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Setting
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Entity
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) (
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:1-1 :
:
) (Servers ) (Clients .

.

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:Client Server

.
10 Peer to Peer
.

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.


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) (
.
Redundancy Systems .


.
Combined Network .
.
Windows NT Server
. Client
95 .
NT
.
: Peer-To-Peer
Peer to Peer

. Peer to Peer Workgroup
.
.
.

.
. .

. .

10 .
Windows NT Workstation Windows 9X
Windows for Workgroup
.
.
.
Peer-To-Peer
.

:1-2 :

.

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"
.

. .
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: LAN .

.
.
.

- :

LAN

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."
.
.
Bus Star Mesh Ring Wireless

: Bus

LAN .

) ( .

. Bus .
Bus Packet .

Packet

. Packet
.

10

Packet . Bus
bounce .

Packet .
Bus .
Bus data
fail .
Bus . Bus Star
Mesh . .

Bus .

: BUS
. .
.

11

. BUS . " .
. .
Repeater .

: BUS
. BUS .


.
.
. .
.

12

:Bus
-1 BNC.
-2 185 .
-3 Crimping BNC
.
-4 T-connector BNC .
-5 T-connector .
-6 Bus T-
connector .

:Star
""
.
.
.
.

13

.
.
.

: STAR
. STAR . .
. " . STAR
.
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.
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.

14

: STAR
. .

.
. .


.
. ) ( .

:Mesh
. Mesh

15

.
Fault tolerance Mesh .

.
Mesh
. .

:Ring
.
) (
.
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Ring .
.
. Packet
.

16

:Ring

). Bus Star
(.
. Ring
:
. BUS .
)( .
.
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. .
.

17

."
.

:Ring
Ring
.
Ring
.


. :
. .
.
. .
.

18

. .
. .

.

:Wireless

. Packet
.
Cell . /
Cell
.

. Cell .
Campus-Type .

19

Infrared
.
Laptop Laptop .
.
Backbon Cell .
Backbon .

:1 -3 :
" "
.
.

"

laptop
Laptop
.
20

:
/ .

. / "
) . ( .

.
/ .
Access point .
) (
.
) (

BlueTooth

IrDA

)(SWAP)(HomeRF

)(Wi-Fi)(WECA

Bluetooth
Infrared Data (IrDA ).

21

Association
. )
( )
( . IrDA .
SWAP Wi-Fi
.
IEEE 802.11 IEEE .

. :

Direct-sequence spread spectrum DSSS

)( Frequency-hopping spread spectrum )(FHSS

) (Frequency-shift keying(FSK .
Spread-spectrum 2 /4
.
Spread Spectrum

. DSSS

22


DSSS .
) " 22 ( FHSS
)(hop
.
FHSS
Hop ) "
400 ( FHSS
) ( . FHSS"
.

HomeRF : SWAP
HomeRF Shared Wireless (SWAP
protocol) Access SWAP .
DECT 802.11 . SWAP hop 50
.
.

23

. SWAP
:

Access point

127 .

SWAP :

) (

) 75 125 23 / 38 (

FHSS .

24

PCI , ISA
PCMCIA) ( . Laptop
PCMCIA PCMCIA
. ISA
HomeRF PCI PCMCIA .
"
SWAP . "

.
SWAP " " .
" Access point
. HomeRf
.

WECA : Wi-Fi
)Compatibility Alliance Wireless Ethernet(WECA
HomeRF Wi-Fi .
IEEE 802.11 .

25

FHSS DSSS ) .
( . b802.11 IEEE
.
5/5 "
. .
Wi-Fi :

) (

) 1.000 305 250 400


76 / 122 (

) DSSS 802.11 ( .

Wi-Fi :

26

Wi-Fi .
Wi-Fi " "
" Wi-Fi Access Point . Access point
.
Wi-Fi PCMCIA .
PCI ISA .

:1-4 :

) (NOS .
.
Microsoft Windows NT/Windows 2000
Network Novell
Unix
.
.
.
Client/Server NOS .

27

Server
.

Server

NT 2000

Client. xp 2000
Win 3.1 Win 95 Win 98 Win ME Windows NT workstation
MS Dos .

:1 -5 :
NOS client.
client/server client . NT
WIN2000 client .

Server . Server
Server
Windows NT Server .Windows 2000 Server
.
Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Profetional
client .
28


. Server
.
.

:
NT Acount Domail
Controller Domain Controller .
.
Domail Controller .

:1 -6 :

.
.
.
.
.
29

.
.
.
.

.


.

.
Protocol Stack
. OSI
. OSI .

.

. OSI

30

.
OSI Application .
Application
.
. Presentation
. Session
.
) (Transparent
OSI .
. OSI
.
. Data Link

.
.

:1 -7 :
.
31

.
. OSI .

. .

:
OSI .
.

Encoding .
. .

:
).

(.
.
802 ) (LLC

32

.(MAC)Media
LLC .
LLC
.
MAC Media .
LAn MAC
.
MAc.
). MAC Address
(. MAC Address
.

.

:
.
Packet .

33

.

.

.
.

:
.
. .

:Session
. Session
:
Half Duplex Simplex . Fuul Duplex

:Simplex
.
.
34

)(PA . PA
.

:Half Duplex

. .

:Full Duplex
.
.
Full Duplex .

Session :

. .
.
.

35

:

.

. .
Application
.
. Session
.

:Application
. Application

... .

:
OSI
.

36

Download (FTP Server)FTP


.

:
- 1 FTP PC
.
- 2 FTP Application
. .
- 3 Session .
packet - 4 .
.
packet - 5 .
- 6 packet
.
- 7 packet
.
.
packet - 8 FTP

37

) 1 .(7

:1-8 :
: Server
.
.
.

. File and
Print server .Application server

.
.

.
.
38


.
. Spooling . Spooling
Print
.
Application Server .
Client/Server .
.
.
.
. .
.

.

.
Application Server .

39

Application Server
.
: MANs , WANs , LANs

) ( LAN

MAN

WAN

: LAN
.
:

40

LAN :
. . ) .
Client-Server ( .
.
) (NIC . .
.
.

: MAN
.
:

41

: WAN
. :

LAN

LAN

42

43

:Cabling : 2-1

. .
"
.
: .

.
LAN .
.

: .

:Coaxial Cable : 2-1-2



. 1936
.
44


.
. .


.

2 -1

300

45

"
.

: BNC
(Neill - Concelman - Bayone)BNC
.
.

2 -2

: 2 -1 -3 :

46

.

. .
) ( .
M1 M2
M2<M1 .
.
.
.

2 -3

:
.

.

47

2-4

:2-1 -4 :

.
.
.

2 -5

48

) . (Core
.

) . (Cladding
.

) . (Buffer Coating
.


.
Jacket .
:

) . (Single-Mode
) : (

) . (Multi-Mode
) : (

49

) " 9 (
) 1300 1550( .
) " 62 / 5 (
LED .

: 2 -1-5 :

.
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( ). ( .

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60 75 1300 50 60
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51

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52


.
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LED .
850 1300 1550 .

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53


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54

.
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.
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cross-talk : .

55

Cross-talk false
.
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/
.

.

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T .
Detector .
.

.

" .

56

SC,ST :


) ST(straight-tip ) SC(Subscriber .
ST BNC
SC . Rj45 .
.

: 2 -1-10 :UTP

- ) UTP( Unshielded Twisted pair
.

.
.
) Shielded : ( ) Unshielded ( .
UTP STP
. UTP
57

.
. )
( .

2-6

UTP )(Categories
:

Type

Cat 1 ) (
Cat 2 4
Cat 3 10
Cat 4 20
Cat 5 100

58

:CAT3

Cat3 cat5
. cat3
cat3 . voice-grade
. 10Mbps
.

:CAT5
utp cat5.
100Mbps .

59


.
UTP RJ45 .
4
RJ45 8 .
UTP
.
.
UTP RJ-45 .
) (RJ-11 .
(Jack Registered:RJ) .

60

2-7

:STP

. UTP
STP .

UTP .
:

. 4
. 100*200
100Mbps .

61


.
:

1 .
2
.
3
.
4 ) (RFI
STP .
.

:2-2 :
modem modulator-demodulator .

62

.
.
1960
. :

2-8

terminal dumb
. dumb terminal
. dumb terminal DEC VT-
100 VT-100 . 25
80 .
ASCII .
.
70
BBS(Bulletin-Board-Systems) .

63

BBS
BBS .
dumb terminal
.
300 .
bps 300 30
.
BBS bps300
. :
bps 1960300 1983
bps 1200 1984 1985
bps 9600 1990 1991
kbps19/2
kbps28/8
kbps33/6

64

kbps 56 1998
ADSL 8 )) Mbps 1999
.

300 :
bps300 .
bps300 (FSK(shift keying frequency
. FSK )( .

)) originate 1070 )0(
1270 )1( . )) answer
2025 ) 0( 2225 )1(
.
full-duplex
.
half-duplex .

65

bps300
a . ASCII 97 10
01100001 2 . ) UART(universal
asynchronous receiver/transmitter
RS-232 . RS-232

.

:
FSK
. ) phase-shift keying)PSK quadrature
) amplitude modulation)QAM .
3000
.
K56 :

66

2-9

))gradual degradation

.
asymmetric digital subscriber
) line)ADSL . ) asymmetric (

. ADSL

.

67

3000 .
ADSL

.
) upstream (
8 Mbps )) downstream .

.
ADSL .
2400 1100000 4000
. 249

. 249
.

: Point-to-Point
dumb terminal .
ISP ISP

68

.
. ISP
. TCP/IP ISP
.
)

Point-to-Point

Protocol(PPP .
.

:
)FSK(Frequency Shift Keying :
ASCII . FSK
) (tone .

originate . " "
1070 " " 1270 .
Answer . " "
2025 " " 2225 .

69

. Full-
duplex . "
half-duplex . UART
) (RS-232 Port
.
) PSK (Phase Shift Keying .FSK

ASCII.

ADSL(line Asymmetric digital subscriber


ADSL.
3000

:
:
.1 :
.2 :

70

: ) ( :
.
:

.
.3 : ) ( .
)(
.
) ( PSTN .
:

RS-232-C 25 .

RS232 9

Com3 , Com4 Internal )


Rs232(

USB ) (External . .
.

71

:Multiplex
.
.

:

. .
.

:
.

: )Full-Duplex (.

: (Cyclical Redundancy Check) CRC


. N N N
. X-ON / X-OFF
ASCII.

72

/ :
/ ASCII
.

:
V.22 . 1200 b/s 600 ) (Baud

V.22bis . 2400 b/s 600 )(Baud
V.32 . 4800 b/s or 4800 b/s 600 )(Baud
V.32bis . 19600 b/s .
V.34 . 28800 b/s V.32
V.32bis
V.34bis . 33600 b/s
V.35 . .
.
V.42 . V.32 V.32bis
.
V.90 . 56000 b/s
X2 3Com Rockwell K56flex

73

:

.
.
: .
DSL .

:
6
) ( .
.
6
. "
. .

.

74


.
downsteam ) .
6 (
) (
.
: ) (
" " Cable Modem termination system)(CMTS
.

:
) (Internal )(External
. :

Tuner

Demodulator

Modulator

control) media access(MAC


75

: Tuner
Tuner . ) Splitter
( .
tuner demodulator
. tuner diplexer diplexer .
tuner ) " 42 850
( downstream ) " 5 42
( upstream . )
( tuner
Downstream ) (Dial-Up
upstream . tuner
demodulator .

76

: Demodulator
demodulator .
) amplitude (phase
"
" . ) (
.
.

.

: Modulator
upstream
modulator
.
:

QAM modulator

77

: MAC
MAC

Downstream Upstream


. MAC .

MAC .

:

.

" .

):( Cable Modem termination system)(CMTS


CMTS )
( DSLAM DSL CMTS .

78

)) ISP . ISP
) . ( .
.
CMTS
.
) (
.
CMTS 1.000 6
. 30 40 .

.
) "
(
.

)
(

79



.
ADSL
.

: 56k
FCC
:
.1
.2
).3(
).4(
.5
:
. : 3000 .
.
80

))bit rate = bandwidth*(log2(1 + S/N


))53000 bps = (3000 Hz)*(log2(1 + S/N
so the S/N must be at least 208545. SNR = 10 log(S/N) = 53.2 dB
. :
.
. Quantization noise
:
quantization noise = (1/2^q)^2
if signal = 1, then S/N = 2^2q
2^2q = 3162.3
q = 5.81 bits
. : PPP
HDLC . :
FCS Flag

Flag Address Control Data

8 or 16 8 or 16 variable 16 or 32 8

# of bits 8

:
)( : . .

81

: leased-line

mainframe
: 1997
Phone.com ) WAP) Wireless Application Protocol .

.
: VDSL 52
. ) DSL 8 (
"
.
56 broadband ) . (DSL

: DSL
DSL :
. . (ADSL(DSL Asymmetric
" " .

82


.
. (HDSL(DSL High bit-rate T1 ) 5/1
( .
.
. (ISDL(DSL ISDN
ISDN ISDL . DSL
. 144 ) ( .
. ( MSDSL(DSL Multirate Symmetric
.
DSL .
. (RADSL(Adaptive Rate ADSL

.
. ( SDLS(DSL Symmetric .
HDSL "
.

83

. ( VDSL(bit-rate Very high " "


.
. (VoDSL(DSL Voice-over IP .
.

: 2-3 :
:
NIC LAN .-

Modem .

:

Slot .

.

:
.84

. . Firmwave
Rom .
: .

.
:

: .
.
:

:
-1 .

85

-2 .
-3 .
-4 ) (Ack.
-5 .
-6 .
chipset
chipsed .
:
.

.
bios
.
TCP/IP sewer URL
URL IP . IP URL .

86

:
Mb/p 100 /10 .
10 /100/ 1000 .
LED HUB ACT
Hub .
Act .

:
Jumper
Jumper . Jumperless Plug
and play
. Jumper Setting
. Jumper D.S
ON OFF .

)(IRQ

87

I/O
...
.

CPU . IRQ3 IRQ5
. IRQ5 .
:(Microsoft Director) MSD
IRQ .

:(Base I/O Address) I/O


) ( CPU
CPU .
) 300-30F(H ) 310-31F (H.

: Base memory

88

RAM

. D8000.
.

) Direct memory Access DMA (:


CPU .

.

:
-1

AUI DIX 15
10base5 coaxial .

-2

BNC 10base2 Coaxial


.

-3

Rj45 10baseT
UTP Cat5/cat3 .

: Slot
89

Slot .
-

ISA

EISA

MCA

PCI

:ISA
ISA ISA . 8
MB10 . ISA1984 16
.

: EISA
EISA 32 .

: MCA
MCA ISA .

: PCI
90

32
MBit 100/10.

:BOOTROM
IC 28
BootRom.
.

.

Disckless .
Disable Enable
.

:
-1
-2

Chipset : .
: 10baset

10base2

100basetx

91

-3

Base I/O Address

-4

data transmition

-5

Cable Connections

-6

Led

-7

Bus Interface

-8

Wake on lan

-9

standby
Standby
Standby.

92

.
.
.
.
.

93

.
.

: 2-4:
.


.
.

.
.

:
.
E-mail


94

.

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.

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.
.

.
) (
.
.

.


. ) (
.

95

.
.

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.
.

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96

.

. :


.
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).

( .
.

. .
.

97

:

.

.
.

.
.. .
) ( ...
Packet -switching network .
1500
. :
.
Packet .
.

98


) ( Packet switching :

)
(

"
" .

. :
Internet connection sharing 98
.
.
.
.
99


.
.
.
.
. )
9 base-T100 100
( .
)) ISP
. T1
1.5 .
ISP .
Backup ) " ( T1
.
.

100


."

.
.
.
) (
.
.
Subnet mask subnet . IP
255.255.255.0 .

."
15.57.31.40 15.57.31.52
.

.

101

:
.

.
.
: .

" : - - -
" 110
.
.

.
. .
.

.

102

."
) (NIC
. Media ( MAC
(Access Control
. .
.
.
."
... .
.
.
.
TCP/IP
.
NetBEUI .

.

103

.
.
) IPCONFIG 2000 (XP
.

:

.
.
.
) .
( ...

104

.
.
. .
.
"
. Packet
.
Packet-Switched network .
.

.

) .
(

:

Traceroute ."

105

http://www.microsoft.com/
:
Tracert http://www.microsoft.com/

.

) (
" . .
IP .
....

:

. 12000
.
) .
( .

106

12000 MHZ MIPS R5000200 12016 .


. 320
.
60

.
. )
( .
"
.
. "
. .
.
"
.

107


Bridging Transparent

tress Spanning

: 2-5:
) ( )
( .
.
.
.
.
) "
( " .
..

108

LAN .
"
.

:
.
) (...
:
. Scalability .
.

.
.
. Latency .
) (

109

.


.
.
. Network Failure
. ) "
10 100 (
Broadcast.
. Collisions CSMA/CD .
.

.
"
. ) (

110

"
.

" .
.
.
.
."
) (
) ( ) .
( .
.
.
.
) ( .

.

111

.
" .

.
full-duplex .
half-duplex .
.
" ) "
( .
.

.
.
.
.
"
.

112

."

) ( .

:

. " ) Data
(layer OSI . MAC
) ( . ) (Network OSI
. IP IPX Appeltalk ) .
( .
.

113

2-10


Broadcast . Broadcast
.
.

broadcast ."
Broadcast
.
. Broadcast

114


.
Broadcast
Broadcast .
.
.
.
.
.
LAN packet-switching .
.
) ( )( MAC
) Lookup(
. LAN
. )(
.

115

Cut-Through

Store-and-forward

Fragment-free

Cut-through
MAC .

) . ( .

.
store-and-forward
) (CRC
.
. . MAC
.
. cut-through
store-and-forward .

116


fragment-free . cut-through
64 .
LAN
. :
. Shared memory .
) ( .
.
. Matrix ) ( .
MAC lookup
.
.
. Bus Architecture ) ( ) (Bus TDMA

117

.
.

: Bridging Transparent
LAN transparent bridging
lookup .

. :

Learning

Flooding

Filtering

Forwarding

Aging

118

2 -11

:
.
A ) (A ) (B ) (C .
A . MAC Lookup A .
A

119

A .
Learning .
B ) A "
( .

Flooding .
B Acknowledgement A .
B . MAC B Lookup C .
A "
. A B
.
Forwarding .

120

A B B "
B .
C A . MAC C Lookup A A
A C .
A C .

. Filtering .
Learning Flooding MAC Lookup .
Lookup .

. aging
. Entry Lookup
.
.

121

Entry Lookup
.
Entry Entry .
A A D
.
.
Filtering .

:
) (Star Bus Star
.
:

122

2-12

A C
.
)) B .
C .
A C .

2 -13


.
" " .

123

.
"
.
Loop .
.

2 -14

" B A B
B . A A

124

. A C )B
(C . B B Lookup
) . . (A C B C
Lookup .
A B A
.
" ) .
A ( A
" .
" " .
.
Spanning trees .

: tress Spanning
" "
Looping DEC (Spanning-tree Protocol(STP
. d802.1 IEEE
tree Spanning . ) (STA(Spanning-tree algoritm

125

.
.
STP :
) (ID . .
Bridge ID)(BID .
MAC
. .
.
Path Cost . IEEE .
1.000 ) (
. 10
Cost 100 ) 1.000 . ( 10
Cost .
STP Cost ) . Path cost
(

126

Bandwidth

STP Cost Value

4 Mbps

250

10 Mbps

100

16 Mbps

62

45 Mbps

39

100 Mbps

19

155 Mbps

14

622 Mbps

1 Gbps

10 Gbps

.
(Bridge protocol data units(BPUD
. BPUD :
. Root BID BID Root Bridge .

127

. Path Cost to Bridge root bridge ."


100
Root bridge cost ) (38=0+19+19
. Root Bridge Cost .
. Sender BID BID BPDU .
. Port ID BPDU .

BPDU . BPDU
) (
BPDU )
( BPDU
.
Root bridge BPDU . Root .
BPDU BID Root BID
. BPDU
BID BID Root .
128

BID Root
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:3 -9 :XP
XP .

.
.
.

. :

247

:
.
:
.
:
.

:

. .

XP

Professional.

248

:
Computer Management
. .

3-16

Computer
Management .

249

Shared Folder

.
Shared Path
.

Type

Novell Microsoft Windows :


NetWare . Apple Macintosh
#Client Connection

.
Comment
.

250

: XP update
. Action Refresh .


:

. Shared Folders
. Properties Action .
General . .
XP 10 .


.
Properties Action
General .

251

General .
.

Open File Computer Management

:
.
NTFS

.
:
: Open
Files Disconnect All Open Files Action
.

252

:
Open Files Close Open Action
File .

: 3 -10 SONET Synchronous optical Network


SONET
. SONET ANSI
. ITU SONET SDH -
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy .
SONET
.
CADCAM Media Image
SONET
.

253

: SONET
-

SONET )(
.
SONET

) (Self- Correcting Path.


-

SONET .

SONET )STS-1
(

SONET 8000 STS-1 .

:SONET

STS

)(Regenerator

/ ) (E/O
STS.

254

STS:

STS-MUX


.
) Regenerator) : .

.
/ ) : (Add/Drop Multi Pelexer

.
SONET .
:STS
.

255

ADSL
ADSL

ADSL . xDSL
2 Mbps
) (PSTN .
ADSL




256

) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line



. ) ADSL (
Dialup Data
Voice" .
.

:
ADSL 30 Dialup

online Kb/s64 1 Mb/s .
ADSL ) (Dialup
) (
) ( .

257

:
ADSL
.

. ADSL
.

:
Voice Data
ADSL .
ADSL

.

:
ADSL P2P
Line Leased .

258

ADSL
.

259

260

: 4-1 :


" " " ." " :

" . )(ISP
ISP
. DSL


.

.

261

4-1



.
.
500 .
) (
. ) 1T ( T3
.
.
FTP Telnet
.

.
" .

262

. ."
:
FTP
.
) Telnet FTP
( ... .
.
.
:
. .

.
. Proxy .

263

:
"
.
:
. IP IP IP . 32
) . (Octet IP
)
(
.
) ( . " " .
"
.

264

. .
." http Ftp
.
.
:

) (IP)(Internet Protocol
.

) ( Protocol Transport Control)(TCP


.

)( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) (HTTP

) .( File Transfer Protocol)(FTP


.

) .(User Datagram Protocol)(UDP


) (

) .( Internet control Message Protocol)(ICMP


.

265

) . (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)(SMTP e-


mail .

).(Simple Network Management Protocol)(SNMP


. Telnet .

. ."
80 Ftp 21 .
21 .
. .

.

.
. Gateway
.

266

Gateway .
.

:
.
. Remote Login .
.
. Application Backdoors .
Backdoor .
.
. SMTP session hijacking SMTP e-mail . e-mail e-mail
.
. Backdoors.

267

. E-mail e-mail .
.
.
. " " .


.
. . .

.

: Proxy
Proxy . Proxy
.

268

Proxy .
) (
Proxy .
Proxy .
Proxy
) (Cache .
Proxy .
) (.

269



.
Setting
.
.

270

Rick Wallace

Microsoft Windows XP Professional

Microsoft Corporation

Windows 2000 Active Directory Services


Network+

271

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