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Chemistry Investigatory Project Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids PDF
Chemistry Investigatory Project Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids PDF
Chemistry Investigatory Project Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids PDF
Page no.
Certificate of authenticity
Acknowledgement
Objective of project
Introduction
Application
Theory
Experiment no.1
Experiment no.2
Experiment no.3
Experiment no.4
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Bibliography
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Chemistryproject
Certificate of Authenticity
This is to certify that Parvez Hassan Ansaria
Signature (examiner)
Chemistryproject
Acknowledgement
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in chemistry on
the Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids.
This project would not have been feasible without the proper
rigorous guidance of chemistry teacher Mr.R.N.Chauhan who
guided me throughout this project in every possible way. An
investigatory project involves various difficult lab experiments,
which have to obtain the observations and conclude the reports
on a meaningful note. These experiments are very critical and
in the case of failure may result in disastrous consequences.
Thereby, I would like to thanks both Mr.R.N.Chauhan and lab
assistant Mr.Damoder for guiding me on a systematic basis
and ensuring that in completed all my experiments with ease.
Rigorous hard work has put in this project to ensure that it
proves to be the best. I hope that it proves to be the best. I hope that
this project will prove to be a breeding ground for the next
generation of students and will guide them in every possible
way.
Chemistryproject
Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving
the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of
liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong
molecular attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a
sample of liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of
molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which undergo
evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left
behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore
temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the molecular
kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of
the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of
water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In
hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant
stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapor which rises up
and forms clouds.
Chemistryproject
Chemistryproject
8. Density. The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide.
Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into
an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over
the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
9. Pressure. In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because
there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching
themselves
Chemistryproject
Applications:When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is
below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
Theory:For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome
liquid-phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a
molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining
molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid
thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more
quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in
liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry
(by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts
to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
Evaporative equilibrium:-
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Chemistryprojeect
If evaporati
e
ion takes place in a closed vessel,
v
th
he escapin
ng molecu
ules accum
mulate ass
a vapor
v
aboove the liq
quid. Man
ny of the moleculess return to
t the liqu
uid, with
retturning molecules
m
becoming
g more frrequent as the den
nsity and pressure of the
vap
por increa
ases. When the prrocess of escape
e
an
nd return reaches an
a equilib
brium,
thee vapor iss said to be
b "satura
ated," and
d no furth
her chang
ge in either vapor pressure
and density
y or liquid
d tempera
ature willl occur. For a systeem consissting of va
apor and
liquid of a pure
p
subsstance, this equilib
brium sta
ate is directly relatted to the vapor
preessure of the substtance, as given by the Clau
usius-Clap
peyron reelation:
Wh
here P1, P2 are the
e vapor prressures at
a temperratures T1, T2 resp
pectively, Hvap is
thee enthalp
py of vapo
orization, and R is the univeersal gas constantt. The rate of
eva
aporation
n in an op
pen system
m is relatted to thee vapor prressure foound in a closed
sysstem. If a liquid is heated, when
w
thee vapor prressure reeaches th
he ambien
nt
preessure the liquid will
w boil.
Th
he ability for a mollecule of a liquid too evapora
ate is larg
gely based
d on the amount
a
of kinetic
k
en
nergy an individua
al particlee may posssess. Ev
ven at low
wer tempeeratures,
ind
dividual molecules
m
s of a liqu
uid can ev
vaporate if
i they ha
ave more than the
minimum amount
a
off kinetic energy
e
required foor vaporizzation.
Bu
ut vaporizzation is not
n only the
t processs of a change of sttate from
m liquid too gas but
it is
i also a change
c
off state froom a solid
d to gas. This
T
proceess is alsoo known as
a
sub
blimation
n but can also be known
k
as vaporization.
Chemistryproject
Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.
Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stop
watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out of
10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the Petri
dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation:
Petri dishes
Marked
Liquid Taken
(V1) ml.
10
Volume
remaining (V2)
ml.
2
10
10
Results:
Vol. Evap.
V=V1V2
8/600=0.0133
7/600=0.0116
6/600=0.010
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
Chemistryproject
Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.
Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette
and stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and cover them
immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes
Marked
A
Diameter of
P.T.Ds.
2.5
Volume Taken
(ml.)
10
Remaining Vol.
(ml.)
4
Evaporated
volume
6
5.0
10
7.5
10
10
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.
Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
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Chemistryproject
Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes
Marked
Time (Sec.)
Temperature
(0C)
Volume Taken
(ml.)
Evaporated
volume (ml.)
10
30
10
10
20
40
10
10
10
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Chemistryproject
Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.
Observation:
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
Petri dishes
Marked
A
B
Conditions
Time (Sec.)
With fan
40
volume
Evaporated (ml.)
10
without fan
50
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Chemistryproject
Bibliography www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.allprojectreports.com
www.chemistryprojects.com
Comprehensive practical book of 11th
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