01 History

Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and west of Italy. In the
16th Century, it was the most powerful nation in the world. After America was
discovered in 1492, Spain sent many people there. They brought back lots of gold
and silver. Trade with the new American colonies made Spain rich. It established
colonies in other parts of the world, such as Cuba and the Philippines. But in 1588,
Spain lost a famous war against England. After that, its power began to decline. In
1898, Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines in the Spanish American War.
Ty Ban Nha l mt quc gia Ty Nam chu u, min Nam nc Php v Ty ca
Italy. Trong th k 16, l quc gia hng mnh nht trn th gii. Sau khi chu M
c pht hin vo nm 1492, Ty Ban Nha a rt nhiu ngi n . H
mang v rt nhiu vng v bc. Bun bn vi cc thuc a mi ca M lm cho Ty
Ban Nha tr nn giu c. Ty ban nha thit lp thuc a cc nc khc trn
th gii, chng hn nh Cuba v Philippines. Nhng nm 1588, Ty Ban Nha b mt
mt cuc chin tranh ni ting chng li nc Anh. Sau , sc mnh ca TBN bt
u gim st. Nm 1898, Ty Ban Nha b mt Cuba v Philippines trong cuc chin
tranh gia Ty Ban Nha v M.
02 Campus Life
Dr. Shin, how long have you been a university professor? M: Eighteen years, Sandra.
W: Could you please tell our campus radio listeners what made you want to become
an educator? M: I guess it was my mother. She was a writer. At an early age, she
taught me that the pen is mightier than the sword. So when I entered university, I
started to study writing. W: And you became a writer like your mother? M: No, I
actually never wrote any books. But I did discover that I love teaching. So Ive been
a writing teacher ever since. W: Well, were certainly glad you became one.
Personally, I really enjoyed your class. Thank you for being on the show today, Dr.
Shin.
Tin s Shin,ng l mt gio s i hc c bao lu ri ? M: Mi tm nm,
Sandra. W: ng c th vui lng cho thnh gi i pht thanh trng ca chng ti
iu g khin bn mun tr thnh mt nh gio dc? M: Ti on l m ti. B l
mt nh vn. Lc ti cn tr, m dy ti rng "cy bt mnh hn thanh kim." V
vy, khi ti bc vo i hc, ti bt u hc vit. W: V ng tr thnh mt nh
vn nh m ca ng? M: Khng, ti thc s cha bao gi vit bt k cun sch no.
Nhng ti khm ph ra rng ti thch dy. V vy, ti c mt gio vin vit
t bao gi. W: Vng, chng ti chc chn vui mng bn tr thnh mt gio vin.
C nhn, ti tht s rt thch lp hc ca ng. Cm n ng v tham gia chng
trnh ngy hm nay, Tin s Shin.
03 Literature

Batman has changed several times since he first appeared in a comic book in May
1939. The first Batman is now called the Golden Age Batman. He was famous for
using his mind, not his strength, to catch criminals. In April 1940, Robin first
appeared as Batmans partner. In April 1943, Batman and Robin were joined by their
butler, Alfred. He was the only one who knew Batman and Robins real names. In
1952, Batman teamed with Superman for the first time. In May 1964, the new look
Batman appeared. His costume had a black bat in a yellow oval. The first Batman
did not have the oval.
Batman thay i nhiu ln k t khi ng ln u tin xut hin trong mt cun
sch truyn tranh thng nm 1939. Cc Batman u tin by gi c gi l
"Golden Age" Batman. ng ni ting cho vic s dng suy ngh, khng phi sc
mnh ca mnh, bt ti phm. Vo thng T nm 1940, Robin u tin xut hin
nh l i tc ca Batman. Vo thng T nm 1943, Batman v Robin c cho gia
nhp bi qun gia ca mnh, Alfred. ng l ngi duy nht bit tn tht ca
Batman v Robin. Nm 1952, Batman hp tc vi Superman cho ln u tin.
Trong thng 5 nm 1964,"b dng mi" ca Batman xut hin. Trang phc ca
batman c mt con di en trong mt hnh bu dc mu vng. Trang phc Batman
u tin khng c hnh bu dc.
04 Ecology
The kind of oil that usually spills into the sea is called crude oil. Sometimes it leaks
naturally. Other times, humans accidentally spill it when digging for oil or carrying it
on boats. When oil spills, three things happen: spreading, evaporation, and
emulsification. In spreading, the oil forms long, narrow strips, called windrows. You
can remember this word as wind plus rows. The wind pushes the oil into long
rows across the water. In evaporation, the lighter parts of the oil disappear. Only the
heavier parts remain. In emulsification, E-M-U-L-S-I-F-I-C-A-T-I-O-N, the waves mix
water into the oil. This forms a heavy and sticky substance, which is sometimes
called chocolate mousse. The oil also mixes with other things floating in the water
Cc loi du trn xung bin c gi l du th. i khi n b r r mt cch t
nhin. Nhng ln khc, con ngi v tnh lm n vng vi ra khi o du hoc ch
n trn thuyn. Khi du trn, ba th xy ra: lan, bc hi, v nh tng ha. Trong
khi lan rng, cc hnh thc du di, di hp, gi l lung. Bn c th nh t ny l
"gi" cng vi "hng." Gi y du thnh hng di trn mt nc. Trong khi bc hi,
cc phn nh ca du bin mt. Ch c phn nng hn vn cn. Trong khi nh tng
ha, nh -tng -ha, nhng con sng trn nc vo du. iu ny to nn mt
cht nng v dnh, m i khi c gi l mt s c la. Du cng trn ln vi nhng
th khc tri ni trong nc
05 Campus Life
I dont feel well. I think Ill skip class today. M: Whats wrong? W: I feel hot then cold,
and I ache all over. M: Ooh! That doesnt sound very good! Youd better take your

temperature. W: Do you have a thermometer? M: Yes, I do. Here you go. W: Thanks,
Joe. M: Here, let me read the thermometer for you...Uh-oh, your temperature is
really high! Youd better go see the school nurse! W: You know, I could have malaria.
These are malaria symptoms. I just came back from a trip to Africa with my parents.
I wasnt very good about taking my medicine
Ti cm thy khng khe. Ti ngh rng ti s ngh lp hc ngy hm nay. M: Chuyn
g th? W: Ti cm thy nng sau lnh, v ti au lm. M: Ooh! iu c v
khng tt lm! Bn tt hn nn o nhit ca bn. W: Bn c nhit k k? M: Vng,
ti c. y ny. W: Thanks, Joe. M: y, ti c nhit k cho bn ... Uh-oh, nhit
ca bn thc s l cao! Bn tt hn nn i y t ca trng! W: Bn bit y, ti
c th c st rt. y l nhng triu chng st rt. Ti va tr v t mt chuyn i
n chu Phi vi cha m ti. Ti khng phi l rt tt v vic ung thuc ca ti
06 Science
Light travels at 297,600 kilometers per second. Thats pretty fast! Sound travels
much more slowly at 1 kilometer per 3 seconds. Knowing this, we can judge the
distance of a storm. When you see a lightning flash, begin counting seconds. When
you hear the thunder, stop counting. How many seconds have passed? The
lightning is one kilometer away for every 3 of those seconds. Theres another way to
know how close a storm is. As rain falls, it cools the air. That cooler air may flow
about 3 miles ahead of the storm. The air becoming suddenly cooler tells you about
how close it is.
nh sng truyn i 297.600 km mi giy. iu kh nhanh! m thanh i chm hn
1km mi 3 giy. Bit c iu ny, chng ta c th nh gi khong cch ca mt
cn bo. Khi bn nhn thy mt tia st nh, bt u m giy. Khi bn nghe ting
sm, ngng m. Bao nhiu giy tri qua ri? St i c mt cy s i cho mi
3 giy. C mt cch khc bit bn gn bo th no. Khi ma ri, n lm lnh
khng kh. Khng kh lnh c th i khong 3 dm v pha trc ca cn bo.
Khng kh tr nn mt t nhin ni vi bn rng bn gn bo nh th no..
07 Campus Life
Hi, Barb! How was your vacation? W: Great! We went to New Mexico. M: You went to
Mexico? W: No, NEW Mexico. Its a state in the southwestern US. The license plates
there say USA, so people dont get confused. M: Thats funny. What did you do
there? W: Well, on our way there we stopped at the Grand Canyon, in Arizona. It was
awesome! Then, we went to Albuquerque --- the biggest city in New Mexico. Then
we visited Carlsbad Caverns. M: What are those? W: Caves --- sixty miles of them. In
one cave, we had to wear hats with lights so we could see in the dark.
Hi, Barb! K ngh ca bn th no? W: Great! Chng ti i n New Mexico. M:
Bn n Mexico? W: Khng, NEW Mexico. l mt nh nc ty nam Hoa K.
Cc tm giy php c ni rng Hoa K, mi ngi khng b ln ln. M: l

bun ci. Bn lm g ? W: Vng, trn ng chng ti c, chng ti dng li

Grand Canyon, Arizona. Tht tuyt vi! Sau , chng ti i n Albuquerque
--- thnh ph ln nht New Mexico. Sau chng ti n thm Carlsbad Caverns.
M: l nhng g? W: Nhng hang ng --- su mi dm. Trong mt hang ng,
chng ti phi i nn vi n v vy chng ti c th nhn thy trong bng ti.
8 History
Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a scientist and inventor.
Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He began studying painting at age 14 and
became famous just a few years later. His best-known paintings are Mona Lisa and
The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an excellent scientist. He kept detailed
notebooks of observations about the natural world. And he cut open dead people to
learn how the human body works. Finally, he was an inventor. But his two most
famous inventions --- the parachute and the war tank --- werent built until after he
died.
Leonardo da Vinci khng ch l mt ngh s tuyt vi. ng cn l mt nh khoa hc
v nh pht minh. Leonardo c sinh ra vo nm 1452 trong Vinci, . ng bt
u hc v tui 14 v tr nn ni ting ch vi nm sau . Nhng bc tranh ni
ting nht ca ng l Mona Lisa v The Last Supper (ba tic ly). Leonardo cng l
mt nh khoa hc xut sc.ng c s tay chi tit v vic quan st th gii t nhin.
V ng m xc ngi cht m tm hiu lm th no c th con ngi hot ng.
Cui cng, ng cng l mt nh pht minh. Nhng hai pht minh ni ting nht ca
ng --- ci d v xe tng chin tranh --- khng c ch to cho n khi ng qua
i.
9. Computer Science
Robots are very popular these days. We see movies and television shows in which
robots move, speak, and have personalities that are almost human. Like R2D2 and
C3PO in Star Wars, and Data from the Star Trek TV series. In real life, there are robot
dogs, robots that walk on two legs like a person, robots that clean your house, and
robots that work in factories to help build cars. What, exactly, is a robot? Thats a
surprisingly difficult question. Different people have different ideas. One famous
scientist said, I cant define a robot, but I know one when I see one. The easiest
definition is that a robot is something most people say is a robot. However, people
who build robots have a more precise definition. They say a robot must have a
reprogrammable brain --- in other words, a computer --- that moves a body. The vast
majority of robots have several features in common. First of all, almost all robots
have a movable body. Some move only by wheels, and some have many movable
parts that are joined together. These parts are usually metal or plastic. Secondly,
robots have some sort of actuator --- thats AC-CHEW-ATE-OR --- and this actuator
spins their wheels or moves their parts. An actuator could be an electric motor, or a
hydraulic system, or compressed gas, which we call a pneumatic system. Some

robots use all these actuator types: motors, hydraulics, and pneumatic systems.
And third, robots need a power source for their actuators. They could have a
battery, or they could plug into a wall.
Robot ang rt ph bin trong th gii hm nay. Chng ti xem phim v truyn hnh
cho thy trong robot di chuyn, ni chuyn, v c tnh cch m ging nh l con
ngi. Ging nh R2D2 v C3PO trong Star Wars, v d liu t cc series Star Trek
TV. Trong thc t cuc sng, c nhng con ch robot, robot i bng hai chn ging
ngi, robot lau nh, v robot lm vic trong cc nh my gip sn xut nhng
chic xe. G, chnh xc, l mt con robot ? l mt cu hi kh ng ngc nhin .
Nhng ngi khc nhau c nhng tng khc nhau. Mt nh khoa hc ni ting
cho bit, "Ti khng th nh ngha mt robot, nhng ti bit n l r bt khi ti nhn
thy n." nh ngha n gin nht l mt robot l mt ci g khi hu ht mi
ngi ni l mt robot. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi xy dng robot c mt nh ngha
chnh xc hn. H ni mt robot phi c mt b no c lp trnh --- ni cch khc,
mt my tnh --- m c th di chuyn mt c th. Phn ln cc robot c mt s c
im chung. Trc ht, hu nh tt c cc robot c mt c th chuyn ng c.
Mt s ch di chuyn bng bnh xe, v mt s c nhiu b phn chuyn ng c
ghp li vi nhau. Cc b phn ny thng l kim loi hoc nha. Th hai, robot c
mt s loi thit b truyn ng --- l AC-Chew-ATE-OR --- v b truyn ng ny
quay bnh xe ca chng hoc di chuyn cc b phn ca chng. Mt thit b truyn
ng c th l mt ng c in, hoc mt h thng thy lc, hoc kh nn, m
chng ta gi l mt h thng kh nn. Mt s robot s dng tt c cc loi thit b
truyn ng: ng c, thy lc, v cc h thng kh nn. V th ba, robot cn mt
ngun nng lng cho cc thit b truyn ng ca h. Chng c th s dng pin,
hoc h c th cm in vo in trn tng .