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WHAT IS PERSONALITY, EXACTLY?

ACCORDING TO LAY PEOPLE

IT REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUALS MAKEUP THAT CAN ELICIT POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

REACTIONS FROM OTHERS.

ACCORDING TO MERRIAM-WEBSTER

ATTRACTIVE QUALITIES (SUCH AS ENERGY, FRIENDLINESS, AND HUMOR) THAT MAKE

A PERSON INTERESTING OR PLEASANT TO BE WITH.

PERSONALITY, ACCORDING TO SOME PROFESSIONALS

MCCLELLANDS DEFINITION

THE MOST ADEQUATE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF A PERSONS BEHAVIOUR IN ALL ITS

DETAIL.

BYRNES DEFINITION

PSYCHOLOGYS GARBAGE BIN IN ANY RESEARCH WHICH DOESNT FIT OTHER

EXISTING CATEGORIES CAN BE LABELED PERSONALITY.

PERSONALITY
FOR OUR PURPOSES, WE WILL DEFINE PERSONALITY AS AN INDIVIDUALS
UNIQUE CONSTELLATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS THAT IS RELATIVELY
STABLE OVER TIME.

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
THE ASSESSMENT SPECIALIST SEEKS TO DEFINE THESE TRAITS, TO MEASURE
THEM OBJECTIVELY, AND TO RELATE THEM TO SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS
OF BEHAVIOUR. A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
TO PERSONALITY MEASUREMENT IS THE EFFORT, WHEREVER POSSIBLE, TO
DESCRIBE HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS

TRAITS, TYPES, AND STATES

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND PERSONALITY STATES?

PERSONALITY TRAITS
JUST AS NO CONSENSUS EXISTS REGARDING THE DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY,
THERE IS NONE REGARDING THE DEFINITION OF TRAIT.

ACCORDING TO GORDON ALLPORT

BONA FIDE MENTAL STRUCTURES IN EACH PERSONALITY.

GUILFORD DEFINED IS AS

ANY DISTINGUISHABLE, RELATIVELY ENDURING WAY IN WHICH ONE INDIVIDUAL

VARIES FROM ANOTHER.

PERSONALITY TRAITS
GUILFORD DID NOT ASSERT THAT TRAITS REPRESENT ENDURING WAYS IN WHICH
INDIVIDUALS VARY FROM ONE ANOTHER. HE STATED THAT RELATIVELY
ENDURING. RELATIVELY MEANING EXACTLY HOW A PARTICULAR TRAIT
MANIFESTS ITSELF DEPENDENT ON THE SITUATION.

PERSONALITY TRAITS
ALLPORT ADDRESSED THE ISSUE OF CROSS-SITUATIONAL CONSISTENCY OF
TRAITS BY:

PERFECT CONSISTENCY WILL NEVER BE FOUND AND MUST NOT BE EXPECTED...

PEOPLE MAY BE ASCENDANT AND SUBMISSIVE, PERHAPS SUBMISSIVE ONLY TOWARDS

THOSE INDIVIDUALS BEARING TRADITIONAL SYMBOLS OF AUTHORITY AND PRESTIGE;
AND TOWARDS EVERYONE ELSE AGGRESSIVE AND DOMINEERING... THE EVERCHANGING ENVIRONMENT RAISES NOW ONE TRAIT AND NOW ANOTHER TO A STATE OF
ACTIVE TENSION.

PERSONALITY TRAITS
PERSONALITY THEORISTS AND ASSESSORS HAVE ASSUMED THAT PERSONALITY
TRAITS ARE RELATIVELY ENDURING OVER THE COURSE OF ONES LIFE.

ROBERTS AND DELVECCHIO (2000) EXPLORED THE ENDURANCE OF TRAITS BY

META-ANALYSIS OF 152 LONGITUDINAL STUDIES.

EXAMPLE
WOULD THE PHYSICALLY
AGGRESSIVE HOCKEY PLAYER WILL
STILL BE AGGRESSIVE DURING HIS
RETIREMENT YEARS?

PERSONALITY TYPES
A CONSTELLATION OF TRAITS THAT IS SIMILAR IN PATTERN TO ONE IDENTIFIED
CATEGORY OF PERSONALITY WITHIN A TAXONOMY OF PERSONALITIES.

TRAITS CHARACTERISTICS POSSESSED BY AN INDIVIDUAL

TYPES MORE CLEARLY DESCRIPTIONS OF PEOPLE E.G DEPRESSED TYPE

PERSONALITY TYPES
STARTED WHEN HIPPOCRATES STARTED CLASSIFYING PEOPLE INTO FOUR TYPES
(MELANCHOLIC, PHLEGMATIC, CHOLERIC, AND SANGUINE)

CARL JUNG DEVISED A TYPOLOGY WHICH BECAME THE BASIS OF MYERSBRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR

PERSONALITY TYPES
JOHN HOLLAND

ARGUED THAT MOST PEOPLE CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO SIX TYPES:

ARTISTIC
ENTERPRISING
INVESTIGATIVE
SOCIAL
REALISTIC
CONVENTIONAL

PERSONALITY TYPES
JOHN HOLLAND

USED THE SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH TEST A SELF ADMINISTERED, SELF-SCORED,

AND SELF-INTERPRETED AID USED TO TYPE PEOPLE.

PERSONALITY TYPES
MEYER FRIEDMAN AND RAY ROSENMAN

CARDIOLOGISTS WHO DEVISED ANOTHER PERSONALITY TYPOLOGY, WHICH IS

JENKINS ACTIVITY SURVEY:

TYPE A PERSONALITY

COMPETITIVENESS, HASTE, RESTLESSNESS, IMPATIENCE, STRONG NEEDS OF ACHIEVEMENT, BEING

TIME-PRESSURED, AND DOMINANCE

TYPE B PERSONALITY

OPPOSITE OF TYPE A,: MELLOW OR LAID-BACK.

MMPI

MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)

IS THE MOST WIDELY USED AND RESEARCHED STANDARDIZED PSYCHOMETRIC

TEST OF ADULT PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

DATA FROM THESE TESTS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THE PATTERNS OF SCORES
EMERGED ON THE SUBTESTS.

THE PATTERN IS REFERRED TO AS PROFILE.

PERSONALITY STATES
AN INFERRED PSYCHODYNAMIC DISPOSITION DESIGNED TO CONVEY THE
DYNAMIC QUALITY OF ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO IN PERPETUAL CONFLICT.

ASSESSMENT OF THESE DISPOSITIONS MAY BE MADE THROUGH THE USE OF

FREE ASSOCIATION, WORD ASSOCIATION, SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW
MATERIAL, DREAM ANALYSIS, AND ANALYSIS OF SLIPS OF THE TONGUE

PERSONALITY STATE
STATE REFERS TO THE TRANSITORY EXHIBITION OF SOME PERSONALITY TRAIT
- INDICATIVE OF A RELATIVELY TEMPORARY PREDISPOSITION.

PERSONALITY STATES
CHARLES D. SPIELBERGER

DISTINGUISHES TRAITS FROM STATES

DEVELOPED THE STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY (STAI)