1.

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BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C . ,
,

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1957
.
IBM 704 , ,
. Fortran
FORmula TRANslation,
,

.

1 / 36

1.1.
1966 ,
,
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, 1966
,
66.
,
77 90.
,
77.
(ANSI) , 1980 ,
(ISO
1539).

Windows,
,
visual .

(CPU). visual
Microsoft Power Station
Intel , ,
Compac Visual Fortran
Intel AMD ,
desktop .

1.2.

-
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.

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(labels).

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NASA.


DO
DO 15 I = 1,100

, (?), ,

DO 15 I = 1.100

3 / 36

-
,
. ,
DO15I 1.100
.

,
.

1.3. C JAVA?

C, C++ Java?

,
, , ,

. , e C
Java
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77 90.
90 ,
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77 ,
90.

77
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2.
,
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ASCII , source ().
,
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compilers.

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,
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(flowchart).

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, :

5 / 36

.


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,

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.

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( )
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,


1.

?

1:

x=1

3:

f2(x)

2:
4:

5:
6:
7:
8:

f1(x)

x, f1(x) f2(x)
x 1

x>10

7 / 36

x =1.0

y1=x2

y2=log(x)

x, y1, y2

x = x+1

x>10

1.

2.

3. a, b c
?
.
,

1:

3:

2:

4:

5:
6:
7:

.
.

S.

1:

a, b c.

3:

S a, b c.

2:
3.1:
4.1:
4.2:
5.1:
5.2:

4.

5.

6:
7:

S=0.

S=S+a+b+c

a<b

a<c nb=.
a>c nb=c.
a>b

b<c nb=b.
b>c nb=c.
S.

S nm .

9 / 36

b b

4. x, y z.

2 + x, y < 5
=
f =
g
2 x, y 5
.
,

f + z , x + y < 5
.

f + 2 z , x + y 5

x, y, z

y<5

f = 2-x

f=2+x

x+y < 5

g = f+2z

g =f+z

f,g

4.

5. x1 x2.

x1 + x2 , x1 < x2

=
y =
x1 x2 ,
x1 x2 .
x x , x > x
1
2
1 2

1. z

xi +1
=

z
1
xi + ,
xi
2

11 / 36

-
i=0,1,2,, x0= z + 1 , = xi +1 xi = 103 .

2.
?

3.
3.1.

, :
- : 0,1,2...9

X,Y,Z

- 26 :

,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,
- : = , ( ) - + . ' * /

3.2.

.
.
:
- INTEGER
- REAL
- COMPLEX
- LOGICAL
- LITERAL

3.2.1. INTEGER
.

+ -.
,


. -.
.
IMAX=12

IMIN=-234
INULA=0
, 4
(4*8=32 ), .
integer
, -32768, +32767.

3.2.2. REAL
.
. real
-.
real 11.
:
SUMA=1234.6
AMAX=12.0
BERI=-0.00123
BERI=-123E-05
SUMA=123.46E01
4 (4*8=32 ),
8 (8*8=64 ). real
2128 2127 .

3.2.3. LOGICAL

. 1 0,
TRUE FALSE .
IME=TRUE -

IME=FALSE -

13 / 36

-
4 logical
, 1 .

3.2.4. LITERAL

, . ,
.
IME=SKOPJE
IME=IZ05
,
4
(4*8=32 ).

4.

,
.
(),
.
.
.

- INTEGER

()
4

()
2

- REAL

- COMPLEX

16

- LOGICAL

- LITERAL

4.1.

. ,
:
- ,

- ,
- .
, real integer
.

, .

.

4.2.1. INTEGER
,
(I, J, K, L, M, N)
MAX=12

BAS=12 (POGRESNO !)
MAL23=436
ISUMA
,
! ,
INTEGER ALFA, BAS, ...

,
! ,
15 / 36

IMPLICIT INTEGER (D-N)

D-N integer,
LAVA=234
FIRMA=12

, ,
:

INTEGER *2 GIL, VE, RARE

IMPLICIT INTEGER*2 (D-H)

4.2.2. REAL

,
(I, J, K,
L, M, N)., :

FAMA

WINDO
AAE24
XING

:

IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)

.
REAL MAXI, MINI, JOT32

IMPLICIT REAL (MAKS, IVI5M, NOVA3)

REAL 11 (4 ).
,
,


8 .
DOUBLE PRECISION ,
20 .
:
REAL*8

SUMA, PROIZVOD, ....

DOUBLE PRECISION SUMA, PROIZVOD, ...

4.2.3. LOGICAL

,
. , logical:
LOGICAL A1, MANA, ISUMA, WINLA23

,

IMPLICIT LOGICAL*1 (V)

V
1 .

5.
-

.
:
+

**

17 / 36

-
:

:
.

.
:

3+8.45**2
2*7.12 - 34**0.5
2*(712-34)**0.5
(A+4*B)**2.5

.
A=J**K**L

A=J**(K**L)

,
.
A=B*C/D*E

A=((B*C)/D)*E

6.

,
.

__()

,
,
,


. ,
.
:

-
sin(x)

SIN(X)

cos(x)

COS(X)

tan(x)

TAN(X)

REAL
.
- a
ex

EXP(X)

REAL .

-
ln(x)

ALOG(X)=LOG(X)

log(x)

LOG10(X)

REAL .

SQRT(X)

REAL .

-
arctan(x)

arcsin(x)
arccos(x)

ATAN(X)
ASIN(X)

ACOS(X)

REAL .
-
sh(x)

ch(x)

SINH(X)

COSH(X)

19 / 36

-
tanh(x)

TANH(X)

REAL .
-

ABS(X)

REAL .

, , DOUBLE PRECISION,
D ,
.
:
DSIN(X)

DTANH(X)

DARSIN(X)

DTAN(X)

DEXP(X)

DABS(X)

DCOS(X)

DLOG(X)

DATAN(X)

REAL*8 .

.
MAX(A,B,)

MIN(A,B,)
MOD(I,J)

INT(X)

REAL(X)

I J.

.
.

g=

1 1 + sin ( x )
ln

2 1 cos ( x )

G=0.5*ALOG((1+SIN(X))/(1-COS(X)))

y=

sin p +1 ( x )
p+2

ln ( x )
z =

tanh ( x )

Y=SIN(X)**(P+1)/(P+2)

Z=(ALOG(X)/TANH(X))**1/3

13

3.
:

1 2 3 g 3 2
)
+

2
3
1 h
1 + x

a+b
y3
)
+x
c+d
2

2
) x y

13

1
ln 1
x

1 2

) sin arcsin x + +
2 4

2
3
) cos ( + ) + cot

sin 2 ( x ) cos ( x ) 2
)
+

3
x
8
x

12

7.
7.1. ()

.

. ,
,
, .
:
21 / 36

-
READ(i,n)
n FORMAT(S1,S2,...,SN)
:

i integer
. *.

READ.

n FORMAT-

.
. ,
READ .

7.1.1. Integer Real

,
,
:
READ(*,*)K,

, :
READ(*,100)MAX,IR,K,KOM
100

FORMAT(I4,I5,I2,I10)

4,5,2 10
()
integer.
READ(*,100)X,Y,Z

100

FORMAT(F10.5,F10.8,E11.5)

REAL,
FORMAT . X 10
5 , Y 10 8 ,
Z 11
() ,
, E .
,

READ(*,100)X,Y,Z
100

100

FORMAT(F10.5,F10.5,F10.5)

FORMAT(3F10.5)

.
READ(*,100)X,IMAX

100

FORMAT(F10.5,I5)

, , X REAL IMAX integer.

7.1.2.

,
,
. ,
READ(*,100)MAX
100

FORMAT(2)

MAX
- .

7.1.3.

DATA PARAMETER.

PARAMETER

PARAMETER (A=3.24,B=78.124)

A=3.24 B=78.124.

DATA
DATA X/10.3,23.45/

X
X(1)=10.3 X(2)=23.45.
23 / 36

7.1.4.

,
. .

104 . E-4 ,
1E 4 .

x y :
READ(*,100)X,Y

100

FORMAT(2E10.5)

10.23 -2, x=10.23E-2 y=0.0.

F ,
100

FORMAT(2F10.5)

x=10.23 y=-2.0.

7.2.
WRITE
PRINT.
WRITE(i,n)

FORMAT(S1,S2,...,SN)
:

i .
() *,
.
n e FORMAT-.


PRINT
,
WRITE .

7.2.1. integer
WRITE(*,210)MAX
210

FORMAT(MAX =,I3)

I3
.
WRITE(*,210)M1,M2,N

210

FORMAT(I3,I4,I5)

integer ,
, ,
.

WRITE(*,210)M1
WRITE(*,210)M2
WRITE(*,210)N
210

FORMAT(I3,I4,I5)

7.2.2. real
WRITE(*,200)A
200

FORMAT(F6.2)

F6.2
.
WRITE(*,200)X,Y,Z

200

FORMAT(F6.2,F6.3,F6.4)

.
, ,
. .

, ,
.
25 / 36

WRITE(*,200)I,X,M,Y
200

FORMAT(I3,F6.3,I4,F6.4)

, integer
, real
, integer
real
.
WRITE(*,200)I,X,Y,Z

200

FORMAT(I4,2X,3F6.3)

integer , real
,
. .

7.3.
:

7 72
. 8

. C
,
, .
1.

?
,

2.

?

) (rounding)
(truncation) REAL( ) INT( )?

)
?
3.

r?

) r
?

)
?
4.

H?

)
?
5.

a , ?

7.4.
,
,

. ,
.
27 / 36

-
7.4.1.

,
. ,
,
. Frtran
.
integer 1
99999 .

GO TO n

n .

7.4.2.
,
,
. ,
,
. IF
IF()n1,n2,n3

n1,n2 n3
.

IF , 77
IF
IF(logical expression)THEN
.
.
BLOCK OF STATEMENTS
.
.
ENDIF

.GT.

.GE.

.LT.

.LE.

.EQ.

()

.NE.

.AND.

.OR.

.NOT.

>, >=, <, <=, <>,
=.

IF
ELSE.
IF(logical expression)THEN
.
BLOCK OF STATEMENTS
.
ELSE
.
BLOCK OF STATEMENTS
.
ENDIF

29 / 36

-
6.

x 2 + 1, x > 2.8

f ( x ) =
0
, x 2.8 ,
=
2
x 1, x < 2.8

IF ?
7.

n!

7.5.
,
( ). ,
DO.
DO n I=n1,n2,n3
.
.
.
n

I integer
. n1,n2 n3
:
n1 I,
n2 I,

n3 I.

n DO
.
,


7.5.1.

, DO ,
CONTINUE, :
DO 10 I=n1,n2,n3
.

DO 20 J=n1,n2,n3
.
.
20 CONTINUE
.
.
.
10 CONTINUE
DO
.
DO
DO 70 I=1,N
.
.
.
DO 70 J=1,M
.
.
.
70 CONTINUE
31 / 36

, DO
CONTINUE .

DO J
I !
8

i , N?
i =1

) ;

) e
?
9

N y =x 3 10 x + 2
, x = 0.0 x =0, 2 ?


7.6.
,
.
,
(), .
, .

DIMENSION (I)

I=1N,
.
-,
DIMENSION B(10,10)

.
B .
10

x p.
a
, ?
0
0
5
0
0

0.5

0.

1.4
2.7
6.0
7.0

90
50
50
00
00

x+p

2.
5.
3.
9.

33 / 36

x*p

x/p

-
11
A N 10 ,
?

8.
,
, ,
. ,
.

:
- FUNCTION

- SUBRUTINE.

8.1. FUNCTION

. .

FUNCTION IME(P1,P2,,PN)
.
.
.
RETURN
END
IME , a PN ,
.
RETURN
.
IME(P1,P2,,PN).


8.2. SUBRUTINE
,
.
SUBRUTINE
FUNCTION IME(P1,P2,,PN)
.
.
.
RETURN
END

, . ,
RETURN
.

CALL IME(P1,P2,,PN)
12
k- m
, k 1,2,,m?
1 k 8 ,
k- m

ckm =

13

m!
.
k !( m k )!

35 / 36

=
x r cos ;=
r

x2 + y 2

=
y r=
sin ; arctan

y .
x

d=

( x2 x1 )

r1 2.0;
r2 2.0
=
=

1 0.0
2 1.57
=
=

+ ( y2 y1 ) .
2