation index?
SOLN:
m = Em/ Ec Emax = Ec + Em
Em = EmaxEc = 125 85 = 40 V m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
ANS: 0.47
PROBLEM: The total transmitted power of an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier
power of 50kW when modulated 80 percent is:
SOLN:
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2) Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
ANS: 66kW

PROBLEM: The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency
deviation caused by the noise if the modulating frequency is 1.5 kHz and the
permitted deviation is 4 kHz?
SOLN:
= fm
= sin -1 N/S
= sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5 kHz) = 547.8 Hz
ANS: 547.8 Hz
PROBLEM: Calculate the gain (relative to an isotropic) of a parabolic antenna that
has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60% and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz.
SOLN:
G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4 MHz = 0.075 m G = 0.6 2(3)2
0.0752G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8 G = 39.8 dBi
ANS: 39.8 dBi

PROBLEM: By how much should two antennas be separated for space diversity in
the 11 GHz band?
SOLN:
8m

200
c

3x1
200 0
s

d 200

5.5m
f

9
11x10
s

ANS: 5.5 m
PROBLEM: What is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide with a wall
separation of 3 cm and a desired frequency of operation of 6 GHz?
SOLN:

= 3 10

=2
=13 10
156
=5.43 10

(0.0
2 3
)

=5

ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s

PROBLEM:A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an
obstacle midway between the transmitter and receiver. By how much must the path
between the towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid diffraction at a frequency of
11 GHz?
SOLN:
= 17.32

= 17.3222.5((22).5) = 17.5211 45= 10.51

ANS: 10.51 m

PROBLEM: How far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the
transmitting and receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m, respectively, above
level terrain?
SOLN:

= 17 +

17

= 17(40)

17(20)

= 44.5
ANS: 44.5 km
PROBLEM:An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A
source provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How
much power is dissipated in the load?
SOLN:
Pout 1W

851.14mW

antilog

0.
7
10

SWR 1 0.5
SWR 1
PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35mW
ANS: 638 mW
PROBLEM:An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A
source provides 1 W to the isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How
much power returns to the source?
SOLN:

1W
Pout

0.7

851.14mW

antilog
10
SWR 1
0.5
SWR 1
PLOAD Pout

1 2 638.35mW

Preflected Pout 2 212.78mW

212.78 mW
Preturned 26 534.49 W
antilog 10
ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s

PROBLEM: The moon orbits the earth with a period of approximately 28 days. How
far away is it? Assume circular orbit.
SOLN:
=

2=2

= 28 +6400)
2

28

4 10
= (

+6400)

= 384,000
ANS: 384 Mm
PROBLEM: What is the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an Earth
station if the angle of elevation is 300?
SOLN:
=

= 39000

= (6400+36000)

( +)

(6400cos3
0
) 6400 30

ANS: 39000 km
PROBLEM: A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss
resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
SOLN:
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) Efficiency = 93%
ANS: 93%
PROBLEM: Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit 500 km above the earths
surface.
SOLN:

4x1011
Formula : v

where :

d 6400

v = velocity in meters per second

d = distance above earths surface in km

4x1011
v

(500 6400) = 7.6 km/s

ANS: 7.6 km/s

PROBLEM: Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit 36,000 km above
the earths surface if the earths radius is 6400 km.
SOLN:
Formula : Cv
where:
T = orbital periodC = circumferencev = orbital velocity
C = 2 r = 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) C = 266.4 x 106 m

4x1011
v

(36,000
6400)

3.07km/s

266.4x106
m

3.07x103
m /s

24hrs

T = 1440 minutes
ANS: 1440 mins
PROBLEM: Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an earth
station where the angle of elevation is 30 . (earths radius = 6400 km, height of
satellite above earth is 36 X 103 km)
SOLN:
Formula : d

(r h)2 (rcos )2 rsin

d = distance to the satellite in km

r = radius of the earth in km (6400 km)
h = height of satellite above equator ( 36 x 103 km)

= angle of elevation to satellite at= antenna(6400+3610site ) (6400 30) 6400 30

d = 39,000 km
ANS: 39,000 km
PROBLEM: The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in
transmission line is around 10 W and the antenna has a power gain of 6 dB, what is
the ERP of the station in kW?
SOLN:
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 ERP = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
ANS: 19.96 kW
PROBLEM: Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
SOLN:
fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of
channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel9
ANS: 187.25 MHz
PROBLEM: At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent
line period?
SOLN:
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec
ANS: 63.556 usec
PROBLEM: For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is
the ideal RF bandwidth?
SOLN:
For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the
number of bits to produce this is

n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is BW = fB / n =

36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
ANS: 6 MHz
PROBLEM: What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220
MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon foam as its dielectric, r = 2?
SOLN:
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c Therefore the velocity
of the radio signal in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec
approx.) so that the wavelength of the signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx.
ANS: 0.96 m
PROBLEM: What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2) medium of a radio
wave from air (r1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence is 45?
SOLN:
Using Snells Law
Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin rSqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30
ANS: 30
PROBLEM: An ionosphere layer also termed as absorption layer because it
absorbs most of the frequencies above 100 kHz is known as the layer.
SOLN:
The D layer has a critical frequency in the order of 100 kHz. Even MF band
frequencies are absorbed by this layer during sky wave propagation particularly in
AM and SW radio broadcasting.
ANS: D
PROBLEM: As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what
is the classification of Super High Frequency?

SOLN:
SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz
max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m =
1 cm
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is
centimetric wave.
ANS: centimetric
PROBLEM: What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron
density is 2 x 106 per cm3?
SOLN:
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3 fc= 9 x sqrt
(Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
ANS: 13 MHz
PROBLEM: A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The
maximum virtual height of the layer is 110 km. at the midpoint of the path and the
critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio stations is 500 km,
what is the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain
analysis.
SOLN:
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant
Law OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
ANS: 8.4 MHz
PROBLEM: The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 .
What is the value of its loss resistance?
SOLN:
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)

0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss

Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx.
ANS: 6.58
PROBLEM: A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated
band of stations frequency?
SOLN:
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 30 MHz range designated as
HF band
ANS: HF
PROBLEM: What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting
station and a 20 ft receiving station?
SOLN:
dRH (TOT)dRH (TOT)dRH (TOT)
=sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)
=sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
=18.97 mi
ANS: 18.97 mi
PROBLEM: A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test
antenna whose directive gain is 2.15 dB. How much power was fed into the test
antenna?
SOLN:
From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4d2
PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx.
ANS: 3 W

PROBLEM: A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from the base as -100 dBm.
What should the mobile transmitter power be set to as a first approximation,
considering - 76 dB at mobile power contol?
SOLN:
PT = -76 dB - PRWhere:
PT = transmitted power in dBm PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
PT = -76 dB (-100dBm)
PT = 24 dBm
PT = 250 mW
ANS: 250 mW
PROBLEM: A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via
net loss required for an acceptable amount of echo.
SOLN:
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB Where:
VNL = minimum required via net loss in dB
t = time delay in ms for propagation one way along line
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
VNL = 0.8 dB
ANS: 0.8 dB
PROBLEM: A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial frequency is 25
Hz, what is the next frequency available for the filter?
SOLN:f2 = 2x f1
where x = 1/3, fraction of an octave f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
ANS: 31.5 Hz
PROBLEM: + 26 dBu is how many volts?
SOLN:

V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ] 26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /

0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3 Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
ANS: 15.5 V
PROBLEM: Determine the sound power in Watts produced by the banks alarm if
a by-stander heard the alarm at a sound pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The bystander is 100 ft away from the bank.
SOLN:
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10] W = 58.65 Watts
ANS: 58.65 W

PROBLEM: A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1 meter distance and

input electrical power of 1 W. How loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this
speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical power?
SOLN:
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPLSPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log
(10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
ANS: 69 dB-SPL
PROBLEM: Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna that is 200 m high
and a receiving antenna that is 100 m high
SOLN:
D = 17ht + 17hr
D = 17(200) + 17(100)
D = 99.5 km
ANS: 99.5km

PROBLEM: Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector
used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors are often used at that frequency as antennas
outside broadcast television microwave links.
SOLN:2x = 140x .
0=
0=3.50
ANS: 3.50
PROBLEM: An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad
with another glass with a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air.
What numerical aperture does the fiber have?
SOLN:
By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is: = (n1-n2)/n1
= (1.55-1.51)/1.55 = 0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be: NA =n1(2)
NA =1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
NA = 0.352
ANS: 0.352

PROBLEM: An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad
with another glass with a refractive index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air.
What is the acceptance angle?
SOLN:
By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be: NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the acceptance angle is:0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
ANS: 20.6

PROBLEM: For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the
optical power 100km from a0.1-mW light source.
SOLN:
P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 1025)
=0.316W
)=P(dBm)= 10log( . . 35dBm
ANS: -35dBm
PROBLEM: For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km,
determine the maximum digital transmission rates for return-to-zero.
SOLN:
Fb= =20Mbps
ANS: 20Mbps
PROBLEM: For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17C with a
bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the thermal noise power in dBm.

SOLN:
N = KTB
T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K
N = (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W
B = 1 x 104 Hz
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17/0.001) = -134 dBm
ANS: -134dBm
PROBLEM: A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a
television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor is at
room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver input.

SOLN:4
VN =
= (4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 ))
=5.4 x 10-6 V
=5.4 V
ANS: 5.4 V
PROBLEM: The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100W and the noise
power is 1 W. At the output, the signal power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW.
What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
SOLN:
(S/N)p = 100W/ 1W =100 (S/N)o = 1W /0.03W = 33.3 NF (ratio) =100 /33.3 = 3
ANS: 3
PROBLEM: It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over
a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient temperature. Calculate the receivers sensitivity.
SOLN:
S = Sensitivity = -174dBm + NF + 10logf + desired S/N S = -174 + 8 +
10log(200,000)+15
S = -98 dBm
ANS: -98dBm

PROBLEM: A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K)

connected via a coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a microwave receiver (Teq=52 K
referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receivers input over a 1MHz frequency range?
SOLN:
PN = KTf
PN = 1.38 x 10-23(35+40+52)(1)PN = 1.75 x 10-15 W
ANS: 1.75 x 10-15

PROBLEM: The noise voltage produced across a 50 is input resistance at a

temperature of 302C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is ______.
SOLN:4
VN =
VN =

(4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)) VN = 2.24V

ANS: 2.24V
PROBLEM: Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that
has a maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N is 2
SOLN:
= x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz /2.5 kHz = 30
ANS: 30
PROBLEM: A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm resistive load.
Calculate the reflection coefficient.
SOLN:
Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 + 50) Ref Coeff = 0.25
ANS: 0.25
PROBLEM: Items purchased from a vendor cost Php 20 each, and the forecast for
next years demand is 1,000 units. If it costs Php 5 every time an order is placed for
more units and the storage cost is Php 4 per unit per year, what quantity should be
order each time?
SOLN:
Q = (2DS/H) = ((2(1000)(5))/4) Q = 50 units
Where:
D = Demand
S = Ordering cost
H = Storage cost/holding cost
ANS: 50 units

PROBLEM: Two products, X and Y, both require processing time on machines I and II.
Machine I has 200 hours available, and machine II has 400 hours available. Product
X requires one hour on machine I and four hours on machine II. Product Y requires
one hour on machine I and one hour on machine II. Each unit of product X yields PhP
10 profit and each units of Y yields PhP 5 profit. What is the Linear Programming
Model for this problem.
SOLN:
Let X = number of units of product X to be produced. Y = number of units of product
Y to be produced. Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y
Subject to: X + Y 200:
Capacity of Machine I 4X + Y 400: Capacity of Machine II X , Y 0:
Nonnegativity Constraints
ANS:
Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y Subject to:
X + Y 200
4X + Y 400 X , Y 0
PROBLEM: A project has been defined to contain the following list of activities, along
with their required times for completion
Activity Time

Immediate

(days)

Predecessors

B,C

11

B,C

12

E,D

What is the completion time of the whole project?.

SOLN:
ANS: 25 days
PROBLEM: Here are the monthly data for the past 8 months. From these data, wha t
are the forecasts for the following 4 months using linear regressio n?
Period

Actual

300

540

885

580

416

760

1191

760

SOLN: y = a + bx Where
y = the dependent variable a = the intercept
b = the slope of the line
x = the independent variable

xy nx y
a y - bx

b
x2 nx

a = 361

b = 70.67

equation: y = 361 + 70.67x

ANS: 9th--997, 10th- 1067.67, 11th 1138.33, 12th 1209
PROBLEM: A hole is to be punched out of plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi.
The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute the maximum
thickness of plate from which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched.
SOLN:
t = 2.5(50) / 4(40) = 0.781 inches
ANS: 0.781 in
PROBLEM: A hole is to be punched out of plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi.
The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. If the plate is 0.25 inches
thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
SOLN:

D = 4(0.25)(40) / 50 = 0.800 inches

ANS: 0.800 in
PROBLEM: A large pipe, called a penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5 m in diameter. It
is composed of wooden staves bound together by steel hoops, each 300 sq.
Millimetre in cross-sectional area, and is used to conduct water from a reservoir to
power a house. If the maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130 MPa,
what is the maximum spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30 m?
SOLN:
(1000)(9.81)(30)(1.5)L = 2(300x10^-6)(130x10^6)L = 177 mm
ANS: 177 mm
PROBLEM: At what angular velocity will the stress in a rotating steel ring equal to
150 MPa if its mean radius is 220 mm? The density of the steel is 7.85 Mg/m^3.
SOLN:
= (1/0.22)(150x10^6 / 7850)^(1/2) = 628 rad/s
ANS: 628 rad/s
PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a
wall thickness of 10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the
pipe and a flat plate use to cap the end. How many40-mm-diameter bolts must be
used to hold the cap on if the allowable stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of which 55
MPa is the initial stress?
SOLN:
N = (3.5x10^6)(0.45 2x0.01)^2 / [(0.04^2)(8855)x10^6] = 16.18 round up N =
17
ANS: 17
PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at 3.5 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a
wall thickness of 10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the
pipe and a flat plate use to cap the end. Whatcircumferential stress is developed in
the pipe?
SOLN:
= (3.5)(450 2x10) / [2(10)] = 75.3 MPa
ANS: 75.3 MPa

PROBLEM: A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 sq. Meters and a length
of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at
the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m^3 and E = 200x10^3
MN/m^2, find the total elongation of the rod.
SOLN:
= [(7850)(9.8)(150^2) / 2(200X10^9)] + [(20000)(150)(1000^2) /
300(200X10^9)]
= 54.3 mm
ANS: 54.3 mm
PROBLEM: A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of
cast iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total
of 0.8 mm in the length of 2m. For steel E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron E = 100 GPa
SOLN:
P = [(/4)(0.05^2)(200x10^9)(0.0008)/2] + [(/4)(0.06^2 -0.05^2)(100x10^9)
(0.0008)/2] P = 192 kN
ANS: 192 kN
PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed to 80 MPa when twisted through 4
degrees. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter.
SOLN:
r = (80)(5) / [(4)(/180)(83000)] = 69 mm d = 2(69) = 138 mm
ANS: 138 mm
PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft is not to twist through more than 3 degrees in a 6 m
length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m. What maximum shearing stress is
developed? Use G=83GPa.
SOLN:
(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / [(3)(/180)(83x10^9)] d = 114 mm
= 16(12000) / [(.114)^3]
= 41.3 MPa
ANS: 41.3 MPa

PROBLEM: What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist
through more than 3 degrees in a 6 m length when subjected to a torque of 12
kN.m? Use G=83GPa.
SOLN:
(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / [(3)(/180)(83x10^9)] d = 114 mm
ANS: 114 mm
PROBLEM: A steel rod 2.5 m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the
rod is zero at 20 degree Celsius, compute the stress when the temperature drops
to -20 degrees Celsius. The cross-sectional are if the rod is 1200 sq. mm, coefficient
of linear expansion = 11.7 um/(m-deg.C), and E = 200 GPa. Assume that the walls
are rigid.

SOLN:
= (200x10^9)(11.7x10^-6)(20 - -20) = 93.6x10^6 Pa
= 93.6 MPa
ANS: 93.6 MPa
PROBLEM: Determine the maximum shearing stress in a helical steel spring
composed of 20 turns of 20 mm- diamter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when tha
spring is supporting a load of 2 kN. Use G = 83 GPa.
SOLN:
m = 80/10 = 8
= [16(2000)(0.08) / (0.02)^3]x{[4(8)-1]/[4(8)-4] + (0.615/8)}
= 120.6 MPa
ANS: 120.6 MPa
PROBLEM: Determine the elongation in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns
of 20 mm-diamter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when tha spring is supporting a
load of 2 kN. Use G = 83 GPa.
SOLN:
= 64(2000)(0.08^3)(20) / [(83x10^9)(0.02^4)]
= 98.7 mm

ANS: 98.7 mm

PROBLEM: Three grams of sulphur dissolved in 200 g of naphthalene C10H8, was found decreasing
the
freezing point of the solvent to
0.72

C. Find the molecular weight of the solute. (Kf

C10H8 = 6.9

SOLN:
g- mole =

= 135.61 grams/mole
.

ANS: 135.61 g/mole

PROBLEM: Consider H3AsO3, Arsenic acid (H=1.01,As=74.9,O=16.0).How many

mole is 1kg of H3AsO3?
SOLN:
H3AsO3 = 3(1.01 g/mol) + 74.9 g/mol + 3(16.0 g/mol) = 125.93 g/mol
moles H3AsO3 = (1kg)(1 mol/125.93g) = 7.94 moles H3AsO3
ANS: 7.94 moles
PROBLEM: Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that contains 15g of
potassium hydroxide in 225ml of solution.
SOLN:
15 g KOH

ANS: 1.2 M

225 ml
soln

1 mol KOH

1000 ml
soln

56 g KOH 1 L soln

mol KOH

= 1.2 L soln

PROBLEM: Calculate the ratio of the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to the rate of
diffusion of oxygen. How fast does hydrogen diffuse than oxygen? Given: Density of
oxygen is 0.0899 g/L and the density of oxygen is 1.43 g/L.

C/mola
)

SOLN:
Rate of diffusion:
Rate of diffusion of
hydrogen

Rate of diffusion of oxygen

Hydrogen

Rate of diffusion =

Oxygen

1.43 g/L Rate of diffusion = 0.0899 g/L

0.3001.20 = 4
ANS: Four
PROBLEM: What is the volume of 1 moles of a gas at 2 atm and 273 K?
SOLN:
V= 224 L x (n/1mol) x (1atm/2atm) =11.2L
ANS: 11.2L
PROBLEM: What is the mass in kilograms of 10.5 gal (39.7 L) of gasoline with a
specific gravity of 0.82.
SOLN:
Specific gravity of gasoline is 0.82 Density = 0.82 times the density of water
Density= specific gravity x density of water
=(0.82)(0.997) = 0.82 g/mL
V=39.7L = 39700 mL
M= D x V =(0.82)(39700) =33 kg
ANS: 33 kg
PROBLEM: Calculate the volume (in Litres) occupied by 7.40g of NH3 at STP
(Standard Temperature, and Pressure)

SOLN:
Recognizing that 1mole of an ideal gas is equal top 22.4L at STP and using the
molar mass of NH3 (17.03g) V = 7.40g NH3 x (1 mol NH3 / 17.03g NH3) x (22.4L /1
mol NH3) = 9.73L
ANS: 9.73L
PROBLEM: A 466g sample of Water is Heated from 8.50C to 74.60C. Calculate the
amount of Heat Absorbed (in Kilo Joules) by the Water.
SOLN:
q= ms t
=(466g)(4.184 J/g C)(74.60C 8.50C)
=129 KJ
ANS: 129 KJ
PROBLEM: A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit of a microcomputer has a
mass of 5.68mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present in this chip?
SOLN:
5.68mg Si x

(1g Si /1,000 mg Si) x

1mol Si /28.08 g Si)

x (6.022x1023 /1 mol
Si)=

1.22x1020atoms
ANS: 1.22x1020atoms
PROBLEM: Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas.
Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of gas in a steel vessel of
volume 5.43L at 45C.
SOLN:
P = (nRT)/V
P = ((1.82mol) (0.0821L.atm/K.mol) (45+273K))/5.43
P = 8.75 atm
ANS: 8.75 atm
PROBLEM: A bottle of certain ceramic tile cleanser, which essentially a solution of
hydrogen chloride, contains 130g of HCl and 750g of water. What is the percent by
mass of HCl in this cleanser?

SOLN:
%solute = (mass solute/ mass solution) x 100 %solute = (130g/(130g + 750g)) x
100 %solute = 14.8%
ANS: 14.8%
PROBLEM: In the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to produce nitric
acid, which contributes to
pollution by acid rain: 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) -----> 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) How many grams
of HNO3 are produced for every 1.0mol of NO2 that reacts? The molecular weight of
HNO3 is 63.0amu.
SOLN:
1.0mol NO2(2mol HNO3/3mol NO2)(63g HNO3/1mol HNO3)=42g HNO3ANS: 42 g
HNO3
PROBLEM: The position x of an experimental rocket moving along a long rail is
measured to be x(t) = (4m/s)t + (7m/s2)t2 + (5m/s3)t3 (0.35m/s4)t4 over the first
10s of its motion, where t is in seconds and x is in meters. Find the velocity of the
rocket for the first 10 seconds.
SOLN:
v = dx/dt = (4m/s) + (14m/s2)t + (15m/s3)t2 (1.4m/s4)t3Substituting t = 10 s,
gives

v = 244 m/s ANS: 244m/s

PROBLEM: Early in the nineteenth century, James Watt invented the steam engine.
In order to convince people, who relied heavily on horses for mechanical work, he
demonstrated how useful his steam engine was by utilizing a horse that lifted water
from a well over a certain period of time and called the corresponding power
expended one horsepower. Assume that water has a mass density of 1.0 x
103 kg/m3, that the well was 20m deep, and that the horse worked for 8 hours. How
many liters of water did the horse raise from the well? Use the following constants:
1 hp = 746 Watts, g = 9.8 m/s2.
SOLN:
The work done of the tension in lifting a mass of water is given by:
W=mgy

where W = work, m = mass = pV, y = distance, V = volume, p= mass

density,

The power is given by:

Vg y
P = work /time,
t
Substituting all values, we get for V
746W 8hx3600s / h

V=

1x103 kg / m3 9.8m / s2 2
0m
1.1x10

2 3

Since 1 m3 = 103 L, then V = 1.1 x 105L.

ANS: 1.1 x 105 L
PROBLEM: An investor has an option to purchase a tract of land that will be worth
P20,000 in seven years. If the value of the land increases at 9% each year, how
much should the investor be willing to pay now for this property?
SOLN:
P F 1 n1 i
= F(P/F,i%, n)
P = P20,000(P/F,9%,7) = P10,940.68
ANS: P10,941
PROBLEM: Suppose that you make 12 equal annual deposits of P2,000 each into a
bank account paying 8% interest per year. The first deposit will be made one year
from today. How much money can be withdrawn from this bank account
immediately after the 12th deposit?

SOLN:
FA (1 ii)n 1
=P2000(F/A,8%,12) P37,954.25
ANS: 37,954

PROBLEM: What is the effective rate of interest if P1000 is invested at a nominal

rate of 15% compounded quarterly?
SOLN:
0.1
5
ie
ff 1

1 15.86%
4

ANS: 15.86%
PROBLEM: A man purchased a house for P425,000. In the first month that he owned
the house, he spent P75,000 on repairs and remodeling. Immediately after the
house was remodeled, he was offered P545,000 to sell the house. After some
consideration, he decided to keep the house and have it rented for P4,500 per
month starting two months after the purchase. He collected rent for 15 months and
then sold the house for P600,000. if the interest rate was 1.5% per month, how
much extra money did he make or lose by not selling the house immediately after it
was remodeled?
SOLN:
Ans P545,000 P4,500(P / A,1.5%,15) P600,000(P / F,1.5%,15) = P5,015
ANS: P5,000
PROBLEM: On the day his grandson was born, a man deposited to a trust company a
sufficient amount of money so that the boy could receive five annual payments of
P20,000 each for his college tuition fees, starting with his 18th birthday. Interest at
the rate of 12$ per annum was to be paid on all amounts on deposit. There was also
a provision that the grandson could elect to withdraw no annual payments and
receive a single lump amount on his 25th birthday. The grandson chose this option.
How much did the grandfather deposit?
SOLN:

PP20,000(P / A,12%,5)(P / F,12%,17)

=P10,500
ANS: P10,500

PROBLEM: A man bought an equipment costing P30,000 payable in 12 quarterly

payments, each installment payable at the beginning of each period. The rate of
interest is 24% compounded quarterly. What is the amount of each payment
SOLN:
P30,000 A(1 P / A,8%,12 1)
A P3,685.96
ANS: P3,700
PROBLEM: A telecommunication company purchased an equipment for P53,000 and
paid P1,500 for freight and delivery charges to the job site. The equipment has a
normal life of 10 years with a trade-in value of P5,000 against the purchase of a new
equipment at the end of the life. Determine the annual depreciation cost by the
sinking fund method. Assume interest at 6.5% compounded annually.
SOLN:
CO P53,000 P1,500 P54,500
CL P5,000
P54,500 P5,000
d

P3,668
F / A,6.5%,10

ANS: P3.,668
PROBLEM: A plant bought a machine for P200,000 and used it for 10 years, the life
span of the equipment. What is the book value of the machine after 5 years of use?
Assume a scrap value of P20,000. Use double declining balance method.
SOLN:
C5 P200,00(1 102 )5 P65,536
ANS: P65,536
PROBLEM: A certain support stand design to carry downward loads. Compute the
stress in the square shaft at the upper part of the stand for a load of 27,000 lb. The
line of action of the applied of the applied load is

centered on the axis on the shaft, and the load is applied through a thick plate that
distributes the force to the entire cross section of the stand.
SOLN:
FA 272.25,000inlb2 12,000 inlb2 12,000 psi
ANS: 12,000psi
PROBLEM: A common bar suspended from certain support has axial load of 10kN. If
the bar has a cross section of 20mm2, find the stress experience by the bar.
SOLN:
10,000N

20x10 6 m2 500MPa
ANS: 500MPa
PROBLEM: Assume that a 25-mm diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 125
mm wide. The allowable stresses are 130 MPa for bearing in the plate material and
65 MPa for shearing of the rivet. Determine the minimum thickness of each plate.
SOLN:

d2
4
V

65M

(25mm)2

4
V P 31.91kN
b P

dt
A
P
t

31.91kNkN

db

[125mm 8mm 25mm 8m

m]

31.91kPa

(25mm)130
M
39.89MPa

t 9.82mm

ANS: 40MPa

PROBLEM: A cylinder pressure vessel is fabricated from plates which have a

thickness of 20mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is
3.5m. Determine the maximum internal pressure which can be applied if the stress
in the steel is limited to 150MPa.
SOLN:
tD

2t
150MPa (450mm)
2(25mm)16.67MPa
ANS: 16.67MPa
PROBLEM: The wall thickness of a 3ft-diameter spherical tank is 4/17 in. Calculate
the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 9000 psi.
SOLN:
pD4t
9000 p(4 12in) 4(4/17in)
p 176.47 psi
ANS: 176.47psi
PROBLEM: A steel bar 40mm in diameter and 3m long is surrounded by a shell of
cast iron 6mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total
of 0.95 mm in the length of 2m. For steel E=300GPa, and for cast iron, E=150GPa.
SOLN:
PL

AE
P(2
m)

0.8
10 3m AE

0.95
10 3
P(3)

(40mm)23 [(52m (40mm)2]1

00G
m)2
50G
4

P 160.57kN
ANS: 161kN

PROBLEM: A steel rod 3.5m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the rod
is zero at 30C, compute the stress when the temperature drops to -30C. The cross
sectional area of the rod is 1200mm2, =11.7um/(mC), and E=200GPa.
SOLN:
LT
AEPL
L T AEPL
T
E
TE (11.7 )(30 30)(200G)
140.4MPa
ANS: 140MPa
PROBLEM: A steel shaft 3ft long that has a diameter of 5in is subjected to a torque
of 14kip-ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress. G=12x106 psi.
SOLN:
TL

14k(12)(3x12) x 180

(5)4
JG
0.47
ANS: 0.47

32 12x106

PROBLEM: What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist
through more than 4 in a 6m length when subjected to a torque of 13kN-m? What
max shearing stress is developed? G=85 GPa
SOLN:
TL

JG
13k(6)
4x

4
(d )
180

85x10
32 9

d 107.57mm
ANS: 107.6mm

PROBLEM: Determine the elongation in a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns

of 20-mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 90 mm when the spring is supporting a
load of 2.5kN. Use G=83 GPa.
SOLN:
64(2.5k)(90mm)3 (20)
4 175mm
83GPa(20mm)
ANS: 175mm
PROBLEM: A carnot heat engine receives 500KJ of heat per cycle from a hightemperature source at 600 C and rejects heat a low temperature sink at 40C.
Determine the thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine.
1

TL 1

(40 273)K

(600 273)K

H
SOLN:
0.6415(64.15%)
ANS: 64.15%
PROBLEM: A piston cylinder device contains a liquid-vapor mixture of water at 400K.
During a constant pressure process, 700 KJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a
result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy change of
the water during this process.
SOLN:
S QT 700400kJK 1.75 kJK
ANS: 1.75kJ/K
PROBLEM: Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 22C. Determine the
total rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the
average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.2
m2 and 33C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6
W/m2.=0.95 and =5.67x10-8W/m4-K4
SOLN:

Qconvection hA(Ts Tf )
=5 mW2 C (1.2m2 )(33 22) C
=66W
Qradiation A(Ts4 Tsurr4 )
= 0.95(5.67x10 8 W )(1.2m2 ) m4 K4
[(33 274)4 (22 273)4 ]K 4 = 77.2W

Qtotal 66W 77.2W 143.2W 143.2J / s

ANS: 143.2J/s
PROBLEM: A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of air at 110kPa and
80C. The air is now compressed to 0.2 m3 in such a way that the temperature
inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done during this process.
SOLN:

W (110kPa)(0.8m3 )l
n(

0.
2
0.
8

)
(

1kJ
1kPa
m3

W 122kJ
ANS: -122kJ
PROBLEM: Determine the mass of the air in a room whose dimensions are (5x6x7)
cm at 105 kPa and 27C. R is .287 kPa-m^3/(kg-K)
SOLN:
R' gas constant

kPa
R'ai
m3 / k
r
0.287 g K
PV
m
R'T
105kPa(5x6x7m3 )
m
kPa
0.28 m3 / k
7
gK
(27273K )
m 256.1g

ANS: 256.1 g
PROBLEM: Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 92MW. If
the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 45MW, determine the net power
output and the thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

SOLN:
QH 92 MJs
QL 45 MJs
1 QL 1 45

QH 920.5109 (51.09%)
ANS: 51.09%
PROBLEM: The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4C by removing
heat from it at a rate of 300 KJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is
3KW, determine the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.
SOLN:
300kJ /
min

1kW

COP

(
3kW

60kJ /
min

COP 1.67
ANS: 1.67
PROBLEM: A 50 kg iron block at 80C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains
0.5 m3 of liquid water at 25C. Determine the temperature when thermal
equilibrium reached. The specific heat of iron is 0.45kJ/kg-Cand for water
is 4.18kJ/kg-C.
SOLN:
kg
0 50kg(0.45

0.5m3
0.001
m3

)(T 80 C)
kg
C 2

(4.1
8

kJ
)(T 25 C)
kg C

kg
T2 25.6 C
ANS: 25.6C
PROBLEM: A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a
paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 850kJ. During the cooling
process, the fluid loses 550kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 200kJ of work on
the fluid. Determine the final energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the
paddle wheel.

SOLN:
QUW
200kJ (U2 850kJ) 550kJ U2500kJ
ANS: 500kJ
PROBLEM: Three moles of an ideal gas are compressed slowly and isothermally from
a volume of 5 to 1.5 ft3, at a temperature of 320K. How much work is done?
SOLN:
W nRT ln V2
V
1
W 3mol(8.317 J
mol K
W 9612.9J 9.61kJ
ANS: -9.61kJ

)(320K )l 1.
n
5
5

PROBLEM: A 4-in wall of fire brick, k=9 Btu/(ft2-hr-F/in), has one surface at 300F, the
other at 90F. Find the heat conducted through the area of 2ft2 in 1 day.
SOLN:
Q kAt T
L
Q (9 Btu )(2 ft 2 ) ft 2 hr inF
(24 hr ) 300 90 F
i
n
4
Q = 22,680 Btu
ANS: 22, 680Btu
PROBLEM: If 80 g of iron shot at 100C is dropped into 200 g of water at 20C
contained in an iron vessel of mass 50 g, find the resulting temperature.
SOLN:

80(0.12)(T2 100)
200(1)(T2 20) 50(0.12)(T2 20) T224.6 C
ANS: 24.6C

PROBLEM: When a 2lb of brass at 212F is dropped into 5lb of water at 35F, the
resulting temperature is 41.2F. Find the specific heat of brass in Btu/lb-F.
SOLN:
Qlost Qgain
Qbrass Qwater
2lb(C)(212F 41.2F)
5lb(1lbBtuF )(41.2F 35F)
C 0.091 Btu
lb F
ANS: 0.091
PROBLEM: How much heat is necessary to raise the temperature of 0.80 kg of ethyl
alcohol from 15C of its boiling point 78.3C?
SOLN:
Q mc t
Q 0.8kg(0.6 gcalC )
(78.3 15) C
Q 30kcal
ANS: 30kcal
PROBLEM: The weight-density of air at 32F and 29.92 in Hg pressure is 0.081 lb/ft3.
What is its weight- density, in lb/ft3, at an altitude where the pressure is 13.73 in Hg
and the temperature is -40F?
SOLN:
PV

PV

mT 1 mT 2
P

T1

T 2

29.92

13.73

0.081x273
K

x233K
1

lb
2 0.044

ft
3

ANS: 0.044
PROBLEM: A laboratory experiment was performed to determine the percent by
mass of water in a hydrate. The accepted value is 36.0% water whose observed
value has an error of 5.00%. Find the percent by mass of water.
SOLN:
36% * 1.05 =37.8%
ANS: 37.8% water
PROBLEM: How many molecules of

can be formed using 2 molecules of

NO?

SOLN: 2From+the reaction, 2

ANS: 2
PROBLEM: What pressure must be applied to 225mL of gas at 1atm to reduce its
volume to 100mL?
SOLN:
P1V1=P2V2
ANS: 2.25atm
PROBLEM: How many moles of are present in 44.8L of at STP?

SOLN:
At STP, 1 mole will occupy 22.4L

ANS: 2.0moles
PROBLEM: Suppose that energy Q is required to accelerate a car from rest to v,
neglecting friction. How much added energy would be required to increase the
speed from v to 2v?
SOLN:
Using the energy equation W=KE2 KE1
Q = 0.5mv2 0 - condition 1
W = 0.5m(2v)2 0.5mv2 - condition 2
W=2mv2 0.5mv2 = 3(0.5mv2) = 3Q
ANS: 3Q
PROBLEM: Suppose you want to store 1.00 J of electric potential energy in a volume
of 1.00 m3 in vacuum. What is the magnitude of the required electric field?
SOLN:
u=1.00J/12 .00m2(13 =.00)1.00J/m3
==
E=0.475 MV/m (a)
ANS: E=0.475 MV/m
PROBLEM: Material a is a water and material b is a glass with index of refraction
1.52. If the incident ray makes an angle of 60o with the normal, find the direction of
the reflected ray.
SOLN:
According to law of reflection,
ANS:

= , hence if = 60 then = 60
= 60

PROBLEM: The wavelength of the red light from a helium-neon sensor is 633 nm in
air but 474 nm in the aqueous humor inside our eyeballs. Calculate the speed of
light in this substance.
SOLN:
Calculating the index of refraction, we have:

633
For the velocity of light in this index we
have:
= = 474 = 1.335
3.00 10 /

ANS: 2.25 10 /

= 1.335

2.247 10

2.25 10 /

PROBLEM: A spaceship moving away from Earth with speed of 0.900c fires a robot
space probe in the same direction as its motion, with speed of 0.700c relative to the
spaceship. What is the probes velocity relative to the Earth?
SOLN:
Using the equation of Lorentz velocity transformation, we
have:

= 1++
0.900 +0.700
= 1+(0.9)(0.7)

= 0.982

ANS: 0.982
PROBLEM: The combined mass of car and passengers travelling at 72 km/hr is
1500kg. Find the kinetic energy of this combined mass.
SOLN:

=2
(1500

2
)(72 / )2(1000 /

(2)(1
= 300,000

2)(3000

)2
/ )2

300

ANS: 300kJ
PROBLEM: A mass of 5kg is 100m above a given datum where local g=9.75 m/sec2.
Find the gravitational force in newtons and the potential energy of the mass w/
respect to the datum.
SOLN:

(5 )(9.75 /

=2)(100 )

(1

2)

/
=

= 4875

5(91.75
)
= 48.75

ANS: 48.75 N, 4875 J

PROBLEM: A pressure gage register 50 psig in a region where the barometer is
14.25 psia. Find the absolute pressure in Pa.
SOLN:
P = Patm + Pg = 14.25 + 50
P = 64.25 psia
P = (64.25psia)(6894.8Pa/psi)
P = 443 kPa

ANS: 443 kPa

PROBLEM: During an isentropic process of 1.36 kg/sec of air, the temperature increases from 4.44
C to
115.6C. if
Cp =

for a non-flow process, what is H?

SOLN:
H = mCpT = 1.36kg/s(1.0062kNm/kgK)(388.75-277.59K) = 152. kJ/s
ANS: 152.2 kJ/s
PROBLEM: The force of 600 N is the resultant of the forces F1 and 240 N acting as
shown in the figure. Which of the following gives the value of F1.
SOLN:
F1X + 240(5/13) = 600 (4/5), F1X = 387.6923 N F1Y 240(12/13) = 600(3/5), F1Y =
581.5385 N F12 = (387.6923)2 + (581.5385)2, F1 = 698.9223 N =tan1(581.5385/387.6923) = 56.310
ANS: 698.9223 N, 56.310 with respect to the horizontal
PROBLEM: The coefficient of friction between the rope and fixed post is 0.30. The
rope is wrapped only once around the post. Which of the following gives the
minimum tension in the rope at pt A
SOLN:
300/T = e0.4, T = 138.6873 N
ANS: 138.6873 N
PROBLEM: The resultant of the concurrent forces has a magnitude of 1200 N and
acts through the origin and points x = 3m, y = 4m, z = 5m. Which of the following
gives the x component of the resultant force
SOLN:
d2 = 32 + 42 -52, d = 7.0711 m
Fx = 1200(3)/7.0711 = 509.1146 N
ANS: 509.1146 N

PROBLEM: From the speed of 100 kph, a car decelerates at the rate of 15 m/min/sec
along a straight road. Which of the following gives the distance travelled at the end
of 40 sec.
SOLN:
V0 = 100kph x 1000 /3600 = 27.7778 m/s a = -15/60 mps2 = -0.25 mps2
s = 27.7778(40) + 0.5(-0.25)(40)2 = 911.112 m
ANS: 911.112 m
PROBLEM: The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis is defined by v = x4 +
2x3 3x2 where v is in m/s and x is in m. Which of the following gives the velocity
when x = 2m.
SOLN:
v = 24 + 2(2)3 3(2)2 = 20 m/s
ANS: 20 m/s
PROBLEM: The block shown reaches a velocity of 10 m/s in 25 m starting from rest.
Which of the following gives the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and
the ground.
SOLN:
102 = 2a(25), a = 2 m/s2
Fx = max, 280 600 = (600/9.8)2, = 0.2626
ANS: 0.2626
PROBLEM: The normal acceleration of a particle on the rim of a pulley 10 ft in
diameter is constant at 1200 fps2. Which of the following gives the speed of the
pulley in rpm.
SOLN:
an = v2/r, 1200 = v2/5, v = 77.4597 fps
v = r, 77.4597 = 5, = 15.4919 rad/sec*60/2 = 147.9371 rpm
ANS: 147.9371
PROBLEM: A 350 N block is resting on a plane inclined at 300 with the horizontal is
subjected to a constant force of 400 N acting parallel to the inclined plane. After the
block has moved 3 m from rest, the 400 N force was removed. Coefficient of friction

is 0.2. Which of the following gives the distance that the block will move further
along the inclined plane until it stop.
SOLN:
WE equation: Fs = 0.5m(v2 v02)
400(3) -0.2(350sin 30)(3+x)-(350sin 30)(3+x) = 0.5 (350/9.8)(0-0)X = 2.714 m
ANS: 2.714m
PROBLEM: The force system consist of a clockwise couple of 600 N-m plus a 300 N
force directed to the right through the origin of x & y axes at x = 300. If the
system is replaced by an equivalent single force, which of the following is its x and y
intercept.
SOLN:
sin 30 = 2/x, x = 4m left of origin

tan 30 = y/x, y = 2.3094m above the origin ANS: 4 m left and 2.3094 below the
origin
PROBLEM: Calculate the efficiency of a transformer-coupled class A amplifier for a
supply of 12 V and outputs of 6V.

SOLN:=

+ ( ) = 12

+6

= 18

( ) = 12

=6

Resulting in
=

18 6
% = 50

18 +6

% = 12.5%

ANS: 12.5%
PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier providing a 20-V peak to a 16- load (speaker) and
a power supply of Vcc = 30 V, determine the circuit efficiency.
SOLN:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

( ) 20

()=

= 16 = 1.25

=2
(

( ) = 2(1.25) = 0.796

)=

= (30

)(0.796 ) = 23.9

(20 )

resulting efficiency of
For
( ) = 2 = 2(16 ) = 12.5
(

% =(

12.5
100% = 23.9

100% = 52.3%

ANS: 52.3%
PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and driving a load of
16, determine the maximum output power.

SOLN:
Maximum

( )

Maximum ( ) =

( ) = 35.81
ANS: 35.81W

( )

PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and driving a load of
16, determine the transistor dissipation

SOLN:
Maximum =
= 0.5

2
2(30

= 0.5

16

= 5.7
ANS: 5.7W
PROBLEM: Calculate the efficiency of a class B amplifier for a supply of Vcc = 24 V
with peak output voltages of VL (p) = 22 V.
SOLN:
%= 78.54 ( )

22
%= 78.54 24

= 72%

ANS: 72%
PROBLEM: Calculate the total harmonic distortion for the following amplitude
components: fundamental amplitude of 2.5 V, second harmonic amplitude of 0.25 V,
third harmonic amplitude of 0.1 V, and fourth harmonic amplitude of 0.05 V.
SOLN:

% = |0|.25||100% % = |2.5|100% = 10% % = 0|.1|100%

% = 2|.5| 100% = 4% % =| |100% % = 02.5.05100% = 2%
% = + + 100% = (0.10) +(0.04) +(0.02) 100% % = 0.1095100% % = 10.95%

ANS: 11%
PROBLEM: Determine what maximum25 dissipation will be allowedfor an 80W silicon transistor125(rated at25) if the reading is required above by a
derating factor of 0.5W/ at case temperature of .
SOLN:
(125)

(25)

(125

25)(0.5 /)

(125)

= 80

100(0.5 /)

(125)

= 30

ANS: 30W
PROBLEM:(25), A silicon= 0power.5/ transistor is operated with a heat sink W ,
and the mounting40 insulation= 200?has dissipated if the ambient temperature
is
SOLN:

the transistor, rated at150

What maximum power can
be
( = 1.5/.

).

= 0.6/

=+

40

200
= 0.5/ +0.6/ +1.5/

61.5
ANS: 61.5W
PROBLEM: A dc voltage supply provides 50 V when the output is unloaded. When
connected to a load, the output drops to 56 V. Calculate the value of voltage
regulation.
SOLN:

%. .=

100%

%. .=

6
0 56 56 100%

%. .= 7.1%
ANS: 7.1%
PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple voltage of a full-wave rectifier with a 100-F filter
capacitor connected to a load drawing to a load drawing 50 mA
SOLN:( ) = 2.4100(50) = 1.2
ANS: 1.2V
PROBLEM: Calculate the filter dc Voltage of a full-wave rectifier with a 100-F filter
capacitor connected to a load drawing to a load drawing 50 mA if the peak rectifier
voltage is 30 V.
SOLN:
=

4.17
4.17(50)

= 30

100

= 27.9

ANS: 27.9V
PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple of a capacitor filter for a peak rectified voltage of 30
V, capacitor C= 100F, and a load current of 50 mA.
=2.41 100%
=2.4((50))100%
100 27.9
=4.3%SOLN:
ANS: 4.3%
PROBLEM: Calculate the input bias currents at the non-inverting and inverting
terminal respectively of an op=amp having specified values of IIO = 5nA and IIB =
30 nA.
SOLN: = 30 +
IIB(positive)IB(positive)= 32.5
I = 30
IIB(negative)= 27.5
IIB(negative)

ANS: 32.5nA; 27.5nA

PROBLEM: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp having specified values
B1 = 1 MHz and AVD = 200 V/mV.
SOLN:
fC = f1 / AVD = 1 MHz / 200 V/mV
fC = 5 Hz
ANS: 5 Hz

PROBLEM: For an op-amp having a slew rate of SR = 2V/s, what is the maximum
closed loop voltage gain that can be used when the input signal varies by 0.5 V in
10 s?

SOLN:
ANS: 40
PROBLEM: Determine the output voltage of an op-amp for input voltages of Vi1 =
150 V and Vi2 = 140 V. The amplifier has a differential gain of Ad =4000 and the
value of CMRR is 100.
SOLN:

VD = ADVD (

=(4000)(10u)
(
VD

1+

)
1+

VD = 40 m (1.145) = 45.8 mV
ANS: 45.8mV
PROBLEM: If an amplifier with gain of -1000 and feedback of =-0.1 has a gain
change of 20% due to temperature; calculate the change in gain of the feedback
amplifier
SOLN: 1
= . ( ) (20%)

= 0.2%
ANS: 0.2%
PROBLEM: A transistor has a collector current of 10mA and a base current of 40uA.
What is the current gain of the transistor?
SOLN:
=10mA/40uA=50
ANS: 50
PROBLEM: A 2N3904 has VCE = 10V and IC = 20mA. What is the power dissipation?
SOLN:
PD=10V(20mA)=200mW

ANS: 200mW
PROBLEM: A zener regulator has an input voltage that may vary from 22 to 30V. If
the regulated output voltage is 12V and the load resistance varies from 140 to
10k, what is the maximum allowable series resistance?
SOLN:= 2212 1 140 = 117
ANS: 117
PROBLEM: A zener regulator has an input voltage ranging from 15 to 20V and a load
current ranging from 5 to 20mA. If the zener voltage is 6.8V, what is the maximum
allowable series resistance?
SOLN:= 15 6.8 = 410 20
ANS: 410
PROBLEM: A 2N5668 has VGS(off)=-4V and IDSS=5mA. What are the gate voltage
and drain current at the half cutoff point?
SOLN:
=

4=2

= 54

2 = 1.25

ANS: -2V; 1.25mA

PROBLEM: Determine the thermal voltage of a diode at 27C (common
temperatures for components in an enclosed operating system)
SOLN:
Vt =kT/q
Vt =(1.38x10-23J/K)(273+17)/1.6x10-19C
Vt = 26mV
ANS: 26mV
PROBLEM: What is the knee voltage of a silicon diode at 75C?
SOLN:

(75-25)C*2.5mV/C = 0.125V
New Vknee = 0.7-0.125 = 0.575V
ANS: 0.58V
PROBLEM: At 20C, the reverse saturation current of a silicon diode is 10nA, what is
its value when the temperature increases to 100C?
SOLN:
100 C / 20C = 5
New Ireverse = 25(10nA)= 0.32uA
ANS: 0.32uA
PROBLEM: A silicon diode is in series with 1k resistor and a forward biasing voltage
supply of 10V. If rd is 10, what is the anode to cathode current and voltage?
SOLN:
IF=(10-0.7)/(10+1k)=9.21mA
VF=0.7+10(9.21mA=0.79V
ANS: 9.21mA,0.79V
PROBLEM: What is the wavelength of the light produced by an LED with an energy
gap level of 1.43 eV?
SOLN:
=hc/Eg =(6.626x10-34Js*3x108m/s) /(1.43eV*1.6x10-19J/eV)= 869nm
ANS: 869nm
PROBLEM:
SOLN:
ANS:
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