Tieu Chuan IEEE 802

i hc Cng ngh Thng tin
Khoa mng my tnh v truyn thng

Lp MMT03
BI BO CO
Mn: Cng ngh mng vin thng
ti:
Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 v cng ngh Wifi
GVHD
Chiu SVTH
ThS. Ng Hn
Nhm 10
1. L Vn Thng
2. L Trng An
3. Nguyn Vn
Thiu
TP HCM, 11/2011
085205
99
085200
04
085205
96
ti: Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 v cng ngh Wifi
GVHD: ThS. Ng Hn Chiu
MC LC
MC LC.........................................................................................................................................1
LI NI U...................................................................................................................................4
DANH MC BNG BIU V HNH V.......................................................................................5
THUT NG VIT TT.................................................................................................................8
NI DUNG .....................................................................................................................................12
1. Chng I: Tng quan v t chc IEEE v h chun IEEE 802...........................................12
1.1. Gii thiu v t chc IEEE............................................................................................12
1.2. Cc tiu chun IEEE.......................................................................................................13
1.2.1.
Gii thiu ................................................................................................................13
1.2.2.
Cc b tiu chun thuc h IEEE 802 ...................................................................14
1.2.3.
Quan h gia cc chun IEEE v m hnh OSI .....................................................15
2. Chng II: Mt s chun thng dng trong h chun IEEE 802.........................................17

2.1. Chun ha mng LAN/MAN hu tuyn........................................................................17
2.1.1.
IEEE 802.1 - cc giao thc LAN tng cao .............................................................17
2.1.2.
IEEE 802.2 iu khin lin kt logic (LLC) .......................................................18
2.1.3.
IEEE 802.3 tiu chun cho cng ngh Ethernet .................................................18
2.1.4.
IEEE 802.4, .5, .6, .9, .12, .14 ................................................................................22
2.1.5.
IEEE 802.17 ........................................................................................................... 24
2.2. Chun ha mng LAN/MAN khng dy.......................................................................25

2.2.1.
IEEE 802.11 cng ngh WiFi mng WLAN ...................................................26
2.2.2.
IEEE 802.15 Cng ngh Bluetooth, ZigBee mng WPAN .............................26
2.2.3.
IEEE 802.16 cng ngh WiMAX mng WMAN ............................................29
2.2.4.
IEEE 802.20 ........................................................................................................... 34
2.2.5.
IEEE 802.21 ........................................................................................................... 35

1-
2.2.6.
2.3.
IEEE 802.22 mng WRAN .................................................................................35
Chun ha cc thnh phn khc ....................................................................................35
2.3.1.
IEEE 802.10 ........................................................................................................... 36
2.3.2.
IEEE 802.19 ........................................................................................................... 36
3. Chng III: IEEE 802.11 v chun ha mng LAN khng dy (WLAN) ......................... 37
3.1.
Gii thiu b tiu chun IEEE 802.11 ..........................................................................37
3.2.
Kin trc ca chun IEEE 802.11 .................................................................................37
3.2.1.
Cc thnh phn kin trc ........................................................................................37
3.2.2.
Kin trc cc lp trong m hnh OSI ca chun IEEE 802.11 ..............................39
3.2.3.
Phng php truy cp c bn: CSMA/CA .............................................................41
3.2.4.
Cc chng thc mc MAC ....................................................................................43
3.2.5.
Phn on v Ti hp .............................................................................................43
3.2.6.
Cc khng gian khung Inter (Inter Frame Space) ..................................................44
3.2.7.
Gii thut Exponential Backoff ..............................................................................45
3.2.8.
So snh kiu C s h tng v kiu Ad Hoc ..........................................................46
3.3.
L thuyt v mng khng dy .......................................................................................48
3.3.1.
Cch mt trm ni vi mt cell hin hu (BSS) ...................................................48
3.3.2.
Roaming .................................................................................................................48
3.3.3.
Gi ng b ............................................................................................................49
3.3.4.
Tit kim nng lng .............................................................................................49
3.3.5.
Cc kiu khung .......................................................................................................50
3.3.6.
Khun dng khung .................................................................................................50
3.3.7.
Cc khung nh dng ph bin nht .......................................................................54
3.3.8.
Hm Phi hp im (PCF) ....................................................................................56
3.3.9.
Cc mng Ad-hoc ...................................................................................................56
3.4.
Cc tiu chun trong b tiu chun IEEE 802.11 .........................................................56

1-
3.4.1.
IEEE 802.11 ........................................................................................................... 56
3.4.2.
IEEE 802.11b ..........................................................................................................57
3.4.3.
IEEE 802.11a ..........................................................................................................57
3.4.4.
IEEE 802.11d ..........................................................................................................58
3.4.5.
IEEE 802.1x (Tbd) .................................................................................................58
3.4.6.
IEEE 802.11i ..........................................................................................................58
3.4.7.
IEEE 802.11g ..........................................................................................................59
3.4.8.
IEEE 802.11h ..........................................................................................................59
3.4.9.
IEEE 802.11n ..........................................................................................................60
3.5.
Bo mt trong mng WLAN .........................................................................................69
3.5.1.
C s bo mt mng WLAN ..................................................................................69
3.5.2.
WEP ........................................................................................................................74
3.5.3.
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) .............................................................................75
3.5.4.
WPA2 .....................................................................................................................76
3.5.5.
Trng thi bo mt mng WLAN ...........................................................................84
3.5.6.
Cc v d kin trc bo mt mng WLAN ............................................................85
3.5.7.
Bo mt ...................................................................................................................88
3.5.8.
Kin trc khuyn ngh ............................................................................................88
KT LUN V PHNG HNG TIP CN TIP THEO ...................................................91

TI LIU THAM KHO ..............................................................................................................92
1-
LI NI U
X hi ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu i sng ngy cng cao, con ngi cn c nhiu
phng tin tha mn nhng nhu cu v cng vic v sinh hot. Vic kt ni v truyn ti gia
cc thit b cng ngh ngy cng c yu cu cao v cng ngh cng nh tc truyn ti. p
ng nhu cu ngy cng cao , Vin IEEE pht trin tiu chun 802 dnh cho cc mng LAN
v mng MAN. Tri qua thi gian pht trin, cc k s ca vin IEEE pht trin rt nhiu cc
chun khc nhau thuc h chun IEEE 802. Cc chun c dng rng ri nht l dnh cho h
Ethernet, Token Ring, mng LAN khng dy, cc mng LAN dng bridge v bridge o.
Ti liu ny tp trung tm hiu tng quan v h chun IEEE 802. Bn cnh , ti liu cng
i su tm hiu v tiu chun IEEE 802.11, mt trong nhng b tiu chun quan trng trong h
chun IEEE 802. Ti liu c chia lm 3 chng gm:
1. Chng I: Tng quan v t chc IEEE v h chun IEEE 802.

2. Chng II: Mt s chun thng dng trong h chun IEEE 802.
3. Chng III: IEEE 802.11 v chun ha mng LAN khng dy (WLAN)
Cui cng chng em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn v to iu kin ca thy ThS. Ng
Hn Chiu trong qu trnh chng em hon thnh ti ny.
4-
DANH MC BNG BIU V HNH V

BNG BIU
Bng 1.1: Cc b tiu chun thuc h chun IEEE 802.................................................................15
Bng 2.1 : So snh ZigBee Wifi - Bluetooth...............................................................................28
Bng 3.1. So snh cc lp vt l ca chun IEEE 802.11..............................................................39
Bng 3.2: Tng kt cc cch dng a ch......................................................................................54
Bng 3.3: Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11n.......................................................................64
Bng 3.4: Cc c im k thut ca IEEE 802.11n......................................................................66
Bng 3.5. Cc c tnh ca cc kin trc bo mt mng WLAN...................................................88
HNH V
Hnh 1.1: M hnh phn tng ca mng LAN.................................................................................16
Hnh 1.2: Quan h gia mt s chun IEEE v m hnh OSI........................................................16
Hnh 1.3: Cc th v v cch tip cn i vi m hnh OSI...........................................................17
Hnh 2.1: Mt s loi mng Ethernet vi ng truyn vt l.......................................................21
Hnh 2.2: V d v mt mng Ethernet...........................................................................................21
Hnh 2.3: Vng RPR........................................................................................................................25
Hnh 2.4: Cc lnh vc ng dng ZigBee.......................................................................................29
Hnh 2.5: Wimax Relay...................................................................................................................31
Hnh 3.1. Mng WLAN IEEE 802.11 tiu biu..............................................................................38
Hnh 3.2. Lp MAC........................................................................................................................40

Hnh 3.3. Giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp NAV....................................................43
Hnh 3.4. Khung MSDU..................................................................................................................44

Hnh 3.5. S c ch truy cp......................................................................................................46
Hnh 3.6. So snh kiu Ad Hoc v kiu c s h tng...................................................................47
Hnh 3.7. Khun dng khung chun IEEE 802.11..........................................................................50
Hnh 3.8. Khun dng khung MAC................................................................................................51
Hnh 3.9. Trng iu khin khung (Frame Control)....................................................................52
Hnh 3.10: Khun dng khung RTS................................................................................................54
Hnh 3.11: nh dng khung CTS...................................................................................................55
Hnh 3.12: nh dng khung ACK.................................................................................................55
Hnh 3.13:Logo chng nhn sn phm t chun 802.11n............................................................61
Hnh 3.14: Cng ngh MIMO.........................................................................................................63
Hnh 3.15 :Cc chui d liu ca 802.11n......................................................................................63
Hnh 3.16: S tp hp ci thin hiu qu trong ch Mixed......................................................68
Hnh 3.17: Cc mc bo v mng..............................................................................................70
Hnh 3.18. Cc mu lan truyn RF ca cc anten ph bin............................................................72
Hnh 3.19. Chng thc h thng m...............................................................................................73
Hnh 3.20. Chng thc kha chia s...............................................................................................74
Hnh 3.21: Key Generation trong WEP, WPA v WPA2..............................................................77
Hnh 3.22: Per-Packet Key Generation...........................................................................................79
Hnh 3.23: Authentication Architecture..........................................................................................80
Hnh 3.24: EAPOL.........................................................................................................................81
Hnh 3.25: Authentication Overview.............................................................................................82
6-
Hnh 3.26: Hot ng ca ASE Counter Mode...............................................................................83

Hnh 3.27: CBC MAC.....................................................................................................................84
7-
Hnh 3.28. Chng thc LEAP/RADIUS Cisco...............................................................................87

Hnh 3.29. Kin trc mng WLAN c xng.......................................................................89
THUT NG VIT TT
0-9
100VG-
100VG (Voice Grade) AnyLan
Mt loi cng ngh mng
AnyLA
N
3G
3
Third-Generation
Cng ngh truyn thng th h th
4G
4
Fourth-Generation
Cng ngh truyn thng th h th

A
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ng dy thu bao bt i
xng AMC
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
Vin Tiu chun Quc gia Hoa
K AP
Access Point
im truy nhp
ARCNET
Attached Rersource Computer Network
Mt loi mng cc b Token-
passing ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Giao thc truyn thng ATM

B
BAN
Body Area Network Technologies
Mt loi cng ngh truyn thng
BS
Base Station
Trm pht
BSS
Basic Service Set
Tp dch v c s
C
CCK
Complementary Code Keying
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/
K thut iu ch kha m b
DOCSIS
Data Over Cable
Service Interface
Collision Avoidance
D
Specification
a truy nhp cm nhn sng mng nhm trnh

xung i
L mt c t
DQDB
Distributed-queue dual-bus
Cp quang hnh trng dng bus kp
DS
distributed system
H thng phn tn
DSSS
Directed Sequence Spread Spectrum
Tri ph chui trc
tip
E
EV-DO
Cng ngh pht trin ti u ha d li u
Evolution-Data Optimized
F
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Giao din D liu Phn b theo Cp

si quang
G
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Dch v v tuyn gi tng hp
GSM
Global System for Mobile
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu
Communications
H
HARQ
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
K thut sa li bng d lp
I
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Hc Vin k ngh in v in T
Engineers
IP
Internet Protocol
Giao thc lin mng
ISL
Inter-Switch Link
Cc giao thc Cisco Inter-Switch Link
ISO
International Organization for
T chc tiu chun ha quc t
Standardization
L
LAN
Local Area Network
Mng my tnh cc b
LLC
Logical Link Control
iu khin logic
M
MAC
Media Access Control
iu khin truy cp mi trng truyn
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
Mng th MAN
MBWA
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Mng di ng bng rng
MIH
Media Independent Handover
MIMO
Multi Input Multi Output
K thut phn chia a ng
MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching
Mt loi cng ngh truyn thng

O
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection Reference
M hnh tham chiu kt ni cc h

thng m
Q
QoS
Quality of Service
Cht lng dch v
QPDS
Queued-Packet, Distributed-Switch
Gii thut sp xp hng phn tn

R
RIFS
Reduced Inter-Frame Spacing
Gim khng gian gim cc frame
PRP
Resilient Packet Ring
Tiu chun thit k vn chuyn ti

u d liu.
S
SDH/SON
ET
Mt chun mng truyn thng
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/

Synchronous Optical Networking
SOFDMA
Mt k thut tri ph ci tin t

OFDMA
SS
Sucriber Station
Ngi s dng
TAG
Technical AdviSory Group
Mt t chc
T
TV
Television
Truyn hnh
U
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications
L mng di ng th h th 3
System
V
VLAN
Virtual Local Area Network
Mng Lan o
W
Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity
H thng mng khng dy
WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access
10-
L mt cng ngh vin thng cho php kt ni Internet

bng rng khong cch ln
10-
WLAN
Wireless LAN
Mng LAN khng dy
WMAN
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
Mng khng dy nh v th hay

gin l mng MAN khng dy
WMM
Wi-Fi Multimedia
Wi-Fi a phng tin
WPAN
Wireless Personnal Area Network
Mng khng dy c nhn
WRAN
Wireless Regional Area Network
Mng khng dy vng a l
11-
NI DUNG
1. Chng I: Tng quan v t chc IEEE v h chun IEEE 802
Trong chng ny s trnh by tng quan v t chc IEEE v cc h chun IEEE 802 cng nh
cc thng tin lin quan n h chun ny.
Mc ch thy c:
S lc v t chc IEEE v h tiu chun IEEE 802.
Cc b tiu chun v ang c chun ha.
Phm vi: Khng i su vo chi tit v t chc IEEE v cc tiu chun c th, m ch nu ln
khi nim s lc, cch tip cn cng nh hin trng ca cc tiu chun thuc h chun IEEE 802.
1.1. Gii thiu v t chc IEEE
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ngha l "Hc Vin k ngh in v
in T") (pht m trong ting Anh nh i triple e), l t chc chuyn mn k thut ln nht trn
th gii vi mc tiu thc y s sng to v chuyn ngnh cng ngh v li ch con ngi, c
thnh lp vo nm 1884 bi mt s cc chuyn gia in nh Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham
Bell New York, M. T chc ny chnh thc hot ng u nm 1963. IEEE l t chc hng
u trong cc lnh vc t cc h thng khng gian v tr, my tnh v vin thng n k thut ha
sinh, nng lng in, in t tiu dng vi 39 hi chuyn ngnh. IEEE ang ngy cng ln
mnh, hin nay c 380.000 hi vin l cc nh khoa hc, cc nh gio dc, cc chuyn gia u
ngnh, cc k s trong nhiu ngnh ngh t hn 150 nc, hot ng trong 325 chi hi 10 vng
lnh th trn ton th gii. Vi 1300 tiu chun ban hnh v hn 400 tiu chun ang c son
tho. IEEE cn l c quan pht trin cc tiu chun quc t hng u trong cc lnh vc vin
thng, cng ngh thng tin, thit b sn xut nng lng v dch v,
T chc IEEE thnh lp mt y ban chun ha ring cho mng LAN/MAN c gi l
IEEE 802. y ban ny tin hnh chun ha cc thnh phn cng nh tng chi tit trong cu trc
mng LAN/MAN v cc qu trnh kt ni gia chng. Cc tiu chun do y ban ny chun ha
c chia thnh cc nhm nh, tng ng vi tng lnh vc ca cc chun . y ban chun ha
mng LAN/MAN IEEE 802 c mt nguyn tc c bn l duy tr v khuyn khch s dng cc
chun ha IEEE/ANSI v cc chun tng ng IEC/ISO JTC trong lp 1 v lp 2 ca m hnh

tham chiu OSI. y ban ny gp nhau t nht 3 ln mt nm t khi c thnh lp nm 1980. Theo
yu cu ca mt s nc thnh vin, tp cc chun IEEE 802 c quc t ha trong chun JTC1.
Tp cc chun ny c bit n vi k hiu l 802.xxx v cc chun tng ng ca JTC1 c k
hiu l 8802-nm. IEEE 802 quan nim khi nim local (trong LAN) ngha l cc khu trng hc,
c quan, cn khi nim metropolitan (trong MAN) ngha l trong mt thnh ph, th.
Trong h chun IEEE 802, IEEE a ra cc chun v cng ngh Ethernet u tin, cc cng
ngh v mng LAN khng dy (Wireless LAN, WPAN, WiMAX),
1.2. Cc tiu chun IEEE
1.2.1.
Gii thiu
IEEE 802 l cc h chun IEEE dnh cho cc mng LAN v mng MAN. C th hn, cc
chun IEEE 802 c gii hn cho cc mng mang gi tin c kch thc a dng. (Khc vi cc
mng ny, d liu trong cc mng cell-based c truyn theo cc n v nh c cng kch thc
c gi l cell. Cc mng Isochronous, ni d liu c truyn theo mt dng lin tc cc octet,
hoc cc nhm octet, ti cc khong thi gian u n, cng nm ngoi phm vi ca chun ny).
Cc dch v v giao thc c t trong IEEE 802 nh x ti hai tng thp (tng lin kt d liu
v tng vt l ca m hnh 7 tng OSI). Thc t, IEEE 802 chia tng lin kt d liu OSI thnh hai
tng con LLC (iu khin logic lin kt) v MAC (iu khin truy cp mi trng truyn). C th,
ta c th lit k nh sau:
Tng lin kt d
liu o Tng con
LLC o Tng con
MAC
Tng vt l
H chun IEEE 802 c bo tr bi LMSC (Ban Tiu Chun LAN/MAN IEEE 802) c
thnh lp nm 1980. LMSC pht trin rt nhiu tiu chun cho mng LAN/MAN trong ph
13-
bin nht l cc tiu chun dnh cho h Ethernet, Token Ring, mng LAN khng dy. Mi lnh
vc c mt Working Group c lp tp trung nghin cu.
14-
H chun IEEE 802 hin c 3 tiu chun c chun ha:

Tiu chun 802-2001 IEEE cho cc mng LAN v MAN: tng quan v kin trc chung,
tiu chun ny l mt phn ca h tiu chun 802 LAN/MAN v nu tng quan v h
giao thc ny. ng thi nh ngha s tun th vi h tiu chun IEEE 802, m t mi
quan h ca cc tiu chun IEEE 802 vi m hnh tham chiu OSI v mi quan h ca
nhng tiu chun ny vi cc giao thc lp cao hn. Tiu chun ny cng a ra mt kin
trc chun v a ch LAN MAC v s nhn dng cc giao thc chung, ring v chun.
Tiu chun IEEE 802a-2003 cho mng LAN v MAN ni v cc loi Ethernet cho cc
loi giao thc khc nhau v trin khai c th ca tng nh cung cp thit b.
Tiu chun IEEE 802b-2004 cho mng LAN v MAN ni v qu trnh ng k v nhn
dng cc mc tiu.
P802/D29 (C/LM) ni v tng quan v kin trc ca mng LAN v MAN. Trong d n ny
nhm im li cc chun c lin quan xut bn trc cng nh tho lun v cc
chun ny.
1.2.2.
Cc b tiu chun thuc h IEEE 802
IEEE l t chc i tin phong trong lnh vc chun ha mng cc b vi d n IEEE 802 bt
u c trin khai v kt qu l hng lot chun h IEEE 802 ra i, to nn tng quan trng cho
vic thit k v ci t mng cc b trong thi gian qua. V tr ca h chun ny cng cao hn khi
ISO xem xt v tip nhn chng thnh chun quc t mang tn ISO 8802.x. n nay h IEEE
802 bao gm cc b tiu chun sau:
Tiu chun
Lnh vc nghin cu
IEEE 802.1
Cc giao thc LAN tng cao
IEEE 802.2
iu khin lin kt logic
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
IEEE 802.4
Token Bus
IEEE 802.5
Token Ring
Trng thi hot ng

ngng pht trin
gii tn
IEEE 802.6
Metropolitan Area Network
gii tn
IEEE 802.7
Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable
gii tn
IEEE 802.8
Fiber Optic TAG
gii tn
IEEE 802.9
Integrated Services LAN
gii tn
IEEE 802.10
Interoperable LAN Security
gii tn
IEEE 802.11
Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi certification)
IEEE 802.12
Cng ngh 100 Mbits/s plus
IEEE 802.13
Khng s dng
IEEE 802.14
Modem cp
Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15
gii tn
Bluetooth certification
IEEE 802.15.1
ZigBee certification
IEEE 802.15.4
Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX
IEEE 802.16
certification)
(Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.17
Resilient packet ring
IEEE 802.18
Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19
Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.21
Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22
Wireless Regional Area Network

Bng 1.1: Cc b tiu chun thuc h chun IEEE 802
1.2.3.
Quan h gia cc chun IEEE v m hnh OSI
Ngoi m hnh OSI dng cho vic chun ha cc mng ni chung, vic chun ha mng
LAN/MAN cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian di. Do c trng ring, vic
chun ha mng LAN/MAN ch c thc hin trn hai tng thp nhp, tng ng vi tng vt l
v tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI.
Hnh 1.1: M hnh phn tng ca mng LAN

Trong LAN, tng lin kt d liu c chia lm hai tng con: LLC v MAC. LLC m bo
tnh c lp ca vic qun l cc lin kt d liu vi ng truyn vt l v phng php truy cp
ng truyn MAC. Tng con LLC trng vi nhiu mi trng truyn vt l khc nhau (chng hn
Ethernet, token ring, WLAN). Trong khi , MAC qun l truy cp ng truyn, hot ng vi
vai tr mt giao din gia tng con LLC v tng vt l ca mng.
Hnh 1.2 sau s m t s so snh v tr tng i ca mt s chun IEEE 802.x trn khi so
snh vi m hnh OSI:
Hnh 1.2: Quan h gia mt s chun IEEE v m hnh OSI

Hnh 1.3 s m t cc th d khc nhau v cch tip cn ca t chc IEEE i vi m hnh OSI
-16-
Hnh 1.3: Cc th v v cch tip cn i vi m hnh OSI

2. Chng II: Mt s chun thng dng trong h chun IEEE 802
Trong chng ny s trnh by chung v cc b tiu chun trong h chun IEEE 802 v nhn
mnh mt s chun quan trng, c p dng rng ri trong cuc sng.
Mc ch thy c:
S lc v cc b tiu chun thuc h IEEE 802.
c im, tnh cht ca cc b tiu chun quan trng.
Phm vi: Khng i su vo chi tit cc chun thng thng, khng quan trng. Trong khi ,
o su vo cc chun quan trng, c ng dng rng ri.
2.1. Chun ha mng LAN/MAN hu tuyn
Bao gm cc b chun IEEE 802.1, .2, .3, .4, .5, .6, .9, .12, .14, .17. Nhng b chun ny ch
yu chun ha v mng LAN/MAN hu tuyn, v cng ngh Ethernet cng nh cc phng thc
truy nhp v bo hiu vt l cho cc cho cc cng ngh mng LAN/MAN hu tuyn gm: Token
Bus, Token Ring, DQDB, cc dch v tch hp, u tin theo yu cu.
C th nh sau:
2.1.1.
IEEE 802.1 - cc giao thc LAN tng cao
IEEE 802.1 l chun c t kin trc mng, kt ni gia cc mng v vic qun tr mng i
vi cc mng cc b. Tiu chun IEEE 802.1 c pht trin cho cc lnh vc sau: kin trc mng
LAN/WAN, kt ni gia cc mng LAN, mng MAN v cc mng li rng khu vc khc, bo
mt, tng th mng li qun l v giao thc cc lp pha trn MAC v LLC.
Trong h tiu chun ny hin c nhiu chun c th cho tng vn nh:
Chun IEEE P802.1AB/D10 l phin bn nhp hin cha c thng qua ni v cc trm
v qu trnh khm ph iu khin truy nhp mi trng.
Chun IEEE 802.1F-1993 (R2004) ni v cc nh ngha v cc th tc chung cho thng
tin qun l IEEE 802
Chun IEEE 802.1D-2004 v cu ni iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC).
17-
Chun IEEE 802.1G, 1998 ni v k thut thng tin, vin thng v qu trnh trao i thng
tin gia cc h thng.
Chun IEEE 802.1X-2001 ni v iu khin truy nhp mng da vo cng.
Chun IEEE P802.1X/D11 l phin bn nhp hin vn cha c thng qua cng ni
v iu khin truy nhp mng da trn cng.
P802.1t/D10 (C/LM) l chun v k thut thng tin, vin thng v trao i thng tin gia
cc h thng mng LAN v mng MAN-cc c tnh chung - phn 3: cc cu ni iu
khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC)- cc hiu chnh v k thut v ni dung.
P802.1w/D10 (C/LM) chun ny cng nh chun P802.1t/D10 trn, tuy nhin phn ny
ni v qu trnh cu hnh li nhanh.
P802.1X/D11(C/LM) ni v iu khin truy nhp mng da trn cng.
P802.1y (C/LM) ni v cu ni iu khin truy nhp mi trng trong mng LAN/MAN bn sa i th 3: Cc hiu chnh v ni dung v k thut v c thng qua vo thng 12
nm 2005.
P802.1aa (C/LM) ni v iu khin truy nhp mng da trn cng trong mng LAN v
mng MAN
2.1.2.
IEEE 802.2 iu khin lin kt logic (LLC)
IEEE 802.2 l chun c t tng LLC (dch v, giao thc) ca mng LAN.
C 3 kiu giao thc LLC chnh c nh ngha:
LLC type 1: L giao thc kiu khng lin kt, khng bo nhn.
LLC type 2: L giao thc kiu c lin kt.
LLC type 3: L giao thc dng khng lin kt, c bo nhn.
Cc giao thc ny c xy dng da theo phng thc cn bng ca giao thc HDLC v c
cc khun dng d liu v cc chc nng tng t, c bit l trong trng hp LLC type 2.
Hin ti, b tiu chun ny khng cn hot ng na.
2.1.3.
IEEE 802.3 tiu chun cho cng ngh Ethernet
Vi i hi ni mng cc my tnh vi nhau, mng LAN ra i. Cng vi l cc b giao

thc cho php kt ni LAN (FDDI, TokenRing,) ra i theo tuy nhin pht trin nht vn l
Ethernet.
Ethernet l mt h ln v a dng gm cc cng ngh mng da khung d liu (frame-based)
dnh cho mng LAN. Ethernet nh ngha mt lot cc chun ni dy v pht tn hiu cho tng vt
l, hai phng tin truy nhp mng ti phn MAC (iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn)
ca tng lin kt d liu (data-link), v mt nh dng chung cho vic nh a ch.
Ethernet v m hnh kin trc c bn c hnh thnh vo nhng nm 1970 v tr thnh
cng ngh ch o xy dng mng LAN vo nhng nm 1980. Tri qua hn hai thp k pht
trin, vi mc tiu xuyn sut l xy dng mt giao din mm do, c linh hot v tin cy ln,
gim gi thnh lp t mng, thun tin cho vic vn hnh v bo dng, p ng c nhng i
hi ngy cng cao ca mng chuyn mch gi, Ethernet ngy nay tr nn ph bin trong cc
im tp trung lu lng ca mng Internet, v ti cc kt ni ca cc my tnh trong mng vn
phng. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, tc Ethernet c ci thin t Mbps
ln Gbps. Song song vi n, cu hnh mng my tnh s dng cng ngh Ethernet cng pht
trin t cu trc bus dng chung ln cu trc mng chuyn mch hnh sao. y l nhng nhn t
quan trng xy dng cc mng my tnh c dung lng cao, cht lng cao, hiu sut cao, p
ng c nhng i hi ngy cng kht khe ca yu cu v cht lng (QoS).
Do , y ban IEEE 802 chun ha Ethernet thnh IEEE 802.3. IEEE 802.3 quy nh cc
phng thc truy nhp v bo hiu vt l cho cc k thut mng MAN v LAN hu tuyn theo
CSMA/CD. Theo , cu trc mng hnh sao, hnh thc ni dy cp xon (twisted pair) ca
Ethernet tr thnh cng ngh LAN c s dng rng ri nht t thp k 1990 n nay. N
thay th cc chun LAN cnh tranh khc nh Ethernet cp ng trc (coaxial cable), Token Ring,
FDDI v ARCNET.
Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh, tc kt ni trong Ethernet khng ngng c
nng cao. Vo nm 1995, Fast Ethernet ra i, IEEE dng 802.3u quy chun cho cc tiu ch c
lin quan n Fast Ethernet. Tip n l 802.3z (10Gbps qua cp quang), 802.3ab (10 Gbps qua
cp UTP), 802.3ae(10Gbps),..
Hin c 4 tiu chun ni v mng LAN/MAN thuc h ny.
Chun IEEE 802.3-2002 ni v k thut thng tin, vin thng v s trao i thng tin
gia cc h thng mng LAN v mng MAN.
Chun IEEE 802.3af-2003, chun ny cng nh chun IEEE 802.3-2002 nhng ni
v cng sut thit b u cui s liu (DTE) qua giao din c lp vi mi trng (MDI).
Chun IEEE 802.3aj-2003, chun ny cng nh hai chun trn nhng phn ny ni v qu
trnh bo dng trong mng.
Chun 802.3ak-2004, chun ny ni v cc tham s qun l v lp vt l cho hot
ng ti tc 10 Gb/s, loi 10GBase-CX4.
P802.3ah (C/LM) v k thut thng tin - vin thng v qu trnh trao i thng tin gia
cc h thng mng LAN v mng MAN.
P1802.3/D3.2 (C/LM) ni v phng php kim tra ph hp cho cc chun ca IEEE v

mng LAN v MAN.
Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, Wi-Fi dng LAN khng dy c chun ha bi b tiu
chun IEEE 802.11 c s dng bn cnh hoc thay th cho Ethernet trong nhiu cu hnh
mng.
Mt s thng tin thm v cc quy nh v mng khung d liu IEEE 802.3 quy nh mt s loi
mng c ng truyn vt l nh sau:
20-
Hnh 2.1: Mt s loi mng Ethernet vi ng truyn vt l

V d v mt mng Ethernet:
Hnh 2.2: V d v mt mng Ethernet
2.1.4.
IEEE 802.4, .5, .6, .9, .12, .14
Cc phng thc truy nhp v bo hiu vt l cho cc cho cc cng ngh mng MAN/LAN
hu tuyn gm: Token Bus, Token Ring, DQDB, cc dch v tch hp, u tin theo yu cu.
Nhng chun nh 802.4, 802.5, 802.6, 802.9 v 802.12 hin ang b lng qun v khng hot ng
cn 802.14 va b gii tn.
Mt s thng tin v cc chun ny:
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.4 l chun c t mng cc b vi tnh trng bus s dng token iu khin truy
cp ng truyn. IEEE 802.4 cng bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau:
-
c t dch v MAC
Giao thc MAC
c t dch v tng vt l
c t ng truyn
Nguyn l phng php truy nhp c iu khin: cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn
cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt token c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit
lp bi cc trm . Token l n v d liu c bit dng cp pht quyn truyn d liu. Cc
i tng c nhu cu truyn d liu s bt tay vi nhau to thnh mt vng logic v token s
c lu truyn trong vng logic ny. Sau khi truyn xong data hoc ht thi gian cm token th
token c chuyn sang trm k tip trong vng logic. y thc cht l phng php thm nhp
mng theo kiu pht tn tn hiu thm d token qua cc trm v ng truyn bus.
IEEE 802.5
IEEE 802.5 l chun c t mng LAN vi hnh trng vng s dng th bi iu khin truy
cp ng truyn. IEEE 802.5 cng bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau:
-
c t dch v MAC.
Giao thc MAC.
c t thc th tng vt l.
c t ni trm.
Nguyn l: IEEE 802.5 dng cho mng dng xoay vng v trn c s dng tn hiu thm d
token. Mi trm khi nhn c tn hiu thm d token th tip nhn token v bt u qu trnh
truyn thng tin di dng cc frame. Phng php xm nhp mng ny quy nh nhiu mc u
tin khc nhau cho ton mng v cho mi trm, vic quy nh ny va do ngi thit k va do
ngi s dng t quy nh.
IEEE 802.6
IEEE 802.6 l chun c t mt mng tc cao ni kt nhiu LAN thuc cc khu vc khc
nhau ca mt th. Mng ny s dng cp quang vi hnh trng dng bus kp (dual-bus), v th
cn c gi l DQDB. Lu thng trn mi bus l mt chiu v khi c cp bus cng hot ng s
to thnh mt cu hnh chu li. Phng php iu khin truy cp da theo mt gii thut xp hng
phn tn c tn l QPDS (Queued-Packet, Distributed-Switch).
y l mt ci tin ca mt tiu chun c hn (c to bi ANSI) m n s dng cu trc
mng FDDI. Cc tiu chun da trn FDDI b tht bi do thc hin tn km v thiu tnh tng
thch vi cc chun LAN hin hnh. Cc tiu chun IEEE 802.6 s dng DQDB nn n h tr ln
ti 150 Mbit/s tc truyn ti. Tiu chun ny khng thnh cng, ch yu l do tiu chun FDDI
m n da theo cng khng thnh cng.
IEEE 802.9
IEEE 802.9 l chun c t mt mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10
Mbps cng vi 95 knh 64 Kbps. Gii thng tng cng 16 Mpbs. Chun ny c thit k cho cc
mi trng c lu lng lu thng ln v cp bch. Tiu chun ny thng c gi l
isoEthernet. C mt s nh cung cp h tr cho isoEthernet, nhng n b mt th trng do vic
pht trin nhanh chng ca Fast Ethernet v cc nhm lm vic pht trin b tiu chun ny gii
tn.
IEEE 802.12
IEEE 802.12 l chun c t mng cc b da trn cng ngh c xut bi AT&T, IBM v
HP, gi l 100 VG AnyLAN. Mng ny s dng hnh trng mng hnh sao v mt phng php
truy cp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu, trm s gi yu cu
n hub v trm ch c th truyn d liu khi c hub cho php.
Chun ny nhm cung cp mt mng tc cao (100 Mbps v c th ln hn) c th hot ng
trong cc mi trng hn hp Ethernet v Token Ring, bi th n chp nhn ca hai dng khung.
100VG AnyLAN l i th cnh tranh ng gm ca 100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet) nh mt s
tnh nng ni tri hn, chng hn v khong cch i cp ti a cho php.
IEEE 802.14
Vo nhng nm 1990, y ban IEEE 802 thnh lp mt tiu ban (802.14) pht trin mt tiu
chun cho cc h thng modem cp. Trong khi tin b ng k, nhm ny b gii tn khi cc nh
iu hnh h thng Bc M ng h cc c im k thut mi m, non tr hn l DOCSIS.
2.1.5.
IEEE 802.17
IEEE 802.17 hay l RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), giao thc lp MAC ang c IEEE chun
ha, l gii php cho vn bng n nhu cu kt ni tc cao v chi ph thp trong khu vc
thnh ph. Bng cch ghp thng k gi IP truyn trn h tng vng si quang, c th khai thc
hiu qu dng vng quang v tn dng u im truyn gi nh Ethernet. Khi c li node hay lin
kt xy ra trn vng si quang, RPR thc hin chuyn mch bo v thng minh i hng lu
lng i xa khi ni b li vi tin cy t ti thi gian nh hn 50 ms.
RPR s dng vng song hng gm hai si quang truyn ngc chiu nhau, c hai vng ng
thi c s dng truyn gi d liu v iu khin. RPR cho php nh cung cp dch v gim
chi ph thit b phn cng cng nh thi gian v chi ph ca vic gim st mng. Trong RPR khng
c khi nim khe thi gian, ton b bng thng c n nh cho lu lng. Bng cch tnh ton
kh nng mng v d bo yu cu lu lng, RPR ghp thng k v phn phi cng bng bng
thng (fairness) cho cc node trn vng trnh tc nghn c th mang li li ch hn nhiu so vi
vng SDH/SONET da trn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian.
RPR l giao thc lp MAC vn hnh lp 2 ca m hnh OSI, n khng nhn bit lp 1 nn
c lp vi truyn dn nn c th lm vic vi WDM, SDH hay truyn dn da trn Ethernet (s
dng GBIC - Gigabit Interface Converter). Ngoi ra, RPR i t thit b a lp n dch v mng
thng minh lp 3 nh MPLS. MPLS kt hp thit b ra mng IP lp 3 vi thit b lp 2 nh ATM,

Frame Relay. S kt hp tin cy v kh nng phc hi ca RPR vi u im qun l lu lng
v kh nng m rng ca MPLS VPN v MPLS TE c xem l gii php xy dng MAN trn th
gii hin nay.
Mt nhc im ca cc phin bn u tin RPR l n khng cung cp ti s dng khng
gian truyn frame n t a ch MAC khng c mt trn vng. Vn ny c gii quyt bi
IEEE 802.17b, trong xc nh mt khng gian tng con ty chn (SAS). iu ny cho php ti
s dng khng gian truyn frame n t a ch MAC khng c mt trong vng.
Hin nay RPR l vn kh phc tp v cha c chun ho y , nhiu nh sn xut c
sn phm RPR 802.17 nhng kh nng tng thch gia sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau l
khng chc chn.
Hnh 2.3: Vng RPR

2.2. Chun ha mng LAN/MAN khng dy
Bao gm cc b tiu chun IEEE 802.11, .15, .16, .20, .21, .22. Nhng b chun ny ch yu
tp trung vo cc mng LAN khng dy nh cc mng WLAN, WPAN, WRAN, cng nh quy
nh v cc chun cng ngh nh cng ngh WiFi (802.11), Bluetooth, ZigBee (802.15), WiMax
(802.16), C th nh sau:
2.2.1.
IEEE 802.11 cng ngh WiFi mng WLAN
IEEE 802.11 l mt tp cc chun bao gm cc c im k thut lin quan n h thng mng

khng dy. Chun IEEE 802.11 m t mt giao tip truyn qua khng kh (ting Anh: over-theair), s dng sng v tuyn truyn nhn tn hiu gia mt thit b khng dy v tng i hoc
im truy cp (access point - AP), hoc gia hai hay nhiu thit b khng dy vi nhau(m hnh
ad-hoc).
B chun ny bao gm cc tiu chun con nh IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g,
IEEE 802.11n, B chun ny l mt b chun quan trng, s c cp chi tit trong chng
3.
2.2.2.
IEEE 802.15 Cng ngh Bluetooth, ZigBee mng WPAN
IEEE 802.15 l b tiu chun th 15 thuc h IEEE 802. B tiu chun ny chuyn v Wireless
PAN (Personal Area Network). Nhm lm vic IEEE 802.15 bao gm 7 nhm lm vic con nh
sau:
3 Nhm 1: WPAN/ Bluetooth nhm lm vic chuyn v tiu chun Bluetooth.
3 Nhm 2:
3 Nhm 3: High Rate WPAN
3 Nhm 4: Low Rate WPAN
3 Nhm 5: Mesh Networking
3 Nhm 6: BAN
3 Nhm 7: VLC
Mng WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) hay cn gi l mng c nhn khng dy
c s dng phc v truyn thng tin trong nhng khong cch tng i ngn. Khng ging
nh mng WLAN, mng WPAN c th lin lc hiu qu m khng i hi nhiu v c s h tng.
Tnh nng ny cho php c thm cc hng gii quyt r tin, nh gn m vn em li hiu sut
cao trong lin lc nht l trong mt bng tn eo hp.
Trong thi gian khong gia nhng nm thp k 80 th k XX, chun IEEE 802.15 ra i
phc v cho nhm chun WPAN. Nhm chun ny tp trung gii quyt cc vn v iu khin
d liu trong nhng khong khng gian nh (bn knh 30m). Tnh nng ca chun mng WPAN l
suy hao nng lng nh, tiu tn t nng lng, vn hnh trong vng khng gian nh, kch thc
b. Chnh v th m n tn dng c tt nht u im ca k thut s dng li knh tn s, l
gii quyt c cc vn hn ch v bng tn nh hin nay.
IEEE 802.15 c th phn ra lm 3 loi mng WPAN, chng c phn bit thng qua tc
truyn, mc tiu hao nng lng v cht lng dch v (QoS).
3 WPAN tc cao (chun IEEE 802.15.3) ph hp vi cc ng dng a phng tin
yu cu cht lng dch v cao.
3 WPAN tc trung bnh (chun IEEE 802.15.1 / Bluetooth) c ng dng trong
cc mng in thoi n my tnh c nhn b ti PDA v c cht lng dch v QoS ph
hp cho thng tin thoi.
3 WPAN tc thp (chun IEEE 802.15.4 / LR-WPAN) dng trong cc sn phm
cng nghip dng c thi hn, cc ng dng y hc ch i hi mc tiu hao nng lng
thp, khng yu cu cao v tc truyn tin v QoS. Chnh tc truyn d liu thp cho
php LR-WPAN tiu hao t nng lng. Trong chun ny th cng ngh
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 chnh l mt v d in hnh.
Chng ta s ni r thm v cng ngh ZigBee, mt xu hng ca mng khng dy trong iu
khin t ng.
c im ca cng ngh ZigBee l tc truyn tin thp, tiu hao t nng lng, chi ph thp
v l giao thc mng khng dy hng ti cc ng dng iu khin t xa v t ng ha. T chc
IEEE 802.15.4 bt u lm vic vi chun tc thp c mt thi gian ngn th tiu ban v
ZigBee v t chc IEEE quyt nh st nhp v ly tn ZigBee t cho cng ngh mi ny. Mc
tiu ca cng ngh ZigBee l nhm ti vic truyn tin vi mc tiu hao nng lng nh v cng
sut thp cho nhng thit b c thi gian sng t vi thng n vi nm m khng yu cu cao v
tc truyn tin nh Bluetooth. Mt iu ni bt l ZigBee c th dng c trong cc mng mt
li (mesh network) rng hn l s dng cng ngh Bluetooth. Cc thit b khng dy s dng
cng ngh ZigBee c th d dng truyn tin trong khong cch 10-75m ty thuc vo mi trng
truyn v mc cng sut pht c yu cu vi mi ng dng. Tc d liu l 250kbps di tn
2.4Ghz (ton cu), 40kbps di tn 915Mhz (M + Nht) v 20kbps di tn 868Mhz ( chu
u).
Cc nhm nghin cu ZigBee v t chc IEEE lm vic vi nhau ch r ton b cc khi
giao thc ca cng ngh ny. IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung nghin cu v 2 tng thp ca giao thc
(tng vt l v lin kt d liu). ZigBee cn thit lp c s cho nhng tng cao hn trong giao thc
(t tng mng n tng ng dng) v bo mt, d liu, chun pht trin m bo chc chn rng
cc khch hng d mua sn phm t cc hng sn xut khc nhau nhng vn theo mt chun ring
lm vic vi nhau c m khng tng tc ln nhau.
Hin nay th IEEE 802.15.4 tp trung vo cc chi tit k thut ca tng vt l v tng con MAC
ng vi mi loi mng khc nhau (mng hnh sao, mng hnh cy, mng mt li). Cc phng
php nh tuyn c thit k sao cho nng lng c bo ton v tr trong truyn tin l
mc thp nht c th bng cch dng cac khe thi gian m bo (GTSs_guaranteed time slots).
Tnh nng ni bt ch c cng ngh ZigBee l gim thiu c s hng hc dn n gin on
kt ni ti mt nt mng trong mng mesh. Nhim v c trng ca tng vt l gm c pht hin
cht lng ca ng truyn (LQI) v nng lng truyn (ED), nh gi knh truyn (CCA), gip
nng cao kh nng chung sng vi cc loi mng khng dy khc.
Vi cc tnh nng ni bt nh trn, ha hn trong tng lai s xut hin cng ngh ZigBee mi
vi chun IEEE 802.15.4 c ph bin rng ri.
Bng 2.1 : So snh ZigBee Wifi - Bluetooth
Hnh 2.4: Cc lnh vc ng dng ZigBee
2.2.3.
IEEE 802.16 cng ngh WiMAX mng WMAN
IEEE 802.16 l h thng tiu chun truy cp khng dy bng rng (Broadband Wireless Access
Standards) cung cp c t chnh thc cho cc mng MAN khng dy bng rng trin khai trn
ton cu. H thng tiu chun ny do nhm lm vic IEEE 802.16 c thnh lp nm 1999,
nghin cu v xut. Nhm ny l mt n v ca hi ng tiu chun LAN/MAN IEEE 802. H
tiu chun IEEE 802.16 chnh thc c gi l WirelessMAN (WMAN).
Cng ngh WiFi IEEE 802.11 trong vi nm gn y gt hi c nhng thnh cng rc r
vi minh chng l n c trin khai rng ri khp ni. Hu nh tt c cc my tnh c nhn, in
thoi thng minh, PDA u c tch hp WiFi. Tc d liu ca WiFi c th t c 54Mpbs.
Tuy nhin vng ph sng ca WiFi ch hn ch tm vi chc n vi trm mt. p ng nhu
cu ph sng xa hn, cng ngh WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) xut hin.
Chun WiMAX u tin ra i vo thng 10 nm 2001. Khc vi WiFi ch s dng mt
bng tn, WiMAX c th hot ng trong bng tn t 2-66 Ghz. Cc ng dng khc nhau s dng
nhng bng tn khc nhau trnh s giao thoa. C th, cc ng dng di ng (802.16e) dng
bng tn t 2-11 GHz. nhiu nc chu u, bng tn 3.5 GHz c dnh ring cho WiMAX di
ng. Cc ng dngicinhi(802.16d)1th1dng1bng1tn1t110-661GHz.
Cc chun khc nhau ca WiMAX

Chun c bn 802.16 basic:
Chun 802.16 ban u c to ra vi mc ch l to ra nhng giao din (interface) khng dy
da trn mt nghi thc MAC chung. Kin trc mng c bn ca 802.16 bao gm mt trm pht
(BS - Base Station) v ngi s dng (SS - Sucriber Station). Trong mt vng ph sng, trm BS
s iu khin ton b s truyn d liu (traffic). iu c ngha l s khng c s trao i truyn
thng gia hai SS vi nhau. Ni kt gia BS v SS s gm mt knh uplink v downlink. Knh
uplink s chia s cho nhiu SS trong khi knh downlink c c im broadcast. Trong trng hp
khng c vt cn gia SS v BS (line of sight), thng tin s c trao i trn bng tn cao. Ngc
li, thng tin s c truyn trn bng tn thp chng nhiu.
Cc chun b sung (amendments) ca WiMAX
-
802.16a : Chun ny s dng bng tn c bn quyn t 2 11 Ghz. y l bng tn thu ht

c nhiu quan tm nht v tn hiu truyn c th vt c cc chng ngi trn ng
truyn. 802.16a cn thch ng cho vic trin khai mng Mesh m trong mt thit b cui
(terminal) c th lin lc vi BS thng qua mt thit b cui khc. Vi c tnh ny, vng
ph sng ca 802.16a BS s c ni rng.
802.16b: Chun ny hot ng trn bng tn t 5 6 Ghz vi mc ch cung ng dnh

v vi cht lng cao (QoS). C th chun u tin truyn thng tin ca nhng ng dng
video, thoi, real-time thng qua nhng lp dch v khc nhau (class of service).
Chun ny sau c kt hp vo chun 802.16a.
802.16c : Chun ny nh ngha thm cc profile mi cho di bng tn t 10-66GHz vi

mc ch ci tin interoperability.
802.16d : C mt s ci tin nh so vi chun 802.16a. Chun ny c chun ha 2004.

Cc thit b pre-WiMAX c trn th trng l da trn chun ny.
802.16e : c chun ha. c im ni bt ca chun ny l kh nng cung cp cc

dch v di ng (vn tc di chuyn ln nht m vn c th dng tt dch v ny l
100km/h).
30-
802.16j: By gi IEEE ang bt tay vo chun ha 802.16j phc v cho vic Relay
(Wimax Mesh network). minh ha wimax relay, cc bn c th xem hnh 2.5 y
Hnh 2.5: Wimax Relay

Li ch ca vic dng nhng relay BS c lit k trong hnh 2.5. C th k n cc li ch
sau:
o Thay v lin lc trc tip vi BS, user c th lin lc thng qua nhiu Relay BS vi
ng truyn tt hn v tc cao hn, hiu qu truyn cao hn, v.v
o Relay BS c th dng tng vng ph sng ca mng WiMAX (relay BS r hn
lp t BS wimax).
o User s khng cn tiu tn mt nng lng ln lin lc vi BS (tit kim nng
lng tiu th thit b di ng).
-
802.16m: ang c nghin cu v chun ha. Chun ny hng ti tng tc truyn

ca WiMAX ln 1Gbps bng cch dng MIMO v cc dy angten.
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu chun b sung khc ang c trin khai hoc ang trong giai on
chun ha nh 802.16g, 802.16f, 802.16h...
c im ni bt ca WiMAX di ng
WiMAX di ng cng c nhng c im ging EV-DO hoc HSxPA nhm tng tc truyn
thng (data rate). Nhng c im bao gm: M ha v iu ch thch nghi (Adaptive
Modulation and Coding - AMC), k thut sa li bng d lp (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
- HARQ), Phn b nhanh (Fast Scheduling) v chuyn giao mng (handover) nhanh v hiu qu.
Khng ging nh cng ngh 3G da trn CDMA c xy dng nhm vo dch v thoi,
WiMAX c thit k p ng dch v truyn d liu dung lng ln (trong c c dch v
thoi VoIP). WiMAX s dng k thut tri ph SOFDMA v h tng mng xy dng trn nn IP.
WiMax cung cp kh nng kt ni Internet khng dy nhanh hn so vi WiFi, tc uplink v
downlink cao hn, s dng c nhiu ng dng hn, v quan trng l vng ph sng rng hn,
v khng b nh hng bi a hnh. WiMAX c th thay i mt cch t ng phng thc iu
ch c th tng vng ph bng cch gim tc truyn v ngc li. tng vng ph, chun
WiMAX hoc s dng mng Mesh hoc s dng antenna thng minh hoc MIMO. D liu truyn
trong mng WiMAX c phn chia thnh 5 lp dch v vi nhng u tin khc nhau nhm cung
ng QoS. Ngoi ra bo mt cng l mt c im vt tri ca WiMAX so vi WIFI.
ng dng ca WiMAX
Ni ti WiMAX , ngi ta c th ngh ti rt nhiu gii php thay th m cng ngh ny c th
mang li. chnh l kh nng thay th ng xDSL gip tip cn nhanh hn cc i tng ngi
dng bng rng m khng cn phi u t ln. c bit WiMAX rt hu ch cung cp dch v
bng thng rng nhng vng xa xi m gii php ADSL hoc cp quang l rt tn km. nhng
nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, ni m Internet bng thng rng cha ph bin, WiMAX l
mt gii php kinh t. Ngoi ra WiMAX cn gip vic trin khai WiFi thm nhanh chng do cc
hotspot WiFi s khng cn ng leased-line m s ni trc tip vi WiMAX BS. Kh nng
roaming gia cc dch v Wi-Fi v WiMAX s mang li nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng.
Hnh 2.6: Minh ha 1 s ng dng last-mile ca WiMAX

c th dng dch v Internet bng thng rng ca WiMAX (fixed WiMAX), nh cung cp
dch v ch cn lp t mt ang-ten BS gia khu dn c. Mi ngi dng s c cung cp mt
ang-ten thu (CPE), lp trn mi nh/ca s. CPE c th c ni trc tip vi my vi tnh hoc
thng qua mt Access Point WiFi. Vic trin khai kh n gin, m gi thnh li thp hn nhiu so
vi cng ngh hin hnh.
Bn cnh dch v c nh, WiMAX cn cung ng cc dch v di ng. Trong tng lai, cc
thit b mobile m hin nay c tch hp WiFi s c tch hp WiMAX. Khi , ngi dng c
th kt ni mng mi lc mi ni thng qua WiMAX, v c bit l vn c th dng cc dch v
ging nh nhng dch v ca mng cellular 3G. Hn na, tc truyn ca WiMAX cao hn hn
3G m gi ha hn s r. i vi cc nh cung cp mng, gi thnh ca mt WiMAX BS r hn
rt nhiu so vi gi ca mt BS UMTS. Do , c th nh cung ng mng 3G s dng WiMAX
thay th 3G11nhng1khu1vc1tha1dn1c.
Hnh 2.7: Minh ha ng dng ca WiMAX Mobile

2.2.4.
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.20 hay l MBWA (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access). Chun ny bt ngun t
mng Wi-Fi, chuyn qua cc tiu chun c nh IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m. Tiu chun ny c
th h tr ngay c khi ang di chuyn vi tc ln n 250km/h. Trong khi chuyn vng
(roaming) ca WiMAX nhn chung b gii hn trong mt phm vi nht nh, th chun IEEE
802.20 ging nh 3G c kh nng h tr chuyn vng ton cu. Ngoi ra, cng ging nh
WiMAX, IEEE 802.20 cng h tr cc k thut QoS nhm cung cp nhng dch v c yu cu cao
v tr, Trong mng IEEE 802.20, vic ng b ng ln v ng xung u c thc
hin hiu qu. D kin, chun IEEE 802.20 tng lai s kt hp vi mt s tnh nng ca IEEE
802.16e v cc mng d liu 3G, nhm cung cp v to ra mt mng truyn thng a dng (rich
communication). IEEE 802.20 cng vi IEEE 802.16m, IEEE 802.22 c xem l nhng cng
ngh tin 4G.
2.2.5.
IEEE 802.21
IEEE 802.21 l mt tiu chun IEEE mi cn ang trong qu trnh pht trin. Tiu chun ny
h tr cc thut ton cho php chuyn giao lin mng gia cc mng cng loi cng nh bn giao
gia cc loi mng khc nhau, cng hay c gi l MIH (Media Independent Handover). Tiu
chun ny cung cp thng tin cho php bn giao n v i t cc mng GSM, GPRS, WiFi,
Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16 thng qua cc c ch chuyn giao khc nhau.
Cc nhm lm vic IEEE 802.21 bt u lm vic vo thng 3 nm 2004. Nhiu hn 30 cng ty
gia nhp nhm lm vic. Cc nhm sn xut mt d tho u tin cho tiu chun gm cc
nh ngha giao thc. Qu trnh b phiu cng c thc hin v bn sa i tip theo ca d
tho cng ang c tin hnh pht trin. Trong tng lai s c nhng tiu chun thuc b IEEE
802.21 i.
2.2.6.
IEEE 802.22 mng WRAN
IEEE 802.22 l mt tiu chun cho WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) s dng khong
trng trong ph tn truyn hnh ph tn m TV analog khng s dng c. S pht trin ca
tiu chun IEEE 802.22 WRAN l nhm mc ch s dng k thut v tuyn cho php s dng
nhng ph tn khng s dng cho dch v pht sng truyn hnh, trn c s khng can thip vo
cc ph tn TV analog. Vng ph ca cng ngh ny c th ln tm 40 100km, do n mang
li kh nng truy cp bng rng n nhng vng a l kh khn, kh tip cn, nhng khu vc c
mt dn s thp, xa xi. iu lm cho chun IEEE 802.20 c tim nng cho mt ng dng
rng ton cu.
IEEE 802.22 WRAN c thit k hot ng trong bng tn pht sng truyn hnh trong khi
m bo rng khng c nhiu c hi cho cc hot ng truyn thng hin ti. Tiu chun ny d
kin s c p dng rng ri trn ton cu.
2.3. Chun ha cc thnh phn khc
Bao gm cc b chun cn li. Nhim v ch yu tp trung vo cc vn v bo mt mng
cng nh iu phi cc mng vi nhau, trnh can thip ln nhau.
C th nh sau:
2.3.1.
IEEE 802.10
IEEE 802.10 l mt tiu chun cho cc chc nng bo mt c th c s dng trong c hai
mng LAN v MAN. IEEE 802.10 quy nh c th vic qun l an ninh v qun l ch cht, cng
nh kim sot truy cp, bo mt d liu v tnh ton vn d liu.
Cc tiu chun IEEE 802.10 tm dng hot ng vo thng 1 nm 2004 v nhm pht trin tiu
chun ny ca IEEE 802 b gii tn. Cc giao thc Cisco Inter-Switch Link (ISL) h tr VLAN
trn mng LAN Ethernet v cc cng ngh tng t da trn chun IEEE 802.10 phn ln c
thay th bi IEEE 802.1q. Bo mt cho mng khng dy th ang c pht trin sang cho IEEE
802.1i.
2.3.2.
IEEE 802.19
IEEE 802.19 hay cn gi l Coexistence TAG ( Technical AdviSory Group) l mt nhm lm

vic trong y ban IEEE 802, nhm gii quyt cc vn chung sng gia cc mng khng dy
khng c giy php (tc l cc mng khng dy t pht ca ngi s dng). Nhiu chun khng
dy IEEE 802 s dng nhng ph tn khng c giy php v do cn gii quyt vn cng tn
ti. Nhng thit b khng dy khng c giy php c th hot ng trong cng mt bng tn khng
c giy php cng mt v tr. iu ny c th dn n s can thip ln nhau gia hai mng khng
dy. (Hai mng khng dy khng c giy php c cho l cng tn ti nu chng c th hot
ng trong cng mt v tr a l m khng gy nhiu vi nhau ng k).
V d nh cc chun khng dy c th cng tn ti:
IEEE 802.11 WLAN
IEEE 802.15 WPAN
IEEE 802.16 WMAN
IEEE 802.22 WRAN
3. Chng III: IEEE 802.11 v chun ha mng LAN khng dy (WLAN)

Phn ny cp chi tit, tm hiu su v cc kha cnh ca b tiu chun IEEE 802.11Mc
ch thy c tnh cht v ng dng ca cc b tiu chun ny.
3.1. Gii thiu b tiu chun IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 l mt tp cc chun ca t chc IEEE bao gm cc c t k thut lin quan n
h thng mng khng dy. Mc ch ca chun IEEE 802.11 nh IEEE nh ngha l " cung cp
kt ni khng dy ti cc thit b, hoc cc trm t ng m yu cu trin khai nhanh, v xch tay
hoc cm tay, hoc c gn ln cc phng tin chuyn ng bn trong mt vng".
Chun IEEE 802.11 m t mt giao tip "truyn qua khng kh" (over-the-air) s dng sng v
tuyn truyn nhn tn hiu gia mt thit b khng dy v tng i hoc im truy cp (AP),
hoc gia 2 hay nhiu thit b khng dy vi nhau (m hnh ad-hoc).
3.2. Kin trc ca chun IEEE 802.11
3.2.1.
Cc thnh phn kin trc
Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha tng vt l v tng MAC cho mt mng WLAN. Chun ny
nh ngha ba tng vt l khc nhau cho mng WLAN 802.11, mi tng hot ng mt di tn
khc nhau v s dng cc tc 1 Mbps v 2 Mbps. Thnh t c bn ca kin trc 802.11 l t
bo (cell) vi tn gi trong 802.11 l BSS (c gi l Tp hp dch v c bn, Basic Service Set).
Mi BSS thng gm mt vi my trm khng dy v mt trm c s trung tm c gi l AP
(access point). Cc my trm (c th di ng hoc c nh) v trm trung tm lin lc vi nhau
bng giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 khng dy. C th kt ni nhiu trm AP vi nhau bng mng
hu tuyn Ethernet hoc mt knh khng dy khc to mt h thng phn tn (DS distributed
system). i vi cc giao thc tng cao hn, h thng phn tn ny nh l mt mng 802 n.
Cc my trm dng chun IEEE 802.11 c th nhm li vi nhau to thnh mt mng ad
hoc - mng khng c iu khin trung tm v khng c kt ni vi "th gii bn ngoi". Trong
trng hp ny, mng c hnh thnh tc thi khi mt s thit b di ng tnh c thy mnh ang
gn nhau trong khi ang c nhu cu lin lc m khng tm thy mt c s h tng mng sn c
ti ch (chng hn mt BBS 802.11 vi mt trm AP). Mt v d v mng ad hoc c hnh thnh
l khi mt vi ngi mang my tnh xch tay gp nhau ti mt bn tu v mun trao i d liu m
khng c mt trm AP gn . Tng t trong nh mng Ethernet hu tuyn 802.3, cc my
trm trong mng WLAN 802.11 phi phi hp vi nhau khi dng chung mi trng truyn dn
(tn s radio). Giao thc MAC c nhim v iu khin s phi hp ny. MAC IEEE 802.11 l
giao thc CSMA/CA.
Ton b lin kt li mng LAN khng dy bao gm cc cell khc nhau, cc im truy cp v h
phn phi tng ng, c xem xt thng qua m hnh OSI, nh mt mng n chun IEEE 802,
v c gi l Tp hp dch v c m rng (ESS).
Hnh 3.1 m t mt chun mng LAN IEEE 802.11 tiu biu:
Hnh 3.1. Mng WLAN IEEE 802.11 tiu biu

Chun cng nh ngha khi nim Portal, l mt thit b lin kt gia mng LAN chun
IEEE 802.11 v mng LAN chun IEEE 802 khc. Khi nim ny m t v l thuyt phn chc
nng ca cu chuyn dch.
Mc d chun khng yu cu s ci t tiu biu tt yu phi c AP v Portal trn mt thc th
vt l n.
3.2.2.
Kin trc cc lp trong m hnh OSI ca chun IEEE 802.11
Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha lp vt l (PHY) v lp iu khin truy cp mi trng (MAC)

cho cc mng WLAN. N nh ngha lp vt l hot ng tc d liu 1Mbps v 2 Mbps trong
bng tn RF 2.4 GHz v trong hng ngoi (IR). N c m rng hai ln vo nm 1999 thnh
chun IEEE 802.11a nh ngha lp vt l cho bng 5GHz tc 54 Mbps, v chun IEEE
802.11b nh ngha lp vt l cho bng tn 2.4 GHz tc 5.5 v 11 Mbps.
3.2.2.1.
Lp vt l
Chun IEEE 802.11 quy nh cc lp vt l nh bng 3.1.
Chun
Tn s v
Hng ngoi
tuyn (RF)
(IR)
Tc d liu
C ch
cc i
(Mbps)
IEEE 802.11
2.4 GHz
DSSS
IEEE 802.11
2.4 GHz
FHSS
IR
IEEE 802.11
850 - 950 nm
IEEE 802.11a
5 GHz
OFDM
54
IEEE 802.11b
2.4 GHz
DSSS
11
Bng 3.1. So snh cc lp vt l ca chun IEEE 802.11.

H thng tri ph nhy tn FHSS 2.4 GHz v h thng IR ca chun IEEE 802.11 t khi c
s dng. Lp vt l OFDM 5 GHz c phm vi hn ch (xp x 15m) nn n t c s dng. a s
cc sn phm hin ti thc hin cng ngh tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) theo chun IEEE
802.11b tc d liu ln trn ti 11 Mbps do li th kh nng thc hin v gi thnh ca n.
Mc ch ca cng ngh tri ph l tng thm thng lng v tin cy ca truyn dn bng
cch s dng nhiu di tn. DSSS hot ng bng cch chuyn i mi bit truyn thnh mt chui
"chip" m thc cht l mt chui s 1 v 0. Sau chip ny c gi song song qua mt di tn
rng. V s dng nhiu di tn, nn n tng cng tin cy truyn dn khi c giao thoa. V mi
bit c biu din bi mt chui chip, nn nu phn no ca chui chip b mt v giao thoa, th
gn nh phn chip nhn c s vn phn bit bit gc.
3.2.2.2.
iu khin truy cp mi trng (Lp MAC)
Hnh 3.2. Lp MAC

Trong khi lp vt l chun IEEE 802.11 khc vi chun IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, th ch tiu k
thut ca MAC tng t nh ch tiu k thut ca MAC Ethernet chun IEEE 802.3 cng vi iu
khin lin kt Logic (LLC) chun IEEE 802.2, n lm cho khng gian a ch MAC chun IEEE
802.11 thch hp vi khng gian a ch MAC ca cc giao thc IEEE 802. Trong khi MAC
Ethernet chun IEEE 802.3 thc cht l CSMA/CD - a truy cp nhy sng mang pht hin xung
t, th MAC chun IEEE 802.11 l CSMA/CA - a truy cp nhy sng mang trnh xung t. S
khc nhau ny l do khng c phng cch thit thc truyn v nhn cng lc trn mi trng
khng dy (mi trng WM). CSMA/CA c gng trnh cc va chm trn mi trng WM bng
cch t mt khong thi gian thng tin trong mi khung MAC, cc trm thu xc nh thi gian
cn li ca khung trn mi trng WM. Nu khong thi gian ca khung MAC trc ht v
mt kim tra nhanh trn mi trng WM ch ra rng n khng bn, th trm truyn c php
truyn. Bng cch ny, n cho php ni gi truyn bt k lc no m mi trng khng bn.
Ngoi cc tnh nng chun c thc hin bi cc lp MAC, lp MAC chun IEEE 802.11 cn
thc hin chc nng khc lin quan n cc giao thc lp trn, nh Phn on, Pht li gi d liu,
v Cc ghi nhn.
Lp MAC nh ngha hai phng php truy cp khc nhau, Hm phi hp phn tn v Hm
phi hp im.
40-
3.2.3.
Phng php truy cp c bn: CSMA/CA
y l mt c ch truy cp c bn, c gi Hm phi hp phn tn, v c bn l a truy cp

cm bin sng mang vi c ch trnh xung t (CSMA/CA). Cc giao thc CSMA c bit trong
cng nghip, m ph bin nht l Ethernet, l giao thc CSMA/CD (CD ngha l pht hin xung
t).
Giao thc CSMA lm vic nh sau: Mt trm truyn i cc cm bin mi trng, nu mi
trng bn (v d, c mt trm khc ang pht), th trm s tr hon truyn mt lc sau, nu mi
trng t do th trm c cho php truyn.
Loi giao thc ny rt c hiu qu khi mi trng khng ti nhiu, do n cho php cc trm
truyn vi t tr hon, nhng thng xy ra trng hp cc trm pht cng lc (c xung t), gy ra
do cc trm nhn thy mi trng t do v quyt nh truyn ngay lp tc.
Cc tnh trng xung t ny phi c xc nh, v vy lp MAC phi t truyn li gi m
khng cn n cc lp trn, iu ny s gy ra tr ng k. Trong trng hp mng Ethernet, s
xung t ny c on nhn bi cc trm pht i ti quyt nh pht li da vo gii thut
exponential random backoff.
Cc c ch d tm xung t ny ph hp vi mng LAN ni dy, nhng chng khng c s
dng trong mi trng mng LAN khng dy, v hai l do chnh:
1. Vic thc hin c ch d tm xung t yu cu s thi hnh ton song cng, kh nng
pht v nhn ng thi, n s lm tng thm chi ph mt cch ng k.
2. Trn mi trng khng dy chng ta khng th gi thit tt c cc trm nghe thy
c nhau (y l s gi thit c s ca s d tm xung t), v vic mt trm
nhn thy mi trng t do v sn sng truyn khng tht s c ngha rng mi
trng l t do quanh vng my thu.
vt qua cc kh khn ny, chun IEEE 802.11 s dng mt c ch trnh xung t vi mt
s Ghi nhn tnh tch cc (Positive Acknowledge) nh sau:
Mt trm mun truyn cm bin mi trng, nu mi trng bn th n tr hon. Nu mi

trng rnh vi thi gian c ch r (gi l DIFS, Distributed Inter Frame Space, Khng gian
khung Inter phn tn), th trm c php truyn, trm thu s kim tra m CRC ca gi nhn c
v gi mt gi chng thc (ACK). Chng thc nhn c s ch cho my pht bit khng c s
xung t no xut hin. Nu my pht khng nhn chng thc th n s truyn li on cho n
khi n c tha nhn hoc khng c php truyn sau mt s ln pht li cho trc.
Cm bin sng mang o (Virtual Carrier Sense)
gim bt xc sut kh nng hai trm xung t nhau v chng khng th nghe thy nhau,
chun nh ngha mt c ch Cm bin sng mang o:
Mt trm mun truyn mt gi, trc ht n s truyn mt gi iu khin ngn gi l RTS
(Request To Send) gm ngun, ch n, v khong thi gian giao dch sau (v.d. gi v ACK
tng ng), trm ch s p ng (nu mi trng t do) bng mt gi iu khin p li gi l
CTS (Clear To Send) gm cng thng tin khong thi gian.
Tt c cc trm nhn RTS v/hoc CTS, s thit lp ch bo Virtual Carrier Sense ca n (gi l
NAV, Network Allocation Vector, Vect nh v mng) cho khong thi gian cho trc, v s s
dng thng tin ny cng vi Cm bin sng mang vt l (Physical Carrier Sense) khi cm bin mi
trng.
C ch ny gim bt xc sut xung t v vng my thu do mt trm n t my pht, lm
ngn khong thi gian truyn RTS, v trm s nghe thy CTS v d tr mi trng khi bn cho
n khi kt thc giao dch. Thng tin khong thi gian v RTS cng bo v vng my pht khi
cc xung t trong thi gian ACK (bi cc trm nm ngoi phm vi trm nhn bit).
Cn ch thng tin khong thi gian ACK v cc khung RTS v CTS l cc khung ngn. N
cng lm gim bt no ca cc xung t, v chng c nhn dng nhanh hn khi n c nhn
dng nu ton b gi c truyn, (iu ny ng nu gi ln hn RTS mt cch ng k, nh vy
l chun cho php k c cc gi ngn s c truyn m khng c giao dch RTS/CTS), v iu
ny c iu khin bi mt tham s gi l ngng RTS.
Cc s sau cho thy mt giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp NAV ca cc trm
gn chng:
Hnh 3.3. Giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp NAV

Trng thi NAV c kt hp vi cm bin sng mang vt l cho bit trng thi bn ca
mi trng.
3.2.4.
Cc chng thc mc MAC
Lp MAC thc hin d tm xung t bng cch ch i s tip nhn ca mt ghi nhn ti bt
k on c truyn no (Ngoi l cc gi m c hn mt ni n, nh Qung b, cha c tha
nhn).
3.2.5.
Phn on v Ti hp
Cc giao thc mng LAN tiu biu s dng cc gi vi vi hng trm byte (v d, gi Ethernet
di nht di trn 1518 byte) trn mt mi trng mng LAN khng dy. L do cc gi di c a
chung s dng cc gi nh l:
V t l li bit BER ca thng tin v tuyn cao hn, xc sut mt gi b h tng thm
theo kch thc gi.
Trong trng hp b hng (v xung t hoc nhiu), gi nh nht vi t mo u hn gy
ra s pht li gi.
Trn mt h thng FHSS, mi trng c ngt nh k mi khi nhy tn (trong trng
hp ny l mi 20 mili - giy), nh vy nh hn gi, nh hn c hi truyn b hon li
sau thi gian ngng truyn.
Mc khc, n khng c gii thiu nh l mt giao thc mng LAN mi v n khng th gii
quyt cc gi 1518 byte c s dng trn mng Ethernet, nh vy IEEE quyt nh gii quyt vn
bng cch thm mt c ch phn on/ti hp n gin ti lp MAC.
C ch l mt gii thut Send - and - Wait n, trong trm pht khng cho php truyn
mt
on mi cho n khi xy ra mt trong cc tnh hung sau y:
1. Nhn mt ACK cho on.
2. Quyt nh rng on cng c truyn li nhiu ln v th vo ton b khung.
Cn phi nh rng chun cho php trm c truyn ch mt a ch khc gia cc pht li ca
mt on cho, iu ny c bit hu ch khi mt AP c vi gi ni bt vi cc ch n khc
nhau v mt trong s chng khng tr li.
S sau biu din mt khung (MSDU) c chia thnh vi on (MPDUs):
Hnh 3.4. Khung MSDU

3.2.6.
Cc khng gian khung Inter (Inter Frame Space)
Chun nh ngha 4 kiu khng gian khung Inter, c s dng cung cp cc quyn u tin
khc nhau:
SIFS - Short Inter Frame Space, c s dng phn chia cc truyn dn thuc mt
hi thoi n (v.d. Ack - on), v l Khng gian khung Inter ti thiu v lun c nhiu
nht mt trm n truyn ti thi gian cho trc, do n c quyn u tin i vi

tt c cc trm khc. l mt gi tr c nh trn lp vt l v c tnh ton theo cch
m trm pht truyn ngc li nhn kiu v kh nng gii m gi vo, trong lp vt
l chun IEEE 802.11 FH gi tr ny c thit lp 28 micr - giy.
PIFS - Point Cooordination IFS, c s dng bi im truy cp (hoc Point
Coordinator, c gi trong trng hp ny), c truy cp ti mi trng trc mi
trm khc. Gi tr ny l SIFS cng vi mt khe thi gian (s c nh ngha sau), v
d 78 micr - giy.
DIFS - Distributed IFS, l khng gian khung Inter c s dng bi mt trm sn
sng bt u mt truyn dn mi, m l c tnh ton l PIFS cng thm mt khe thi
gian, v d 128 micr - giy.
EIFS - Extended IFS, L mt IFS di hn c s dng bi mt trm nhn mt gi
khng hiu, n cn ngn trm (trm m khng hiu thng tin khong thi gian
Cm bin sng mang o) khi xung t vi mt gi tng lai thuc hi thoi hin thi.
3.2.7.
Gii thut Exponential Backoff
Backoff l mt phng php ni ting gii quyt cc tranh ginh gia cc trm khc nhau
mun truy cp mi trng, phng php yu cu mi trm chn mt s ngu nhin (n) gia 0 v
mt s cho trc, v i s khe thi gian ny trc khi truy cp mi trng, n lun kim tra liu
c mt trm khc truy cp mi trng trc khng.
Khe thi gian c nh ngha theo cch m mt trm s lun c kh nng xc nh liu trm
khc truy cp mi trng ti thi gian bt u ca khe trc khng. iu ny lm gim bt
xc sut xung t i mt na.
Exponential Backoff c ngha rng mi ln trm chn mt khe thi gian v xy ra xung t, n
s tng gi tr theo ly tha mt cch ngu nhin.
Chun IEEE 802.11 chun nh ngha gii thut Exponential Backoff c thc hin trong cc
trng hp sau y:
Nu khi trm cm bin mi trng trc truyn gi u tin, v mi trng ang bn
Sau mi ln truyn li
Sau mt ln truyn thnh cng
Trng hp duy nht khi c ch ny khng c s dng l khi trm quyt nh truyn mt gi
mi v mi trng rnh cho nhiu hn DIFS.
Exponential backoff khin cc nt chu kh ch lu hn khi mc xung t cao.
bit time: thi gian truyn 1 bit.
n l s ln xung t khi truyn mt frame no .
sau n ln xung t, nt s i 512 x K bit time ri truyn li; K c chn ngu nhin
trong tp {0,1,2,,2m 1} vi m:=min (n,10).
Hnh 3.5 biu din s c ch truy cp:
Hnh 3.5. S c ch truy

cp
3.2.8.
So snh kiu C s h tng v kiu Ad Hoc
C hai phng php lm vic khc nhau cho thit b chun IEEE 802.11: Ad Hoc (tp hp cc
dch v c bn c lp, IBSS) v C s h tng (tp hp cc dch v c m rng, ESS). Mt
mng Ad Hoc thng thng l mt mng tn ti trong mt thi gian hu hn gia hai hoc nhiu
hn hai thit b v tuyn m khng c ni thng qua mt im truy cp (AP) ti mt mng ni
dy. V d, hai ngi dng laptop mun chia s cc file s thit lp mt mng Ad Hoc s dng cc
card NIC thch hp chun IEEE 802.11 v chia s cc file qua mi trng WM m khng cn
phng tin truyn thng ngoi no (nh a mm, cc card flash).
Kiu C s h tng gi thit c mt mt hoc nhiu hn cc AP bc cu phng tin truyn

thng khng dy vi phng tin ni dy truyn thng (hnh 3.6). AP iu khin vic chng thc
v lin kt trm ti mng khng dy. Nhiu AP c ni bi mt h phn phi (DS) m rng
phm vi ca mng khng dy ra nhiu vng ln hn. Trong cc ci t tiu biu, DS n gin l c
s h tng mng IP hin hu. Vi mc ch bo mt, ngi ta thng s dng cc mng LAN o
(VLAN) tch ring lu thng mng khng dy vi lu thng mng khc trn DS. Mc d chun
IEEE 802.11 cho php cc trm v tuyn lin kt chuyn mch ng t im truy cp ny n
im truy cp khc, nhng n khng iu khin cch trm thc hin. Kt qu l, cc thi hnh ca
nh cung cp khc nhau ni chung khng tng tc vi nhau trong ng cnh ny. Ti thi im
hin nay, kh nng thc hin kiu hot ng ny yu cu mt gii php nh cung cp n.
Hnh 3.6. So snh kiu Ad Hoc v kiu c s h tng.
3.3. L thuyt v mng khng dy

3.3.1.
Cch mt trm ni vi mt cell hin hu (BSS)
Khi mt trm mun truy cp mt BSS hin hu (hoc sau ch bt ngun, ch ngh, hoc
ch l i vo vng BSS), trm cn c thng tin ng b t im truy cp (hoc t cc trm khc khi
trong kiu Ad - hoc).
Trm nhn thng tin ny theo mt trong s hai cch sau:
1. Qut b ng: Trong trng hp ny trm i nhn mt khung n hiu
(Beacon) t AP, (khung n hiu l mt khung tun hon cha thng tin ng b
c gi bi AP).
2. Qut tch cc: Trong trng hp ny trm c gng tm mt im truy cp bng
cch truyn cc khung yu cu d (Probe) v ch p li thng tin d t AP.
Hai phng php u hp l, v mi mt phng php c chn phi hi ho gia kh nng
tiu th in v kh nng thc hin.
3.3.1.1.
Qu trnh chng thc
Mi khi trm tm thy mt im truy cp, n s quyt nh ni cc BSS, n thc hin thng qua
qu trnh chng thc, l s trao i thng tin ln nhau gia AP v trm, m mi bn chng
minh s nhn bit mt khu cho.
3.3.1.2.
Qu trnh lin kt
Khi trm c xc nhn, sau n s khi ng qu trnh lin kt, y l s trao i thng tin
v cc trm v cc BSS, v n cho php thc hin DSS (tp hp cc AP bit v tr hin thi ca
trm). Ch sau khi qu trnh lin kt c hon thnh, th mt trm mi c kh nng pht v nhn
cc khung d liu.
3.3.2.
Roaming
Roaming l qu trnh chuyn ng t cell ny (hoc BSS) n cell khc vi mt kt ni cht.

Chc nng ny tng t nh cc in thoi t bo, nhng c hai khc bit chnh:
Trong mt h thng mng LAN da trn cc gi, s chuyn tip gia cc cell c thc
hin gia cc truyn dn gi, ngc vi k thut in thoi trong s chuyn tip xut
hin trong thi gian mt cuc ni chuyn in thoi, iu ny lm roaming mng LAN d
hn mt t.
Trong mt h thng ting ni, mt gin on tm thi khng nh hng cuc ni
chuyn, trong khi trong mt gi da vo mi trng, n s gim ng k kh nng thc hin
v s chuyn tip c thc hin bi cc giao thc lp trn.
Chun IEEE 802.11 khng nh ngha cch roaming c thc hin, nhng nh ngha cc
cng c c bn cho n, iu ny bao gm s qut tch cc/b ng, v mt qu trnh ti lin kt,
trong mt trm roaming t im truy cp ny sang im truy cp khc s c lin kt vi mt
im truy cp mi.
3.3.3.
Gi ng b
Cc trm cn gi ng b, gi cho nhy tn c ng b v cc chc nng khc nh tit

kim nng lng. Trong mt c s h tng BSS iu ny c thc hin bi tt c cc trm cp
nht cc ng h ca chng theo ng h ca AP, s dng c ch sau:
AP truyn cc khung tun hon gi l cc khung bo hiu, cc khung ny cha gi tr ca ng
h AP ti thi im truyn (Ch rng y l thi im khi truyn dn tht s xut hin v khng
phi l thi im truyn khi n c t vo hng i truyn, v khung bo hiu c truyn s
dng cc quy tc CSMA, nn truyn dn tr mt cch ng k).
Cc trm thu kim tra gi tr ng h ca chng thi im nhn, sa cha n gi ng b
vi ng h ca AP, iu ny ngn nga s tri ng h gy ra do mt ng b sau vi gi hot
ng.
3.3.4.
Tit kim nng lng
Mng LAN khng dy tiu biu lin quan n cc ng dng di ng, v trong cc kiu ng
dng ny ngun pin l mt ngun nhanh ht, l l do ti sao chun IEEE 802.11 trc tip hng
vo vn tit kim nng lng v nh ngha c c ch cho php cc trm i vo trong ch
ngh ngi cho cc thi hn di m khng mt thng tin.
tng chnh ng sau c ch tit kim nng lng l AP duy tr mt bn ghi c cp nht
ti cc trm hin thi ang lm vic trong ch tit kim nng lng v nh m cc gi c
gi ti cc trm ny cho n khi c trm yu cu nhn cc gi bng cch gi mt yu cu kim tra
tun t, hoc cho n khi chng thay i thao tc ca n.
AP cng truyn nh k (mt phn ca cc khung bo hiu) thng tin v trm tit kim nng
lng no c cc khung c nh m AP, nh vy cc trm ny cn phi c nh thc
nhn mt trong s cc khung bo hiu v nu mt ch bo cho bit c mt khung c lu tr
ti AP i phn pht, th trm cn phi trong trng thi hot ng v gi mt thng bo kim tra
tun t cho AP c cc khung ny.
Qung b v pht thanh c lu tr bi AP, v c truyn mt thi im c bit trc
(mi DTIM), ti tt c trm tit kim nng lng mun nhn kim khung ny cn phi hot
ng.
3.3.5.
Cc kiu khung
C ba kiu khung chnh:

Khung d liu: cc khung c s dng truyn d liu
Khung iu khin: cc khung c s dng iu khin truy cp ti mi trng (v d RTS,
CTS, v ACK).
Khung qun l: cc khung c truyn ging nh cc khung d liu trao i thng
tin qun l, nhng khng hng ti cho cc lp trn.
Mi kiu c chia nh ra thnh cc kiu nh hn khc nhau, ty theo chc nng ca
chng.
3.3.6.
Khun dng khung
Tt c cc khung chun IEEE 802.11 u c cc thnh phn sau y:
Hnh 3.7. Khun dng khung chun IEEE 802.11

50-
3.3.6.1.
Tin t (Preamble)
51-
N ph thuc lp vt l, bao gm:

Synch: Mt chui 80 bit 0 v 1 xen k, c s dng bi bo mt lp vt l la chn
anten thch hp (nu tnh s phn tp c s dng) v nh hng ti vic sa li
dch tn s trng thi vng ng b vi vic nh thi gian gi nhn c.
SFD: Mt b nh ranh gii khung bt u, n gm 16 bit nh phn 0000 1100 1011
1101, c dng nh ngha nh thi khung.
3.3.6.2.
u mc (Header) PLCP
u mc PLCP lun lun c truyn tc 1 Mbit/s v n cha thng tin Logic m s c

s dng bi lp vt l gii m khung, gm c:
Chiu di t PLCP_PDU: biu din s byte cha trong gi, n c ch cho lp vt l
pht hin ra chnh xc kt thc gi.
Tng bo hiu PLCP: hin thi, n ch cha ng thng tin tc , c m ha tc
0.5 MBps, tng dn t 1Mbit/s ti 4.5 Mbit/s.
Trng kim tra li u mc: l trng pht hin sai st CRC 16 bit.
3.3.6.3.
D liu MAC
Hnh 3.8 cho thy khun dng khung MAC chung, cc phn ca trng trn cc phn ca cc
khung nh m t sau .
Hnh 3.8. Khun dng khung MAC
Trng iu khin khung (Frame Control)
Trng iu khin khung cha ng thng tin sau:
Hnh 3.9. Trng iu khin khung (Frame Control)

-
Protocol Verson
Trng ny gm 2 bit c kch thc khng i v xp t theo cc phin bn sau ca chun

IEEE 802.11, v s c s dng nhn bit cc phin bn tng lai c th. Trong phin bn
hin thi ca chun gi tr c nh l 0.
-
ToDS
Bit ny l tp hp cc bit 1 khi khung c nh a ch ti AP hng n ti h phn phi

(gm trng hp m trm ch t li khung ging vi BSS, v AP). Bit l tp hp cc bit 0 trong
tt c cc khung khc.
-
FromDS
Bit ny l tp hp cc bit 1 khi khung ang n t h phn phi.

-
More Fragments
Bit ny l tp hp cc bit 1 khi c nhiu on hn thuc cng khung theo sau on hin thi
ny.
-
Retry
Bit ny cho bit on ny l mt chuyn tip mt on trc c truyn, n s c s

dng bi trm my thu on nhn bn sao c truyn ca cc khung m xut hin khi mt gi
Chng thc b mt.
-
Power mangenment
Bit ny cho bit kiu qun l nng lng trong trm sau khi truyn khung ny. N c s
dng bi cc trm ang thay i trng thi t ch tit kim nng lng n ch hot ng
hoc ngc li.
-
More Data
Bit ny cng c s dng qun l nng lng v n c s dng bi AP cho bit

rng c nhiu khung c nh m hn ti trm ny. Tm quyt nh s dng thng tin ny
tip tc kim tra tun t hoc kiu ang thay i thm ch thay i sang ch hot ng.
-
WEP
Bit ny cho bit rng thn khung c m ha theo gii thut WEP
-
Order
Bit ny cho bit rng khung ny ang c gi s dng lp dch v Strictly - Order.
Khong thi gian/ID
Trng ny c hai ngha ph thuc vo kiu khung:

-
Trong cc bn tin Kim tra tun t tit kim nng lng, th n l ID trm.
Trong tt c cc khung khc, n l gi tr khong thi gian c dng cho Tnh ton NAV.
Cc trng a ch
Mt khung cha ln trn ti 4 a ch ph thuc vo cc bit ToDS v FromDS c nh

ngha trong trng iu khin, nh sau:
-
a ch - 1 : Lun l a ch nhn (v d, trm trn BSS m nhn gi tc thi), nu

bit ToDS c lp th y l a ch AP, nu bit ToDS c xa th n l a ch
trm kt thc.
a ch - 2 : Lun lun l a ch my pht (v d, trm ang truyn gi vt l), nu

bit FromDS c lp th y l a ch AP, nu c xa th n l a ch trm.
a ch - 3 : Trong hu ht cc trng hp cn li, mt a ch, trn mt khung vi

bit FromDS c lp, sau a ch - 3 l a ch ngun gc, nu khung c bit
ToDS lp, sau a ch - 3 l a ch ch.
a ch - 4 :c s dng trong trng hp c bit trong mt h phn phi

khng dy c s dng, khung ang c truyn t im truy cp ny sang im
truy cp khc, trong trng hp ny c cc bit ToDS ln cc bit FromDS c lp, v
vy c a ch ch gc v a ch ngun gc u b mt.
Bng 3.2 tng kt cc cch dng a ch khc nhau theo cch thit lp bit ToDS v bit
FromDS:
Bng 3.2: Tng kt cc cch dng a

ch
3.3.6.4.
iu khin ni tip
Trng iu khin ni tip c dng biu din th t cc on khc nhau thuc khung,
nhn bit cc gi sao, n gm c hai trng con: trng S on v trng S ni tip, m nh
ngha khung v s on trong khung.
3.3.7.
3.3.7.1.
Khung RTS nh sau:
Cc khung nh dng ph bin nht

Khun dng khung RTS
Hnh 3.10: Khun dng khung RTS
RA ca khung RTS l a ch STA, trong mi trng khng dy, n c dnh nhn d liu
tip theo hoc khung qun l mt cch tc thi.
TA l a ch ca STA pht khung RTS.
Gi tr Khong thi gian l thi gian, tnh theo micr - giy, c yu cu truyn d liu lin
tip hoc khung qun l, cng vi mt khung CTS, cng mt khung ACK, cng ba khong SIFS.
3.3.7.2.
Khun dng khung CTS
Khung CTS nh sau:
Hnh 3.11: nh dng khung CTS

a ch my thu (RA) ca khung CTS c copy t trng a ch my pht (TA) ca khung
RTS ngay trc n mt p ng CTS no . Gi tr Khong thi gian l gi tr thu c t
trng Khong thi gian ca khung RTS ngay trc , tr thi gian (tnh theo micr - giy) c
yu cu pht khung CTS v khong SIFS.
3.3.7.3.
Khun dng khung ACK
Khung ACK nh sau:
Hnh 3.12: nh dng khung ACK
a ch My thu ca khung ACK c sao chp t trng a ch-2 ca khung ngay trc .
Nu nhiu bit on hn c xa (0) trong trng iu khin khung ca khung trc , th gi tr
Khong thi gian l 0, nu khng th gi tr Khong thi gian thu c t trng Khong thi gian
ca khung trc , tr i thi gian (tnh theo micr - giy) c pht khung ACK v khong
SIFS ca n.
3.3.8.
Hm Phi hp im (PCF)
Bn cnh Hm Phi hp Phn tn c bn, c mt Hm Phi hp im chn, m s dng

thc hin cc dch v bin - thi gian, nh ting ni hoc truyn video. Hm Phi hp im lm
cho im truy cp s dng quyn u tin cao hn bng cch s dng mt Khng gian khung Inter
(PIFS) nh hn.
Bng cch s dng cao hn ny quyn u tin truy cp, cc vn im truy cp kim tra tun
t yu cu ca cc trm truyn d liu, do iu khin vic truy cp mi trng. cho php
cho cc trm bnh thng kh nng vn cn truy cp mi trng, c mt chun b m im truy
cp phi li thi gian cho Truy cp Phn tn trong gia PCF.
3.3.9.
Cc mng Ad-hoc
Trong mt s trng hp cc ngi dng mun lp mt mng LAN khng dy m khng c

mt c s h tng (c bit hn khng c mt im truy cp), iu ny bao gm truyn file gia
hai ngi dng my notebook, cuc hp gia cc cng tc vin bn ngoi vn phng, vn vn.
Chun IEEE 802.11 gii quyt cc nhu cu ny bng cch nh ngha mt m hnh hot ng
Ad-hoc, trong trng hp ny khng c im truy cp no hoc phn no tnh nng ca n c
thc hin bi cc trm ngi dng cui (nh to bo hiu, ng b, ), v cc chc nng khc
khng c h tr (nh t li gia hai trm khng nm trong phm vi, hoc tit kim nng
lng).
3.4. Cc tiu chun trong b tiu chun IEEE 802.11
3.4.1.
IEEE 802.11
Nm 1997, IEEE a ra chun WLAN u tin c gi l 802.11 theo tn ca nhm gim

st s pht trin ca chun ny. Lc ny, 802.11 s dng tn s 2,4GHz v dng k thut tri ph
trc tip (Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum-DSSS) nhng ch h tr bng thng ti a l 2Mbps

tc kh chm cho hu ht cc ng dng. V l do , cc sn phm chun khng dy ny khng
cn c sn xut na.
3.4.2.
IEEE 802.11b
T thng 6 nm 1999, IEEE bt u m rng chun 802.11 ban u v to ra cc c t k

thut cho 802.11b. Chun 802.11b h tr bng thng ln n 11Mbps, ngang vi tc Ethernet
thi by gi. y l chun WLAN u tin c chp nhn trn th trng, s dng tn s 2,4
GHz. Chun 802.11b s dng k thut iu ch kha m b (Complementary Code Keying - CCK)
v dng k thut tri ph trc tip ging nh chun 802.11 nguyn bn. Vi li th v tn s (bng
tn nghip d ISM 2,4GHz), cc hng sn xut s dng tn s ny gim chi ph sn xut.
Nhng khi y, tnh trng "ln xn" li xy ra, 802.11b c th b nhiu do l vi sng, in thoi
m bng con v cc dng c khc cng s dng tn s 2,4GHz. Tuy nhin, bng cch lp t
802.11b khong cch hp l s d dng trnh c nhiu.
u im ca 802.11b l gi thp, tm ph sng tt v khng d b che khut.
Nhc im ca 802.11b l tc thp; c th b nhiu bi cc thit b gia dng.
3.4.3.
IEEE 802.11a
Song hnh vi 802.11b, IEEE tip tc a ra chun m rng th hai cng da vo 802.11 u
tin - 802.11a. Chun 802.11a s dng tn s 5GHz, tc 54Mbps trnh c can nhiu t cc
thit b dn dng. ng thi, chun 802.11a cng s dng k thut tri ph khc vi chun
802.11b - k thut tri ph theo phng php a phn chia tn s trc giao (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing-OFDM). y c coi l k thut tri hn so vi tri ph trc tip (DSSS).
Do chi ph cao hn, 802.11a thng ch c s dng trong cc mng doanh nghip, ngc li,
802.11b thch hp hn cho nhu cu gia nh. Tuy nhin, do tn s cao hn tn s ca chun
802.11b nn tn hiu ca 802.11a gp nhiu kh khn hn khi xuyn tng v cc vt cn khc.
Do 802.11a v 802.11b s dng tn s khc nhau, hai cng ngh ny khng tng thch vi
nhau. Mt vi hng sn xut bt u cho ra i sn phm "lai" 802.11a/b, nhng cc sn phm ny
ch n thun l cung cp 2 chun sng Wi-Fi cng lc (my trm dng chun no th kt ni theo
chunf).
u im ca 802.11a l tc nhanh; trnh xuyn nhiu bi cc thit b khc.

Nhc im ca 802.11a l gi thnh cao; tm ph sng ngn hn v d b che khut.
3.4.4.
IEEE 802.11d
Chun IEEE 802.11d l mt chun IEEE b sung lp s iu khin truy cp (MAC) vo chun
IEEE 802.11 y mnh kh nng s dng rng mng WLAN chun IEEE 802.11. N s cho
php cc im truy cp truyn thng thng tin trn cc knh v tuyn dng c vi cc mc cng
sut chp nhn c cho cc thit b khch hng. Cc thit b s t ng iu chnh da vo cc
yu cu a l.
Mc ch 802.11d l s thm cc c tnh v cc hn ch cho php mng WLAN hot ng
theo cc quy tc ca cc nc ny. Cc nh sn xut thit b khng mun to ra mt s a dng
rng ln ca cc sn phm v cc ngi dng chuyn bit theo quc gia m ngi i du lch khng
mun mt ti y cc card PC mng WLAN chuyn bit theo quc gia. Hu qu s l cc gii
php b chuyn bit theo quc gia.
3.4.5.
IEEE 802.1x (Tbd)
Chun IEEE 802.1x (Yu cu mt nh cung cp dch v RADIUS) cung cp cc doanh nghip
& cc nh ring mt gii php chng thc bo mt, bin i c s dng k thut ti kha (re keying) ng, s chng thc tn v mt khu ngi dng v chng thc ln nhau. K thut ti
kha ng, m trong sut vi ngi dng, loi tr phn phi kha khng bo mt v s chi phI
thi gian v ngn nga cc tn cng lin quan n cc kha WEP tnh. S chng thc trn nn
ngi dng loi tr cc l bo mt xut hin t thit b b trm hoc mt khi s chng thc trn
nn thit b c s dng, v s chng thc ln nhau gim nh tn cng da vo cc im truy cp
lu c. ng thi, v s chng thc chun IEEE 802.1x thng qua mt c s d liu RADIUS, n
cng chia thang d dng iu khin cc s lng ngi dng mng WLAN ang gia tng.
3.4.6.
IEEE 802.11i
y l tn ca nhm lm vic IEEE dnh cho chun ha bo mt mng WLAN. Bo mt

chun IEEE 802.11i c mt khung lm vic c da vo RSN (C ch Bo mt tng cng).
RSN gm c hai phn:
1. C ch ring ca d liu
2. Qun l lin kt bo mt.

C ch ring ca d liu h tr hai s c xng: TKIP v AES. TKIP (S ton vn
kha thi gian) l mt gii php ngn hn m nh ngha phn mm v cho WEP cung cp mt
mc ring t d liu thch hp ti thiu. AES hoc AES - OCB (Advanced Encryption Standard
and Offset Codebook) l mt s ring t d liu mnh m v l mt gii php thi hn lu hn.
Qun l lin kt bo mt c nh a ch bi:
a) Cc th tc m phn RSN
b) S Chng thc chun IEEE 802.1x
c) Qun l kha chun IEEE 802.1x.
Cc chun ang c nh ngha cng tn ti mt cch t nhin cc mng pre - RSN m
hin thi c trin khai. Chun ny khng k vng s c thng qua cho n khi kt thc nm
2003.
3.4.7.
IEEE 802.11g
Nm 2002 v 2003, cc sn phm WLAN h tr chun mi hn c gi l 802.11g ni ln

trn th trng; chun ny c gng kt hp tt nht 802.11a v 802.11b. 802.11g h tr bng thng
54Mbps v s dng tn s 2,4GHz cho phm vi ph sng ln hn. 802.11g tng thch ngc vi
802.11b, ngha l cc AP 802.11g s lm vic vi card mng Wi-Fi chunp802.11b...
Thng 7/2003, IEEE ph chun 802.11g. Chun ny cng s dng phng thc iu ch
OFDM tng t 802.11a nhng li dng tn s 2,4GHz ging vi chun 802.11b. iu th v l
chun ny vn t tc 54Mbps v c kh nng tng thch ngc vi chun 802.11b ang ph
bin.
u im ca 802.11g l tc nhanh, tm ph sng tt v khng d b che khut.
Nhc im ca 802.11g l gi cao hn 802.11b; c th b nhiu bi cc thit b gia dng.
3.4.8.
IEEE 802.11h
Chun ny c dng chu u, di tn 5 Ghz. N cung cp tnh nng s la chn knh ng

v iu khin cng sut truyn dn TPC, nhm trnh can nhiu. chu u ngi ta ch yu s
dng thng tin v tinh, nn phn ln cc quc gia y s dng ch s dng Wireless LAN
trong nh (Indoor). Chun ny ang giai on chun ha.
3.4.9.
IEEE 802.11n
Do tnh tin dng v d trin khai, mng WLAN ngy cng thm nhp khp ni phc v nhu
cu trao i thng tin v gii tr. Vi nhu cu ngy cng cao cp, tc 11 Mbps ca chun
802.11b, 54Mbps ca chun 802.11a/g d rt hp dn nhng cng cha tha yu cu ca ngi
dng. p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao hn , IEEE hnh thnh nhm lm vic pht trin
chun 802.11n. Phm vi lm vic ca nhm ny l nh ngha iu chnh lp vt l v lp MAC
chuyn giao mt gi tr nh nht 100Mbps thng qua mt im truy nhp dch v MAC (SAP).
802.11n s dng mt quan im pht trin ang s dng ti cc cng ngh hin hu trong khi
gii thiu cng ngh mi chng cung cp hiu qu lm vic s pht trin thy c yu
cu ca vic pht trin nhng ng dng. S dng li nhng cng ngh qu bu nh OFDM, m
ha sa li t pha trc, an xen v nh x iu bin bin cu phng c sa v gia li,
gi c gim xung v hon ton tng thch vi cc cng ngh trc .
So vi cc chun trc, c t k thut ca 802.11n "thong" hn nhiu: c nhiu ch ty
chn, nhiu cu hnh c th cho ra sn phm c cc mc tc ti a khc nhau. (Trc y,
tt c cc sn phm 802.11b phi c tc 11Mbps; 802.11a v 802.11g phi c tc 54Mbps).
iu ny vch ra ranh gii v hiu nng trn mi thit b 802.11n: cc nh sn xut c th tng
hoc iu chnh kh nng h tr ng dng, mc gi... ng vi mi ty chn, 802.11n c th h tr
tc ln n 600Mbps, nhng phn cng WLAN khng nht thit phi p dng tt c cc ty
chn. V d, nm 2006, hu ht thit b phn cng WLAN 802.11n 1.0 h tr tc 300Mbps.
Mt trong nhng iu mong i nht ca ngi dng thit b u cui Wi-Fi khng g khc
ngoi tc v tm ph sng. Theo c t k thut, chun 802.11n c tc l thuyt ln n
600Mbps (cao hn 10 ln chun 802.11g) v vng ph sng rng khong 250m (cao hn chun
802.11g gn 2 ln, 140m). Hai c im then cht ny gip vic s dng cc ng dng trong
mi trng mng Wi-Fi c ci tin ng k, phc v tt cho nhu cu gii tr a phng tin,
nhiu ngi dng c th xem phim cht lng cao (HD, Full HD, Full HD 3D...), gi in thoi
qua mng Internet (VoIP), ti tp tin dung lng ln ng thi... m cht lng dch v v tin
cy vn lun t mc cao.
60-
Hnh 3.13:Logo chng nhn sn phm t chun 802.11n

Bn cnh , chun 802.11n vn m bo kh nng tng thch ngc vi cc sn phm
trc , chng hn, nu sn phm Wi-Fi chun n s dng ng thi hai tn s 2,4GHz v
5GHz th s tng thch ngc vi cc sn phm chun 802.11a/b/g.
Chun 802.11n c IEEE ph duyt a vo s dng chnh thc v cng c Hip
hi Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi Alliance) kim nh v cp chng nhn cho cc sn phm t chun. Chng
nhn chun Wi-Fi 802.11n l bc cp nht thm mt s tnh nng ty chn cho 802.11n d
tho 2.0 (draft 2.0, xem thm bi vit ID: A0905_100) c Wi-Fi Alliance bt u t hi
thng 6/2007; cc yu cu c bn (bng tng, tc , MIMO, cc nh dng khung, kh nng
tng thch ngc) khng thay i. y l tin vui cho nhng ai ang s hu thit b t chng
nhn 802.11n draft 2.0. Chng nhn Wi-Fi n vn m bo cho hn 700 sn phm c cp
chng nhn draft 2.0 trc y (gm my tnh, thit b in t tiu dng nh tivi, my ch a
phng tin (media server) v cc thit b mng). Tt c thit b c cp chng nhn dng
draft n c iu kin s dng logo "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n" m khng cn phi kim tra li
(xem hnh 3.13).

Cc ci tin cng ngh ca chun 802.11n:
a) OFDM tt hn
Yu cu u tin l phi s dng phng php ghp knh phn chia tng s trc giao OFDM
c pht trin trn da trn 802.11a/g, s dng tc m ln nht cao hn v nhp di thng
rng hn. iu c ngha l 802.11n h tr mt OFDM tt hn. Nhng thay i gip tng tc
ln 65 Mbps so vi 52Mbps ca chun 802.11a v 802.11g.
Ci thin hiu nng ca MIMO:
Mt trong nhng thnh phn c bit rng ri nht trong c t k thut ca bn d tho l
MIMO. MIMO tn dng hin tng t nhin ca sng trung tn c gi l a ng: thng tin
c pht xuyn qua tng, ca s v cc vt chn khc, anten thu tn hiu nhiu ln qua cc b
nh tuyn khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau. Do , tn hiu a ng nguyn gc c th b
"bp mo" dn n kh gii m v ko theo hiu nng Wi-Fi km. MIMO khai thc hin tng a
ng vi k thut a phn chia theo khng gian (space-division multiplexing). Thit b pht
WLAN chia gi d liu ra thnh nhiu phn, mi phn c gi l chui d liu (Spatial Stream)
v pht tng chui d liu qua cc anten ring r n cc anten thu.
Hnh 3.14: Cng ngh MIMO

Hin ti, 802.11n cung cp n 4 chui d liu, cho d phn cng khng yu cu h tr nhiu
nh th. (xem hnh 3.15)
Mi mu tng ng vi mt chui d liu

Hnh 3.15 :Cc chui d liu ca 802.11n
Gp i s lng chui d liu ng ngha vi vic tng gp i tc , tuy nhin s ko theo
cng sut tiu th tng, kh nng m rng km hn v gi thnh sn phm cao hn. Trong khi c
t k thut 802.11n yu cu phi c ch tit kim nng lng (MIMO power-save). iu ny c
ngha l ch nn s dng k thut a ng khi t c li ch v hiu nng.
Cc c im ni bt ca MIMO
C 2 tnh nng trong c t k thut 802.11n nhm tp trung ci thin hiu nng MIMO: cc
to bp sng (Beam-forming) v s phn tp (Diversity). Beam-forming l k thut iu chnh tn
hiu trc tip trn anten, gip tng vng ph sng v hiu sut bng cch hn ch nhiu. Diversity
khai thc trn nhiu anten bng cch tng hp cc tn hiu u ra hoc chn tn hiu tt nht trong
s cc anten. y l c t k thut quan trng do 802.11n c 4 anten, v th s gp phi trng
hp thit b c s lng anten khc vi n. V v, my tnh xch tay dng 2 anten c th kt ni
n access point (AP) c 3 anten. Trng hp ny, ch 2 chui d liu c dng d AP h tr n
3 chui d liu. Vi Diversity, thm cng nhiu anten cng tt. Thit b nhiu anten s c phm vi
ph sng xa hn. V d, tn hiu pht ra ca 2 anten c th kt hp li thu mt chui d liu
khong cch xa. tng ny c th c m rng kt hp cc tn hiu u ra ca 3 anten
thu v 2 chui d liu c tc cao, vng ph sng rng... Diversity khng b gii hn trong
802.11n v c WLAN. Thc t, n c ci t cho cc sn phm chun 802.11a/b/g c 2
anten.
Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11n (xem bng 3.3).
Bng 3.3: Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11n
Tnh nng
OFDM tt hn
ngha
H tr bng thng rng hn v tc m ha cao hn
tng tc t ti a 65Mbps
a phn chia
Ci tin hiu sut bng cch phn chia d liu thnh nhiu
theo khng gian
chui pht n nhiu anten
Trng thi
Bt buc
Ty chn n
ti a 4 chui
d liu
Diversity
Khai thc s c mt ca nhiu anten ci tin tm ph
Ty chn n
sng v tin cy. Hnh thc ny c thc thi khi s
ti a 4 anten
lng anten u thu cao hn s lng anten u pht.

MIMO tit kim
Gii hn cng sut tiu th bt li ca MIMO bng cch
nng lng
ch s dng nhiu anten khi cn thit
Cc knh 40MHz
S kt hp
Gim Inter-frame
Spacing (RIFS)
Tng tc gp i bng cch tng rng bng thng t

20MHz ln 40MHz
Ci tin hiu sut bng cch cho php nhiu gi d liu
pht tng tc gia s truyn thng trn cao
Quy nh
Ty chn
Quy nh
Mt trong nhng c im chung trong thit k 802.11n-n

l ci tin hiu sut. Thi gian tr trong vic pht OFDM
Quy nh
ngn hn so vi 802.11a, 802.11g
Ch
Ci tin hiu sut bng cch loi cc thit b 802.11a/b/g
Greenfield
ra khi mng 802.11n-n
Ty chn hin
thi
b) Ci tin lu lng v tc truyn d liu

Mt ty chn khc trong 802.11n d tho l nhn i tc bng cch tng bng thng knh
truyn WLAN t 20MHz ln 40MHz. iu ny lm gim s lng knh gy bt li cho cc thit
b khc. Tn s 2,4GHz c khng gian cho 3 knh 20MHz khng chng ln nhau (nonoverlapping), cn knh 40MHz khng c nhiu khng gian cho cc thit b khc tham gia vo
mng hay truyn d liu trn cng khu vc vi chng. Do , vic chn knh 40MHz s ci thin
hiu nng cho ton WLAN.
Cc c im k thut ca IEEE 802.11 (xem bng 3.4).
Bng 3.4: Cc c im k thut ca IEEE 802.11n

Cc chun
Nm ph
chun
Tc ti
a
Khong
cch ti a
K thut
iu ch
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
Thng 7/1999
Thng 7/1999
54Mbps
11Mbps
54Mbps
300Mbps
100m
100m
100m
150m
Thng
6/2003
DSSS hay
OFDM
DSSS hay CCK
CCK hay
OFDM
802.11n
Thng 6/2007
DSSS hay CCK hay

OFDM
Di tn s
trung tn
5GHz
2,4GHZ
2,4GHZ
2,4GHz hay 5GHz
1, 2, 3 hay 4
20MHz
20MHz
20MHz
20MHz hay 40MHz
(RF)
Chui d
liu
rng
bng thng
S knh
khng
chng ln
23
3 (2,4GHz)
23 (5GHz)
nhau
Bluetooth, l vi
Bluetooth, l vi
Ngun can
sng, thit b
sng, thit b
nhiu
quan st b t
quan st b t
xa...
xa...
in thoi
Tng t 802.11b/g
m bng
(2,4GHz)Tng t
con
802.11a (5GHz)
c) Hot ng hiu qu cng WLAN hin hnh

c tnh k thut ca 802.11n d tho c kh nng tng thch vi chun trc . Access
Point 802.11n s tng thch ngc vi cc thit b chun 802.11a tn s 5GHz cng nh chun
802.11b v 802.11g tn s 2,4GHz. 802.11n s h tr tt hn vi ch "mixed" ca 802.11g.
Thc t, hiu sut mng ph thuc vo t l bng thng c s dng pht d liu ch khng
phi gi tin u tin (Overhead) hay cc giao thc c s dng qun l vic truyn thng
mng. Mt trong cc tnh nng quan trng nht trong c t k thut 802.11n ci tin hiu nng
ch hp nht (mixed mode) l s tp hp. Thay v gi tng frame d liu, my trm pht mt
gi gm nhiu frame chung vi nhau. Do , vic tp hp d liu s hiu qu hn (xem hnh 3.16).
Hnh 3.16: S tp hp ci thin hiu qu trong ch Mixed

iu ny d dng cho cc thit b 802.11n cng tn ti vi 802.11g v 802.11a v tt c u
dng phng thc iu ch OFDM. V th, c nhiu tnh nng trong c t k thut ca thit b
nh tng hiu nng cho cc mng ch s dng OFDM. Chng hn nh tnh nng gim khong
khng gia frame (Reduced Inter-Frame Spacing, hay RIFS), chi tit ny c thi gian tr hon gia
2 ln pht ngn.
t hiu nng tt, c t k thut ca 802.11n cung cp mt ch gi l "cnh ng xanh"
(Greenfield) - ch cc thit b 802.11n hot ng trong mng.
d) Hin thc phn cng ca chun IEEE 802.11n
Cc hng sn xut chip Wi-Fi ln nh Atheros, Broadcom xut xng cc chip h tr chun
802.11n v t c chng nhn ca Wi-Fi Alliance, chng hn chip BCM943224HMS,
BCM94313HMGB ca Broadcom, chip AR5B195 ca Atheros. Cc chip ny h tr y 4
chun 802.11a/b/g/n vi rt nhiu tnh nng ty chn (Short Guard Interval, Greenfield Preamble,
A-MPDU, STBC, 40MHz trn tn s 2,4GHz hay 5GHz...), ch bo mt WPA2 cao cp, tnh
nng WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) h tr gii tr a phng tin v cc tnh nng tin ch khc nh
ci t m ha Wi-Fi nhanh theo dng PIN (Personal Identification Number) hay PBC (Push
button configuration)...
u, nhc im ca 802.11n:
u im ca 802.11n l tc nhanh nht, vng ph sng tt nht; tr khng ln hn chng
nhiu t cc tc ng ca mi trng.
Nhc im ca 802.11n gi cao hn 802.11g; s dng nhiu lung tn hiu c th gy nhiu
vi cc thit b 802.11b/g k cn.
Tuy nhin, vi u im nhiu hn khuyt im nh vy, tng lai chun IEEE 802.11n s ph
bin trn ton cu v thay th cc chun IEEE 802.11 khc.
3.5. Bo mt trong mng WLAN
3.5.1.
C s bo mt mng WLAN
Chun IEEE 802.11 c vi c tnh bo mt, nh h thng m v cc kiu chng thc kha
dng chung, nh danh t dch v (SSID) v gii thut WEP. Mi c tnh cung cp cc mc
bo mt khc nhau v chng c gii thiu trong phn ny. Phn ny cng cung cp thng tin v
cch dng anten RF hn ch lan lan truyn trong mi trng WM.
3.5.1.1.
Lin kt v Chng thc
Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha mt trm cui l nh x AP cc trm khc trn mng ni dy
v mng khng dy c phng tin giao tip vi trm cui. nh x ny c gi "lin kt".
Trong khi cc trm cui c php lin kt ng n cc AP khc th ti bt k im cho trc
mt trm cui ch c lin kt n mt AP. Mt trm cui "c lin kt" vi mt AP kh ging
vi mt trm cui Ethernet c t vo trong cu ni (bridge) ca mt switch. Khng c c ch
ny, AP khng c cch xc nh thc y cc khung nhn c trn cng Ethernet ti cng
khng dy hay khng.
Lin kt l mt qu trnh ba trng thi:
1. Khng c lin kt v khng c xc thc
2. Khng c lin kt nhng c xc thc
3. c lin kt v c xc thc.
Cc bn tin i qua trong thi gian thc hin cc bc ny c gi l cc khung qun l. iu

quan trng trong qu trnh ny l lin kt s khng xy ra cho n khi chng thc xy ra. S chng
thc theo chun IEEE 802.11 c ni k trong phn 3.5.1.5.
3.5.1.2.
Cc mc bo v an ton mng
V khng c mt gii php an ton tuyt i nn ngi ta thng phi s dng nhiu mc bo
v khc nhau to thnh nhiu lp "ro chn" i vi hot ng xm phm. Vic bo v thng tin
trn mng ch yu l bo v thng tin ct gi trong cc my tnh, c bit l trong cc server ca
mng. Hnh 3.17 m t cc lp ro chn thng dng hin nay bo v thng tin ti cc trm ca
firewalls
Physical protection
data encrytion
login/password
Information
Access rights
mng.
Hnh 3.17: Cc mc bo v mng

Nh minh ha trong hnh 3.17, cc lp bo v thng tin trn mng gm
Lp bo v trong cng l quyn truy nhp nhm kim sot cc ti nguyn ( y l
thng tin) ca mng v quyn hn (c th thc hin nhng thao tc g) trn ti nguyn
. Hin nay vic kim sot mc ny c p dng su nht i vi tp.
Lp bo v tip theo l hn ch theo ti khon truy nhp gm ng k tn/mt khu
tng ng. y l phng php bo v ph bin nht v n n gin, t tn km v cng
rt c hiu qu. Mi ngi s dng mun truy nhp c vo mng s dng cc ti
nguyn u phi ng k tn v mt khu. Ngi qun tr h thng c trch nhim qun
l, kim sot mi hot ng ca mng v xc nh quyn truy nhp ca nhng ngi s
dng khc ty theo thi gian v khng gian.
70-
Lp th ba l s dng cc phng php m ha (encrytion). D liu c bin i t

dng c c sang dng khng c c theo mt thut ton no . Chng ta s
xem xt cc phng thc v cc thut ton m ha c s dng ph bin phn di
y.
Lp th t l bo v vt l (physical protection) nhm ngn cn cc truy nhp bt hp
php vo h thng. Thng dng cc bin php truyn thng nh ngn cm ngi
khng c nhim v vo phng t my, dng h thng kha trn my tnh, ci t cc h
thng bo ng khi c truy nhp vo h thng..
Lp th nm: Ci t cc h thng tng la (firewall), nhm ngn chn c thm nhp
tri php v cho php lc cc gi tin m ta khng mun gi i hoc nhn vo v mt l
do no .
3.5.1.3.
Gii hn lan truyn RF
Trc khi thc hin cc bin php bo mt, ta cn xt cc vn lin quan vi lan truyn RF
do cc AP trong mt mng khng dy. Khi chn tt, vic kt hp my pht v anten thch hp l
mt cng c bo mt c hiu qu gii hn truy cp ti mng khng dy trong vng ph sng
nh trc. Khi chn km, s m rng mng ra ngoi vng ph sng nh trc thnh nhiu vng
ph sng hoc hn na.
Cc anten c hai c tnh ch yu: tnh nh hng v khuch i. Cc anten a hng c
vng ph sng 360 , trong khi cc anten nh hng ch ph sng trong vng hn ch (hnh
3.18). khuch i anten c o bng dBi v c nh ngha l s tng cng sut m mt
anten thm vo tnh hiu RF.
Hnh 3.18. Cc mu lan truyn RF ca cc anten ph bin.

3.5.1.4.
nh danh thit lp Dch v (SSID)
Chun IEEE 802.11b nh ngha mt c ch khc gii hn truy cp: SSID. SSID l tn mng
m xc nh vng c ph sng bi mt hoc nhiu AP. Trong kiu s dng ph bin, AP lan
truyn nh k SSID ca n qua mt n hiu (beacon). Mt trm v tuyn mun lin kt n AP
phi nghe cc lan truyn v chn mt AP lin kt vi SSID ca n.
Trong kiu hot ng khc, SSID c s dng nh mt bin php bo mt bng cch nh cu
hnh AP khng lan truyn SSID ca n. Trong kiu ny, trm v tuyn mun lin kt n AP
phi sn c SSID nh cu hnh ging vi SSID ca AP. Nu cc SSID khc nhau, cc khung
qun l t trm v tuyn gi n AP s b loi b v chng cha SSID sai v lin kt s khng xy
ra.
V cc khung qun l trn cc mng WLAN chun IEEE 802.11 lun lun c gi n r
rng, nn kiu hot ng ny khng cung cp mc bo mt thch hp. Mt k tn cng d dng
nghe cc khung qun l trn mi trng WM v khm ph SSID ca AP.
3.5.1.5.
Cc kiu Chng thc
Trc khi mt trm cui lin kt vi mt AP v truy cp ti mng WLAN, n phi thc hin
chng thc. Hai kiu chng thc khch hng c nh ngha trong chun IEEE 802.11: h thng
m v kha chia s.
a.
Chng thc h thng m
Chng thc h thng m l mt hnh thc rt c bn ca chng thc, n gm mt yu cu

chng thc n gin cha ID trm v mt p li chng thc gm thnh cng hoc tht bi. Khi
thnh cng, c hai trm c xem nh c xc nhn vi nhau.
Hnh 3.19. Chng thc h thng m.

b.
Chng thc kha chia s
Chng thc kha chia s c xc nhn trn c s c hai trm tham gia trong qu trnh chng
thc c cng kha chia s. Ta gi thit rng kha ny c truyn ti c hai trm sut knh
bo mt no trong mi trng WM. Trong cc thi hnh tiu biu, chng thc ny c thit lp
th cng trn trm khch hng v AP. Cc khung th nht v th t ca chng thc kha chia s
tng t nh cc khung c trong chng thc h thng m. Cn cc khung th hai v khung th ba
khc nhau, trm xc nhn nhn mt gi vn bn yu cu (c to ra khi s dng b to s gi
ngu nhin gii thut WEP (PRNG)) t AP, mt m ha n s dng kha chia s, v gi n tr li
cho AP. Sau khi gii m, nu vn bn yu cu ph hp, th chng thc mt chiu thnh cng.
chng thc hai pha, qu trnh trn c lp li pha i din. C s ny lm cho hu ht cc tn
cng vo mng WLAN chun IEEE 802.11b ch cn da vo vic bt dng mt m ha ca mt
p ng bit trc, nn dng chng thc ny l mt la chn km hiu qu. N cho php cc
hacker ly thng tin nh mt m ha WEP v cng l l do ti sao chng thc kha chia
s khng bao gi khuyn ngh.
S dng chng thc m l mt phng php bo v d liu tt hn, v n cho php chng thc
m khng c kha WEP ng. Bo mt gii hn vn c duy tr v trm s khng th pht hoc
nhn d liu chnh xc vi mt kha WEP sai.
Hnh 3.20. Chng thc kha chia s

3.5.2.
WEP
WEP c thit k bo v ngi dng mng WLAN khi b nghe trm tnh c v n c cc
thuc tnh sau:
Mt m ha mnh, ng tin cy. Vic khi phc kha b mt rt kh khn. Khi
di kha cng di th cng kh khi phc.
T ng b ha. Khng cn gii quyt mt cc gi. Mi gi cha ng thng tin
cn gii m n.
Hiu qu. N c thc hin ng tin cy trong phn mm.
Gii thut WEP thc cht l gii thut gii m ha RC4 ca Hip hi Bo mt D liu RSA. N
c xem nh l mt gii thut i xng v s dng cng kha cho mt m ha v gii mt m
UDP (Protocol Data Unit) vn bn gc. Mi khi truyn, vn bn gc XOR theo bit vi mt lung
kha (keystream) gi ngu nhin to ra mt vn bn c mt m. Qu trnh gii mt m ngc
li.
Gii thut hot ng nh sau:
Ta gi thit rng kha b mt c phn phi ti c trm pht ln trm thu theo
ngha bo mt no .
Ti trm pht, kha b mt 40 bit c mc ni vi mt Vect Khi to (IV) 24
bit to ra mt seed (ht ging) cho u vo b PRNG WEP.
Seed c qua b PRNG to ra mt lung kha (keystream) l cc octet gi
ngu nhin.
Sau PDU vn bn gc c XOR vi keystream gi ngu nhin to ra PDU
vn bn mt m ha.
PDU vn bn mt m ha ny sau c mc ni vi IV v c truyn trn
mi trng WM.
Trm thu c IV v mc ni n vi kha b mt, to ra seed m n chuyn cho b
PRNG.
B PRNG ca my thu cn phi to ra keystream ng nht c s dng bi
trm pht, nh vy khi no c XOR vi vn bn mt m ha, PDU vn bn gc
c to ra.
PDU vn bn gc c bo v bng mt m CRC ngn nga can thip ngu nhin vo vn
bn mt m ang vn chuyn. Khng may l khng c bt k cc quy tc no i vi cch s dng
ca IV, ngoi tr ni rng IV c thay i "thng xuyn nh mi MPDU". Tuy nhin, ch tiu
k thut khuyn khch cc thc thi xem xt cc nguy him do qun l IV khng hiu qu.
3.5.3.
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
Nhn thy c nhng kh khn khi nng cp ln 802.11i, Wi-Fi Alliance a ra gii php
khc gi l Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). Mt trong nhng ci tin quan trng nht ca WPA l
s dng hm thay i kho TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol). WPA cng s dng thut
ton RC4 nh WEP nhng m ho y 128 bit. V mt c im khc l WPA thay i kho
cho mi gi tin. Cc cng c thu thp cc gi tin ph kho m ho u khng th thc hin
c vi WPA. Bi WPA thay i kho lin tc nn hacker khng bao gi thu thp d liu
mu tm ra mt khu. Khng nhng th, WPA cn bao gm kim tra tnh ton vn ca thng tin
(Message Integrity Check). V vy, d liu khng th b thay i trong khi ang trn ng
truyn. Mt trong nhng im hp dn nht ca WPA l khng yu cu nng cp phn cng. Cc
nng cp min ph v phn mm cho hu ht cc card mng v im truy cp s dng WPA rt d
dng v c sn. Tuy nhin, WPA cng khng h tr cc thit b cm tay v my qut m vch.
WPA c sn 2 la chn: WPA Personal v WPA Enterprise. C 2 la chn ny u s dng
giao thc TKIP v s khc bit ch l kho khi to m ho lc u. WPA Personal thch hp cho
gia nh v mng vn phng nh, kho khi to s c s dng ti cc im truy cp v thit b
my trm. Trong khi , WPA Enterprise cn mt my ch xc thc v 802.1x cung cp cc
kho khi to cho mi phin lm vic. Trong khi Wi-Fi Alliance a ra WPA c coi l loi
tr mi l hng d b tn cng ca WEP nhng ngi s dng vn khng thc s tin tng vo
WPA. C mt l hng trong WPA v li ny ch xy ra vi WPA Personal. Khi m s dng hm
thay i kho TKIP c s dng to ra cc kho m ho b pht hin, nu hacker c th on
c kho khi to hoc mt phn ca mt khu, h c th xc nh c ton b mt khu, do
c th gii m c d liu. Tuy nhin, l hng ny cng s b loi b bng cch s dng nhng
kho khi to khng d on. iu ny cng c ngha rng k thut TKIP ca WPA ch l gii
php tm thi, cha cung cp mt phng thc bo mt cao nht. WPA ch thch hp vi nhng
cng ty m khng khng truyn d liu "mt" v nhng thng mi, hay cc thng tin nhy cm...
WPA cng thch hp vi nhng hot ng hng ngy v mang tnh th nghim cng ngh.
3.5.4.
WPA2
3.5.4.1.
Thit lp kha
WPA l tp con tiu chun trc ca IEEE 802.11i. N chp nhn s thit lp kha, kha phn
cp v cc khuyn co v chng thc ca IEE 802.11i mt cch gn nh y . WPA v chun
WPA2 gn nh l ng nht. Tuy nhin, c mt s khc bit rt quan trng: trong WPA2, cc
kha IEEE802.11i cng nh vy, nn qu trnh thit lp kha v kin trc kha phn cp trong
WPA v ging nhau c th c s dng cho m ha v s bo v ton vn ca d liu. Bi vy
WPA2 s dng t kha hn.
WPA2 m rng s phn cp kha hai tng ca WEP thnh phn cp a tng. cp cao nht
vn l kha ch, tham chiu ti PMK (pair wise master key) trong WPA2 . Cp tip theo l PTK
76-
(pair wise transient key), c bt ngun t PMK. cp cui cng l nhng gi kha m ha.
Chng c to ra bi kha PTK qua mt kha trn.
Hnh 3.21: Key Generation trong WEP, WPA v WPA2

Cng nh WPA, WPA2 khng ch r cch thc to ra kha ch PMK. Bi vy, WPA2 c l l
kha b mt dng chung trc hay n bt ngun t qu trnh nhn thc nh 802.1x. WPA2 yu
cu PMK c di l 32 byte. Bi vi di 32 byte l qu di mt ngi c th nh n.
Nhng s trin khai ca 802.11 s dng kha dng chung cho php ngi s dng vo mt
khu ngn hn, chnh l c s dng to ra kha c di 32 byte.
mc tip theo l PTK, v c bn chng l nhng kha phin. Thut ng PTK c s dng
nhm tham chiu n tp hp nhng kha phin m ch yu l 4 loi kha, mi loi u c
di l 128 bits. Bn loi kha ny l: mt kha m ha cho d liu, mt kha ton vn cho d
liu, mt kha m ha cho giao thc chng thc m rng qua LAN (EAPoL) messages, v mt
kha vn ton d liu cho bn tin EAPoL. Ghi nh rng thut ng (session) y dng tham
chiu ti s kt hp gia mt STA v mt AP. Mi khi mt STA kt hp vi mt AP, chng s
khi u cho mt phin mi v iu ny dn ti s pht sinh mt PTK mi t PMK. V cc kha
phin ch hp l trong mt khon thi gian nht nh chng cng nh nhng kha thi gian.
Kha PTK c to ra t PMK s dng mt PRF (hm gi ngu nhin). Cc PRF c dng
to ra PTK r rng c bit bi PTK s dng gii thut HMAC-SHA:
PTK = PRF 512(PKM, Pair wise key expansion, AP_MAC || STA_MAC ||
ANonce || Snonce)
thu c t PTK t PMK ta cn dng 5 gi tr u vo: kha PMK, a ch lp MAC cn
hai im cui lin quan n phin v mi Nonce ca hai im cui . S dng a ch MAC
to ra PTK m bo rng cc kha ny l ranh gii ca cc phin gia hai im cui v gia tng
tnh hiu qu khng gian kha ca ton b h thng.
V chng ta cn to ra mt tp hp khc nhau ca nhng kha phin t PMK ging nhau cho
nhng phin mi, chng ta cn thm u vo khc vo c ch to kha m u vo ny thay
i mi phin. u vo ny chnh l Nonce. Nonce c hiu st ngha nht l s ln ngn
nht, gi tr ca Nonce nh vy thay i khng b b buc, tr khi gi tr mi Nonce khng bao
gi s dng li ln na vn c bn l mt s ch c s dng mt ln. Vi chng ta, mt
Nonce l mt s duy nht (sinh ra ngu nhin) v c th phn bit gia hai phin thit lp gia
mt STA v mt AP cho ti nhng thi im khc nhau. Hai Nonce lin quan ti s to thnh
PTK sinh ra bi hai im cui lin quan ti phin , v d STA (SNonce) v AP (Anonce). WPA2
ch r mt Nonce c th c to ra nh sau:
ANonce = PRF 257 (Random Number, Init Counter, AP_MAC || Time) SNonce = PRF
257(Random Number, Init Counter, STA_MAC || Time)
iu quan trng l PTK c hiu qu dng chung gia STA v AP c s dng bi c hai STA
v AP nhm bo v d liu / bn tin EAPoL m chng truyn i. V th , cc gi tr u vo yu
cu to PTK t PMK n t c hai im cui STA v AP ca phin , mt Nonce v mt a ch
lp MAC c chuyn i. Bi vy c STA v AP c th to ra PTK ging nhau t PMK ng
thi.
Mc tip theo ca h phn bc kha l cc gi kha (per packet key) c to ra t PTK.
Qu trnh WPA2 s dng c c per packet key c ch ra hnh 3.22 y.
Hnh 3.22: Per-Packet Key Generation

pha u tin, kha m ha d liu phin c kt ni vi high order 32 bits ca
TSC/IV v a ch lp MAC. u ra ca pha ny c kt ni vi lower order 17 bits ca
TSC/IV pha th hai. u ra ca pha th hai s to ra 104 bit per packet key. C nhiu c
tnh quan trng trong qu trnh ny:
Kch thc ca kha m ha vn l 104 bit, v th n c th thch hp vi b tng tc phn
cng WEP. V to ra per packet key lin quan n mt thao tc trn, thao tc tn ton cng
cao cho b x l MAC nh trong phn cng WEP. Qu trnh ny chia lm hai pha. Phn x l
cng cao c c thc hin pha mt trong khi pha hai tnh ton cng cao. V pha 1
lin quan n high order 32 ca TSC/IV, vic ch cn c thc hin khi m mt trong cc bit
thay i. Chc nng trn kha s gy kh khn cho ngi nghe trm do TSC/IV v cc kha gi
u c m ha gi
79-
3.5.4.2.
Nhn thc
Ging nh s phn phi v thit lp kha, WPA cng chp nhn kin trc chng thc c
ch r trong 802.11i. Do kin trc chng thc ca WPA v WPA2 l ging nhau. Vi mng
nh 802.11i cho php kha dng th cng nh WEP vi mng doanh nghip, 802.11i ch r cch
s dng ca 802.1x cho s thit lp kha v s chng thc. Hnh 3.23 cho ta thy kin trc ca
EAPoL v hnh 3.24 cho thy ton b h thng kin trc ca EAPoL. Cng kim sot ch m khi thit
b c kt ni ti cng cho php bi 802.1x. Mt khc, cng khng kim sot cung cp mt
ng dn duy nht cho lu lng EAPoL
Hnh 3.23: Authentication Architecture

Hnh 3.23: Cng khng c kim sot c th hn ch th no s dng MAC filtering. S
ny trong mt s trng hp c dng chng li s tn cng.
80-
Hnh 3.24: EAPOL

EAP ch r ba thnh phn ca mng: the
supplicant,
the
authenticator
and
the
authentication server cho EAPoL ngi s dng cui l supplicant. Chuyn mch lp hai l s
truy nhp kim sot nhn thc ti mng s dng cng logic. Nhng quyt nh truy nhp c
thc hin bi my ch chng thc backend sau khi thc hin qu trnh chng thc. Qu trnh
chng thc ny s dng cho ngi qun tr mng quyt nh EAPoL c th d dng c
lm thch nghi c th s dng c trong mi trng 802.11. Nh hnh 3.25 STA l
supplicant, AP l s kim sot nhn thc ti mng v c mt my ch chng thc backend .
Tnh tng t cng ni bt hn nu ta xem xt mt AP, tht ra l chuyn i lp hai, vi mt
my v tuyn v mt dao din ng dy.
81-
Hnh 3.25: Authentication Overview

Tuy nhin c mt chi tit cn ch n kin trc 802.1x mang qu trnh bo mt gia
supplicant (STA) v my ch chng thc backend. iu c ngha l kha ch (kt qu t mt
qu trnh chng thc th TLS) c to ra gia STA v my ch backend. Tuy nhin, c ch
b mt v vn ton trong kin trc an ninh ca 802.11 vn c thc hin gia STA v AP. iu
c ngha l phin (PTK) v per packet key (chng c to ra t PMK) u cn STA v
AP. Tuy nhin, AP cha chc c PMK. Bi vy, ci m cn cho mt c ch c PMK t
my ch chng thc n AP an ton.
Nhc li kin trc 802.1x, kt qu ca qu trnh chng thc c chuyn ch bi my
ch chng thc ti AP, v vy m AP c th cho php hay khng cho php truy nhp ti mng.
Giao thc truyn tin gia AP v my ch chng thc khng ch r bi 802.11 nhng c ch r
bi WPA2 l RADIUS. Hu nh tt c cc s trin khai ca 802.11 c l kt thc ln trn s
dng RADIUS. Giao thc RADIUS cho php an ninh phn phi kha t my ch chng thc
ti AP v y l cc m PMK ti AP nh th no.
Ghi nh l 802.1x c mt khung dnh cho chng thc. N khng ch r giao thc chng
thc c s dng. Bi vy, l ti ngi qun tr mng chn giao thc chng thc. Mt
trong s nhng giao thc chng thc c bn lun nhiu nht s dng trong 802.1x l
TLS.
82-
Giao thc EAP-TLS c ly ti liu cn thn. N c phn tch rng v khng s sai lch
yu km no c tm thy trong giao thc ca n. iu ny lm cho n l s la chn li
cun v an ninh s dng trong 802.1x.
3.5.4.3.
S b mt
Thc t ch r rng mt gii thut m ha khng cung cp cho h thng an ninh.

cung cp tnh b mt trong 802.11i, AES c s dng trong counter mode. Counter mode thc
s s dng mt khi mt m nh mt lung mt m , nh vy kt hp an ninh ca mt khi
mt m, vi s d dng s dng mt lung mt m. Hnh 3.26 ch r ASE Counter Mode lm
vic nh th no.
Hnh 3.26: Hot ng ca ASE Counter Mode

S dng counter mode yu cu mt my m. My m bt u ti mt thi im bt k
nhng quyt nh trc gi tr v c tng dn trong mt kiu ch r. Thao tc my m n
gin nht, v d : bt u my m vi khi u l 1 v tng dn mt gi tr tun t cho mi
khi. Gi tr khi u cho mt counter bt ngun t mt gi tr Nonce , ci m thay i cho mi
thng bo lin tip. Mt m AES sau c s dng m ha my m to ra mt
lung kha. Khi thng bo nguyn bn n c chia vo cc khi 128 bits, v mi khi
XOR c cng vi 128 bits tng ng ca dng kha pht sinh sn xut ra mt m.
V mt ton hc, chc nng m ha c trnh by l: Ci=Mi+(Ek)(i) trong i l counter

An ninh ca h thng nm trong counter. Cho ti khi gi tr Counter khng bao gi lp li
vi t kha ging vy, h thng c bo v. Trong WPA2, iu ny t c bi vic dng
mt kha mi cho cc phin.
3.5.4.4.
S ton vn
t c s ton vn ca bn tin, nhim v ca nhm l m rng counter mode bao

gm s hot ng ca mt CBC MAC. y l iu gii thch tn ca giao thc: AES-CCMP
trong CCMP thay th cho giao thc counter mode CBC MAC. Giao thc CBC MAC c
th hin trong hnh 3.27, trong hp mu en l giao thc m ha.
Hnh 3.27: CBC MAC

3.5.5.
Trng thi bo mt mng WLAN
Chun IEEE 802.11b hnh thnh di s khuyn khch t nhiu hng. C nhiu ti liu
ca cc nh nghin cu khc nhau ch ra cc l hng bo mt quan trng trong chun. H ch
ra rng gii thut WEP khng hon ton cung cp tnh ring t trn mt mng khng dy.
H khuyn ngh:
Cc lp lin kt xut khng c bo mt.
S dng cc c ch bo mt cao hn nh IPsec v SSH, thay cho WEP.
Xem tt c cc h thng c ni qua chun IEEE 802.11 nh l phn ngoi.

t tt c cc im truy cp bn ngoi bc tng la.
Gi thit rng bt c ai trong phm vi vt l u c th lin lc trn mng nh
mt ngi dng hp l. Nh rng mt i th cnh tranh c th dng mt
anten tinh vi vi nhiu vng nhn sng rng hn c th c tm thy trn mt
card PC chun IEEE 802.11 tiu biu.
3.5.6.
Cc v d kin trc bo mt mng WLAN
Cc kin trc mng WLAN sau y c ngha khi ta nghin cu ton b cc cch tip cn c
th. N khng hng vo cc vn mt m ha lp cao ca d liu trn mi gi trong mi
trng WM, nh mt mng ring o (VPN). Trong tt c cc trng hp, ta gi thit rng mt
gii php VPN c u tin hn so vi cc kin trc khc tng mc bo mt. Bin php bo
mt c tho lun di y nhm bo v s lu thng mng c truyn gia cc AP v radio
khch hng. Do , ta gi thit rng mng ni dy hin ti tht s c bo v bi mt bin
php no chp nhn c.
SSID cung cp rt t mc bo mt v bn cht vn bn sch ca n v do ta khng quan
tm n SSID khi tho lun v cc kin trc bo mt.
Sau y l mt danh sch kin trc mng WLAN v cc tn thnh cng nh cc phn i i
vi chng. Bng 3.5 so snh cc c tnh ca cc kin trc bo mt mng WLAN.
Chng thc m khng c gii thut WEP (hnh 3.19)
Cc tn thnh: khng c mo u qun l; bt k khch hng no cng c th lin kt n
AP m khng c bt k cu hnh b sung no.
Cc chng i: khng c bo mt no khc ngoi a ch MAC da vo k thut lc.
Chng thc m c gii thut WEP (hnh 3.19)
Cc tn thnh : tnh bo mt tt ngn cn bt k k xm phm tnh c no; c mo u
qun l kh.
Cc chng i: cc kha gii thut WEP b tha hip.
Chng thc kha chia s vi gii thut WEP (hnh 3.20)
Cc tn thnh: tnh bo mt tt ngn cn bt k cc k xm nhp no; c mo u qun

l kh.
Cc chng i: s dng mt c ch yu cu/p ng khng bo mt; cc kha gii thut
WEP b tha hip.
Chng thc m LAWN/MOWER
LAWN/MOWER l mt kin trc s dng cc giao thc chung v phn mm ngun m
tch ngi dng trn mng WLAN ra khi mng cho n khi h c xc nhn bi mt h
thng tnh ton. Mt khi c xc nhn, cc quy tc c thm vo router n cho php khch
hng giao tip trong mng ni dy. Nh mt bin php bo mt b sung, a ch MAC v IP ca
khch hng c m ha cht cng trong cache nh MOWER ARP.
Cc tn thnh: c lp (ch B trnh duyt c kh nng SSL c yu cu); da vo phn
mm ngun m sn c t do; chng thc kh mnh m (SSL v Kerberos 128 bit).
Cc chng i: khng c truy cp ngoi mng WLAN m khng c chng thc.
Cng Gateway Firewall khng dy Ames ca NASA (WFG)
WFG tng t vi LAWN/MOWER ch c iu c s d liu trn nn RADIUS thay v trn
nn Kerberos. WFG c thit k quanh mt nn n c kh nng nh tuyn, lc gi, chng
thc v DHCP. N hot ng bng cch gn cc a ch IP sut DHCP, xc nhn cc ngi
dng qua mt trang Web c mt m ha SSL, cho php truyn thng cho IP chng thc thng
qua cng gateway, ng nhp (logging). Khi DHCP c gii phng, c s dng li, b ht
hiu lc hoc c thit lp li, WFG g b cc firewall theo a ch . iu ny nh a ch
tng phn lin quan thng qua hijacking (bt cc) mt IP chng thc sau khi ngi dng hp
php ri mng.
Cc tn thnh: c lp nn; da vo phn mm ngun m; qun tr username/password trung
tm.
Cc chng i: khng truy cp bn ngoi mng WLAN m khng c chng thc.
Cisco LEAP/RADIUS (gii thut WEP theo phin + Chng thc Mt khu) (hnh
3.28)
Cc tn thnh: chng thc username/password; qun tr username/password trung tm; gii

thut WEP theo phin c c t bt ngun t username/password.
Cc chng i: mc du Cisco s hu nhng n da phn ln vo cc chun AAA (ngoi tr
LEAP); phc tp; khi s dng VPN vi chi ph qun l ng k; phn mm khch hng (cc
trnh iu khin, cc phn sn, cc tin ch) c cn li.
Hnh 3.28. Chng thc LEAP/RADIUS Cisco

.
c tnh
Mt m ha gi
Chng thc m
gii thut w/WEP
LAWN/MOWER
WFG
LEAP/RADIUS
Kha WEP theo ngi
dng/theo phin
Username/password
X
X
Logging (ng nhp)
c lp nn
Mo u qun l thp
Ngun m
Bng 3.5. Cc c tnh ca cc kin trc bo mt mng WLAN

3.5.7.
Bo mt
Bo mt l mt trong cc quan tm hng u ca ai mun trin khai mt mng LAN khng

dy, y ban chun IEEE 802.11 hng vo vn ny bng cch cung cp WEP. Quan tm
chnh ca ngi dng l mt k quy ry khng c kh nng :
Truy cp cc ti nguyn mng bng cch s dng thit b mng LAN khng dy
tng t.
C th chim c lu thng mng LAN khng dy (nghe trm).
3.5.7.1.
Ngn nga truy cp ti ti nguyn mng
N c thc hin bng cch s dng mt c ch chng thc trong mt trm cn chng
minh s nhn bit kha hin thi, n tng t nh mng LAN ring ni dy, n pht hin k
xm nhp (bng cch s dng mt kho vt l) ni trm lm vic ca hn ti mng LAN ni
dy.
3.5.7.2.
Nghe trm
Vic nghe trm c ngn nga bng cch s dng gii thut WEP, n l mt B to s gi
ngu nhin (PRNG) c khi to bi mt kho b mt dng chung. PRNG ny to ra mt chui
kha cc bit gi ngu nhin c chiu di bng vi chiu di ca gi ln nht m c kt hp
vi gi n/i ang to ra gi c truyn trong khng gian.
Gii thut WEP l mt gii thut n gin c da vo gii thut RC4 ca RSA, n c cc
thuc tnh sau:
tin cy mnh m: cc tn cng mnh m ti gii thut ny kh thc hin bi v mi
khung c gi vi mt vector khi to (IV) bt u li PRNG cho mi khung.
T ng b: Gii thut ng b da vo mi bn tin, n c cn lm vic trong
mt mi trng khng kt ni, ti cc gi b mt (nh bt k mng LAN no).
3.5.8.
Kin trc khuyn ngh
Phn ny xng mt kin trc mng WLAN da vo cc nguyn l sau y:
Mng khng dy c xem xt nh mt mng khng bo mt c hu. Nh vy, n

cn phi c firewall bn ngoi.
S mt m ha theo gii thut WEP d b b gy vi cc gii thut thng thng,
khng tin cy bo mt d liu.
WEP cung cp t nht mt s bo v khi xm nhp v n nn c s dng nu
c chi ph qun l thp.
Khi yu cu mt m ha d liu mnh, cn s dng gii php VPN/IPsec
V truy cp ti mng khng dy kh iu khin hn so vi cc truy cp ti mng
ni dy, nn cn thc hin bo dng khi cung cp truy cp t mng WLAN n
cc mng khc (thm ch l mng Internet) m khng c chng thc trc.
Kin trc tng quan
Hnh 3.29. Kin trc mng WLAN c xng

Kin trc c xng (hnh 3.29) c th thay th mng khng dy bn ngoi firewall.
Ngoi ra, n s dng cc kha WEP tnh trong mng WLAN c chi ph qun l thp v cung
cp mt phng tin D tm Xm nhp Mng (NID) theo di cc cuc tn cng bt ngun t
mng WLAN n mng Internet v cc mng khc.
Ngi ta khuyn ngh rng phm vi a ch IP v tn min ca mng khng dy u lin kt

vi mng ni b hin hu bt k. iu ny s cho php tch cc lu thng khng dy tt hn v
gip nhn din v lc lu thng ti/ra khi mng ny.
Kin trc c xng hp nht hu ht cc nguyn l thit k ban u trong khi cho php
mt vi mc truy cp ti mng Internet t mng khng - VPN, t ngi dng khng c xc
thc. Gi s lan truyn RF gii hn trong vng kho st v thit lp cng sut anten v my pht
thch hp, mng WLAN khng biu hin bt k du hiu quan trng no e da n mng ni
b nh mng Internet.
V roaming gia cc AP vn nm trong min s hu, ngi ta khuyn co cao rng tt c AP
phi c mua t cng nh cung cp. iu ny s bo m mt trm cui c trang b vi bt
k card NIC tng thch chun IEEE 802.11 s roaming gia cc AP. Ngoi ra, bt k ci tin
bo mt chuyn bit mi no c gii thiu yu cu cc AP ng nht.
90-
KT LUN V PHNG HNG TIP CN TIP THEO

T nhng kt qu tm hiu trn ta c th nhn thy b tiu chun IEEE 802 c mt v tr
c bit quan trng trong s pht trin ca cng ngh thng v truyn thng hin ti v trong
tng lai. T vic pht trin cc cng ngh mng LAN hu tuyn nh Ethernet n cc mng
LAN khng dy nh WLAN, WMAN, WPAN, WRAN cho thy nhng ng gp ca IEEE
802 trong vic pht trin cng ngh hin ti. Nhng nm gn y, IEEE 802 tip tc pht trin
nhng b tiu chun cng ngh mi p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng. Mt s
chun cng ngh c ng dng rng ri trong i sng. Mt s chun mi m IEEE 802
ang tip tc pht trin ha hn s tip tc thay th cc cng ngh c v khng ngng pht trin
thm.
Cng qua bi tm hiu ny, chng ta c c ci nhn tng quan v nhng kin thc cn
bn v cng ngh Wifi v mng WLAN. Chng ta thy c mng khng dy hin nay pht
trin rt nhanh l nh vo s thun tin ca n. Hin nay cng ngh khng dy, nht l Wi-Fi
hin ang c ng dng ngy cng mnh m trong i sng. Nhng a s mi ngi u ch
s dng Wi-Fi cc lnh vc lin quan n my tnh m khng bit rng bng sng Wi-Fi,
ngi dng dng my tnh iu khin h thng n, qut, my lnh, l si, my ti, h
thng nc Vn quan trng nht ca mng khng dy hin nay l s bo mt ca n cha
c mt gii php no n nh.
Trong phm vi bi tm hiu ny ch xem xt n c tnh v cng ngh ca cc chun
IEEE 802 v b tiu chun IEEE 802.11 mc khi qut. Hng pht trin tip theo ca ni
dung nghin cu l tp trung tm hiu gii php v ng dng pht trin mng Wifi cho
Trng i hc Cng ngh Thng tin.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]
Bo co Phn lp Mac trong IEEE 802.11n ca lp D04VT1 Hc vin Bu

Chnh Vin Thng.
[2]
Bo co S chun ha v dch v Ethernet ca cc t chc tiu chun v cc din

n cng nghip trn th gii Th.s V Hong Sn
[3]
Bo co Bo co Wireless - Hc vin Hnh Chnh khu vc III
[4]
Bi ging Bo mt trong 802.11n Hc vin Hng Khng Vit Nam
[5]
Hng dn thc hin cng chi tit kha lun H Cng ngh Thng tin
[6]
Wikipedia Bch khoa ton th ting Vit
http://vi.wikipedia.org
[7]
Wikipedia Bch khoa ton th ting Anh
http://en.wikipedia.org
[8]
Tp ch Bu chnh Vin thng:
http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn
[9]
Th gii vi tnh PC World Vit Nam
http://www.pcworld.com.vn
[10]
Google Vit Nam
http://www.google.com.vn
[11]
IEEE
http://www.ieee.org
[12]
IEEE 802
http://www.ieee802.org

Tieu Chuan IEEE 802

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tieu Chuan IEEE 802

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i hc Cng ngh Thng tin

Khoa mng my tnh v truyn thng

ti: Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 v cng ngh Wifi

GVHD: ThS. Ng Hn Chiu

Gii thiu ................................................................................................................13

Cc b tiu chun thuc h IEEE 802 ...................................................................14

Quan h gia cc chun IEEE v m hnh OSI .....................................................15

2. Chng II: Mt s chun thng dng trong h chun IEEE 802.........................................17

IEEE 802.1 - cc giao thc LAN tng cao .............................................................17

IEEE 802.2 iu khin lin kt logic (LLC) .......................................................18

IEEE 802.3 tiu chun cho cng ngh Ethernet .................................................18

IEEE 802.4, .5, .6, .9, .12, .14 ................................................................................22

IEEE 802.17 ........................................................................................................... 24

2.2. Chun ha mng LAN/MAN khng dy.......................................................................25

IEEE 802.11 cng ngh WiFi mng WLAN ...................................................26

IEEE 802.15 Cng ngh Bluetooth, ZigBee mng WPAN .............................26

IEEE 802.16 cng ngh WiMAX mng WMAN ............................................29

IEEE 802.20 ........................................................................................................... 34

IEEE 802.21 ........................................................................................................... 35

ti: Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 v cng ngh Wifi

GVHD: ThS. Ng Hn Chiu

IEEE 802.22 mng WRAN .................................................................................35

Chun ha cc thnh phn khc ....................................................................................35

IEEE 802.10 ........................................................................................................... 36

IEEE 802.19 ........................................................................................................... 36

Gii thiu b tiu chun IEEE 802.11 ..........................................................................37

Kin trc ca chun IEEE 802.11 .................................................................................37

Cc thnh phn kin trc ........................................................................................37

Kin trc cc lp trong m hnh OSI ca chun IEEE 802.11 ..............................39

Phng php truy cp c bn: CSMA/CA .............................................................41

Cc chng thc mc MAC ....................................................................................43

Cc khng gian khung Inter (Inter Frame Space) ..................................................44

Gii thut Exponential Backoff ..............................................................................45

So snh kiu C s h tng v kiu Ad Hoc ..........................................................46

L thuyt v mng khng dy .......................................................................................48

Cch mt trm ni vi mt cell hin hu (BSS) ...................................................48

Tit kim nng lng .............................................................................................49

Cc kiu khung .......................................................................................................50

Khun dng khung .................................................................................................50

Cc khung nh dng ph bin nht .......................................................................54

Hm Phi hp im (PCF) ....................................................................................56

Cc mng Ad-hoc ...................................................................................................56

Cc tiu chun trong b tiu chun IEEE 802.11 .........................................................56

ti: Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 v cng ngh Wifi

GVHD: ThS. Ng Hn Chiu

IEEE 802.11 ........................................................................................................... 56

IEEE 802.11b ..........................................................................................................57

IEEE 802.11a ..........................................................................................................57

IEEE 802.11d ..........................................................................................................58

IEEE 802.1x (Tbd) .................................................................................................58

IEEE 802.11i ..........................................................................................................58

IEEE 802.11g ..........................................................................................................59

IEEE 802.11h ..........................................................................................................59

IEEE 802.11n ..........................................................................................................60

Bo mt trong mng WLAN .........................................................................................69

C s bo mt mng WLAN ..................................................................................69

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) .............................................................................75

Trng thi bo mt mng WLAN ...........................................................................84

Cc v d kin trc bo mt mng WLAN ............................................................85

Kin trc khuyn ngh ............................................................................................88

KT LUN V PHNG HNG TIP CN TIP THEO ...................................................91

ti: Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 v cng ngh Wifi

GVHD: ThS. Ng Hn Chiu

1. Chng I: Tng quan v t chc IEEE v h chun IEEE 802.