BENE 1123-Llecrouies Engincering Fundamoytas, PREKK, KUTKM, SOLUTIONS TO TUTORIAL 1 10. Define an ionization process. on is created when a neutral atom gives or receives extra electron. When an atom gains or loses electron, it changes it charge. Give the electron configurations of the sodium (Na) atom and the chlorine (C1) atom, Na (2,8,1) c1@.87) Do the same for the Na’ ion and the CI’ ion Na* (2,8) cr 288) Sketch the atomic structure of sodium and chlorine What are the three particles that comprise an atom and state the type of charge they hold? PROTON: charge positive ELECTRON-charge negative NEUTRON-neutral \What isthe outer shell ofan atom called? Valence shell What is @ negative ion? ‘A negatively charged atom having more than its normal amount of electron, How do semiconductors differ from conductors and insulators? Energy bands What determines in terms of energy bands, whether a substance is a good insulator, semiconductor ‘or conductor? Forbidden band Discuss the conduction process in semiconductors. Conduction in s/c, by applying heat and when enough energy is absorbed by the VE, itis possible for them to break some of their covalent bonds. The electron move to the conduction band where they are capable of supporting electric current (electron current flow), then hole left in valence band. Wavei 15 16. BENE 1123-Blectrontes Engneoring Fundamentals, FRERK, KUTKM, ‘What isthe term used to deseribe the sharing of valence electrons between two or more atoms? Covalent bonding In your own words, define semiconductor, conductor and insulator. ‘Semiconductor- has conductivity much more than that of an insulator but not anywhere idden gap of the order of 1eV. Eg: near that of a conductor. A s/c has a for SiGe Insulator -a poor conduetor of electricity. An insulator has a very large forbidden gap of the order of SeV or more, Kg:Rubber,Plastie Conductor material having excellent conductivity. The valence band and conduetion jeting material overlap each other. Eg:Cu, Al Describe the difference between donor and acceptor impurities. Donor -have 5 electron valences, eg. Phosphorus, arsenic or antimony dium, Acceptor- have 3 electron valences, eg. Boron, galliun 01 Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor. Pure s/c is called an intrinsic whereas a s/e doped with imp: ‘What is meant by recombination? ‘When an electron meets a hole it can become a bound electron, which cannot contribute for conduction. This process is called recombination, What is @ depletion layer? When is it formed? = When p-type and n-type material are put together, they are called as PN junction. = Atthe instant of combining the material, the electrons will join the holes. This process will eause lack of carriers in the region near the junction. = This region of uncovered positive and negative ions is called the depletion region or barrier potential or forbidden gap. Explain the operation of a semiconductor diode in forward bias conditions = petype material is connected (0 ‘ve’ terminal of battery and n-type material is ‘connected to ‘.ve" terminal of battery. = The +ve terminal will push the holes in the p-type material to the centre junction and the ve terminal will push the electrons in the n-type material to the centre. Wate g19, 20. au 1123-Bletrones Enginosring Fundamentals, PREKK, KUTIM, = This process will force the depletion region to become smaller or narrower and finally becomes very thin, = This will cause the majority carriers to flow from the p-type into the n-type material. Explain the operation of a semiconductor diode in reverse bias conditions = p+type material is connected to ‘-ve" terminal of battery and n-type material is connected to “tve" terminal of battery. = The =ve terminal will attract the holes in the p-type material and the +ve terminal will attract the electrons in the n-type material. = This process will force the depletion region to become broader or wider and finally becomes very wide, = Therefore, there will be no current flows eaused by the majority carriers, The current that present during this condition is eaused by the minority carriers and called as reverse saturation current or reversal current. Why is doping is required? ‘The purpose of doping is to increase the number of free electrons or holes. It is because the conductivity of a semiconductor can be increased by heavily doping the pure semiconductor. What isthe effect of doping a pure semiconductor with a pentavalent impurity? Explain Ifa pure semiconductor like, Si and Ge is doped a pentavalent impurities like boron, gallium or indium, a N-type semiconductor is formed Differentiate between n-type and p-type semiconductor, Negype sie -is created by adding pentavalent atom -majority carriers: electrons -minority cariers: holes P-ppesve is crented by adding trivalent atom -majority carriers: holes -minority carriers: electrons Tavera