:

:
-

:- Pressure
. F
A P ) (- .

F
A

)(-

=P

:-


) ( .
...
) , psia (, psia
).(-

:-- )( Gauge Pressure

)(

.
(a)bar.
)(-

:- WORK
F L W
:
)(-

W= F L

:- )( POWER
.
.
)(-

W
t

=P

: )(KINETIC ENERGY
)( ((K.E
: )(POTENTIAL ENERGY

:- ) ( TEMPERATURE

) ( o C ) ( o F

.
F = , o C +

)(-

o
)( F -

)(-

=C

:--
- ) - (
.
) (K ) ( O R . T
.

K = + o C
R = + o F

:-

.
:

. :

T
V
)P = ( )P
)(-
T
V
P T V . "
(

) (Isobar . p .
:
)( )(
. ) (Isothermal.
)(-

P
V
)T = ( )T
P
V

:

.

P
T
)v = ( )v
P
T

)(-

:-

) (- .

PV P V
=
T
T

)(-
:-

) (-
:

PV = MRT

)(-

P V M R T
. R ) (- .

: - Specific Heat :

Kcal . mol. o C Kcal /

.

) ( C P
) ( C v . ) ( C P
) ( C v .
)(-

Kg. mol. K

KJ

Cp Cv = R

CP

CV
) (K .

"

)(-
K ) (- .

CP
CV

=K

:- ADIABATIC PROCESS

Q =
.

) :(-

) :(-

:- ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

.

. T =

.

:- Polytropic
"
.

"

.
) (
) -(
.
" :

PV = C

)(-

P V C . ) (
:

= P

= PV

= T

= PV

= k

= PV k

)(Isochor

= V

= P V = C

= PV = C

) ( K :

P-V
. ) (
.
-- :
:

.
) ( .

. ) (-

.
) (
P- V . :
P
P

)(-

W = mRTLn

)(- P- V

m R T )( P P
Ln .
:
)( .
.
:
J . :

) (- R SI
Kg.o K

W = ( + ) Ln = w = kw

. PV k K
. ) (- )' (-
) (- .
:

) PV PV mR (T T
K P K
=W
=
= mRT

K
K
K P

)(-

) (-
) ( ) ( .
:
K
K

)(-

P
T = T
P

)(-

:

:
)(-
)( -

K P K
Wad = P Q

K P

P
Wiso = P Q Ln
P

P ) ( bar = Pa Q
W .
: ) (- K = ,
.
:
:

] = .kw

)( -

.
.

) ([

W = .

, - , = , kw.

, .
: :

Polytropic Compression

) ( " .
)(
)
( .
" ) ( Q = .
.
.

.

. )
(

) (... .

... .
) (
.
)(-
K .
)(-

Wad = PQ

)(- .
)(-
) ( p :

P
) T = T (
P

)(-

= p

) (-
) (Jacket Cooling .
-
) (
)


(

) (
.
) (Multistage.

.



.

.


. ) (-
.

)(-

AEB AFH .
E

.
) (F )
.(FG
) (EFGB .
.
) (- P- V
.

)(- P- V

.


) (

) (
.


.

(
. )
.
W ) ( Pi .

.
Pi , P , P
. :

)(-

P
] + PV
) [(
i i
Pi

P
W = PV
) [( i

P

. :
)(-

PV
= Pi Vi

:
)(-

dW
=
dPi
) (- :
)(-
)(-

P
Pi
(
)
+
(
)

Pi
P

. = a

W = PV

Pi = PP
Pi = Pi P

Pi . N
:

P
)(-
P
: .
( r ) stg = N

Z , C p
. ) (
) (Mollier .

--



.
) ( .


.

(
)
) P-V-( ) (- .
) (Scale
.

) :(- P-V

.


.

. )
( ) (Specific Power
) (
.

)
(
.

.
-
.
) (...

) Top Dead Center (TDC
.


....

.


) (Valve Seat
.

) :(- P-V

c-a
c-b .
b-a

.



-


.
:

) (Trunk )(Cross head

. ) (Singl Acting
) (Doble Acting .
) (Lubricated ) (Oil Free
. W ,V , L
.

)(

-
) (Single Acting
) . .(-

) :(-

) ( :
D
SNn

)(-

Qt =

= Qt

=D

=S

=N
=n

)( .
-

.
.
.
) (- .
.

) ( ) (.

) :(-

.

.
+ = VS

)(-

( D d ) S

= D S

(D d ) S +

= VS

= VS

=d
)(-

Qt = VS N n

-


. n
D S N
:
)(-

S N n

= Qt

D = D
S
:
D
D
= S N n
S N n

D = D S = S

)(-

.


. .

.
. ) (TDC
) (BDC .

) .(-
. :
)(-

v max = r N

) :(-

) (- .

.
)( -

VM = S

V M .

) :(-

((S
.

. )
( .

-,
.


.
.
) (- S D .
S D .
.
.

.
.

.
) (
. ) (- .

) :(-

.
.

) (...

.


.

) ( .

.

.
.

.
-

.
) - (-
. :
)(-

D d

Qt = S N

) (- .
)(-

Z P

C
Z P i

v =

= Z , Z

= P

= P

=C

" =,-, .
: ) (i ) (-
.

.

) (-

) (- .

) (C=
" ,.
) (Wire Drawing
.

L ) (
.
L :

L = , - ,

L = , - ,

) (- :
)(-

Z
P

v = . C L
Z P

Z Z .
: Z Z
. .

v = . C L
P

)(-
" :

Q = v . Pd

)(-

:
= / m

= , m =
=
, m

= = ,

C = %
= co
=

psia

psia =

= / =
Co = /

: :

] = .

. (
.
.
)) (.

= Pd

Z , Z , ,.
:

v = .

. . = .

:
/

Q = Pd v = . . = .

:
:
: ) (Z
: .
:
:
... .
: ) (
:
:
) (-
. ) (-

) (
.

) (Helical ) (Inter Meshing .
" ) (Male ) (Female .
) (Lobe ..
.

.

.
.
.


) (Timming Gear .
.
.

.
.

.
. ) (-
.

) :(-

) (A )(B .
) (C
) (D
.

.
) (D .

.

) ( Vi ) ( rp
.
) ( Vi
.
.
Vi rp .
k

)(-

rp = Vi

= rp

= k

= Vi

- Displacement

. ) (Profile
) (- .
) d (L
d
= Qc
c

)(-
:

= Qr

= d

= L

= c

+ ,
, .
)(-

Qd = Q r N

)(-

Qi = Qd E v

:
= Q d

= N
= E v

= Q i


" .
= Q d

= N
= E v

= Q i


" .
-
.
:
)(-

u = R = R.N = dN

,M ) M (.
) (

) : (-

. ) (-
.

) (- ) (-
.

. )(.

) : (-

) : (-

) ( M=

M= .
.
.

.
)(-

K
k
)(rP K
) a (K

WA = P Q

=Wa

= P

= Q
= a

): (-

:
)(-

K
K

T (rP

T = t +

T t ) ( a
t .

WS = Wat + Wmach

)(-

.
:
.
d =
). in (.m
L =
d .
M . W = .

). m s
Q = acfm(
) t = oF (. oC
P = . Psia = bar (a ) = Pa
. Psia = bar (a ) = Pa
P =
rP =
.
K =
). Kg / s
W = .bs / min (

.
:

).
( L / d ) . (
=
= . M rev
.
C

d
= Qr

) (- E v =

m
.
Qd =
=

.
.
s
Q

.
= N= d
= RPS = RPM
Qr .

:
KMgT =
.
. .(
. + .) = m / s

d RPM

=a

. .
. m/ s
=

) (- ) (u
=

u a = . :

=u

u = . = . m / s
u = . = .
u .

.

.

-
-- Compressor Sizing
.
. ) (-
.
)(-

(rp

H p = ZMT

)(-

) ( .
.

)(-

P
P

Ln

P
T
Ln Ln
P
T

) :(-

) (T,P
. K
. %
) (- )(-
p
.
)(-

= p

. T )(-
.
)(-

n
n

T = Trp

.
) ( .

.
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
.

.

. .
o C
.
.
.
:

p u
= Hp
g

)(-

= g

= Hp

= u

= p

u . ) (-
.
.
) (-

u
d

)(-

=N

=N

= u

= d

) :(-

.
.
. Q in

:
Qin

)(-

z
z
p

= Qd
(r

rp Z
) ( :
Q
Nd

)(-

= .

=Q

=N

= d

, ,
. .
) (- .
((Guide Line
. )(-
.

) :(-

,.

.

.
) (- .

wH p
+ Mech. Losses
)(-
p
% .
= Wp

) (-
.
. P

. %
. %
(, bar) psi . -
oC
.
: .

Q =

Wm =

)(
=
)(

= M

= P

= t

= K

= P

: p = %.
:
k
.

=
.

p
k
.

.
P .
=
= .
P

= rp

):(-

:
Zavg = . :
.
(
)

.
(H p = .
) (.) . = m

:
) ( ft. lb lb . :

= .

=Z

:
m

= Hp

= . .
. .
) = m s
.

( = ) .

Hp g

( = u

Q ) (-
) ,in ,( .

= RPM
.

=N

:
m / min

= .

= Q

(.

) = (.

= . p = .
) ( .
= . p = .
) = (. .
) ( .

p = . .
:

.
=

= . = .

.
.

.
T = (.) . = K = o C

, :
KW

. . .
= .
.

= Wp

: " .
, .

- Surging
Surge
) (-
. Q =

. Surge
Limit

)(-

.
"
) (Thrust Bearing .
-
.
.
"
"
.
) (Surge


.

:
)(-
:

Pd Ps

= Pd

= Ps

= Hp

= Hp

.

.

.
.
Surge


.
) ( .
"

) (Voulte )(
" .
.

.

.
)
( .

Vv

= E c . " )(

.
" .

" .

:
-
-
-

-
1-1-2

(Incompressible
) Fluids ) (Pumping
)( .
:
: ) (.
: )( ) (.
: ) ( ) (
: ) (
2-2
:

: Positive Displacement Pumps

) (
. ) (Clearance ) (Pumping Elements
) (Casing
. :
:
:

Reciprocating
Rotary

.
.

: Centrifugal Pumps
%
. )(Kinetic
) (Impeller )(
)(
) (Volute .

. ) Pump Characteristic
(Curve )(Head
) .(-

) :(-

. )(


)
( .

) (Impeller (
Volute (Casing ) (Sealing System
) (Bearings ) (Shaft .
) (Vanes
.
)(
)( . ) (Volute
. ) (- )
( .
)" (

) (Vanes Tip
.

. ) (
)(Pulse
.

) :(-

Bath County

.

.
.
.

)( .
3-2 )( Capacity or Flow Rate

. Q

) ( m hr ) ( m s
) ( l s ) .(GPM ) (-
.
) (- ) (-
.

) :(-

:4-2 )(Head

) (
. )(Head
.

.

H-Q
) -( . ) (
. / .

)
( SG )(-
.
)( -

)( . P
SG

)( H

) :(- .

) (H-Q
.

(Shut Off Q=
)Point


.
:
- H-Q
.
-
) Q
(.
/) (psi
/ ) (

/ /
) ( . ) (
) (/ . ) (-

.

) :(- .

:5-2 System Head

:
- - - -
-
:1-5-2 Static Head

) .(-

) :(-

.
) (Reference Line .

Lift
Head . :
H st = H sd H ss

)(-
:

= H st
= H sd
= H ss

Lift Head .
) (- . hs

.
hs
) (Siphon
.

.

hs .

.
hs


.

) :(-

:2-5-2
Ps Pd
) ( H p ) (- :
) .( Pd Ps
SG

)(-

= Hp

.
:
)(-

) .( Pd Ps
SG

H st = ( H sd H ss ) +

:3-5-2 Friction Head

)
(... H d . H d

... . H d :
)(-

H d = KQ n

K )( n .
:

n=/-

n =

:4-5-2
.

) (Entrance Loss
) (
.

) (Exit Loss .
V
V )
g

( .

.
.

.
:5-5-2 Velocity Head
) (
. V HV
HV V :
)(-

V
g

= HV

.

)( )( .
.
:6-2 System Characteristic Curve
.
) (-

)(-

H t = H d H st

H st

. H st ).(-

a: H st =
b: H st
c: H st
) :(- .

(Operating or Duty
)Point

) .(-

.
:7-2 Pumps Characteristic Curve
)(
NPSHR .
.
- )( -

NPSHR .
:8-2

) :(- .

. .

. ) (-
.

.
.
.
) (- ) (- Etanorm
KSB
.
.

.
:9-2 :
) -(
:
: .(Rising
)
.(-a

: )(Drooping

Q=
Looping ) .(- b
: ).(Steep

)(Q= .



).(-c
: ).(Flat
.
.
) .(-d

: )(Stable

.

) :(- )(Double Suction

) (
. ) -a-c
.(

: )(Unstable


) -b .(-e
.

) :(- Etanorm

) :(- Etanorm

)(a

)(b

)(e

)(c

)(d
) :(-

:10-2

) (BEP
) (No overloading .
) (overloading
) .(-
.


.
:11-2 :
P-Q
) (- .
)( -
:

SG. Q. H t

=P

=P

=Q

= Ht

=SG

) :(-

) :(-

Q=

Q=

) (Brake Power
"
" .
%

-,

,-

>

:12-2


) (Swept Volume .
(
)
) (Fixed Volume
.
. ) (-
.

) (Leakage )(Slip
.

) ( .
.
) (


) (
.

) :(-

.

)( .

.
)(

.
)(
.

.
. )
( . ) (- .

) :(-

.
:1-12-2
:

)(Gear Pump)(Screw Pump )(Lobe Type (Vane

) Pump ) (Eccentric Helical Rotor
.)(- .

.

)( .

) :(- .
) (- .

.

) .(-

):(-

) :(- .

:2-12-2
) (Plunger .
) (Pulsation .
)( .

( )(Single Acting
)

) (Double Acting .
) (- a )(-b
) (-c
.

(
)

) (- .
) (-c .
) (a m A ) ( Pp
:
)(-

m. a
A

= Pp

) (- .

. ) (- .
.

/ .

.

) :(- )(

) (Accumulator (Acoustic
) Filter .
)
( .
.
) (- .

) (Capitation ) (Water hammer

) (Pressure Surge .
.

) .(-

)(b

)(a
)(-

)(c
) :(-

) (-

) :(-

-
) (H-Q

. )(Leonard Euler
)(-

r b )
(
) (-
:
BQ
r
Q

= A
g
bg tan
tan

)(-

) :(-

=H

) :(-

g A B . o
) (Backward o ) (Forward .
) (- H Q .
.
) (- .

. ) (
.
.
)(-

K Q
WHP = K Q
tan

:
= WHP

= K , K

= Q

= o
. o
o
).(-
) (-
.

)(Priming
.

.

) :(-

-

)(
.
)(
H-Q
.


.
.
:

Friction Loss

)
( ) (- .
)(-

H f = KQ n

n ) n= ( K
)
( )
(... .

)(Turbulence

.

) (Circulation .
.

. )(-
BEP
BEP .
,
) (Shock Loss .
:- )(Circulatory Flow
.
)
( .
.
) (-
).(-

) :(-

) :(-

) :(-

.


.
:- Best Efficiency Point

.
BEP .
.
BEP ) (Design Point .

BEP
BEP
.
:17-2
) (Qt ) (Q/
) (Impeller Eye Hub )
( .
)(-

) (Q P

:
Q p = Qt Ql

:
)(-

Qp
Q p + Ql

Qp
Qt

= Ev

) (h p
) (ht .
)( -

hp
ht

= Eh

:
BHP FHP
BHP

)( -

= Em

FHP
.
) (WHP
) (BHP
.
)(-

WHP
= Ev . Eh . Em
BHP

= Ep

-
1- 18-2 Vapor Pressure

) ( (Saturation

) Temprature . .
) /( .
:
: / .
: / .
) (- )
( ) ( .
.
) (
) .(-
) (-a

. ) (-b

.

. )(
.
:2-18-2 NPSH

.

)(
.
NPSH :

: )(NPSHA
: )(NPSHR
NPSHA
)
(. ... ) (
... .
.
NPSHR ...


) . (- NPSHR NPSHA
. NPSHR
NPSHA

.

.
) :(-

) :(-

:19-2 )(NPSHR
NPSHR ) (
) (
NPSHR .
)(
.


... NPSHR . NPSHR

NPSHA ) (Flashing
.
20 -2
NPSHA

NPSHA ) .(-

) :(- NPSHA

NPSHA
NPSHi
) (Incipient Cavitation .

. NPSHA
) ( NPSH o
.

NPSHA
. NPSH
) NPSHR ( NPSH .
:21-2


.

) :(-

NPSHA .


.


.


. ...
:
.


Endoscope .
:

) ( .
) (
) (Level .

.
:
:
:

.
:
.
:
) (
.

.
.

.
.

) (
.
) (
.
:
NPSHA
.

.

) .(-

) :(- )( )(

) (-
) (
NPSHA
.


Q H
.
H Q
.
:
) (- :
)(-

H . SG
. P
=P
SG
.

=H

.
:
.

.

) :(-

:
) (Bearing
) (Radial Load ) (Axial Load .


" .
:
"

.

.
.
" ) (Pitting ) .(-

) :(-

.

((Jet Impact
. ) (-

) (Running Clearance

.

) :(-

"

. )(Corrosion
) (Erosion .

.
:22-2

) ( )
( .

.
NPSHA NPSHR .

NPSHA . NPSHR
NPSHA
NPSHR . .
)(-

)NPSHA NPSHR + .(m

) NPSH
.
( .
NPSHA NPSHR NPSHA .
) (

NPSHR . ) (- NPSHA NPSHR

.
:

: NPSHA
: NPSHR
:

) :(- NPSHA NPSHR

:23-2 NPSHA
NPSHA .

. NPSHA :

+ - = NPSHA
-

:
)(-

(PS PV ) . V
+
Z hL
SG
g

= NPSHA

= PS

= PV

= V

=Z

= SG

: ) (Head Z
) (Lift Z .
Z= . NPSHA
.
NPSHA ) ( . .
: NPSHA )-
( .
=
t = oC
SG = .

.
PV (at oC ) =
) bar (a
) . bar (a
Pa =
) P (Tank ) = .bar ( g
.m
Z =

= .m

PS = Pa + P =
.
+ . =
) . bar (a

V
) ( .
g
(
.
.
) .

= NPSHA

. . = .m
.

) :(- NPSHA

: ) ( P = .
NPSHR

. NPSHA
. .
:24-2 NPSHA
NPSHA ) (-

. :
: ) ( PS

.
.
. )
( .
:

) ( .

.

.

.

.
) oC (oF
) oC ( oF NPSHA ) .
( . ) (-
.
:
NPSHA

.

.


) ( .

) :(-

:
) (Lift ) (Head
)( . .

.
.

.
.
.
:
) (
.
NPSHA
:
-
-
-
-
-

) (NPSHA .
) ( Q . .
NPSHR .

) (- NPSHA NPSHR
.

) ( ... .
) (Suction Throttling

.
.

.

.

NPSHA .

.
.


.
) ( .

) (Size .
NPSHA

.

(Repair
) Valve .

) (Long Radius Elbow

) (Standard Elbow
) (Gate Valve ) (Globe Valve .

.
: ) (Booster Pump
)(


.
NPSHR
NPSHA
.

:
-

-

.





.

.

.


.

.



.

.
.

) (-) (-
.
.

:
-
-

-
-




)(-

Q
Wt

Q Wt = U + Pe + K e

U
Pe
Ke

:
Wt = W + ( Pv.m)out ( Pv.m)in

)(-

W
P
V
m
:
)(-

H=U+W

:
)(-

Q W = H + K e

) (
:
)(-

W = H + K e

W

Ke
-
C
:
W
U

C :
W
U == U


C C

W W

U U

:
)(-

])

( )

( )

([

U U + C C + W W

= W

U =U :
)(-

C C + W W

= W

Wnozzel= :
C :

)(-

H-H

W=W
:
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C C
= W

C
:

)(-

W=U:
--
.



)(-

W :

)(-

:
)(-

:
)(-

:
)(-

:
)(-

W=C: W=C
:

)(-

:
.
) -(

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.

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) ( .

.
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U

C

- :

-

.
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:

. l l
) ( :
)(-
:
:

l=kj/kg

P=bar at c

l=kj/kg

P=,bar

= kj/kg=l-l

kw
%

- )(-


=,

) ( -

=-

=, , = kj/kg

.
:
)(-

C= ,/=t/h
:

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T
Qa
Qf
.

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p

p

Qa
,

--

) ( :
H

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CP Kcal/kgC .

J=,:

T
:
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:K
)( CP
.
) (
)(-

)(- :

)(-

:-- :
. :
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)(-

. :
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hereunder :

)(-

hereunder CP K .

-:
-- :
Qt=Qa+Qa
:
)(-
CPLHV
LHV
ec
) ( hereunder chart CP
.

- :

:
)(-
H
.

co o . CP .
:
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T .
:

)(-
NG Cpg
:

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.

:

- :

.
% .

.
H t
T .
) ( hereunder :
)(-

Tcor T :

- :
--

:
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:
)(-

)(-
KW
:
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alt
, .
--
( :

:
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:
HR BTU/HP.hr
:
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:
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:
:
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:

HR Kcal BTU :


HR .
( :


%

%
) . (

.
.
:
)(-

HR

)): MSE-
classGE .

( - :
:

( - :
:

( - ::
:

t = . p = . p = .bar
:

T :

T = = C

Tcor = c

H tcor = .kj / kg

( -:
:

:

=
= .
HR

= th

Reference
-Compressor Performance Aerodynamic for User, M.Theodoro Gresh
-Compressor Handbook (MC.GRAW.HILL), Paule.hanlon
-Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers E, ugene A.Avallone
-steam turbine operation , ifp institute,npc training centre
-gas turbines , ifp institute
-centrifugal pump, larry bachuse and angel custodid
-Benson, R.S.,A review of methods for assessing loss coefficients in radial gas turbines, Int.j.
Mech,sci,vol,