Hp ng kinh t ch l mt tn gi

Ng Qu Linh
Hp ng kinh t l loi hp ng c iu chnh bi Php lnh Hp ng kinh t (HKT), c
ban hnh t nm 1989. Theo , HKT l loi hp ng c k gia php nhn vi php nhn,
hoc gia php nhn vi c nhn c ng k kinh doanh.
HKT l s tha thun bng vn bn gia cc bn v vic thc hin cng vic sn xut, trao i
hng ha, dch v, nghin cu, ng dng tin b khoa hc - k thut v cc tha thun khc
nhm mc ch kinh doanh. Nh vy, HKT l mt khi nim va rt rng, thm ch cn c th b
coi l mt khi nim m h (v i tng ca hp ng), nhng cng li rt hp v ch th k
kt (cc bn k kt). Mt khc, vi nhng thay i mang tnh tt yu ca nn kinh t th trng,
nhng quy nh ca Php lnh HKT t ra khng cn thch ng vi mi trng kinh doanh a
dng v mi mt, phn nh mt cch c th trnh pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng nc ta
trong giai on hin nay. Do , vic B Lut Dn s nm 2005 khai t Php lnh HKT khng
nm ngoi d on ca gii chuyn mn, m cn th hin l mt kt thc c hu cho c mt qu
trnh tranh lun si ni, nhm lm thay i c bn v t duy nhn thc ca nh lm lut. Bi vit
ny nhm gii thiu mt s vn c bn lin quan n vic k kt cc giao dch kinh doanh
gia cc bn nh l h qu ca s xa s HKT.
Tn ca cc hp ng c k kt nn th hin r ni dung ca tha thun
Cho n nay, khng t doanh nghip vn c thi quen k kt hp ng vi cc i tc lm n ca
mnh vi tn gi l HKT. Thc t ny l h qu ca vic quy nh khi nim v HKT theo Php
lnh HKT. Cc doanh nghip ny cho rng, nu tn ca hp ng m khc vi ci gi l HKT
th c th s khng c vn bn php lut no iu chnh v v vy, khi c tranh chp xy ra, s
khng c c quan th l gii quyt. C th ni, y l mt quan im li thi, bi l, quan h hp
ng xt v bn cht chnh l s t nguyn tha thun gia cc bn v vic thc hin hoc
khng thc hin mt cng vic no . Vy ti sao tn gi ca hp ng li khng th hin c
th ni dung ca cc giao dch do cc bn k kt vi nhau? Mt khc, nu c tranh chp xy ra,
cc c quan nh nc khng phi cn c vo tn gi ca hp ng m p dng cc quy nh
ca php lut gii quyt tranh chp. Cc tranh chp trc tin phi c xc nh thuc v
loi tranh chp g, do h thng vn bn php lut no iu chnh t c th xc nh chnh
xc cc quy phm php lut iu chnh cc quan h b tranh chp, nhm gii quyt cc tranh
chp ng php lut.
Do , li khuyn i vi cc doanh nghip l khi k kt mt hp ng no vi i tc kinh
doanh ca mnh, nn xc nh c th ni dung ca hp ng k kt m t tn cho hp ng.
iu ny va d cho cng tc qun l (do c c s phn loi hp ng theo tn gi), va l
c s cc bn c th tm hiu mt cch c hiu qu cc quy nh ca php lut v loi hp
ng vi ni dung (do gii hn c phm vi ca cc vn bn php lut iu chnh loi
quan h giao dch sp k kt). V d, nu l hp ng gia cng th cc bn c th t tn cho
hp ng ca mnh l hp ng gia cng, mua bn hng ha th ghi r l hp ng mua bn
hng ha
B Lut Dn s, Lut Thng mi hay cc lut khc c u tin p dng
St th ca Php lnh HKT l B Lut Dn s. Th nhng, ni dung ca B Lut Dn s v
Lut Thng mi li c mt s quy nh trng nhau v mt s loi hp ng thng dng, v d
hp ng gia cng hng ha. Nu xt v mt i tng iu chnh th B Lut Dn s c i
tng iu chnh rng hn Lut Thng mi. Nhng nu xt v mc chi tit ca cc iu lut
v mt s loi hp ng c c hai vn bn lut ny iu chnh th Lut Thng mi li c
nhng quy nh chi tit hn. Lut Thng mi l mt o lut iu chnh cc hot ng thng
mi. Do , nu tnh cht ca giao dch gia cc bn l hot ng thng mi th cc hot ng
thng mi phi chu s iu chnh ca Lut Thng mi.
Trong khi , B Lut Dn s c coi l mt b lut chung, cha ng rt nhiu quy phm
php lut khc nhau. Do , c nhng hot ng thng mi gia cc cc bn m khng c
quy nh trong Lut Thng mi v cc lut khc th p dng quy nh ca B Lut dn s.
Cng tng t nh vy, i vi nhng hot ng thng mi c th, c quy nh trong cc

lut khc th quy nh ca vn bn lut li c u tin p dng, v d

hp ng vn chuyn hnh khch bng ng hng khng s do cc
quy nh ca Lut Hng khng dn dng iu chnh.
Ni cch khc, th t u tin p dng quy nh php lut l i t quy nh
php lut c th n quy nh php lut chung. Nu khng c quy nh
Nn xc nh c th ni dung ca c th th mi p dng quy nh php lut chung.
hp ng k kt t tn cho Thi hiu gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh t vic k kt hp ng
hp ng
Trc y, theo quy nh ti Php lnh Th tc gii quyt cc v n kinh
t th thi hiu khi kin v n kinh t ch l 6 thng, k t ngy pht sinh tranh chp. Th
nhng, k t ngy 1/1/2005, ngy c hiu lc ca B Lut T tng dn s, cng l ngy chm
dt hiu lc ca Php lnh Th tc gii quyt cc v n kinh t, th thi hiu khi kin v n dn
s l 2 nm. Theo quy nh ca B Lut T tng dn s, v n dn s bao gm c cc tranh
chp kinh doanh, thng mi. Nh vy, k t thi im u nm 2005, thi hiu cc bn c
th khi kin nhm gii quyt cc tranh chp kinh doanh, thng mi c ko di n 2
nm thay v ch 6 thng nh trc y.
Lut Thng mi mi nm 2005 c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/2006 cng c quy nh thng nht vi
B Lut T tng dn s v thi hiu l 2 nm i vi cc tranh chp thng mi, k t thi im
quyn v li ch hp php b xm phm. Ch c mt ngoi l duy nht trong vic p dng thi
hiu khi kin theo Lut Thng mi l trng hp doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v logistics
sau khi b khiu ni khng nhn c thng bo v vic b kin ti Trng ti hoc Ta n
trong thi hn 9 thng, k t ngy giao hng. Nh vy, thi hiu khi kin i vi dch v
logistics ch c 9 thng, tnh t ngy giao hng.