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Consecintele Stresului
Consecintele Stresului
Abstract
Mergers and acquisitions are corporate events with the potential of creating a high level of stress,
with psychological, behavioural and physical consequences, raising problems to both: the
functionality of the individuals and of their organizations. In the context of growth of foreign direct
investments in Romania and the lack of researches conducted on this type of organizational
combinations, this study aims to identify the main stressors associated with the acquisition of a
Romanian company by a foreign investor and the moderating effect of organizational commitment of
the stress outcomes relationship. The research was based on the stress model developed by
Cartwright & Cooper (2002). The results revealed a moderate level of stress, moderate personal
health and a low level of organizational commitment. We did not find support for the moderator role
of organizational commitment on the stress-outcome relationship. Only the direct effect of stress on
physical health and psychological wellbeing were supported. The hierarchical regression revealed
that the perceived commitment of the organization toward its members moderates the stress health relationship. We regard these results as optimistic, suggesting possibilities of managing the
post-acquisition integration process in a manner that diminishes the negative consequences
generally associated with these changes.
Key words: occupational stress, organizational commitment, moderation, mergers and
acquisitions.
Rsum
Les fusions-acquisitions sont des vnements corporatistes qui ont le pouvoir de crr un haut
niveau de stress, avec des consquences au niveau psychologique, comportemental et physique,
en soulevant des problmes srieux en ce qui concerne le fonctionnement des individus, ainsi que
celui des entrerprises o ils travaillent. Dans le contexte de lintensification des investissements
trangres directs en Roumanie, sous la forme des acquisitions, et de labsence des recherches
psychologiques dans le domain de ce type de transformations organisationnelles, le but de cet
tude est didentifier les principales sources de stress rencontres dans le contexte dune entreprise
roumaine, acquisitionne par un investisseur tranger, et leffet de modration de lengagement
organisationnel sur la relation entre les facteurs du stress et la sant. La recherche a t fonde sur
le modle du stress dvlopp par Cartwright & Cooper (2002). Les rsultats obtenus ont soulign
un niveau modr du stress ressenti, ainsi que de la sant physique et psychologique, en change
ils ont mis en vidence un niveau rduit de lengagement envers lorganisation, ainsi que de
lengagement peru de lorganisation envers ses employs. On na pas obtenu un support pour le
rle de modrateur de lengagement envers lorganisation, les rsultats obtenus soutennant
seulement un effet direct de ce support sur la sant physique et psychologique. Cependant
lannalyse de rgression hirarchique a mis en vidence leffet modrateur de lengagement peru
de lorganisation vers lemploy, dans la relation entre les sources du stress et les consquences de
celui-ci sur la la sant physique et psychologique. On considre que les rsultats obtenus sont
optimistes, suggrant des possibilits de management du procs dintgration dune manire qui
puisse rduire les effets ngatives, asocis en gnral ces changements.
48
Studii i Cercetri
Introducere
Fuziunile i achiziiile continu s se
numere printre cele mai populare strategii de
dezvoltare corporaional. n 2004, la nivel
global s-au ncheiat 30.000 de achiziii,
echivalentul unei tranzacii la fiecare 18 minute
(Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). n Romnia,
anul 2006 a nregistrat un numr de 134 de
achiziii
finalizate
n
sectorul
privat,
reprezentnd o cretere de peste 15% n
comparaie cu 2005, n timp ce valoarea
investiiilor strine directe a nregistrat n
acelai an o cretere cu 75% fa de anul
precedent (PriceWaterhouse Cooper, Raport
de ar, 2006).
n ciuda popularitii de care se
bucur, rezultatele referitoare la performanele
achiziiilor sunt n cel mai bun caz mixte.
Estimrile referitoare la rata eecului
nregistrat de fuziuni i achiziii variaz ntre
procente pesimiste, ca i 77% raportate n
anumite studii americane (Marks, 1988) i
rezultate
ceva
mai
favorabile
(50%)
menionate n cteva surse din Marea Britanie
(Cartwright & Cooper, 1995). Studii similare
realizate pe cazurile unor parteneriate
strategice arat c n ciuda resurselor
financiare de care beneficiaz, aceste tipuri de
colaborare sunt foarte instabile i aproximativ
o ptrime dintre acestea nceteaz s existe n
primii trei ani de la momentul realizrii alianei
(Kogut, 1988, n Cartwright & Cooper, 1995).
Tot mai frecvent, absena succesului
achiziiilor este atribuit factorilor umani
(Applebaum, Lefrancois, Tonna & Shapiro,
2007). Efectele achiziiei asupra angajailor se
concretizeaz adesea ntr-un nivel ridicat de
stres i anxietate, care persist n timp
(Schweiger & DeNisi, 1991; Applebaum et al.,
2007)
i
influeneaz
negativ
nivelul
productivitii i calitatea muncii realizate.
Cartwright & Cooper (1994) enumer o serie
de consecine negative, care apar n urma
stresului provocat de achiziii: rate ridicate ale
demisiilor (Walsh, 1988), absenteism (Davey
et al., 1988), comportament contraproductiv
(Sinetar, 1981) i sabotajul organizaiei
(Altendorf, 1986). Panchal & Cartwright (2001)
afirm c achiziiile ar putea fi comparate cu
evenimente de via ca i pierderea unui
membru al familiei sau falimentul. Consecine
psihologice ale ncetrii existenei unei
organizaii, n urma achiziie sale, sunt extrem
50
fluctuaiile
de
personal
i
retragerea
psihologic sunt cteva tipuri de neimplicare,
consecine ale angajament redus. Acestea
apar n momentul n care angajatul percepe
locul de munc ca fiind neplcut i ncearc s
l evite. Eecul n managementul stresului
ocupaional poate crea costuri ridicate pentru
organizaii n termeni de productivitate redus,
performan redus, costuri medicale ridicate
i pierderea personalului cu experien
profesional.
Cel mai adesea, studiile din domeniul
fuziunilor i achiziiilor privesc stresul
ocupaional ca un fenomen indezirabil,
provocat de resurse inadecvate pentru a face
fa solicitrilor asociate cu o anumit situaie
de schimbare organizaional radical i care
au o serie de consecine negative asupra
sntii fizice i psihologice a angajailor
(Cooper & Payne, 1988). Totui, n ciuda unei
relaii bine stabilite ntre stres i sntate,
exist indivizi care reuesc s i pstreze
starea de bine chiar i n ciuda unor
circumstane extrem de stresante (Terry et al.,
1996). Aceste date de cercetare, au provocat
un numr din ce n ce mai mare de cercettori
s examineze potenialii mediatori i
moderatori ai relaiei stresori - consecine ale
stresului n domeniul ocupaional (Cooper &
Bramwell, 1992; Leong, Furnham & Cooper,
1996).
Angajamentul organizaional
Un potenial moderator al relaiei
stresori - consecine este angajamentul
organizaional (Mathieu & Zajac, 1990;
Somers, 1995). Angajamentul organizaional a
fost definit i msurat n diferite moduri. Tema
central care se regsete ns n majoritatea
definiiilor
propuse
este
aceea
c
angajamentul organizaional reprezint o
legtur
ntre
individ
i
organizaie.
Conceptual, angajamentul poate fi caracterizat
prin cel puin trei factori: (a) o acceptare
puternic
a
obiectivelor
i
valorilor
organizaionale; (b) dorina de a depune efort
considerabil, spre binele organizaiei i (c) o
dorin puternic de a menine membralitatea
n organizaie (Irving & Coleman, 2003).
Interesul susinut al cercettorilor fa
de angajamentul organizaional const n
relaiile acestuia cu o serie de rezultate
organizaionale importante. Un nivel ridicat al
angajamentului este asociat cu o rat redus a
fluctuaiei de personal, a absenteismului i un
nivel ridicat al performanelor profesionale.
Mathieu & Zajac (1990) arat c angajaii care
Studii i Cercetri
realizate
n
contextul
unor
schimbri
intraorganizaionale majore (Ashford, 1988)
arat c acestea sunt universal stresante i
foarte puin moderate de caracteristicile de
personalitate ale angajailor (Cartwright &
Cooper, 1994). Nici variabilele demografice nu
s-au dovedit a modera impactul achiziiilor
asupra atitudinilor fa de organizaie
(satisfacia profesional i angajamentul fa
de organizaie), n urma unei achiziii (Newman
& Krzystofiak, 1993). Prin urmare, atenia
cercettorilor s-a ndreptat asupra rolului
atitudinilor
organizaionale ca poteniali
moderatori ai relaiei dintre factorii de stres i
consecine (Begley & Czajka, 1993; Leong,
Furnham & Cooper, 1996; Reilly, 1994). n
mod specific, a crescut interesul fa de rolul
angajamentului fa de organizaie n relaia
dintre stresori i consecinele acestora, n
specia n situaii de confuzie i turbulen
organizaional. Cea mai mare parte a
cercetrilor
realizate
asupra
rolului
angajamentului organizaional n relaia
stresori - consecine a fost alimentat de dou
ipoteze concurente (Irving & Coleman, 2003):
(1) Prima dintre ele (Mathieu & Zajac, 1990)
este aceea c angajaii care manifest un
angajament puternic fa de organizaie vor
simi mult mai puternic efectul stresului, dect
angajaii care sunt mai puin loiali organizaiei.
(2) Ce-a de-a doua perspectiv susine exact
opusul, i anume c angajamentul protejeaz
indivizii de efectele negative ale stresului,
datorit faptului c i ajut s gseasc o
direcie i semnificaie pentru munca lor
(Kobasa, 1982). Citndu-l pe Antonovsky
(1979). Leong et al. (1996) susin c
angajamentul este o resurs crucial, care
ajut angajaii s reziste n faa tensiunilor din
mediul organizaional. Aceast perspectiv
susine
c
stresul
duce
la
apariia
consecinelor negative n contextul unui nivel
redus al angajamentului.
Rezultatele unui studiu realizat de
Panchal & Cartwright (2001) relev existena
unor diferene semnificative ntre angajaii
companiei achiziionate i ai celei achizitoare,
att la nivelul surselor, ct i la nivelul
consecinelor stresului. n mod surprinztor,
aceste diferene ns nu au fost n direcia
ateptat de autori. n explicarea rezultatelor,
Panchal & Cartwright (2001) au fcut apel la
nivelul redus al angajamentului organizaional
n cazul companiei achizitoare i la teoria
identitii sociale. Achiziia a constituit o
oportunitate de dezvoltare a identitii sociale
pentru angajaii companiei cumprate, n timp
51
Sntate psihologic
Sntate fizic
Figura 1. Cadrul teoretic al stresului conform ASSET (sursa: Pitariu, Tureanu & Pelea, 2008)
52
Studii i Cercetri
53
10
11
12
13
14
15
2 Vrsta
-.06
3 Intentia de a
schimba locul de
munca in ultimele
3 luni
.12
-.00
4 Relaii
profesionale
5 Echilibrul viata
personala-viata
profesionala
6 Suprancrcarea
muncii
7 Sigurana
postului de munca
8 Control
-.03
-.07
.00
.03
.06
-.23** -.04
.16*
(.80)
-.01
.10
(.78)
9 Resurse si
comunicare
10 Postul de
munca
11 Salarizare si
beneficii
-.02
.05
.20*
.65**
(.64)
-.14
.13
.20*
.53**
.54** (.55)
-.05
.10
.07
.24**
.33** .26**
12 Angajament
perceput al
organizaiei fata
de angajat
13 Angajament
fata de organizaie
-.10
.06 -.54** -.33** -.28** -.25** -.23** -.30** -.29** -.24** -.17*
(.84)
-.06
14 Sntate fizica
15 Sntate
psihologica
.14
.16
.20*
.16
-.23**
-.18*
.74**
(.77)
.15
.19*
.15
.10
-.21*
-.17*
.13
.30**
.09
.30** .22**
(.70)
(.87)
Media
Abaterea
standard
7.13
4.19
4.45
3.10
4.36
3.63
5.09
4.98
3.94
3.45
6.09
Sten
1.50
** Corelaiile sunt semnificative la pragul de 0.01, * Corelaiile sunt semnificative la pragul 0.05, Valorile
Studii i Cercetri
Valoarea
foarte
ridicat
i
semnificativ statistic a coeficientului de
corelaie obinut ntre angajamentul perceput al
organizaiei fa de membrii organizaiei i
angajamentul membrilor fa de companie
(r=.742, p<.001) sugereaz c msura n care
angajaii percep c organizaia este interesat
de ei, urmrete binele lor, este asociat cu un
rspuns similar din partea lor: creterea
nivelului de dedicare fa de organizaie.
Ca i n alte investigaii ale stresului n
contextul fuziunilor i achiziiilor, diferenele
demografice dintre angajaii afectai nu
influeneaz percepia acestor schimbri.
Singura diferen semnificativ apare n
dreptul siguranei postului de munc (r=-.23,
p<.001), indicnd faptul c pentru persoanele
de sex masculin insecuritatea muncii
reprezint un factor mai puternic de stres,
dect pentru cele de gen feminin. Cu privire la
angajamentul fa de organizaie, se pare c
acesta crete uor odat cu naintarea n
vrst (r=.21, p<.05). Nu s-au observat relaii
semnificative
statistic
ntre
variabilele
demografice i angajamentul perceput al
organizaiei fa de angajat. Att starea de
sntate fizic (r=.34, p<.001), ct i starea de
sntate psihologic (r=.24, p<.001) prezint
probleme mai degrab n rndul femeilor,
dect a brbailor, indiferent de vrst.
Testarea efectului moderator al
angajamentului fa de organizaie
Pentru a testa ipoteza efectului
moderator
al
angajamentului
fa
de
organizaie n cadrul relaie dintre stresori i
sntatea fizic i psihic a angajailor, am
urmat paii recomandai de Baron & Kenny
(1986). Efectul de moderare a fost verificat prin
intermediul regresiei ierarhice, pentru dou
variabile dependente distincte: sntatea fizic
i sntatea psihologic. n fiecare caz, n
primul pas al regresiei am inclus rezultatul
global obinut la scalele de stres (obinut prin
calcularea mediei aritmetice a rezultatelor
obinute la cele opt scale individuale din
seciunea Percepii asupra muncii), n al doilea
pas, pe lng stres s-a adugat angajamentul
fa de organizaie, iar n al treilea, alturi de
primele dou variabile independente, am
introdus i interaciunea dintre stres i
angajament. Pentru obinerea variabilei de
interaciune Stres x Angajament am apelat la
metoda centrat, pentru reducerea anselor de
multicolinearitate i a valorilor erorilor standard
mai ridicate (Sava, 2004). Nu am considerat
55
Sntatea
psihologic
Pas
Predictori
df1
df2
F
sch.
Stresul ocupaional
.034
.027
138
4.91
.05
Angajament fa de org.
.050
.036
137
2.30
n.s.
Interaciune (S x AO)
.059
.038
136
1.20
n.s.
Stresul ocupaional
.149
.143
138
24.13
.001
Angajament fa de org.
.174
.162
137
4.12
.05
Interaciune (S x AO)
.174
.156
136
.068
n.s.
56
al
al
Studii i Cercetri
simptomelor
negative
de
sntate
i
angajamentul perceput al organizaiei fa de
angajat
(=-.203,
p<.05)
interaciune (=-.290, p<.05).
variabila
Sntatea
psihologic
Pas
Predictori
df1
df2
F
sch.
Stresul ocupaional
.034
.027
138
4.91
.05
.062
.048
137
4.05
.05
Interaciune (S x APO)
.122
.103
136
9.26
.001
Stresul ocupaional
.149
.143
138
24.13
.001
.209
.198
137
10.46
.001
Interaciune (S x APO)
.231
.214
136
3.79
.05
57
58
Studii i Cercetri
Concluzii
Rezumat
Studiul
de
fa
i-a
propus
investigarea principalelor surse de presiune
resimite de angajai n contextul unei achiziii
internaionale, precum i testarea efectului de
moderare
al
angajamentului
fa
de
organizaie, respectiv a angajamentului
perceput al organizaiei fa de angajat, n
relaia dintre sursele de stres i consecinele
acestuia asupra sntii fizice i psihologice a
indivizilor implicai.
Rezultatele obinute au pus n
eviden experimentarea unui nivel mediu al
stresului,
rezultatele
obinute
nefiind
semnificativ diferite de cele obinute pe
populaia general, un nivel mediu al sntii
fizice i psihologice i un nivel sczut al
angajamentului fa de organizaie, dar i al
angajamentului perceput al organizaiei fa de
angajat.
Dintre cele dou efecte de moderare
testate, doar unul a obinut suport statistic.
Rezultatele analizelor de regresie ierarhic nu
au sprijinit ipoteza formulat cu privire la rolul
de moderator al angajamentului fa de
Fuziunile
i
achiziiile
sunt
evenimente
corporaionale care au potenialul de a crea un nivel
ridicat de stres, cu consecine la nivel psihologic,
comportamental i fizic, ridicnd probleme serioase
att asupra funcionrii indivizilor, ct i a
companiilor n care lucreaz acetia. n contextul
intensificrii investiiilor strine directe n Romnia
sub forma achiziiilor i a lipsei cercetrilor
psihologice n domeniul acestui tip de transformri
organizaionale, studiul de fa i-a propus
identificarea principalelor surse de stres ntlnite n
contextul unei companii romneti, achiziionate de
un investitor strin i a efectului de moderare al
angajamentului organizaional asupra relaiei dintre
stresori i sntate. Cercetarea a fost fundamentat
pe modelul stresului dezvoltat de Cartwright &
Cooper (2002). Rezultatele obinute au evideniat un
nivel moderat al stresului resimit, dar i al sntii
fizice i psihologice, n schimb au pus n eviden
un nivel redus att al angajamentului fa de
organizaie, ct i al angajamentului perceput al
organizaiei fa de angajai. Nu s-a obinut suport
pentru rolul de moderarator al angajamentului fa
59
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