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Chapter 19
Chapter 19
;sl oHdj=
Odrd oHq;h
19
msueu ksid jia;=jlg l=vd lvodis len,s" ,s wdh weo .ekSf n,hla
^wdlIK n,hla& ,efnhs' jia;=jlg fuu wdlIK n,h ,efnkafka msuef
yg .kakd ia:s;s oHq;a wdfrdamK ksidh'
u nghla fyda mkdjla jeks fohla l=vd lvodis len,s wdlIKh lrkafka
msuefuka miqj muKla nj;a msueu fkdl<fyd;a l=vd lvodis
len,s jeks oE wdlIKh lr fkd.kakd nj;a Tng oelsh yels h'
jia;=jlg wdlIK n,hla ,nd fok ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK yg .kafka flfia
o@ iEu jHhlau iuka; jkafka mrudKq (atoms) j,sks' mrudKq iE we;af;a
bf,lafg%dak (electrons)" fm%dafgdak (protons) yd kshqfg%dak (neutrons) k
wxY=j,sks' fm%dafg%dak zOkZ wdfrdams; wxY= f' bf,lafg%dak" zRKZ wdfrdams; wxY=
f' kshqfg%dakj,g wdfrdamKhla ke;' tajd WodiSk h'
fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak ;sfnkafka mrudKqf
ueo ;sfnk kHIah kka yekafjk
fldgfia h ^19'3 rEmh&' bf,lafg%dak mj;skafka
kHIah jf N%uKh fjks' mrudKqj,ska
myiqfjka bj;aj hd yelafla bf,lafg%dakj,g
muKs' h jia;=jla frlvlska ms uef "
tu jia;=f mDIaGfha ;sfnk mrudKqj,ska
19'3 rEmh - mrudKqjl ;sfnk
Wm mrudKql wxY=
bf,lafg%dak bj;a jqjfyd;a tu jia;=f
mDIaGh u; Ok wdfrdamK yg.kshs' tk tu
mDIaGh Ok ^+& f,i wdfrdamKh f' tfia msuef " frlfvys mDIah
mrudKqj,ska jia;=j bf,lafg%dak ,nd .;af;a k" jia;=f mDIaGh u; RK f,i
wdfrdamK yg .kS' tk mDIaGh RK f,i ^-& wdfrdamKh f'
jia;=jla u; fufia r|dmj;sk oHq;a wdfrdamK ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK f,i
ye`kaf'
ia;s oHq;fha tl;= jQ wdfrdamK .uka lsf oHq;a Odrdjla we;s f'
142
l%shdldrlu 19'1
wjYH jH ( PVC ng lene,a,la" fmd,s;ska lene,a,la" ksfhdaka n,anhla"
ikakdhl l" wdOdrlhla'
ksfhdaka n,anh
PVC oKav
fmdf<djg
inkaO
l< w.%h
19'4 rEmh - fmd,s;skaj,ska msue PVC oKaf we;s ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK
ksfhdaka n,anh ;=<ska .,dhdu ksid th oe,au
fmd,s;skaj,ska msue PVC oKafvys ia;s oHq;a wdfrdamK .nvd mj;S' oKav
n,anfha w.%fha iamY l< g tu ikakdhlh yryd oKafvys .nvd jQ ia;s oHq;a
wdfrdamK" bj;g .,dhdu isf' ksfhdaka n,anh ;=<ska oHq;a wdfrdamK .e,Su
ksid" th oe,afjk whqre kslaIKh l< yels h' oHq;a wdfrdamK fufia .,d
hdug ie,eia jQ g th oHq;a Odrdjla f,i yekaf'
143
uqla; bf,lafg%dak
bf,lafg%dak Odrdjlg myiqfjka .,d
hdug bv i,ik jH" ikakdhl
(conductors) f,i yekaf' ishu
f,day" oHq;h fydka ikakhkh lrhs'
;U" weksh iy hlv jeks iEu
f,dayhla u oHq;a ikakdhl f' f,day
uQ, jHj, we;s mrudKqj, ndysr u
ljpfha bf,lafg%dakj,g myiqfjka
f,day whk
bj;a hd yels h' f,day lene,a,l"
19'5 rEmh - f,day mrudKq j, wjidk
ljpfha bf,lafg%dak ksoyfia mej;Su'
tfia bj;a .sh bf,lafg%dak Yd,
ixLHdjla 19'5 iy 19'6 rEmj, fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg mrudKq w;r wjldYfha wyUq f,i ieirka mj;S' fjd uqla;
bf,lafg%dak fyj;a ksoyia bf,lafg%dak (free electrons) f,i yekaf'
f,day ;=<ska oHq;h fydka ikakhkh ug fya;=j ksoyia bf,lafg%dak mej;Su hs'
fufia mj;sk f,day ikakdhlhl" fofl<jr 19'7 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
h<s fldaIhlg inkaO l< g is jk ls%hdj,sh uid n,uq'
fldaIfha Ok w.%h
fldaIfha RK w.%h
144
fldaIfha RK w.%hg
inkaO l< ikakdhl
fl<jr
dj
af
,l
bf
g%dak
k
.,
145
oHq;a Odrdf Yd,;ajh uekSu i|yd Nd; jk tallh wemshrh (A) kka
yekafjk w;r oHq;a Odrdf Yd,;ajh uekSug Nd; lrk WmlrKh
wegrh (ammeter) kka yekaf' oHq;a Odrdf Yd,;ajh uekSug ixLHdxl
u,agrh o Nd; l< yelsh'
)a(
19'10 rEmh -
)b(
(a) wegrhla (b) wegrhla f,i Nd; l< yels ixLHdxl u,agrh
negh
iaph
n,anh
wegrh
146
19'1 wNHdih
my; oelafjk mm:j, .,d hk Odrd" B ysia u.ska i,l=Kq lrkak'
n,anh
iaph
fjda,agrh
19'13 rEmh - fjda,agrhla mm:hlg inkaO lsu
,s Odrdj .e,Su i|yd fldaIhl w.% fol w;r Nj wka;rhla ;sh hq;= nj
;yjqre lsu i|yd my; oelafjk l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'
148
l%shdldrlu 19'2
wjYH jH ( h<s fldaI folla" ikakdhl l" fjda,agrhla" wegrhla"
n,anhla
19'14 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a n,anhg h<s fldaI fol inkaO l< yels"
tlsfklg fjkia wdldr ;=kls' tu wjia:d ;=fkys u fjda,agrh inkaO
lr we;af;a n,anfha w.% w;r Nj wka;rh uekSu i|yd h' wegrh inkaO
lr we;af;a n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj uekSu i|yd h' 19'14 (b) rEmfha fmkajd
we;af;a tu wjia:d ;=kg wod< mm: igyka h'
19'14 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s tla tla wjia:djg wkqj mm: ilid n,anh
oe,afjk wdldrh kslaIKh lrkak'
ta iEu wjia:djl u n,anfha fofl<jr Nj wka;rh iy n,anh ;=<ska
.,k Odrdj igyka lr .kak'
fjda,agrh
wegrh
wegrh
wegrh
1 wjia:dj
fjda,agrh
fjda,agrh
3 wjia:dj
2 wjia:dj
V
A
A
+ - -+
1 wjia:dj
++
A
+ +
- -
2 wjia:dj
3 wjia:dj
149
Odrdj
Nj wka;rh
1 jk wjia:df " fldaI fofla Ok w.% fol n,anfha w.% folg inkaO lr we;'
ta ksid n,anfha w.% fol w;r Nj wka;rhla fkdmj;sh's Nj wka;rhla fkdmj;sk
ksid n,anh yryd Odrdjla o fkd.,kq we;' Tnf.a kqj,ska Tng ta nj ;yjqre
jkq we;'
2 jk wjia:df " fldaI fofla iDK w.% fol n,anfha w.% folg inkaOlr we;'
fuys o n,anfha w.% fol w;r Nj wka;rhla we;s fkdjk w;r n,anh yryd
Odrdjla fkd.,hs'
3 jk wjia:df tla fldaIhl Ok w.%h yd wfkla fldaIfha iDK w.%h n,anhg
inkaO lr we;' fuys " n,anh yryd Nj wka;rhla we;s n,anh yryd Odrdjla
.,d hhs'
tk" ikakdhlhla ;=<ska Odrdj .e,Su i`oyd tys fofl<jr Nj wka;rhla
mej;Su w;HjYH f'
150
l%shdldrlu 19'3
wjYH jH (
ksfl%da orh
6V
Nj wka;rh ^V& V
1
2
3
4
5
V/ I
Odrdj ^I) A
kshuh
ikakdhlhl WIaK;ajh ksh; g tu ikakdhlh
;=<ska .,k Odrdj (I) tys fofl<jr Nj wka;rhg
(V) wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl f'
tk" WIaK;ajh ksh; g" I V f'
tu ksid" V / I = ksh;hls'
fuu ksh;h ikakdhlfha oHq;a m%;sfrdaOh (electrical
resistance) f,i yekaf'
tk"
V
=R
I
152
I (A)
19'2 wNHdih
1' n,anhla 12 V ,s iemhqulg inkaO l< g ta ;=<ska 0'5 A Odrdjla .,hs'
tu wjia:df tu n,anfha iQ;%sldf m%;sfrdaOh fldmuK o@
2' ksfl%da l orhl m%;sfrdaOh 10 f' th ,s iemhqulg inkaO
l< g 0'6 A Odrdjla .,hs' ksfl%da l orh inkaO lr we;s ,s
iemhqf w.% w;r Nj wka;rh fldmuK o@
3' ksfl%da l orhl m%;sfrdaOh 6 f' th 3 V ,s iemhqulg inkaO
l< g th ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldmuK o@
153
by; rEmfha"
1 f,i olajd we;af;a >klu je ksfl%da lh o
2 f,i olajd we;af;a uOHia: >klka hq;a ksfl%da luh o
3 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska ksfl%da lh o
4 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska ;U lh o
5 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska hlv lh o
6 iy 7 f,i olajd we;af;a .ska wiudk isyska hlv l o f'
154
^a& 1" 2 yd 3 hk lj,g wod< mdGdxl Nd;fhka ,nd.; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
^b& 3" 4 yd 5 hk lj,g wod< mdGdxl i,lka .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
^c& 5" 6 yd 7 hk lj,g wod< mdGdxl wkqj Tng l=ula lsj yels o@
ls%hdldrlu 19'4 g wkqj tla tla wjia:df " mm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj tlsfklg
fjkia nj meye,s f' tla tla wjia:dj i`oyd Nd; l< ikakdhlj, m%;sfrdaO
fjkia u g fya;=jhs' f wkqj ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk
idOl 3la oelah yels h'
tk"
(i) ikakdhlfha yrialv j.M,h
(ii)
ikakdhlfha .
(iii)
ikakdhlh iE we;s jH f'
f tl tlla m%;sfrdaOh i|yd n,mdk wdldrh my; oelaf'
ikakdhlfha yrialv j.M,h jejk g m%;sfrdaOh wvqf'
ikakdhlfha . jejk g m%;sfrdaOh je f'
tl iudk . yd iudk yrialv j.M,h iyss;" fjkia f,dayj,ska iE l
follg tlu Nj wka;rh ,nd kak o ikakdhl fol ;=<k
s a .,k Odrd wiudk
h' Bg fya;=j tu f,day fofla zzm%;sfrdaOl;djZZ k .=Kh fjkia u h' ta
wkqj tajdfha m%;sfrdaO fjkia f'
19'6 m%;sfrdaOl
k<hla ;=<ska .,k c, Odrdjla md,kh lsu i`oyd c, lrduhla fhu is l<
yels h' tys is lrkqfha c, myrg ndOdjla we;s lsfuka c, Odrdj md,kh
lr .ekSu hs' f wdldrhg u ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k ,s Odrdj o" md,kh
lr .; yels h' ta i`oyd l< hq;af;a l=ula oehs oekgu;a Tng wjfndaO jkakg
we;' mm:hl m%;sfrdaOh je lsfuka ta ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wvq l< yels h'
f.a kshuhg wkqj V = IR. V ksh; w.hl ;nd f.k R jel< fyd;a I wvqf'
mm:hl m%;sfrdaOh je lr .ekSu i`oyd Bg inkaO lsSug yels O m%;sfrda
w.hkaf.ka hq;a Wmdx. ksmojd we;' fjd m%;sfrdaOl (resistors) f,i ye`kaf'
155
Odrdj
m%;sfrdaOlh
19'22 rEmh - l%shdldrlu 19'5 i`oyd mrsm: wegjqu
n,anfha ma;sh
m%;sfrdaOl j.
O ldhka i`oyd fhdod .; yels m%;sfrdaOl j. O m%;sfrda w.h iys;j
ksmojd we;' bka m%;sfrdaOl j. lsysmhla ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq'
1' iar m%;sfrdaOl
2' p,H m%;sfrdaOl
3' wdf,dal ixf m%;sfrdaOl
iar m%;sfrdaOl
mjdrl jHhla u; ;=kS ldnka mg,
;ekam;a lsfuka fyda ksfl%da l jeks
m%;sfrdaOl;dj by< jH t;Sfuka O
w.hkaf.ka hq;a iar m%;sfrdaOl ksmojkq
,ef' fjdfha w.h fjkia l< fkdyels
h'
Wod(- 10 " 100 " 1'2 k w.hkaf.ka hq;=
iar m%;sfrdAOl
19'23 rEmfha O iar m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla o" 19'24 rEmfha iar m%;sfrdaOl i|yd
Nd; jk mm: ixfla; lsysmhla o olajd we;'
157
158
wxlh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
--1
--2
jKh
l`M
l`M
Uqre
r;=
;e,s
ly
fld<
ks,a
o
w`M
iq
rka
100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
104 = 10000
105 = 100000
106 = 1000000
107 = 10000000
108 = 100000000
109 = 1000000000
10-1 = 0.1
10-2 = 0.01
jKh
Uqre
iyk w.h
1%
r;=
2%
rka
5%
10%
ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjkafka fjf<`ofmdf<ka ,nd.;a iar m%;sfrdaOlhls'
Tqre
l`t
1
0
1000
=
(ii) m%;sfrdaOlfha iyk w.h
(iii) iyk w.h
w.h fjkiajk m%udKh
= 10]
= 10]
= 1000
oy
n, fh
h a
f
b, ojk
l
al
u
m
b, ,u
l q
al
u
iu
r;=
102
= 100
m%;sfrdaOlfha i;H w.h
;sh yels mrdih
= (1000-100) - (1000 +100)
= 900 - 1100
19'3 wNHdih
1' ;e,s" ;e,s" ly iy rka f,i jK ;Sre y;rla igyka lr we;s m%;sfrdaOlhla
Tng imhd we;'
p,H m%;sfrdaOl
wjYH m w.h fjkia lr.; yels f,i ilid we;s m%;sfrdaOl p,H m%;sfrdaOl
(variable resistors) kka yekaf' p,H m%;sfrdaOl w;ska fyda kshkla Nd;fhka
fyda lerlefuka ke;fyd;a iSre udre lsfuka w.h fjkia l< yels h' fmr
ieliq m%;sfrdaOl" Odrd kshdul iy y~ md,l wd f,i p,H m%;sfrdaOl j.
lsysmhla f'
19'27 ^a& rEmfha p,H m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla o" 19'27 ^b& rEmfha p,H m%;sfrdaOl
i|yd Nd; jk ixfla; o olajd we;'
160
Odrd kshdulh
19'27
19'27
y~ md,lh
(Volume controller)
N%uKh l< yels
p,H m%;sfrdaOlhla
161
(a)
(b)
19'28 rEmh - (a) wdf,dalhg ixf m%;sfrdaOl ixfla; (b) ndysr fmkqu
R2
R3
6V
163
R2
R3
I3
V
19'30 rEmh - mm:hl iudka;r.; inkaOh
fuys mm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldgiaj,g fn tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh ;=<ska
.,hs' tk" tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj, tl;=j mm:h ;=<ska .,k
uq`M Odrdjg iudk neka"
I = I1+I2+I3
V
wdfoaY lsfuka"
R
V
V
V
V
+
+
,ef'
=
R
R1
R2
R3
12
6
6V
(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh R k"
1
1
1
= +
R1 R2
R
1 1
+
12 6
1+ 2
=
12
1 3
=
R 12
R=4
=
165
B2
20
12
B1
B3
A1
A2
A3
12 V
wu;r kqug
,sh Nd;fha wdrCIdld fjuq'
oHq;a lmk / ,sier jeu (Electric Shock)
ksia isrer yryd bf,lafg%dak .,dhEula is jQ g oHq;a lmk we;s f' oHq;a
Odrdjla we;s u i|yd ixjD; mm:hla yd Nj wka;rhla mej;Su w;HjYH f'
kshuh yd ,s wdrlaIdj
,s wk;=rl urKh f.k fokafka
oHq;a Nj wka;rh o@
oHq;a Odrdjo@
167
ke;sk
V
R
,s wk;=rl Yrh yryd .uka lrk Odrdj hkq Yrfha h ,laIH folla
yryd we;sjk Nj wka;rh tu ,laIH fol w;r m%;sfrdaOfhka fn g ,efnk
w.hhs'
w fjda,ah;djh hkq Yd, oHq;a Odrdjla we;s lsug iu;a m%n, oHq;a Njhls'
oHq;a wdfrdamK mqoa.,hl=f.a Yrh yryd .uka lsug fjda,ah;djla wjYH
f' tfuka u mqoa.,hl=f.a Yrh oHq;a Odrdjg olajk m%;sfrdaOh inkaOfhka
o ie,ls,su;a h hq;= h' Yrfha ia:dk folla w;r mj;sk Nj fjki jej;au
we;s m%;sfrdaOhlg wkqj Yrh yryd oHq;a Odrdj .uka lsug we;s yelshdj
je f' tneka wl fjda,ah;djla we;sg Yd, oHq;a Odrdjla Tnf.a
Yrh yryd .uka lsfuka Tng ;=jd, isug fyda h hdug mqjk' m%;sf,dau
jYfhka Yrh" ,s Odrdjg wl m%;sfrdaOhla olajk g mj;sk fjda,ah;dj
wkqj Yrh yryd wvq ,s Odrdjla .uka lsu is f'
Yrh u.ska olajk m%;sfrdaOh iEu g u ksh; fkdf' th mqoa.,hdf.ka
mqoa.,hdg iy ld,h wkqj o fjkia f' th oHq;a wdfrdamK yd iu w;r
we;sjk inkaO;dj u; fjkia f' ksia Yrfha je u m%;sfrdaOhla olajk
fldgi jkafka iuhs' ,jK iy Lkscj,ska fmdfydi;a ksid oyh fyd| oHq;a
ikakdhlhla f,i ls%hdlrhs' tfuka u rerfha we;s ridhk jH yd ;r, j.
o fyd| oHq;a ikakdhl f'
tneka oyfhka f;;a jQ w;la fyda ifuys ;=jd, iys; fmfoila ,s jhrhla
iu. .ef we;sjk ydksh msis h<s iula fyda Yr fldgila yd iu
.efgk g we;sjk ydkshg jvd fndfyda fihska je h'
168
idrdxYh
we;e jH tlsfkl msuefuka tu jH w;r bf,lafg%dak yqjudre u
isf'
,s Odrdjla hkq .,d hk ,s wdfrdamK hs'
iu; Odrdf Ydj Ok w.%fha isg RK w.%h olajd f'
fldaIhlska Odrdj ,nd fkd.kakd g tys w.% w;r mj;sk Nj wka;rh
tu fldaIfha oHq;a .dul n,h f'
WIaK;ajh ksh;j mj;sk g ikakdhlhla Tiafia .,k Odrdj tys
fofl<jr w;r Nj wka;rhg iudkqmd;sl nj kshufhka m%ldY
flf'
mm:hla ;=<ska Odrdj .e,Su je<elaug we;s jk ndOdj oHq;a m%;sfrdaOhhs'
mm:hl m%;sfrdaOl inkaO l< yels m%Odk l%u folls'
1' iudka;r.; l%uh
2' fY%aKs.; l%uh
mdNdIsl jpk
ia;s oHq;h
Static electricity
Odrd oHq;h
Current electricity
oHq;a Odrdj
Electric current
m%;sfrdaOh
Resistance
fjda,agrh
- Voltmeter
wegrh - Ammeter
Nj wka;rh
Potential difference
oHq;a.dul n,h
Electromotive force
iul m%;sfrdaOh
Equivalent resistance
169