Physique PC

) 1 .
1 ) 1 .
4
r A r r0 .A1/ 3 : r0 1, 2.1015 m ..r 3
3
( ) m p 1, 67.1027 kg : :
3.1, 67.1027
2, 3x1017 kg.m 3 2, 3.108 tonne.cm 3
15 3
) 4..(1, 2.10
3mp A
4..r03 .A
A.mp
4
..r 3
3
1 032 .
. .
E

. .
* .
) (J .
) (eV :
1eV 1, 60218.1019 J
)1MeV 1, 60218.1013 J : (MeV
. 1V
:
E U.I.t
Q
:
I
t
][E] = [U] [I t] = [U] [Q

:
1 J = 1 C.V
e = 1,602 18.1019 C :
1
eV
e
1J
1 eV = e J = 1,602 18.1019 J
Page 1
http://elotor.e-monsite.com
1 ) 2 .
: He . kg
4
2
m He 6,6447.10
27
4
2
mp + 2 mn = 2 1,67265.1027 + 2 1,67496.1027 = 6,69522.1027 kg

:
m 42 He m 2 protons 2 neutrons
A
Z
:
m Z mproton A Z mneutron mnoyau 0
* .
u kg :
1

12
: 10
1 M C
1
en grammes
12
NA
NA
27
1 u = 1,660 54.10
1u
M(C) = 12,011 g.mol1 : 10

NA = 6,02142.1023 mol1
:

:
mproton = mp = 1,007 28 u
mneutron = mn = 1,008 66 u
= 0,0505.1027 kg = 5,05.1029 kg
27
6,6447.10
27
m = 6,6952.10
5, 05.10 29
m
3, 04.10 2 u
27
1, 66054.10
1 ) 3 .
( 1781 ) 1111 .
m E :
E m.c2
E ) (J m ) (kg ( c 299 792 458 m.s 1 )
( c 2 . ) 1017 m2 .s2 :
E(p) m p .c 2 1, 673.10 27 .(3.108 ) 2 1, 506.10 10 J
1, 506.1010
940, 0.106 eV 940, 0 MeV
19
1, 602.10
Page 2
E(p)
Le problme aujourd'hui n'est pas

l'nergie atomique, mais le coeur des hommes.
)(Albert EINSTEIN
1091
. .
.
:

c 3.108 m.s1
E m . c 2

m = 5,05.1029 kg = 3,04.102 u :
El = m.c = 5,05.1029 (3,0.108)2 = 4,55.1012 J = 28,4 MeV :
1130 John Cockcroft et Ernest Walton :
.
) 2 .
.
E E 0
2 ) 1 .
138 Ba e :
:
137
137
0
56 Ba
55 Cs
1 e
5,485 80.104
0
1
136,875 11
m : 138
e m 137
55 Cs
136,876 92
137
56
Cs
137
55
)(u
m mfinale minitiale m Ba m
m 136,875 11 5,485 80.104 136,87 692 1, 26.103 u
Page 3
0
1
137
56
:
30
m 2, 09.10 kg
m . :
2
E mc 2,09.1030 299792458 1,88.1013 J
1,88.1013
1,17MeV :
1,602 18.1019
E 0 138 . 1,17 MeV
.
E
E
55 28
Ba me c2
137
56
El
Cs
137
55
Cs
137
55
El
0
1
Ba
137
56
Cs 1,17MeV
137
55
Ba me c 2 El
137
56
E E l
1,17
( ) 8, 54.103 MeV / nuclon 8, 54keV / nuclon :
137
:
6
m
1.10
E 1,17 N 1,17
Na 1,17
6, 02.1023 5.1027 MeV / t 8.1014 J / t
M
137
2 ) 2 .
2 2 ) 1 )(Aston
.
A
.
E

A
( ) A .
.
. 8MeV / nuclon 20 A 190
:

Page 4
* :
15 .
) 3 .

:

.
:
:
:
.
3 ) 1 .

.
Page 5
Rb 3 01 n
93
37
Cs
140
55
U 01 n
235
92
* :
.
:
Xe 2 01 n
Ba 3 01 n
140
54
Sr
142
56
Kr
235
92
94
38
235
92
91
36
1
0
1
0
* :
.
Page 6
* " "

: ( 031 031
10 ) 10kg
A
.1111
* (
)
:
.
* .
: :
235
1
140
93
1
92 U 0 n 55 Cs 37 Rb 3 0 n .
:
93
37
1
0
n
1,00866
140
55
Rb
92,90174
235
92
U
234,99346
Cs
139,88711
)(u
Cs m Rb 3 m n m U m n
93
235
1
m m 140
55 Cs m 37 Rb m 92 U 2 m 0 n
1
0
1
0
235
92
93
37
140
55
m m
139, 88711 92, 90174 234, 993 46 2 1, 008 66

0,187 29u
3,110 0.1028 kg
:
11
E m c 2, 795 2.10 J 174, 46 MeV

174,46 MeV 12
.
22 111
Page 7
U 174, 46MeV
235
92
Rb 2mn c 2 El
93
37
Cs El
140
55
E E l
174, 46
0, 742MeV / nuclon :
235
1 tonne :
6
1.10
6, 02.10 23 4, 5.10 29 MeV / t 7.1016 J / t
M
235
()1 tep = 4,2.1010 J, E ~ 2.106 tep.
Na 174, 46
E 174, 46 N 174, 46
3 ) 2 .
.

2
3
4
1
H
He
2
1
1
2
0n
. .
Page 8

. ( ) .
4 11 H 42 He 2 01 e
:
.
.
( ) H
2558 .
.
* .
ITER 18MeV . 200MeV
( 1 232 ) 1
.
ITER
2
3
4
1

1 H 1 H 2 He 0 n
4
2
1
0
n
1,00866
)H (tritium
3,01550
He
4,00151
3
1
)H (deutrium
2,01355
2
1
)(u
m = m(He) + mn mD mT :
= 4,00151 + 1,008 66 3,015 50 2,013 55= -0,018 88 u
:
E = m c = 0,018 88 931,4944 = 17,59 MeV
: MeV
u kg
2
) 931, 4944 m(u
1, 660 539.1027 299 792 458

1, 602176.1013
E MeV m(u)
J MeV
6
6
0
3
4
3 Li 1 n 1 H 2 He
. 4,78 MeV
ITER
H E H 17, 59MeV
3
1
2
1
He 2me c 2 El
4
2
El
2 5
:
17, 59
3, 5Mev / nuclon
5
3, 4.1017 J
8.106 tep
Page 9
) 4 .
4 ) 1 : .
( 3% 031 97% 037
1
235
94
139
1
235
) . 92 U 0 n 92 U 38 Sr 54 Xe 3 0 n :
:
(Neutron)
1,008 66
() Uranium
235
235,013 4
() Strontium
94
93,894 6
()Xnon 139
138,888 2
)m (u
:
m m(n) m(U) m(Sr) m(Xe) 3m(n) 235,0134 138,8882 93,8946 2 1,00866
m = 0,21238 u
.
m 2
0, 21328
2
E m '.c 2
c
.10 3 299 792 458 3,183.10 11 J
23
NA
6, 02214.10
3,183.1011
E
198, 7.106 eV 198, 7MeV
19
1, 60218.10
200 MeV
1g 235,0134 u = 3,9.1022 g :
1
2, 6.1021 : 235
1g 92 U
3, 9.10 22
:
21
11
10
E = 2,6.10 3,183.10 = 8,3.10 J = 83 GJ
83.105 GJ tep
( . 1tep=4,2.1010J : ) tonnes quivalent ptrole
4
. 20.104tep 1t 20.10 1t
.
900MW (
100% ):
E
P
t
E = P t = 900.106 (365 24 3600) = 2,74.1016 J
:
:
16
2, 74.10
8, 61.1026
11
3,183.10
26
8,61.10 3,9.10-22 = 340 000 g = 340 kg
532 :
19 ( 3% ) 231 .
* : .
1kg 993g 232 7g . 231 231
. 30g . 50g
.
7g . 1cm
). (1tec = 0,69 tep
4 1 .
231 . .
3 .
Page 10
4 ) 2 : . ITER
21 H 31 H . 17,59 MeV H 2,00 g.mol H
. 3,00 g.mol1 1kg 200mol .
1,204.1026 .
1kg :
6
19
26
17, 59.10 1, 60218.10 1, 204.10 3, 393.1014 J
2
1
3
1
MeV J
3,393.1017J :
3, 393.1017
8, 0.106 tep
10
4, 2.10
8 .
01
.
Page 11

Physique PC

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) 1 .

][E] = [U] [I t] = [U] [Q

mp + 2 mn = 2 1,67265.1027 + 2 1,67496.1027 = 6,69522.1027 kg

M(C) = 12,011 g.mol1 : 10

Le problme aujourd'hui n'est pas

139, 88711 92, 90174 234, 993 46 2 1, 008 66

E m c 2, 795 2.10 J 174, 46 MeV

) 931, 4944 m(u

1, 660 539.1027 299 792 458

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