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CommunicationsII
MohammadFathi
mfathi@uok.ac.ir

Course information
Text book: J.G. Proakis and M. Salehi,
Communication System Engineering (2nd Ed)
Syllabus
Introduction:[1.1,1.2,1.3,and1.4]
Reviewofprobabilityandrandomprocesses:[Chapter4]
DigitaltransmissionthroughtheAWGNchannel:[7.1,7.2,
7.3,7.4,7.5,7.6,and7.7]
Digitaltransmissionthroughbandlimited AWGNchannels:
[8.1,8.3,8.3,8.4,and8.7]
Informationsourcesandsourcecoding:[6.1,6.2,and6.3]
Channelcapacity:[9.1and9.2]
DigitalTransmissionofanalogsignals:[6.5,6.6,6.7,6.8,and
6.9]
Channelcoding:[9.4,9.5,and9.6]

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Historical review
Telegraph
1799AlessandroVolta inventedelectricbattery,
1837SamuelMorse demonstratedtelegraphand1844
firsttelegraphline(WashingtonBaltimore)became
operational.
1858firsttransatlanticcablebetweentheUSand
Europe.

Historical review
Telephone
1875,AlexanderGrahamBell
1897,A.B.Strowger,Devisedtheautomaticstep
bystepswitch
1915,transcontinentaltelephonecompany
1960,digitalswitch,Illinois

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Historical review
Wireless communications
1831,Faraday demonstrateselectromagnetic
induction
1864,J.Maxwell, theoryofelectromagnetic
Fields,waveequations
1877,H.Hertz,Maxwellstheoryverified
experimentally.
1895,Marconi,wirelesstelegraphyoveralong
distance
1915,WirelessvoicetransmissionNewYork San
Francisco
1920,Amplitudemodulation

Historical review
Wireless communications
1933,Armstrong,Frequencymodulation
1929,TV,VladimirK.Zworykin
1939,BBC Broadcastingtelevisionserviceona
commercialbasis

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Historical review
Electronics
1904,Eleming,vacuumtubediode
1906,LeedeForest,vacuumtubetriode
1948,WalterH.Brattain,WilliamShockley(Bell
Lab.),Transistor.
1958,RobertNoyce,Thefirstsiliconintegrated
circuit(IC)produce

Historical review
Satellite Communications
1945,C.ClarkStudiedtheuseofsatellitefor
communications
1955,JohnR.Pierce Proposedtheuseofsatellite
forcommunications
1957,(SovietUnion)LaunchedSputnikI
1958,(UnitedStates)LaunchedExplorerI
1962,(BellLab.)LaunchedTelstarI
RelayTVsignalsbetweenEuropeandtheUS.

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Historical review
Optical Communications

1966,K.C.Kao,G.A.Hockham Proposedthe
useofacladglassfiberasadielectricwaveguide

19591960,Thelaserhadbeeninventedand
developed.
Currently,mostofwireline communications
systemsarebeingreplacedbyfiberoptics.

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Historical review
Digital communications
1924,Nyquist,themaximumsignalingrateoverthe
telegraphchannel(Nyquist rate)
1942,Wiener,estimatingadesiredsignalwaveform
inthepresenceofnoise
1943,North,matchedfilterfortheoptimumdetection
ofaunknownsignalinaadditivewhitenoise
1948,Shannon,mathematicalfoundationfor
informationtheory,fundamentallimitsfordigital
communications
1950,Hamming,errordetectinganderrorcorrecting
codes

Historical review
Computer networks

1971,AdvancedResearchProjectAgency
Network(APRANET)firstputintoservice

1985,APRANETwasrenamedtheInternet
1990,TimBernersLee,Proposeda
hypermediasoftwareinterfacetointernet(World
WideWeb)

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Elements of communication systems

Transmitter

ConvertSource(information)tosignals
Sendconvertedsignalstothechannel(byantennaifapplicable)

Channel

Wireless:atmosphere(freespace)
Wired:coaxialcables,twistedwires,opticalfibre

Receiver

Reconvertreceivedsignalstooriginalinformation
Outputtheoriginalinformation

Elements of communication systems

Frequencies of communications
twisted
pair

coax cable

1 Mm
300 Hz

10 km
30 kHz

VLF

optical transmission

100 m
3 MHz

LF

MF

HF

1m
300 MHz

10 mm
30 GHz

VHF

SHF

UHF

VLF = Very Low Frequency

LF = Low Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency
HF = High Frequency
VHF = Very High Frequency

EHF

100 m
3 THz

infrared

1 m
300 THz

visible light UV

UHF = Ultra High Frequency

SHF = Super High Frequency
EHF = Extra High Frequency
UV = Ultraviolet Light

Frequency and wave length:

= c/f
wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f

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Channels
Wireline channels
Twistedpair(kHz)
Coaxialcable(MHz)
Fiberoptic
Informationistransmittedbyvaryingtheintensityofthe
lightsource.

Wireless electromagnetic channel

groundwavepropagation(0.33MHz),AM
Skywavepropagation(<30MHz)
Lineofsightpropagation(LOS),FM,TV,satellite,
Underwater acoustic channel
Storage devices

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Digital communication
Basic elements

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Digital communication
Source encoder
Convertingtheoutputofeitheranalogordigital
sourcetoasequenceofbinarydigits
Channel encoder
Introducesomeredundancyinthebinary
informationtoovercometheeffectofnoiseand
interference
Modulator
Interfacetothecommunicationchannel

Atmospheric
attenuation in
signal propagation

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Digital communication
Advantages
BetterSignalfidelitythananalogcomm.
Regeneratethesignalinlongdistance
transmission
Removeredundancyinthemessagepriorto
modulation
Cheapertoimplement

Mathematical models for communication channels

Additive noise channel

n(t)fromelectronic
componentsand
amplifiers,Gaussian
noiseprocess
Linear filter channel

r (t ) s (t ) h(t ) n(t ) h( ) s(t ) d n(t )

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Mathematical models for communication channels

Linear time-variant (LTV) filter channel
r (t ) s(t ) h( ; t ) n(t )

h( ; t ) s(t )d n(t )

Multipath channel
ItsaspecialcaseofLTV
Widelyusedinwirelesscommunications
LOS pulses

signal at sender

signal at receiver

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