Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

MU, LOGARIT

Chuyen e 10:

PHNG TRNH MU VA LOGARIT

Van e 1:

A. PHNG PHAP GIAI

PHNG TRNH MU
Dang 1: Dang c ban: vi 0 < a 1
b 0
af(x) b
f(x) loga b
Dang 2: a ve cung c so: af(x) ag(x)

(1)

Neu 0 < a 1: (1) f(x) = g(x)

a 0

Neu a thay oi: (1)

(a 1) f(x) g(x) 0
t 0
Dang 3: at an phu: at t = ax, t > 0; giai phng trnh
g(t) 0
Dang 4: oan nghiem va chng minh nghiem o duy nhat.

PHNG TRNH LOGARIT

0 a 1
ieu kien ton tai loga f(x) la
f(x) 0

0 a 1
Dang 1: loga f(x) b
b

f(x) a
0 a 1

Dang 2: a ve cung c so: loga f(x) loga g(x) g(x) 0

f(x) g(x)

Dang 3: at an phu
at t = logax sau o giai phng trnh ai so theo t
Dang 4: oan nghiem va chng minh nghiem duy nhat

B. E THI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2011

Giai phng trnh: log2 8 x2 log 1

log2 8 x2 log 1

288

1 x 1 x 2 0 (x R).

Giai

1 x 1 x 2 0 . ieu kien: 1 x 1.

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

log2 8 x2 log2

1 x 1 x 2 8 x2 4

1 x 1 x (*).

Vi 1 x 1 th hai ve cua (*) khong am nen bnh phng hai ve cua (*) ta

c: (*) 8 x2
at t =

16 2 2 1 x2 8 x2

32 1 1 x2

(1).

1 x2 t2 = 1 x2 x2 = 1 t2 , (1) tr thanh:

7 t2

32 1 t t4 + 14t2 32t + 17 = 0

(t 1)(t3 t2 +15t 17) = 0 (t 1)2(t2 + 2t + 17) = 0 t = 1.

1 x2 = 1 x = 0 (Thoa ieu kien 1 x 1).

Do o (1)

Vay, phng trnh a cho co mot nghiem x = 0.

Bai 2: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2011
x2 2x 3

Giai bat phng trnh 4x 3.2x

41

x2 2x 3

Giai
4x 3.2x

1 3.2
at t = 2

x2 2x 3

41

x2 2x 3 x

x2 2x 3 x

x2 2x 3

4.22(

x2 2x 3

0 22x 3.2x.2

x2 2x 3 x)

> 0 (*)

Do o bat phng trnh a cho tng ng: 2

x 2 2 x 3 x 2

x2 2x 3

(1)

(1) thanh 1 3t 4t2 > 0 4t2 + 3t 1 < 0 1 t

4.22

1
4

x2 2x 3 x

<

1
= 2-2
4

x2 2x 3 x 2

1 1 i
7
3x .
z 2 2
2

Bai 3: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2010

Giai phng trnh 42x

x 2

2x 42

x 2

3 4x 4

2x

(x )

Giai
42x

x2

(*) 42

x3

x2

42

x 2

x3 4x 4

(*); ieu kien : x 2 .

(24x4 1) 2x (24x4 1) 0 (24x4 1)(42

x 2

2x ) 0

Do o phng trnh (*) co hai trng hp.

24x4 1 4x 4 0 x 1 (nhan)

289

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

24 2

x 2

2x

x3 2 x 2 4 x3 8 2( x 2 2)

2(x 2)

(x 2)(x2 2x 4)

x2 2

x 2 nha n
2
2
x 2x 4
(1)

x2 2

Nhan xet: Phng trnh (1) co:

VT = x2 2x 4 (x 1)2 3 3 ; VP =

2
x2 2

Suy ra phng trnh (1) vo nghiem.

Vay : (*) ch co hai nghiem x = 1; x = 2.
Bai 4: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2008
Giai phng trnh log22 (x 1) 6log2 x 1 2 0
Giai
log22 (x 1) 6log2

(1)

x 1 2 0

ieu kien x > 1

(1) log22 (x 1) 3log2 (x 1) 2 0
log (x 1) 1
x 1 2
x 1
2

x 1 4
x 3
log2 (x 1) 2

Bai 5: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2008

Giai phng trnh log2x 1(2x2 + x 1) + logx + 1(2x 1)2 = 4
Giai
0 2x 1 1
2
1

1
2x x 1 0
x
ieu kien:

2 x 1
2
0 x 1 1
x 1
(2x 1)2 0

log2x1(2x2 x 1) logx1(2x 1)2 4

log2x 1(2x 1)(x + 1) + logx + 1(2x 1)2 = 4

1 + log2x 1(x + 1) + 2logx + 1(2x 1) = 4
at: t log2x1 (x 1) logx1 (2x 1)
Ta co phng trnh an t la: 1 t
290

1
1

log2x1 (x 1) t

t 1
2
4 t 2 3t 2 0
t
t 2

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

Vi t = 1 log2x 1(x + 1) = 1 x + 1 = 2x 1 x = 2 (nhan)

x 0
Vi t = 2 log2x 1(x + 1) = 2 (2x 1) = x + 1
x 5

4
2

Nghiem cua phng trnh la: x = 2 va x

(loa i)

5
.
4

Bai 6: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2007

Giai phng trnh: log2 (4x 15.2x 27) 2 log2

1
x

4.2 3

Giai
x

ieu kien: 4.2 3 > 0.

Phng trnh a cho tng ng vi.
log2(4x + 15.2x + 27) = log2(4.2x 3)2 5.(2x)2 13.2x 6 = 0
2
x
2 loa i

x
2 3

Do 2x > 0 nen 2x = 3 x = log23 (thoa man ieu kien)

Bai 7: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2007
Giai phng trnh: ( 2 1)x ( 2 1)x 2 2 0
Giai
at

2 1

t (t 0), khi o phng trnh tr thanh:

1
t 2 2 0 t 2 1, t 2 1
t

Vi t 2 1 ta co x = 1.

Vi t 2 1 ta co x = 1.

Bai 8: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2006

2 x

Giai phng trnh : 2x

2 x

4.2x

22x 4 0

Giai
Phng trnh a cho tng ng vi:
2 x

22x (2x

2 x

1) 4(2x

1) 0 (22x 4)(2x

22x 4 0 22x 22 x 1.

2x

2 x

1 0 2x

2 x

2 x

1) 0

1 x2 x 0 x 0, x 1

Vay phng trnh a cho co hai nghiem x = 0, x = 1.

291

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Bai 9: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2006

Giai phng trnh: 3.8x 4.12x 18x 2.27x 0
Giai
3x

2
Phng trnh a cho tng ng vi: 3
3

2
at t =
3

2x

2
2 0 (1)
3

(t > 0), phng trnh (1) tr thanh 3t3 + 4t2 t 2 = 0

2
(v t > 0).
3

(t + 1)2 (3t 2) = 0 t =
Vi t =

2
4
3

2
2
2
th hay x = 1 .
3
3
3

Bai 10: E D B 2

Giai phng trnh: log5 5x 4 1 x

Giai
x

ieu kien: 5 4 > 0 (a)

De thay x = 1 la nghiem cua (1)

VT: f(x) = log5 5x 4 la ham so ong bien

VP: g(x) = 1 x la ham so nghch bien
Do o x = 1 la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh
Bai 11:
2 x

Giai phng trnh 2x

22xx 3 .

Giai
at t 2
2 x

2x

Vay 2x

x2 x

(t > 0)
2

22xx 3 t

2 x

t 1 (loa i)
4
3 t 2 3t 4 0
t
t = 4 (nha n)

= 22 x2 x 2 = 0 x = 1 x = 2.

Bai 12:
Cho phng trnh log32 x log32 x 1 2m 1 0 (2): (m la tham so).
1/ Giai phng trnh (2) khi m = 2.
2/ Tm m e phng trnh (2) co t nhat 1 nghiem thuoc oan 1 ; 3

292

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

Giai
1/ Khi m = 2 th phng trnh (2) tr thanh log32 x log32 x 1 5 0
ieu kien x > 0. at t =

log32 x 1 1

(2) t2 + t 6 = 0 t = 2 t = 3 (loai)
t = 2 log3x 3 x = 3
2/ 1 x 3

1 log32 x 1 4 1 t 2 .

Phng trnh (2) co t nhat 1 nghiem thuoc 1; 3

2m = t2 + t 2 = f(t) co nghiem t [1, 2]

V f tang tren [1, 2] nen ycbt f(1) 2m f(2) 0 m 2.

BAT PHNG TRNH MU VA LOGARIT

Van e 2:

A. PHNG PHAP GIAI

BAT PHNG TRNH MU
af(x) ag(x)

(1)

Neu a > 1: (1) f(x) > g(x)

Neu 0 < a < 1: (1) f(x) < g(x)
a 0; a 1
Tong quat: af(x) ag(x)
(a 1)(f(x) g(x)) 0

a 0
af(x) ag(x)

(a 1) f(x) g(x) 0

BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT

loga f(x) > loga g(x)
(1)
g(x) 0
Neu a > 1
: (1)
f(x) g(x)
Neu 0 < a < 1

f(x) 0
: (1)
g(x) f(x)

B.E THI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2008

x2 x
Giai bat phng trnh: log0,7 log6
0

x 4

293

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Giai
2

x x
0

x4
ieu kien:
x2 x

log
6 x 4 0

x2 x
Bat phng trnh tng ng vi log0,7 log6
log0,7 1

x 4

x2 x
x2 x
x2 5x 24
1
6
0
x4
x4
x4
4 < x < 3 hay x > 8

(1) log6

Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2008

Giai bat phng trnh: log 1
2

x2 3x 2
0
x

Giai
ieu kien:

x 3x 2
0
x

Bat phng trnh tng ng vi log 1

2
2

(1)

x2 3x 2
log 1 1 (1)
x
2

x 3x 2
x 3x 2
0
0

x
x

2
2
x 3x 2
x 4x 2
1
0

x
x

(x2 3x 2)x 0

0 x 1 x 2
2
(x 4x 2)x 0

x 0 2 2 x 2 2
x 0

2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 .

Bai 3: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2007

Giai bat phng trnh: 2 log3 (4x 3) log 1 (2x 3) 2
3

Giai
(4x 3)2
3
ieu kien: x . Bat phng trnh a cho log3
2
4
2x 3

294

(1)

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

3
x3
8
3
Ket hp ieu kien ta c nghiem cua bat phng trnh la: x 3 .
4
(4x 3)2 9(2x 3) 16x2 42x 18 0

Bai 4: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2006

Giai bat phng trnh: log5 (4x 144) 4log5 2 1 log5 (2x2 1).
Giai
Bat phng trnh a cho tng ng vi
log5 (4x 144) log5 16 1 log5 (2x2 1) (1)

(1) log5 (4x 144) log5 16 log5 5 log5 (2x2 1)

log5 (4x 144) log5[80(2x2 1)]
4x 144 80(2x2 1) 4x 20.2x 64 0
4 2x 16 2 x 4
Bai 5: E D B 2

Giai phng trnh: log5 5x 4 1 x

Giai
x

ieu kien : 5 4 > 0 (a)

e thay x = 1 la nghiem cua (1)

VT : f(x) = log5 5x 4 la ham so ong bien

VP : g(x) = 1 x la ham so nghch bien
Do o x = 1 la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh.
Bai 6:

Giai bat phng trnh: logx log3 9x 72 1

Giai
0 x 1

ieu kien 9x 72 0

x
log3 9 72 0

x log9 73

Bat phng trnh log3 9x 72 x

(V x > log9 73 1)

9x 3x 72 0 8 3x 9

x 2

Ket hp vi ieu kien ta c log9 73 < x 2.

295

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Van e 3:

HE PHNG TRNH MU VA LOGARIT

A.PHNG PHAP GIAI

Thng s dung phng phap bien oi tng phng trnh trong he, sau o
dung phng phap the e tm nghiem.
B.E THI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2010
log2 (3y 1) x

Giai he phng trnh:

(x, y
4x 2x 3y2

Giai
ieu kien: 3y 1 > 0

2x 1
3y 1 2x
log2 (3y 1) x
y

3
Ta co


x
x
2
4 2 3y
4x 2x 3y2
x
x
2
4 2 3y

2x 1

2x 1
2x 1
y

y
y
3

3
3



x
x
x
x 1
x
x
2
x
3(4 2 ) (2 1)
2.4 2 1 0
(2 1)(2 ) 0

2x 1
x 1
y
3

1 (nhan)
x 1
y

2
2

Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2010

x2 4x y 2 0

Giai he phng trnh:

2 log2 (x 2) log

y0

Giai
2

x 4x y 2 0

2 log2 (x 2) log

(1)
2

y 0 (2)

; ieu kien: x > 2 , y > 0

y x 2
(2) (x 2)2 y2
y 2 x

296

x 0 (loa i)
y x 2: (1) x2 3x 0
x 3 y 1

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

x 1 (loa i)
y 2 x: (1) x2 5x 4 0
x 4 y 2 (loa i)

x 3
Vay he co mot nghiem
.
y 1

Bai 3: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2009

log x2 y2 1 log xy
2
2
Giai he phng trnh:
x,y
3x2 xy y2 81

Giai
Vi ieu kien xy > 0 (*), he a cho tng ng:
2
2

x y
x y

x y 2xy
2

2
2

y 2

y 4
x xy y 4

Ket hp (*), he co nghiem: (x; y) = (2; 2) va (x; y) = (2; 2)

Bai 4: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2006
Chng minh rang vi moi a > 0, he phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat:
ex ey ln(1 x) ln(1 y)

y x a
Giai
ieu kien: x, y > 1. He a cho tng ng vi:
ex a ex ln(1 x) ln(1 a x) 0
(1)

(2)

y x a
He a cho co nghiem duy nhat khi va ch khi phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy
nhat trong khoang (1; + ).
Xet ham so f(x) = exa ex ln(1 x) ln(1 a x) vi x > 1.
Do f(x) lien tuc trong khoang (1; +) va lim f(x) ,
x1

lim f(x)

nen phng trnh f(x) = 0 co nghiem trong khoang (1; + ).

1
1
Mat khac: f '(x) exa ex

1 x 1 a x
a
0, x > 1
= ex (ea 1)
(1 x)(1 a x)
f(x) ong bien trong khoang (1; + ).
Suy ra phng trnh f(x) = 0 co nghiem duy nhat trong khoang (1; + ).
Vay he a cho co nghiem duy nhat.
297

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Bai 5: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2005

x 1 2 y 1
Giai he phng trnh:
2
3

3log9 (9x ) log3 y 3

Giai

(1)
x 1
x 1 2 y 1
. ie u kie n :

2
3
0 y 2
(2)

3log9 (9x ) log3 y 3

(2) 3(1 + log3x) 3log3y = 3 log3x = log3y x = y.
Thay y = x vao (1) ta co
x 1 2 x 1 x 1 2 x 2 (x 1)(2 x) 1
(x 1)(2 x) 0 x 1, x = 2.

Ket hp vi ieu kien (*) he co hai nghiem la (x; y) = (1; 1) va (x; y) = (2; 2).
Bai 6: E D B 1 - AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2005
Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
2x x 1

1
72 x 1 2005x 2005
7
2
2

x m 2 x 2m 3 0
Giai
ieu kien x 1.
Ta co : (1) 72x

x 1

72

x 1

2005(1 x)

2x x1

Xet 1 x 1 2x 2 7
nen (1) ung x [1; 1]

72

x 1

0 2005(1 x)

Xet x 1 2x 2 72x x1 72 x1 0 2005(1 x)

nen (1) hien nhien sai. Do o (1) 1 x 1
Vay he co nghiem khi va ch khi: (2) co nghiem [1; 1]
x2 2x + 3 m(x - 2) co nghiem x [1; 1]

x2 2x 3
m ( v x 2 0) co nghiem x [1; 1]
x2

x2 2x 3
, x [1; 1]
x2

Xet ham f(x) =

f (x)

x
f'(x)
f(x)

x2 4x 1

x 2 2

1
+
2

298

, f(x) = 0 x 2 3

2 3
0

2 3
0

+
+

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

Da vao bang bien thien he co nghiem 2 m

Bai 7: E D B 1
1

log 1 y x log4 y 1
Giai he phng trnh: 4
.
x2 y2 25

Giai
y

ieu kien
y x 0
1

log 1 y x log 1 y 1
He 4
4
x2 y2 25

y x 1
y 4

x2 y2 25

4
4

y= x

x 3
x = 3
3
y = x
(nha n)
(loa i)
3

y 4
y 4
x2 16 x2 25
x2 9

Bai 8:
23x 5y2 4y

Giai he phng trnh: 4x 2x 1

.
y
x
2 2
Giai
23x 5y2 4y
3x
2

2 5y 4y
x
x

4 2
x
y
2

2 2
y2 5y 4 0

y 2
Bai 9: E D B 1

2
3

5y 4y y

y 2

x = 0
x = 2
.

y = 1
y = 4

x 4 | y | 3 0
Giai he phng trnh:

log4 x log2 y 0
Giai
x 1
ieu kien:
.
y 1

1
2

(2) log4x = log4y2 x = y2. Thay x = y2 vao (1) ta c : y2 4y + 3 = 0

y 1

y 1 x 1

(do y 1)
y 3 x 9
y 3

Vay he co 2 cap nghiem (1; 1) va (9; 3).

299