INDEX

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
CONTENT

Pg.no

CHAPTER-1

02

1.1 Modulation

02

1.2 Amplitude Modulation

02

1.3 Frequency Division Multiplexing

03

1.4 Generation of AM Waves

04

1.5 Square Law Diode Modulator

04

1.5.1 Applications

04

1.6 Detection of AM Waves

05

1.7 Envelope detector

05

1.7.1 Demodulation of signals

09

1.7.2 Applications of Envelope Detector

09

1.7.3 Drawbacks of Envelope Detector

09

1.8 AM Detector

10

1.9 Diode Detector

19

CHAPTER-2

12

2.1 AM-DSBSC

12

2.2 Ring Modulator

12

2.2.1. Operation

13

2.2.2. Applications of Ring Modulator

14

2.3. Double Balanced Ring Modulator

15

CHAPTER-3

16

3.1. Single-Sideband Modulation (SSB)

3.1. Single-Sideband Modulation (SSB)

16

3.2 Lower sideband

18

3.3. Demodulation

19

3.3.1 SSB as a speech-scrambling technique

20
3.4. SSB Advantages

20

3.5. Vestigial sideband (VSB)

21

CHAPTER-4

22

4.1. Pulse Modulation (PM)

4.1.1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

22
22

4.1.2. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

23

4.1.3. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

25

4.1.4. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

25

PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

CHAPTER 1

27

1 .Linear Wave shaping

27

1.2 Low Pass RC Circuit

27

1.2 .1 Sinusoidal Input

27

1.2.2 Step Voltage Input

28

1.2.3 Pulse Input

30

1.2.4 Square wave input

31

1.3 High Pass RC circuit

32

1.3.1 Sinusoidal Input

33

1.3.2 Step input

34

1.3.3 Ramp Input

34

1.3.4 Pulse input

35

1.3.5 Square-wave input

36

1.3.6 High pass circuit as a differentiator

37

1.4 AN ATTENUATOR

38

1.4.1 Attenuator used as probe

38

CHAPTER 2

40

2.1 CLIPPERS

40

2.1.1 Series

40

2.1.2 Parallel

42

2.1.3 Clipping circuit

43

2.1.4 Diode Clippers

43

2.1.5 Clipping at two independent Levels

45

2.1.6 Summary

46

2.2 CLAMPERS

47

2.2.1 The Clamping Operation

47

2.2.1 Positive Clamping Circuit

47

2.2.2 Negative Clamping Circuit

48

2.2.3 Clamping Circuit Theorem

49

CHAPTER 3
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES

51

3.1 Switching Characteristics of Junction Diode

51

3.1.1 Diode Forward Recovery Time

51

3.1.2 Diode Reverse Recovery Time

52

3.1.3 Storage and Transition Times

53

3.2 SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR

54

3.2.1 TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

54

3.2.2 TRANSISTOR SWITCHING TIMES

55

3.2.3 Physical Reasons of Switching Times

56

3.2.4 THE TRANSISTOR SWITCH IN SATURATION

57

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1
SIGNALS

60

1. Introduction

61

1.1 Signal

62

1.2 Classification of signals

62

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEMS

69

2.1 System Representation

69

2.2 Continuous time and discrete time systems

69

2.3 Memory and memory less systems

70

2.4 Causal and non causal systems

70

2.5 Linear and non linear systems

71

2.6 Time variant and time invariant systems

71

CHAPTER 3
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS

73

3.1 Response of a LTI system

73

3.2 Impulse system

73

3.3 Response of an arbitrary system

73

3.4 Convolution integral

74

3.5 Properties of convolution integral

74

3.6 Step response

75