c

Din
n Ton hc VMF

K THUT CAUCHY NGC DU

Tc gi :Phm Kim Hng

Bin tp: V nh Vit2 - Trn Trung Kin

1
3

I. LI NI U
Cc bn thn mn!
Bt ng thc (BT) l mt trong nhng phn kin thc c bit quan trng trong
Ton Hc ni chung v chng trnh THPT ni ring. BT cng l mt phn khng th
thiu trong cc k thi Ton, thi i Hc, Cao ng,...
Ni n BT, chng ta khng th khng nhc n mt BT kh quen thuc l BT
Cauchy (AM-GM). Vic luyn tp tt v BT, gip cho cc bn c c nhng t duy
tt hn trong vic hc tp v ci thin tt tm l trong phng thi (khi gp mt bi BT
kh) ...
Cun "Sng to bt ng thc" - TG: Phm Kim Hng, l mt trong nhng cun sch
rt hay vit v ti ny.
gp phn gip cho cc bn nm vng cc kin thc v BT ny, vn dng mt s
k nng, phng php gii quyt cc bi ton lin quan n BT, cng nh vic tm
c cc ti liu vit v BT c d dng hn, ti tng hp v h thng ngn gn li
cc bi tp tiu biu ca phng php gi l: "K thut Cauchy ngc du".
Ti liu c bin son nhn s kin http://diendantoanhoc.net k nim 8 nm hot
ng bi V nh Vit v Trn Trung Kin. C th coi y l phn qu dnh cho tt c
cc bn.
Bi vit s gm 4 phn chnh:
Phn I: LI NI U
Phn II: K THUT CAUCHY NGC DU - PHM KIM HNG : Phn ny s trch
nguyn mu trong sch Sng to bt ng thc - Phm Kim Hng.
Phn III: MT S BI TON V LI GII HAY : Phn ny gm cc bi ton v
li gii ca cc thnh vin trn http://diendantoanhoc.net cng mt s bi ton su tm.
Phn IV: BI TP NGH
Vic bin son khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong nhng kin ng gp
ca cc bn! Mi ng gp xin gi v a ch: echcon_ks9x@yahoo.com.vn
Trn trng cm n!
1

Phm Kim Hng c nickname trn Din n ton hc VMF l hungkhtn.

V nh Vit c nickname trn Din n ton hc VMF l vietfrog.
3
Trn Trung Kin c nickname trn Din n ton hc VMF l Ispectorgadget.
2

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

II.K THUT CAUCHY NGC DU - PHM KIM HNG4

Chng ta s xem xt bt ng thc AM GM v mt k thut c bit - k thut
Cauchy ngc du. y l mt trong nhng k thut hay, kho lo, mi m v n tng
nht ca bt ng thc AM GM . Hy xem cc v d c th sau:
V d 1: Cc s dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 3. Chng minh bt ng
thc:
a
b
c
3
+
+

2
2
2
1+b
1+c
1+a
2
LI GII
Ta khng th s dng trc tip bt ng thc AM GM vi mu s v bt ng thc
s i chiu
b
c
3
a
b
c
a
+
+
?!
+
+

2
2
2
1+b
1+c
1+a
2b 2c 2a
2
Tuy nhin, rt may mn ta c th dng li bt ng thc theo cch khc
a
ab2
ab2
ab
=
a

=a
2
2
1+b
1+b
2b
2
Ta s dng bt ng thc AM GM cho 2 s 1 + b2 2b di mu nhng li c c
mt bt ng thc thun chiu? S may mn y l mt cch dng ngc bt ng thc
AM GM , mt k thut rt n tng v bt ng. Nu khng s dng phng php ny
th bt ng thc trn s rt kh v di.
T bt ng thc trn, xy dng 2 bt ng thc ng t vi b, cri cng c 3 bt ng
thc li suy ra:
b
c
ab + bc + ac
3
a
+
+
=a+b+c

2
2
2
1+b
1+c
1+a
2
2
v ta c ab + bc + ac 3. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Vi cch lm trn c th xy dng bt ng thc tng t vi 4 s.
V d 2: Cc s dng a, b, c, d tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 3. Chng minh bt ng
thc:
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
1+b
1+c
1+d
1 + a2
V nu khng dng k thut Cauchy ngc du th gn nh bi ton ny khng th
gii c theo cch thng thng c. K thut ny thc s hiu qu vi cc bi ton
bt ng thc hon v.
V d 3: Chng minh vi mi s thc dng a, b, c, d tha mn iu kin a + b + c + d = 4
ta c:
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
1 + b c 1 + c d 1 + d a 1 + a2 b
4

Phn II ny c trch nguyn mu trong cun sch Sng to Bt ng thc ca tc gi Phm Kim
Hng.

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n Ton hc VMF

LI GII
Theo bt ng thc AM GM

a
ab2 c
ab2 c
ab c
=a
a =a
1 + b2 c
1 + b2 c
2
2b c

b (a + ac)
b a.ac
a
a
2
4
a
1

a (ab + abc)
2
1+b c
4
Hon ton tng t ta c thm 3 bt ng thc sau:
b
1
c
1
d
1
b (bc + bcd) ,
c (cd + cda) ,
d (da + dab)
2
2
2
1+c d
4
1+d a
4
1+a b
4
Cng v c 4 bt ng thc trn ta c
a
b
c
d
1
+
+
+
a+b+c+d (ab + bc + cd + da + abc + bcd + cda + dab)
2
2
2
2
1+b c 1+c d 1+d a 1+a b
4
T bt ng thc AM GM d dng suy ra cc bt ng thc:
1
ab + bc + cd + da (a + b + c + d)2 = 4
4
abc + bcd + cda + dab
Do

1
(a + b + c + d)3 = 4
16

a
b
c
d
+
+
+
a+b+c+d2=2
2
2
2
1 + b c 1 + c d 1 + d a 1 + a2 b

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 1.

V d 4: Chng minh vi mi s thc dng a, b, c, d tac lun c:
a3
b3
c3
d3
a+b+c+d
+
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b
b +c
c +d
d +a
2
LI GII
S dng bt ng thc AM GM vi 2 s
a3
ab2
ab2
b
=
a

=a
2
2
2
2
a +b
a +b
2ab
2
Xy dng 3 bt ng thc tng t vi b, c, dri cng theo v cc bt ng thc li ta
c:
a3
b3
c3
d3
b
c
d
a
a+b+c+d
+
+
+
a +b +c +d =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b
b +c
c +d
d +a
2
2
2
2
2
Ta c c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi tt c cc bin bng nhau.

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

Mt bt ng thc cng dng trn l:

a4
b4
c4
d4
a+b+c+d
+
+
+

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
a + 2b
b + 2c
c + 2d
d + 2a
3

V d 5: Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c = 3. Chng minh:

a2
b2
c2
+
+
1
a + 2b2 b + 2c2 b + 2a2
LI GII
S dng bin i v bt ng thc AM GM cho 3 s:
2
a2
2ab2
2ab2
2

=
a

= a (ab) 3
3
2
2
4
a + 2b
a + 2b
3
3 ab

Hon ton tng t ta cng c 2 bt ng thc:

2
2
b2
2
2
c2
3,

(bc)
c (ca) 3
2
2
b + 2c
3
c + 2a
3

Do ta ch cn chng minh:
a+b+c


2
2
2
2
(ab) 3 + (bc) 3 + (ca) 3 1
3
2

(ab) 3 + (bc) 3 + (ca) 3 3

Nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng, v theo bt ng thc AM GM :
2

a + ab + b 3(ab) 3 , b + bc + c 3(bc) 3 , c + ca + a 3(ca) 3

Ngoi ra d thy ab + bc + ca 3 nn ta c iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
Kt
bi ton vn ng khi thay gi thit a + b + c = 3 bi ab + bc + ca = 3
quca
hoc a + b + c = 3, trng hp sau kh hn mt cht. Ta c thm mt bt ng thc
khc cng dng trn.
V d 6: Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
b2
c2
a2
+
+
1
a + 2b3 b + 2c3 b + 2a3
LI GII
Chng minh tng t a bt ng thc v:

3
3
3
b a2 + c a2 + a c 2 3
Sau p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
2

ba 3 b (2a + 1) , cb 3 c (2b + 1) , ac 3 a (2c + 1)

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

Cng c ba v bt ng thc trn c iu phi chng minh.

V d 7: Chng minh vi mi s thc dng a, b, c c tng bng 3 th:
a+1
b+1
c+1
+ 2
+ 2
3
2
b +1 c +1 a +1
LI GII
Theo bt ng thc AM GM d thy
(a + 1) b2
b2 (a + 1)
ab + b
a+1
=a+1 2
a+1
=a+1
2
b +1
b +1
2b
2
Tng t ta c 2 bt ng thc na vi b, c ri cng li ta c:

 
 

a+1
b+1
c+1
ab + b
bc + c
ca + a
+
+
a+1
+ b+1
+ c+1
b 2 + 1 c 2 + 1 a2 + 1
2
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
3
2
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
=3+

V d 8: Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, c, d dng c tng bng 4 th:

a+1
b+1
c+1
d+1
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
b +1 c +1 d +1 a +1
Cng bng phng php tng t ta c bt ng thc sau y.
V d 9: Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, c, ddng c tng bng 4 th:
a2

1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
+1 b +1 c +1 d +1

LI GII
Tht vy ta c nh gi sau:
1
a2
a2
a
=
1

=1
2
2
a +1
a +1
2a
2
Sau ch cn lm tng t vib, c, dri cng li ta c iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = d = 1.
K thut Cauchy ngc du l mt k thut gip gii quyt bi ton theo li suy ngh
nh nhng v trong sng, cc kt qu lm bng k thut ny ni chung rt kh c th lm
c theo cch khc, hoc phi lm theo cch kh di.
Trch Sng to Bt ng thcPhm Kim Hng

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n Ton hc VMF

III. MT S BI TON V LI GII HAY

Bi ton 1: Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng . Tm GTLN ca biu thc:

yz
xy
xz
+
P =
+

x + 2 yz y + 2 xz z + 2 xy
( d b khi B 2010)
LI GII
y l li gii ca H QUC T trn Din n ton hc VMF
Ta c:

yz
x
x
(1)
=1
1
x + 2 yz
x + 2 yz
x+y+z
Chng minh tng t:

xy
xz
z
z
y
y
= 1
1
(2);
(3)
= 1
1
x+y+z
z + 2 xy
z + 2 xy
x+y+z
y + 2 xz
y + 2 xz
Cng theo v (1)(2)(3) ta c:
2P 3

x+y+z
=2 P 1
x+y+z

Vy M inP = 1 khi v ch khi x = y = z.

Bi ton 2: Cho 3 s a, b, c l 3 s thc dng.
Chng minh rng:
b3
c3
a+b+c
a3
+
+

a2 + ab + b2 b2 + ab + c2 c2 + ac + a2
3
LI GII 1
y l li gii ca Ispectorgadget trn Din n ton hc VMF
S dng bin i v bt ng thc AM GM cho 3 s ta c:
a3
a2 b + ab2
ab(a + b)
a+b
=
a

=
a

(1)
a2 + ab + b2
a2 + ab + b2
3ab
3
Chng minh tng t ta c:
b3
b+c
c3
a+c
b
(2); 2
c
(3)
2
2
2
b + cb + c
3
c + ac + a
3
Cng (1)(2)(3) ta c:
a3
b2
c3
a+c a+b b+c
a+b+c
+
+
a+b+c

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + ab + b
b + bc + c
c + ac + a
3
3
3
3
Ta c c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c.

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

Ta cng c mt li gii khc kh hay, hon ton khng lin quan n LI GII 1 v
cng thu c nh gi tng t.
LI GII 2
y l li gii ca vietfrog trn Din n ton hc VMF
Li gii ny s dng Phng php tip tuyn
. Gi s:
2a b
a3

2
2
a + ab + b
3
3
3
2
a + b a b ab2 0
(a + b) (a b)2 0 ()
Do a, b > 0 nn bt ng thc () hin nhin ng. Nh vy gi s ng.
Xy dng 2 bt ng thc tng t vi b, c ri cng theo v ta c:
a3
a+b+c
b3
c3
2a b 2b c 2c a
+
+
=
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
a + ab + b
b + ab + c
c + ac + a
3
3
3
3
ng thc xy ra khi xy ra khi a = b = c.
Bi ton 3: Cho a, b, c thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 3.
Chng minh rng:
9
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
+ 2
+ 2

V = 2
a + abc
b + abc
c + abc
2
( thi th H ln 2 trng chuyn Nguyn Hu 2007-2008)
LI GII
y l li gii ca Ispectorgadget trn Din n ton hc VMF
T gi thit ta c:

3
a + b + c = 3 3 abc 1 abc



2
1
1
1
Do : V (a + b + c) a2 +1 + b2 +1 + c2 +1 = 3 1 a2a+1 + 1
b2
c2
a2
+1
+1
3 1
2a
2b
2c


=3 3

a+b+c
2

b2
b2 +1

+1


=9

c2
c2 +1

9
9
=
2
2

Ta c c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1

Bi ton 4: Cho a, b l 2 s thc dng thay i tha mn a + b = 2 Tm gi tr nh nht
ca:
a2
b2
M=
+
a+1 b+1
LI GII 1
Ta c:

a2
a+1

=a

a
a+1

2 a

=a

a
2

Tng t vi b ta c c:
b + 1 b 2b
Cng theo v 2 bt ng thc trn ta c

a2
b2
a
b
1
+
=a
+b
= a + b ( a + b)
a+1 b+1
2
2
2

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

Theo Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:

( a + b)

a+b
2(a + b) a + b
2
p
2(a + b)
=21=1
Do :
M (a + b)
2
Nh vy :
M inM = 1 . Du "=" xy ra khi a=b=c=1
Thc ra th bi ton vn c gii quyt bng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz dng Engel
hay vn gi l bt ng thc Schwarz:
Vi x, y, m, n l cc s dng ta lun c:
x2 y 2
(x + y)2
+

()
m
n
m+n
LI GII 2
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Shwarz dng Engel ta c:
a2
b2
(a + b)2
22
+

=
=1
a+1 b+1
a+b+2
2+2
Ta cng c c M inM = 1 khi v ch khi a = b = 1.
Tuy nhin, khi lm bi thi i hc th ta vn phi chng minh li bt ng thc (). V
vy cch chng minh bng k thut Cauchy ngc du nh trn cng c th l mt la
chn hay.
Bi ton 5: Cho a, b, c l 3 s thc dng; a, b, c < 2 CMR:
1
1
1
a2 + b2 + c2 3
+
+

+
2a 2b 2c
2
2
LI GII
Ta c:

1
b2
b2
b
2b
1
b2 + 1
=
1

=
1

(1)
b2 + 1
b2 + 1
2b
2
2
2b
2

1
c2 + 1
1
a2 + 1

(2) ;

(3)
2c
2
2a
2
Cng theo v (1)(2)(3) ta c:
Chng minh tng t:

1
1
1
a2 + 1 + b 2 + 1 + 1 + c 2
a2 + b 2 + c 2 3
+
+

=
+
2a 2b 2c
2
2
2
Ta c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi cc bin bng 1.
Bi ton 6: Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng tha mn: xyz = 1 Chng minh bt ng thc:
x4 y
y4z
z4x
3
+
+

2
2
2
x +1 y +1 z +1
2

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

LI GII
y l li gii ca phuc_90 trn Din n ton hc VMF
Theo bt ng thc AM GM cho 3 s kt hp vi gi thit xyz = 1 ta c:
q
3
x2 y + x2 y + z 2 x 3 x3 .(xyz)2 = 3x
Tng t ta c c:
y 2 z + y 2 z + x2 y 3y ; z 2 x + z 2 x + y 2 z 3z
Cng 3 bt ng thc theo v theo v ta c:
x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x x + y + z()
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:


1
1
x4 y
2
2
=
x
y
1

x
y

xy
x2 + 1
1 + x2
2
T suy ra:
P
X x4 y
X

1 X AM GM
xy
1 X () 1 X 2
2
xy
x y+y
xy

x y
2
x +1
2
2
2
2

AM GM

3
2

y chnh l iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1.

Bi ton 7: Cho a, b, c l 3 s thc dng thay i tha mn a + b + c = 3 Chng
minh rng:
a
b
c
1
+
+

b3 + 16 c3 + 16 a3 + 16
6
LI GII
y l li gii ca H QUC T trn Din n ton hc VMF
Ta c:
1
ab3
1
ab3
1
ab3
1
ab2
a
=
(a

)
=
(a

(a

)
=
(a

)
b3 + 16
16
b3 + 16
16
b3 + 2 3 + 2 3
16
12b
16
12
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
1
ab2 + bc2 + ca2
1
(3
)
16
12
6
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 4
Chng minh BT mnh hn:
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc 4
Gi s b nm gia a v c.
Ta c:
a(b c)(b a) 0
Theo bt ng thc AM GM
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc = b(a + c)2 + a(b a)(b c) b(a + c)2 4

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Din
n Ton hc VMF

T ta c c iu phi chng minh.

Bi ton 8: Cho a, b, c l 3 s khng nh hn 1. Chng minh bt ng thc:
a(b + c) + b(a + c) + c(a + b) + 2(

1
1
1
)9
+
+ 2
2
2
1+a
1+b
c +1

LI GII
Ta c:
 2

a2
a
1
1
1
b2
c2
b2
c2
= 1
= 3
+
+
+1
1 2
+
+
1 + a2 1 + b 2 c 2 + 1
1 + a2
1 + b2
c +1
1 + a2 1 + b 2 c 2 + 1
Theo bt ng thc AM GM ta c:
a2
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
b2
c2

+
+
=
+
+
2
2
2
1+a
1+b
c +1
2a 2b 2c
2
Suy ra:
a+b+c
1
1
1
3
+
+ 2
2
2
1+a
1+b
c +1
2
Ta cn chng minh:


a+b+c
a(b + c) + b(a + c) + c(a + b) + 2 3
9
2
a (b + c 1) + b (a + c 1) + c (b + a 1) 3 ()
Tht vy, do a, b, c 1 (b + c 1) 1 a (b + c 1) 1. T nhn thy bt ng
thc () ng v suy c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
Bi ton 9: Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn an + bn + cn = k v n, k N .
Tm Min ca biu thc:
S=

an
bn
cn
+
+
1 + nbn+1 1 + ncn+1 1 + nan+1

LI GII
y l li gii ca vietfrog trn Din n ton hc VMF
Ta c:
 X
a,b,c 
a,b,c
a,b,c
a,b,c
X
X
X
n.an bn+1
n.an bn+1
an
n
n
=
a

=
a

S=
1 + nbn+1
1 + nbn+1
1 + nbn+1
cyc
sym
cyc
cyc
k

a,b,c
X
n.an bn+1
cyc

a,b,c

n X n n
=k
.
a b
(n + 1)b
n + 1 cyc

Mt khc ta c:
a,b,c
X

an bn = an bn + bn cn + an cn

cyc

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(an + bn + bn )2
k2
=
3
3

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Din
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Suy ra:
S k

n k2
.
n+1 3

n k
Nh vy: M inS = k n+1
. 3 khi v ch khi a = b = c = k3 .
Bi ton trn c th tng qut cho n s dng.

Bi ton 10: Cho ai > 0; i = 1.n Chng minh rng:

an1
ann
a1 + a2 + ... + an
+
...
+
n1
n1
n1
n1
n1
a1 + (n 2)a2
an + (n 2)a1
LI GII
y l li gii ca anh qua trn Din n ton hc VMF
Ta c:
(n 2)a1 .a2n1
an1
=
a

1
an1
+ (n 2)a2n1
an1
+ (n 2)an1
1
1
2
. M theo bt ng thc AM GM :
an1
+ (n 2)a2n1 (n 1).a1 .an2
1
2
Do :

(n 2)a2
an1
n1
n1 a1
n1
a1 + (n 2)a2

Xy ng cc bt ng thc tng t ri cng v vi v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Trn y l 10 Bi ton v bt ng thc v cc tr c s dng k thut Cauchy ngc du.
C th khng phi l nhng li gii hay nht, ngn gn nht nhng mong rng qua ,
cc bn c th c thm nhng kinh nghim mi, cch nhn nhn mi t sng to ra
nhng li gii tuyt vi. Chc cc bn thnh cng.

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III. BI TP NGH
Di y l mt s bi tp ngh c th gii bng cch s dng k thut Cauchy
ngc du. Nhng bi tp ny c th gii quyt bng nhiu cch nhng hay th t bt
v lm bng k thut c ni ti trong bi. S rt th v!
Bi tp 1: Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i tha mn x + y + z = 3.
Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
V =

x2
y2
z2
+
+
x + y 2 y + z 2 z + x2

Bi tp 2: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:

a3
b2
c3
a+b+c
+ 2
+ 2

2
2
2
2
a +b
b +c
c +a
2
Bi tp 3: Cho a, b l 2 s thc dng tha mn ab = 1.Chng minh rng:
a3
b3
+
1
1 + b 2 1 + a2
Bi tp 4: Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc:
a
b
c
P =
+
+
3
3
1 + 2b
1 + 2c
1 + 2a3
Bi tp 5: Cho a, b, c l 3 s thc dng tha a, b, c < 4.Chng minh bt ng thc:
1
1
1
3 a2 + b2 + c2
+
+
+
4a 4b 4c
4
16
Bi tp 6: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn: a + b + c = k v n N
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:
S=

a,b,c
X
cyc

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a2
a + nbn+1

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Din
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Ti liu tham kho

1. Cun sch Sng to Bt ng thc Phm Kim Hng

2. Din n ton hc VMF : diendantoanhoc.net
3. Mt s thi.

Bin tp : V nh Vit v Trn Trung Kin

Son tho LATEX : V nh Vit.

HT

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