Practice Paper 1 Answer Scheme Section A (SBQ) a) Study Source A What can you tell from this source about how life was like during Stalin's rule? Level | Descriptors Marks 1 Describes Source 7 2 Inference, unsupported 23 3 Inference, supported 45 Inference: Source A tells me that there was a lot of injustice during Stalin’s rule. Evidence: According to the joke, ten men have already been arrested within two hours since Stalin lost his pipe. These ten men had been wrongfully arrested since the missing pipe had nothing to do with them. Inference: Source A also tells me that people lived in fear during Stalin’s rule. Evidence: Source A states that “seven men have already confessed.” This means that the people were so afraid of Stalin's secret police that it would be better for them to confess. b) Study Source B Why was this poster produced? Explain your answer. [5] Level | Descriptors Marks 1 Describes source but not detecting message 7 ‘The source shows happy children and a fatherly Stalin. 2 Infers from the poster. 23 This poster was produced to show that Stalin's policies were beneficial to the Soviet children, This is because in the poster, one of the boys was holding a toy plane, and another child was playing the violin, suggesting that Stalin's rule was beneficial for them and allowed them ta have a happy, wholesome childhood 3 L2¥ detects purpose and context a5 This poster was produced to convince the Soviet people thatStalin’s policies were beneficial for them, so that they would continue to support the industrialization policy by working hard for the state. This was especially crucial because in 1937, the Soviet Union experienced an economic slowdown. Stalin would thus need his people to serve the state so as to improve the economic situation. b) Study Source C Why was this cartoon produced? Explain your answer. [6] Level | Descriptors Marks 1 Describes source but not detecting message 4 The cartoon shows Stalin stirring a pot of soup 2 Context 2 The cartoon was produced during the Great Depression, when there was much sacial misery and poverty. There were fears that many of the people would turn towards communism 3 Infers from the poster (34 The cartoon was produced to show that communism would bring forth a lot of problems for the Soviet people. This is because the pot of “communist soup” was brewed by Stalin and three other witches who are namely, “hunger’, “war” and “slavery”. This suggests that Stalin’s communist regime would bring much suffering to the people 4 L3 ¥ detects purpose and context 56 This cartoon was produced to convince the world/Americans that communism was not a good system for the Soviet people as they would experience “hunger”, “war” and “slavery”. The intended outcome was to get the international community/the world to choose the democratic system rather than the communist system. This was crucial because at that point in ime, the idea of communism seemed to be becoming more attractive, especially to the poor. c) Study Sources D and E How different are Sources D and E? Explain your answer. (6) Level | Descriptors Marks1 Based on source type! provenance issue 4 2 Similar OR/AND Different in content, unsupported 23 3 ‘Similar ORT AND Different in content, supported [45 Sources D and E are similar in showing that peasants were sent to work on the railways. Source D: “But we had our orders to build the railway and we wanted to do it more than anything else... But there was such enthusiasm, unlike before, when there was only bleakness in our lives when we were peasants.” Source E: “Waves of peasants arrived to work on the railway, most of them unwilling parties.” Sources D and E are s were not well-equipped. Source D: “My feet were size four and the boots were elevens. Source E: "25 000 tons of structural steel, but without sufficient labour and withaut necessary quantities of the most basic tools" lar in showing that the Soviet workers ORIAND Sources D and E are different in showing whether the workers were enthusiastic about their new work. Source D: “But there was such enthusiasm, unlike before, when there was only bleakness in our lives when we were peasants.” Source E: “Waves of peasants arrived to work an the railway, most of them unwilling parties.” 4 L3 and comparison of tone 67 Sources D and E are different in tone. Source C has a positive tone towards the industrialization programme. The female worker was very glad and willing ta work ta build the railway and she preferred to when she was a peasant. The evidence is “But there was such enthusiasm, unlike before, when there was only bleakness in our lives when we were peasants." On the other hand, Source D has a negative tone towards the industrialization programme Source D states that the workers were mostly reluctant to work on the railway. The evidence is “Waves of peasants arrived to work on the railway, most of them unwilling parties.” €) Study all the sources. To what extent do the sources agree that the Russians benefitted from Stalin's rule in the 1930s? [8] Li | Identify sources to agree OR/AND not agree 12 Award 1m for identifying source(s) to agree or disagree.ie ‘Award 2m for identifying sources fo agree and disagree. Eg. Sources B and D agree. | Sources A, C, E and F disagree. Explain agree OR disagree Award 2m if they merely quote evidence. Award 3m for support from 1 source, 4m for support trom 2 or more sources [24 is La Explain agree and disagree Award 5m for 1 explained agreement and disagreement from 1 source each Award 6m for an explained agreement and disagreement from one or more source, maximum 7m for additional details. Eg. Sources B agrees that the Russians benefitted. This is because the source shows happy children — one of them holding a toy plane and the other playing a violin, suggesting that the children had a happy childhood during his rule This shows that they benefitted from his rule Source D agrees that the Russians benefitted. This is because the source says But there was such enthusiasm, unlike before, when there was only bleakness in our lives when we were peasants." This suggests that Stalin’s policy of getting peasants to work as workers was beneficial in boosting the morale of the people and brought hope to them, showing that they benefitted fram his rule However, Source A disagrees that the Russians benefitted during Stalin's rule. The joke suggests that people were often being arrested and often forced to crimes they did not commit. This suggested that Stalin ruled the people using fear, showing that they did not benefit from his rule Source C also disagrees that the Russians benefitted. The cartoon shows Stalin stirring a “pot of communism” together with witches labelled “slavery”, hunger” and “war". This implies that the people in Stalin's communist regime were bound to suffer fram such hardships, showing that they did not benefit from his rule. Source E also disagrees that the Russians benefitted. The source states, ‘Waves of peasants arrived to work on the railway, most of them unwilling parties. Many were completely unfamiliar with industrial tools and processes.” This means that these peasants were not happy that they now had to work on the railways. The fact that they were not familiar with the industrial tools and processes would also mean that their lives might be endangered. This thus shows that they did not benefit from his rule Source F also disagrees that the Russians benefitted. The source states that "We never have enough to eat and it is so terrible to be hungry all the time.” This means that people often went hungry during Stalin's rule and that they did not benefit from his rule However, upon examining Source B, it may not be a very reliable source to eT amshow whether the Russians benefitted from Stalin's rule. Source 8 Is a propaganda poster to convince the Russians that Stalin’s policies improved their lives. The intended outcome of the poster was to get the Russians to continue to support his economic policies at a time when the Soviet Union was experiencing an economic slowdown and Stalin would need the help of his people to boost the productivity of the country. SEQ Marking Scheme ui Describes the event 1-3] L2 Identifies or describes factors Award 3 marks for describing one factor Award 4 marks for describing two factors [3-4] 13 Explains factors ‘Award 5-6 marks for one explained factor. Award 7-8 marks for two explained factors. [5-8] ui Describes the issue, but with no focus on the question Award 1m for each detail, to a maximum of 2m +2 2 13 Explains Yes or No Award 3m for an explanation, and further marks for additional reasons or supporting details, to a maximum of 6m “2/4 marks for listing both sides. Explains Yes and No Award 7m for an explanation of Yes and an explanation of No, and further marks for additional reasons ar supporting details, to a maximum of 10m Award 7-8m for 1+1 Award 9-10m for 2+1 36 la L3 + Evaluation 2. This question is about Hitler's Germany. a) Explain why the Weimar government was unpopular with the Germans. 6) The Weimar government was unpopular with the Germans because it was weak. Its system of proportional representation, although fair and democratic, often resulted in a high degree of fragmentation in parliament. This meant that there were too many small, competing parties without any party gaining a majority. Thus, all the parties came together to form a coalition government. A number of parties had extreme ideas and not willing to compromise. As a result, the coalition government kept breaking up, leading to frequent changes of government. It was thus difficult to pass laws, and was thus unpopular with the Germans as they felt that the Weimar government was weak and inefficient.The Weimar government was also unpopular with the Germans because they were unable to resolve the economic crisis in the early 1930s. Germany was greatly affected by the Great Depression when the USA recalled its loans and deposits from German banks. An economic crisis resulted, which in turn caused a social crisis Factories closed down and millions lost their job. Poverty and homelessness were commonplace. The Weimar government could not decide what course of action because no government had enough support in the Reichstag to pass laws. Thus, it was unpopular with the Germans Other answers include: association with Treaty of Versailles b) ‘Hitler's rule brought only misery to the people of Germany.” Do you agree? Explain your answer [12] Yes, agree Hitler's rule brought misery to the people, especially if they belonged to the minority groups. Hitler's policies also did not benefit the people, especially for those who belonged to the minority groups. The Jews suffered terribly from Nazi persecution. In the earlier stage, they had to undergo humiliating discrimination. For example, books written by Jews were burnt and their businesses and properties were taken from them. The situation worsened with the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’. Many of them were sent to death camps where there were brutally murdered. Other minorities such as Gypsies, homosexuals, the handicapped and the disabled were also persecuted. Many of them were also sent to concentration camps and eventually gassed in large gas chambers. Thus, for those who belonged to the minority groups, Hitler's policies certainly did not benefit them as their lives became intolerable. Yes, agree Hitler's rule also brought misery to most people because they were | fear. Under Hitler's rule, Germany became a totalitarian state, with no opposition to challenge the Nazi rule. To achieve this, violence was used to hunt down any opponents. For example, the Gestapo had the power to detain persons without trial and had unlimited powers of arrest. People could be taken into custody just based on the suspicion that they might commit a crime. The Gestapo also used torture, murder, arrests and dirty tactics such as blackmail to stifle opposition to Hitler. Many Germans were arrested and put into concentration camps without a trial. As a result, Hitler's policies did not benefit the people as they were living in fear and uncertainty all the time. They also had to be mindful of their behaviour at all times, for one wrong move could cause them to be arrested. No, disagree Hitler's rule did not bring misery to those who were large industrialists. The Nazis cracked down on the Communists and banned the trade unions and protests The Nazis also trained and persuaded the German workers to be abedient and to work hard for low wages and to protect their jabs. The Nazis also gave these big businesses many deals when the Nazis began to re-arm Germany. Alll of theseallowed the big German businesses to profit and expand and hire more workers, thereby reducing unemployment and increased government taxes. Thus Nazi rule did nat bring misery to the industrialists and instead, benefitted them as they gained businesses fram the government and had help in controlling the workers 3. This question is about World War Il in Europe a) Explain why war broke out in Europe in 1939. 6) War broke out in Europe in 1939 because France and Britain adopted the policy of appeasement towards Hitler. The Policy of Appeasement meant settling disputes through discussion, rather than war. It involves giving in to aggressive powers, as long as the demands were not too excessive. Events in the 1930s showed that Britain and France were adopting a policy of appeasement towards Hitler. For example, when Hitler embarked on rearmament, Britain and France did not take any actions. This allowed Germany to build up a capable fighting force. In 1938, Britain and France even brought about the Munich Conference, which allowed Germany to take over Sudentenland. As such, the policy of appeasement gave Hitler the impression that Britain and France would always be prepared to give in to his demands. Thus, the appeasement policy made Hitler bolder and gave him the assurance that he would nat be opposed when carrying out his expansionist plans. This made Germany more aggressive and it invaded Poland in 1939, thereby leading to the outbreak of war in Europe War broke out in Europe in 1939 because the LON was too weak to maintain peace in the 1930s. The LON was weak because major powers such as the USA was not a member. This meant that the LON lacked the necessary economic and military backup to enforce its will. In addition, it lacked power as it also did nat have its own army to intervene militarily when aggressions occur. The League also had an inefficient structure — for example, decisions have to be unanimous before actions could be taken. Leading members also placed their self-interests before the League's — they were not fully committed to upholding the goals of collective security One example of the failures of the LON in the 1930s was Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1932. The League merely issued a verbal condemnation which Japan ignored. In 1934, leading members of the LON, namely, Britain and France, also allowed Italy to take aver Abyssinia withaut much hassle. Such episodes made Hitler realize that the LON was too politically and economically weak to be fully committed to its goals of collective security. Also, seeing how easily Japan and Italy got away with aggression whetted the appetite of Germany. Hitler went on to conquer moreland, the trigger being the invasion of Poland in 1939, which finally led to the outbreak war in Europe b) “Germany can only blame itself for its defeat in 1945.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [12] This statement is true to a certain extent. Germany certainly played a part in bringing about its own defeat in 1945. Hitler made many mistakes and miscalculations while fighting the war. For example, he insisted on making decisions that should have been left to the military, and often went against the advice of his experienced generals. For example, he shifted his focus to civilian areas of London in the Battle of Britain, which gave the British Royal Air force time to recover. He also invaded the USSR while still at war with Britain, thus opening a war on two fronts and overstretching his resources, and making it difficult for him to secure Victory over the Allies. Hitler also shifted troops fram Moscow to other areas in the initial months of the invasion, thus prolonging the invasion and drave the Germans into the bitter Russian winters of 1941-1942, which they were unprepared for, and which the USSR took advantage to reorganise its troops, rebuild its economy and turn the tide against the Germans. As a result, German military campaigns were often ineffective, which caused its defence forces to be weakened and subsequently defeated by the Allies in 1945. However, other factors can also be attributed to Germany's defeat. The USA's entry into the war in 1941 was one such factor. USA contributed ground troops, and became directly involved in Allied military operations. Hence, they were vital participants in the planning and execution of crucial military strategies, which greatly enhanced the effectiveness of Allied military strategies. For example, American participation was crucial in helping the Allies achieve control of both the sea and air, which enabled the Allies not only to achieve control of the Atlantic, but also to successfully carry out aerial bombing campaigns against key German targets such as their synthetic oil plants and oilfields. The USA also participated in the planning and the execution of the D-Day landings, which were instrumental in bringing about Germany's eventual defeat in 1945 Another factor that brought about Germany's defeat was the resistance movements in countries such as the USSR and Poland. These movements conducted underground operations against the Germans, as well as provided vital information and behing-the-lines support to the Allies. These operations, such as blowing up rail links and sabotaging factories, as well as spreading false information and propaganda, substantially hindered the effectiveness of Germany's military offensives, leading to its defeat in 1945.